RUNNING HEADER: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place

Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place !arah Neda" Madonna Uni#er$ity

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place % A&$tract 'hi$ e$$ay del#e$ right into the gender inequality that occur$ in the (ork)lace* $tarting &ack +ro" the World War I era (here (o"en +ir$t "ade their grandeur a))earance in the la&or +orce* (orking in +actorie$ and a$ (ar nur$e$, It then goe$ dee)er* to the )$ychological #ie($ a$ to (hy thi$ ty)e o+ di$cri"ination ha))en$, 'he conclu$i#e +inding$ are that (o"en are "ore )redi$)o$ed to &e in a +ield that deal$ (ith "ore )eo)le-+riendly $kill$* (herea$ "en are "ore likely to $teer to(ard$ co")etiti#ene$$, .e$* there are $o"e $et in $tone )$ychological and &iological di++erence$ &et(een the t(o $e/e$* ho(e#er* 0u$t ho( "uch o+ it i$ nature #er$u$ nurture1 Ha$ $ociety let the$e )re$et ideal$ )re#ent the other hal+ +ro" +louri$hing in the cor)orate (orld1 2y li"iting a +e"ale$ creati#ity and e/)o$ure to co")etition and rai$ing her to +it the nurturing "old that countle$$ (o"en ha#e +illed &e+ore* $he i$ "ore likely to gro( u) to hold the $a"e ideal$ $he (a$ rai$ed (ith and there+ore $ync into $te) (ith countle$$ other +e"ale$ (ho hold lo(er inco"e 0o&$ than their "ale counter)art$,

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place 3 Li+e$ not +air, Plain and $i")le* $o"e thing$ (ill co"e to other$ "ore ea$ily, What deter"ine$ (ho get$ the &etter treat"ent1 I$ it e++ort* intelligence* $trength1 What a&out gender1 In A"erica* (o"en ha#e +aced gender inequality in the (ork )lace +or decade$* &ut (hat e/actly cau$e$ thi$ )ro&le" i$ intere$ting, .e$* it ha$ gotten $igni+icantly &etter o#er the year$* and "any (o"en hold high )o(er 0o&$* &ut are $till &eing treated un+airly co")ared to their "ale counter)art$ due to )re$et )$ychological #ie($ on +e"ale$ including their )ercei#ed $trength* "ental and )hy$ical* and their )ercei#ed "aternal role$ in $ociety (herea$ "en are $een a$ the &read(inner$, 2y taking a look at (here (o"en$ role in the (ork +orce $tarted* can re#eal (here they $tarted to $ho( $ociety that they are o+ #alue other than 0u$t $tay at ho"e "other$, 4n A)ril 5* 6 7* the United !tate$ congre$$ held a #ote on (hether or not to enter World War I* and the #ote (a$ in o#er(hel"ing +a#or o+ it 8McDaid %99 :, A$ hu$&and$ and $on$ le+t to go +ight on the +ront* (o"en (ere le+t to take o#er the 0o&$ at ho"e, 'he Ladie$ Ho"e ;ournal $tated that (o"en (ere the girl$ &ehind the "en &ehind the gun$ 8McDaid %99 :, 'hi$ (a$ true< (o"en (ere )redo"inate in the +actorie$ at the ti"e* (orking the a$$e"&ly line$ on )lane "otor )art$ and )iecing together $hell$, !o"e (o"en* ho(e#er* +ollo(ed their "en to (ar, Not to +ight* &ut to )ro#ide "edical a$$i$tance, In +act* the rate o+ nur$e$ in the country e/)erienced a "a$$i#e increa$e in the )ro+e$$ion, 'he =ederal Go#ern"ent u$ed the Ladie$ Ho"e ;ournal to run +ull )age ad#erti$e"ent$ encouraging (o"en to 0oin (hat (a$ e$$entially the "ilitary nur$e$ dra+t< 'he U,!, !tudent Nur$e Re$er#e 8McDaid %99 :, Wo"en &et(een the age$ o+ nineteen to thirty+i#e (ere &eing called to action* and (hen there (ere )o$ition o)en* (ould &e $ent to one o+ o#er a thou$and nur$ing $chool$ in the country* and ha#e "o$t o+ their tuition and &oard +ee$ (ai#ed 8McDaid %99 :, 2e+ore the (ar* (o"en )layed a $i")li$tic role in $ociety, 'hey (ere the (i#e$

