j

j
VHh tF
Kj gUt

a xW

br

thJ

gid aif itj

ggnd ngh ngh

bgik jhik itj

bgand ngh ngh

tikia c itj

tsny ngh ngh

cik Uif itj

cwtnd ngh ngh.

- U. . fahzRjudh
bghU : iria aifnahL izj gghsnd! bgfSF jhikah
bgUik nrj bgUikFatnd! bfhiljikia cdfSF jj
ts jik cilatnd! cs cikia itj cwilnahnd!
cid thJnw.
brhbghU : g-ir;tik - bfhiljik;ngh - thJnw.
Ma F
bga
:



bgnwh

kdghlgF

U..fahzRjudh
(Uth% Ujhrydh kfdh
fahzRjudh vgj
RUfnk U..f.vgJ.)

: Ujhrydh - dikah.

wj C :

fhu khtlYs Js.

, jbghGJ jly vd
miHfgLwJ. , bridia
mLJs ngh%UF nknf csJ.

w
:

t bjhyhs eyDF bgf

KndwJF mauhJ ghLglh;
nkiljGF yfz tFjh.
t jeilia ngh
jbjw vd wfgLwh.

g
: brid uhangil bt g jHhauhf, etr
Kjyhd jf Mauhf gahdh.

fhy

: 26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953

F :
thJ gF lbgWs ghl, U. . f.
aa bghJik ntl vD ngh vD jiy
lbgWsJ. ehL, kj, d , bkh, w midij
flJ cyfij xU FLgkhf fUJtnj bghJik ntl.
bjtra Kjyhf ngh <whf cs ehgJ ehF jiyf, eh}W
KgJ ghfsh MdJ .
ga : iy fghF ehL, kj, bkh, d ntWikf yF;
rKjha xWik tsU; kj nea kyU; cyf jGa xUikghLz
clhF.

kh dhf
m) wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

m) U. . fahzRjudh wj C

M) U..f. aa bghJik ntl vD cs ghf

vif
.

2. nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.

tikia c itj j mo tik vD brh jU bghU

.
1. tik

2. bfhiljik

3. tsik

M) FWdhf

1. U. . f. bgnwh aht?

2. U. . f. aa f ehfid vGJf.

3. iwt c itjJ vjid?

) Wdhf

1. U. . f. g F vGJf.

2. iwt bgUikia U. . f. vthbwyh FLwh?

gilf : kj thif fhaofS, bg bgUik, jbjw,

cik ntif, KUf myJ mHF Kjad.

UFw
thik

1.

bghU :

thik vd nghwgL g vJbt, mJ kwtUF

vtifY F juhj brhfis ngRj.

2.

bghU :

thik vdgLt(J) ahbj ahbjhW

ik yhj brhy.

bghik thik lj iuj

eik gaF bk.

wF Fwkw
cikahf fUjgL.

eikia

jUkh,

bgh

brhbghU : iu Fw; gaF - jU.

3.

jbeR mtJ bghaf bghj

jbenr jid RL.

bghU : j ber mJ bgh TwTlhJ. T, j bernk

jid tUJ.
brhbghU : RL - tUJ.

4.

bghU :

xUt j cs ma bghyhk elghdhdh,

mjifat cyfjh csf vyh Ugt Mth.

5.

bghU :

kdbjhL thik bkh jtbjhL

jhdbr th jiy.

kdbjhL bghUa thik ngRgt, jhd

brwtfis fhoY cajtdhf fUjgLth.

6.

bghU :

csjh bghah bjhG cyfjh

csJ vyh cs.

jt

bghahik md fiy vahik

vyh mwK jU.

bgh ngrhik xUtDF vyh fiH jU; m~J mt

tUjhknyna mtDF vyh eyfis jU.

brhbghU : md - mit nghtd; vahik - tUjhik.

7.

bghahik bghahik M mww

brahik brahik eW.

8.

bghU :

wik uh mik mfik

thikah fhz gL.

cl ik uh clhF; csik thikah btgL.

brhbghU : mf - cs; mik - clhF.

9.

bghU :

rhnwhF wUis F sFfisl, mf Uis

F bghngrhikna cikahd sfhF.

10.

bghU :

vyh sF sfy rhnwhF

bghah snf sF.

ahbkah fltW iy vidbjhW

thik ey w.

ah cikahf fl bghUfS, vtifY cikial

wjitahf brhyjfit ntiy.
Ma F : UFwis aat UtSt.
t, RUfbrh sf itg tyt.
tiug bjthd tuyhW Jtiu ilf
iy. tUF ehadh, Kjghty, ehKfdh,
khjhDg, brehnghjh, bgUehty Kja
bgaf cL. t fhy .K.31 vg.
F : Fw btghfsh mikj
UFw. J, U vD milbkhia bgW
UFw vd tHfbgWwJ. mwJgh,
bghUgh, gJgh vD KbgU fis
bfhlJ. , W KgJ _W mfhuf
csd. xnth mfhuJF gJ Fwghfbsd
MuJ KW KgJ Fwghf csd. J
gbdfzF fS xW.

kj kjdhf thH,
kj kjDF Ta
mwiujh UFw.

UFw, cyf VF fUJfis bfhL

csjdh cyf bghJkiw vd tHfbgWwJ.
J, jbkh Ys mwfS KjikahdJ.
nwG bkhf bkhbgaf bgWsJ.

bghU : bgh brhyhik vD mwij illhk filojh,

ntW vj mwfis brantoaJ iy.

ga : UFw fgjdh kj thif brikW; gf tsU;

cybfyh xbwD caFz njhW; kjfilna ntWghLf kiw;
vyh clJ m jiHF.

kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol

lij uf.

m) Fw btghfsh Md
M) UFw

mfhuf csd.

) cyf VF fUJfis bfhLsjdh UFw

tHfgLwJ.
2. nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.
m) cliy ik br; cs ikia btgLJtJ
1. dhbrh 2. thik

3. gbrh

M) thik vdgLtJ ahbj

1. kwtfSF

F juhj brhfis ngRj

2. wTwhik 3. gTwhik
3. J vGJf.
m) ahbj M) bghahbjhG ) wik
4. nrJ vGJf.
m) j + beR M) f + iy
5. tU brhfis brhbwhl mikf.
aif, bgik, thik, cs.
M) FWdhf
1. bghik thikahtJ vnghJ?
2. tSt FL ikg FLf.
3. mfUis nghF sF vJ?
) Wdhf
1. thik yfzkhf tSt FLtJ ahJ?
2. cikia ngRnth waf ahit?
3. mfUis nghF sif Fwt sFf.
4. cyfjh csJ Ughiug tSt TWtJ vd?

vd

ciueil

cyf bkhf
cyf MwhuJF nkgl bkhf csd. mtW
gy ngRbkhfns. vGJbkhfshf csdtW ya ts
iwjit f ynt. v ngr, v ghl aw aifahf
mikjJ bjbkhaha j xnw vW tsyh mUwh. cyf
bkhf wjJ jbkhna vd mPf FLwhf.
brbkhf
Ua braf bghUa bkhf brbkhf vdgL.
nuf, y, rkUj, d, vnua, mu, <U Matiw
brbkhf vd goaLwh bkha mP r.mfaf.
tW nuf, y, rkUj Ma bkhf W
ngRtH iy.
brbkh j w
cy W tHF bkhf njhWtjF Kghfnt
vzw yfz ya tsfis bfhljhf saJ jbkh.
bjhfha, gJghL, vLbjhif, gbdfzF,
ygfhu, knkfiy, Kbjhshu, iwadh mfbghU
Ma bra yaf, jiH brbkh vd iyehLtjF
ca rhWfshf fwd.
gbdfz xwhd UFwSF izahd ntW
cy iy.
mjdhjh lhl bus, jbkh mHfhd u ntiy
ghlikj btjL; UFw m itfgLs jf M;
j vid <jJ; Fwnsh vid GjJ vW bkhJ wh.
j jbgUjikf
aghf njha jbkh caa gf, jikfg
xbthU jHD mJbfhSj ntL.

brbkh j

m) bjhik
cy fgiHikahd ygF Fkfl. mygF
flnfhsh _lJ. mbjhyjh j njhabjd
joayfhu nknfh br TWwJ.