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place > and the "other$, 4nce their "en had le+t to go +ight +or their country* (o"en $ei?ed the o))ortunity to )itch in and really "ake a di++erence in the out co"e o+ the (ar* and $ho( that they can &e o+ real #alue in the (ork +orce, Ho(e#er* (hen the "en returned +ro" duty* "o$t (o"en lo$t their 0o&$ and (ent &ack to &eco"ing hou$e(i#e$* and "any "i$$ed ha#ing a )lace to &e a&le to &e a )art o+ $o"ething, World War I (a$ )i#otal in (o"en e$ta&li$hing the"$el#e$ in the (ork +orce* ho(e#er* decade$ later the +ight to +ully e$ta&li$h the"$el#e$ a$ equal$ continue$ on, Wo"en "ake* on a#erage* 77 cent$ +or e#ery dollar a "an "ake$ 8In#e$t"ent Weekly Ne($ %9 3:, 'he )ay ga) &et(een "en and (o"en ha$ &een one o+ the &igge$t gender inequality i$$ue$ to e#er reach the $ur+ace* &ecau$e it i$ &acked u) &y +act, Wo"en hold a lot o+ the $a"e 0o&$ a$ "en< $a"e (ork load* re$)on$i&ilitie$* and cor)orate $tatu$< $o (hy no equal )ay1 'he %9 3 Pre$ident o+ the In$titute +or Wo"en$ Policy Re$earch $tated* @When the Equal Pay Act (a$ $igned into la( A9 year$ ago* &latant e")loy"ent di$cri"ination and unequal )ay +or (o"en (orking the $a"e 0o&$ a$ "en (a$ (idely acce)ted, A$ (e honor thi$ date and %A year$ o+ re$earch +ro" the In$titute +or Wo"enB$ Policy Re$earch* (o"en $till +ace a $i?ea&le (age ga), 'he ga) co$t$ (o"en hundred$ o+ thou$and$ o+ dollar$ o#er their li+eti"e$ and reduce$ their retire"ent inco"e$ 8In$titute +or Wo"en$ Policy Re$earch %9 3:, 'hi$ hold$ true< a$ di#orce rate$ are on the ri$e* "ore and "ore (o"en are &eco"ing $ingle )arent$, Ho( are they e/)ected to $ingle handedly )ro#ide +or their +a"ilie$ (ithout a )ro)er inco"e to "atch1 'he Equal Pay Act (a$ $igned into e++ect A9 year$ ago &y Pre$ident Cennedy: ye$* &ack then thing$ (ere con$idera&ly (or$e +or (o"en than they are no(* ho(e#er* the )oint o+ thi$ &ill &eing )a$$ed (a$ to re$ol#e tho$e i$$ue$, !o* (hy are they $till )ro"inent today1

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place A 'he an$(er to that que$tion ha$ a great deal to do (ith the )redi$)o$ed "ental ideal "o$t )eo)le ha#e a&out (o"en< a great deal o+ )$ychology, 'he +e"ale and "ale &rain are not the $a"e< #ariou$ $tudie$ ha#e $ho(n that there are &iological di++erence$, Wo"en tend to &e "ore into the occu)ation o+ choice +or +ul+ill"ent* (herea$ "en are "ore into it to )ro#ide +or their +a"ilie$, Cing$ley 2ro(ne o+ the Boston University Law Review (rote a )iece in May* %9 3 that )ick$ a)art the di++erence$ &et(een "en and (o"en* and ho( they $core di++erently on te$t that analy?e di++erent cogniti#e +unction$, Hi$ +inding$ are that "en $core higher on "ea$ure$ o+ co")etiti#ene$$* do"inance $eeking* and ri$k takingDandE $u&$tantially out)er+or" +e"ale$ in "echanical a&ility and on $o"e $)atial and "athe"atical ta$k$ (hile +e"ale$ are "ore likely to $core higher on "ea$ure$ o+ nurturanceDandE out)er+or" "ale$ on other $)atial and co")utational ta$k$* a$ (ell a$ in a nu"&er o+ #er&al a&ilitie$ 82ro(ne %9 3:, 'hi$ e/)lain$ (hy "en are "ore )redo"inant in higher cor)orate )o$ition$< they are naturally "ore inclined to &e co")etiti#e +or the", 'hi$ i$ al$o a good e/)lanation +or (hy "o$t (o"en (ork in $ale$ or )eo)le-to-)eo)le related 0o&$ $uch a$ teaching and nur$ing< they are "ore naturally inclined to ha#e +urther de#elo)ed #er&al $kill$, 'hi$ i$ not to $ay that it i$ one o+ the other and there i$ no roo" +or an outlier, 4+ cour$e not e#eryone i$ thi$ cut and dry, Ho(e#er* it doe$ gi#e a little &it "ore into (hy (o"en are treated le$$ than equal< &iologically* theyre not a$ )re$et to &e co")etiti#e a$ their "ale counter)art$, Cing$ley$ +inding$ al$o $tate that adding a co")etiti#e co")onent to a ta$k increa$e$ &oth the )er+or"ance and the intrin$ic "oti#ation o+ "ale$ &ut not o+ +e"ale$, Wo"en al$o e/)erience higher le#el$ o+ $tre$$ a$$ociated (ith co")etition 82ro(ne %9 3:, 'hi$ can al$o &e +ound quite conclu$i#e, 'ake a look into any teenage $etting: take high $chool +or e/a")le, Fo")etition a"ong$t young "en i$ u$ually 0u$t $een a$ the" "e$$ing around* (herea$ co")etition (ithin a +riend grou) o+ young (o"en u$ually end$ u) (ith "ore