Xf ilt Janjh bjhHs

Vbfh Phy UsfW - MftW
nd jah btfbuh nwidaJ
jnd yhj j.

M) bkik
j bknyhir bkhahUgjdhnyna, m~J cyf Kj
bkhah njh tHbfhahk W sik khwhk
fjHh UJ tUwJ. jiH jhbkhahf bfhshjtU
Ka tUj vjhf mjid ff ngr aYwJ.
vfhyJ
cs vHToa fUJfis vyh bjfjf
brhfis bfhljhf jbkh sFwJ.
) jhik
bgnwhiu FF mik, mg vD ehehL j
brhf, tlbkh cgl cyf bgUbkhf gytY to J
tH tUwd. jbrh yhj cyf bgUbkh ahbjhW
iy vgJ kWf Koahj cik.
<)

ik

j tHa Mufzfhd ngR tHF brhfS,

tHF brhfS fhybts kiwJ
nghd. vs gHbrhfis bfhL
njitnfg J brhfis idJ
wbkh Jiz jHh jJ
af aY. ikia mnj, j
wbkh Jiz jJ aFtJ
kLk jiHnjhf br vW
Tdh fhLbt.
c) brik
kfSF xGf tu njitahdJ
nghynt bkhF yfz tu brhfSF
Ua to aikahjd. tiw
j csJngh, ntW vbkhY fhz
ayhJ. mjdhnyna j, brj vdglJ.

fhLbt

C) Kik

v) aif ts
vyhbrhY bghU Fjdnt vgJ bjhfha gh.
j LF bgaf f Fiw.
xUik, gik vD
Utif v kLnk j cL. Mdh, tlbkh xUik, Uik,
gikbad _tif v csd. j cfSF kLnk ghntWghL
cL; bghUfSF ghntWghL iy.
Mdh, wbkhf
jifa gFKiw iy.
V) yfz iw
vyh bkhfS vGJF brhYF yfz TW. Mdh,
j mtWl nrJ thaYfhd bghUyfzij TWwJ.
mjid mf, w vd Utifahf gFJsJ.
I) br w
gil j yafS yfzfS br tonyna
Ujd. fgh Kjyhd br tiff ntW vbkhY iy.
x) mw
ytf brSF w nrf ctik, cUtf Kja
mfis gagL ghlfis ashf.
X) w
Mufzfhd j f aif wfsh mJnghd.
iljdtW rffhy f jHj bkhia gghil
sFtdthf fwd.
jifa Ga ajF gghLfis fis bfhlJ
jbkh. mjifa caj brbkhah jbkhia czJ
fW ngh fhngh.

KjrfUnj ir ehlfK awnHhL izJ

KjbHd tH tuyhW. KjU rfY tHa yfz
f Kj gadthfnt Ujd.

kh dhf
m) wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

m) cy fgiHikahd ygF

M) j

) vyh bkhfS vGJF

bgaf f Fiw.
yfz TW.

<) ytf brSF w nrf ctik,
mHF nrjd.

gagL

2. ca ilia nj brf.

m) cyf bkhf wJ sFtJ

1. jbkh

2.

tlbkh

3. ehehL

) thaYF yfz TW bkh

1. tlbkh

2. bjYFbkh 3. jbkh

M) FWdhf

1 . cyf bkhf wjbkh vJ? vd?

2. brbkhahf fUjgL bkhf ahit?

3. j sik khwh jikF fhuz vd?

4. j, caj brbkh vd nghwgLtnj?

5. jHj gghil sF f ahit?

) Wdhf

1 . brbkh j jwf ahit?

2. j, bjhikbkh vgjF rhW jUf.

3. j, jaF bkh vgjid FLf.

<)beLdh

kiyahs

M) mik, mg vD brh tHF ehL

1. bfhFehL 2. tUrehL

3.

j jbgUjikfis sFf.

10

Jizghl

CU ngU

aifnahL iaJ thj j kf, j

FoU gFfis C vD bgauh Fjd. C
vD jbrh cy gy ehLf tHFtJ
agwJ. ghnyh mUnf C vD bga xU
efU, CeK vD CU csjh. ehsil gntW
Cf cUthf, ytifnfg bgaL kiy, fh^,
kU, fl vd tHf, kf jiygld. thW
jHf CU ngU njhd.
F y

fh
nfhyhy
f
k
#d
b#
n#h

Cf

jHf tskhj kiyf gyL. kiy mUnf cs

CfSF Midkiy, Wkiy, Utzhkiy, ehfkiy, tkiy,
uhkiy vd bgaf tHFtjid fhzyh.
Xaj ygF kiy vd, kiy cau Fiwjjid
FW vd, FY cau Fiwjjid fuL vd, ghiw vd
bgaL miHjd. tiwbaho thj kf, jthlfSl
C vD bgaiu nrJ Cbgafshd.
Fiw mLJs Cf F, Fw, FwFo vd
tHf bgwd. Flghiw, ghiw, ghiw, klghiw, kzghiw,
thghiw vD CbgafSfhd fhuzij jdh mayh.
kiyia FF tlbrh, vgjhF. UZz, nfhj,
t, y vgd kiyiabaho vGj Cbgafns.
F ykf kiyUJ w lfSF brW ja
nghJ jf ybgaiu kwthJ MthF,
filF,
F, fsF, bkhlF vd bga itJ bfhldnghY.
F vD brhny kU FahW vdyh.
Kiy y Cf
jHf kubrj fhLf gHfhy kUjd. kuf
Nj gFF Fobgaj kf, kufSF bgaNo, mku

11

bgafnshL Cbgafis tHd. m (M)

kuf Nj C MfhL vd, My kuf iwj
ML
C MyfhL vd, fshbrof iwj gF fshfhL
khLf
vd, khkuf brUj l khfhL vd,
milf
gLl
gidkuf iwUj C gidau vd bgaL
go
jlij Fld. fho eL thj kf,
vdgL.
mF yFfsh jkF, j fheilfSF
CW neuhtz nt fo ghJfhjd. mf
go, gho vwiHfbgwd. Milahgo, fhgo, nfhgo,
WTlgo, dbfhygo, bgabfhygo Kja Wfzfhd
gof jeho csd.
kUjy Cf
ytsK tsK gtsK brj kUjy FoU C vd
tHfglJ. bgh bgU tnjho tsToa MW, mj fiu
Uj caj kufS Cbgaf fyJ iyjd. MWf gh
lf M vd tHF Cf juhk lbgUF. Jnt
fhyngh ngRtH M vd kU tHFwJ. flgku Nj
gF fl, flg; bjid Nj gF bjT; akuf
mlj gF aFo, anrhiy, ago vd tHF Cf
kubga bjhF mogil bgalgl CfshF.
e Kndh Fs, V, CU Kja iyfis cUth,
mtnwhL Cbgafis izjd. tyng, aFs,
nguhu, khFs, ntng vgd thW njha Cbgafns.
nt nfhil

12

bej y Cf

muR CfS
bgUntjU FWy kdU muf mikJ kfis
fhjd.
mufS nfhil xW. nfhil NHUj Cfns
fjtnfhil, nfhil, njtnfhil, ehlurnfhil,
y
nfhil, gLnfhil, Jnfhil vd tHfyhd.
ir CfS
ehir bgafS CfSl Ffbgwd. j CUF Hnf
vGj CgFia > vd, nknf mikj CgFia nk
vd bgaL tHd. bjnf csJ bjgHahf tlnf
csJ tlgHahf bga bgwd.
ehaf kdf jHfij vGguL ghisafshf J
j MSifFgLdhf. mtf CbgafSl ghisaij
nrJ tHdhf. mthW bgabgw Cf Mughisa,
uhrghisa, fzfghisa,
Fkhughisa, nfhbroghisa,
nfhghisa, nkLghisa vd gythF.
fhyRH, Mkhw, ntdfy Kja fhuzfsh
Kjiy CbgafS jjikf CbgafS ijJ, J,
kU, kh tHfyhd.
fbtLf fhzgL kiu kUijah W kJiuahf
khsJ.
nfht
vD bga nfhaK M, W
nfhitahf kUsJ. njnghy, cf CbgaU khljh?
iy, fjHh khwh siknahL tHFwjh vd jid
brf.
kh dhf
fLiu dhf
1. F, Kiy y Cbgafis ca rhWfSl sFf.
2. kUj, bej y CbgafSfhd fhuzfis vGJf.