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place 5 trou&le than it $tarted (ith, When (o"en get co")etiti#e* it tend$ to &e taken "ore )er$onally than "en, 'he$e )$ychological a$)ect$ that de)ict the di++erence$ &et(een "en and (o"en can then &e u$ed to look at ho( di++erent (ork )lace "anneri$"$ en+orce the $e)aration in equality &et(een the t(o $e/e$, What &etter )lace to e/)lore the (ork )lace than Wall !treet1 It i$ kno(n (orld (ide +or it$ &ig &u$ine$$ in the $tock "arket and +inance* and $o"e o+ the $entrie$ &righte$t and "o$t intelligent (ork there, In %995 Mary Loui$e Roth )u&li$hed a )iece called !elling Wo"en !hort: Gender Inequality on Wall !treet, In thi$* $he goe$ in de)th a&out ho( (o"en are ke)t out o+ high )o(er 0o&$ &y (hat $he de$cri&e$ a$ $u&tle (ork )lace "echani$"$ 8Roo$ %99G:, Her $a")le included 75 (o"en and "en* all (ith out$tanding quali+ication$* (ho had (orked on Wall !treet around the $a"e ti"e, Her +inding$ (ent along (ith tho$e o+ 2ro(ne, !he +ound that the )art that "o$t likely contri&ute$ to (hich gender get$ (hich 0o& (a$ 0o& allocation, Wo"en $o"eti"e$ re$)ond to +a"ily con$traint$ &y choo$ing $)ecialtie$ $uch a$ )u&lic +inance* $u))ort or equity re$earch a$ o))o$ed to the "ore lucrati#e $)ecialitie$ $uch a$ )u&lic +inance or $ale$Htrading(o"en "ight a#oid certain client$ D(ho$e 0o&$E are $een a$ hy)er-"a$culine 8Roo$ %9 3:, No(* thi$ i$ not to $ay that the deci$ion to go in to a le$$ "a$culine line o+ (ork i$ entirely &y choice, More o+ten than not* thi$ )reconcei#ed idea that (o"en are the )ri"ary care taker$ o+ the +a"ily ha$ o+ten en+orced "any e")loyer$ to "ake the )u$h +or the" to go a certain (ay #er$u$ another, Roth al$o +ound that co")anie$ lead &y a $trong "ale +igure u$ually +a#or hiring "ale$* (hile co")anie$ that +a#or hiring +e"ale$ ty)ically $)eciali?e in lo(er )aying +unction$ 8Roo$ %9 3:, In +act* !helley Reciniello o+ Organisational and Social Dynamics +ound that de$)ite &eing in )o$$e$$ion o+ qualitie$ that (ould "ake the" ideal a"&a$$ador$ o+ a (orld(ide kno(ledge econo"y* (ith only +i+teen (o"en a$ FE4B$ o+ =ortune A99 co")anie$

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place 7 and another t(enty-eight a$ FE4B$ o+ =ortune 999 co")anie$ 8Reciniello %9 :, No( thi$ right here i$ )roo+ enough* that (o"en ha#e yet a +ar (ay to go &e+ore +ull equality can &e "et, It i$ al$o no ne( kno(ledge that "o$t =ortune A99 co")anie$ are highly e$ta&li$hed< they ha#e &een around +or a #ery* #ery long ti"e and are "ore o+ten than not* $et in their (ay$, No(* $o"e "ight argue that $ince the gender &ia$ i$ )$ychologically )re$et* that the gender inequality i$ in +act a thing o+ nature and there i$ no (ay to $to) it, .e$* there are $o"ething$ that co"e naturally* and $o"e o+ the cogniti#e a&ilitie$ o+ "en #er$u$ (o"en cannot &e changed $uch a$ "athe"atical and #er&al $kill$, Ho(e#er* arent the$e )re$et +ro" &irth1 'he gender ideal$ that $e)arate (o"en +ro" "en are not entirely natural* and are "uch "ore likely a +actor o+ ho( (e are nurtured a$ a child, =or e/a")le< (hen $o"eone get$ ne($ o+ ha#ing a &a&y girl* (hat color do they )aint the roo"1 2a&y )ink, 2y li"iting (o"en +ro" the $tart &y telling the" ho( to dre$$ and (hat to )lay (ith a$ a child* (hile encouraging their "ale counter)art$ to engage in thing$ "ore co")etiti#e and ha#e "ore +reedo" to do $o a$ they )lea$e* it i$ no (onder that there i$ $uch a "ental di++erence &et(een the t(o, A young girl (ho gro($ u) )laying $)ort$* )re+er$ 0ean$ o#er dre$$e$* and hang$ out (ith the guy$ i$ "ore (idely acce)ted in today$ day, Al$o* "ore (o"en are "aking head (ay in the cor)orate (orld, Foincidence1 I +eel not, 4#er ti"e a$ the $tandard$ +or (o"en ha#e changed* $o ha$ their )rogre$$ in gender equality* &ut it i$ not o#er yet, 'he gender di$cri"ination in the (ork )lace i$ "ore than 0u$t (hat "eet$ the eye, 'hi$ $te"$ +ro" #ariou$ )$ychological a$)ect$ that ha#e &een +or"ed +ro" $ocietal #alue$, Nature #er$u$ nurture and #ariou$ +actor$ co"e into )lay* and though the "old i$ $lo(ly &reaking* (o"en ha#e yet $till to reach their +ull )otential in the (ork )lace a$ "en$ equal, 4ne day* ho(e#er* it (ill co"e,

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place G

Re+erence$ 2ro(ne* C, R, 8%9 3:, 2I4L4GIFAL !EI DI==ERENFE! IN 'HE W4RCPLAFE: REP4R'! 4= 'HE @END 4= MEN@ ARE GREA'L. EIAGGERA'ED 8A! ARE FLAIM! 4= W4MENB! F4N'INUED INEJUALI'.:, Boston University Law Review,

Running Header: Going Mental: A Look Into Gender Inequality in the Work Place 6 9383:* 756-76>, Retrie#ed +ro" htt):HH$earch,)roque$t,co"Hdoc#ie(H >33777G%71 accountidK%76%7 In$titute +or (o"enB$ )olicy re$earch< $tate"ent +ro" IWPR )re$ident dr, heidi hart"ann on the A9th anni#er$ary o+ the equal )ay act, 8%9 3:, Investment Weekly News, * A39, Retrie#ed +ro" htt):HH$earch,)roque$t,co"Hdoc#ie(H 35635766 1accountidK%76%7 ;enni+er* D, M, 8%99 :, @4ur $hare in the (ar i$ no $"all one@: Lirginia (o"en and (orld (ar I, irginia !avalcade, "#83:* >- %3, Retrie#ed +ro"

htt):HH$earch,)roque$t,co"Hdoc#ie(H% 7%G G771accountidK%76%7 Reciniello* !, 8%9 :, I$ (o"an the +uture o+ "an1 an e/)loration o+ the )otential o+ (o"en in the kno(ledge econo"y and o+ the )ro&le" o+ gender inequality in the (ork)lace, Organisational and Social Dynamics, $$8%:* A - 7>*%37, Retrie#ed +ro" htt):HH$earch,)roque$t,co"Hdoc#ie(HG6G>35 1accountidK%76%7

Roo$* P, A, 8%99G:, !elling (o"en $hort: Gender inequality on (all $treet, Social %orces, &'8 :* 59 -59%, Retrie#ed +ro" htt):HH$earch,)roque$t,co"Hdoc#ie(H%%6G573 71 accountidK%76%7