13

gHfhy flfiu cUthd ng%f god vd, f

ghf vd bga bgUjd. beoa flfiuia cila jHf
gujt thj Cf
Hfiu, nfhoafiu, yhfiu vd bga
bgUwd. fhy dt thGlf bgaf, Fg
vD bgaiu nrJ g bgU tUwd.

yfz

rhbgGJf tiff
khztf : tzf, Iah.
Ma
: FHijfns tzf! ky, c o ahbuyh
Uf?
ky

: eh, mkh, mgh, j Ma eht cnsh, Iah.

Ma

: r, o Kjikahdtf c jkh?

ky

: iy, Iah. mgh mkhjh.

Ma

: mgoah... j...

ky

: mgh mkhit rhJ thnwh, Iah.

Ma
:









nty
:

o Kj bghWghsf bgnwhf. mtf jhnk

jJ aFwhf. vdnt, mtf Kjikahdtf.
mjidnghynt, e jbkhY c vGJf
guL, bkbaGJf gbdL jJ a
KjikbgW sFtjh, mtiw KjbyGJf
vnwh. FHijfsha f, c bgnwhiu
rhUgjid nghynt, KjbyGJfis rhJtU
vGJfis rhbgGJf vnwh. cl - tzl
brh c vgJ c vGJ. l, vgd vd
vGJf?
l cbk vGJ, vgJ bkbaGJ, Iah.

Ma
:

+ m = l. vD bkbaGJ, m vD c
vGJ nrJ, l vD cbk vGjhf wjJ.
jidnghnw kw cbk vGJfS ciu
bkia rhJ tU.

cbk, Mj, cusbgil, xwsbgil, Fafu,

FaYfu, IfhuFWf, xsfhuFWf, kfuFWf,
MjFWf vd rhbgGJf gJ tifgL.
khztf : KjbyGJf, rhbgGJfg fWbfhnlh. Iah.
g : Gs brhf KjbyGJfis tlLf.
m) m

M) fl

14

<) mkh

c) j

kh dhf

2. rhbgGJf
tifgL.
m) 10 M) 18 ) 12
3. KjbyGJf vif
m) 216 M) 30 ) 247
M) FWdhf
1. KjbyGJ vwh vd?
2. KjbyGJf ahit?
3. rhbgGJ vwh vd?
4. rhbgGJ vjid tifgL? mit ahit?
5. uL brh lbgWs rhbgGJfis vGJf.
6. rhbgGJf lbgwhj ehF brhfis vGJf.

tFgiwwf
mogil wf g bgWtjfhf tFgiw wf mikf
gLsd. gF ngRj, goj, vGJj, gilghw, fyJiuahl,
brhngh Kjad, bkhw gfS csd. jbHfis mnth,
thifw, kf, g, jaf jnyna ngRnth Ma gFfS
izfgLsd.
m) ngRj w
1 . bkhna ekF Kft jiy IJ kJ ngRf.
2. thikna btY vD jiy fyJiuahLf.
M) goj w
tU

ciugFia ca xl thL gof.

cHt fhiy fhisia Xo brwh. mt, fLgY j gia

wghf brjh; thiH njhlJF j ghdh; ViHahf UjhY
vLj ntiyia ntis juhJ brJ Kojh.

15

m) wtadhf
nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.
1. Mj
vGJtifia rhjJ.
m) Kj vGJ M) bkbaGJ ) rhbgGJ

) vGJj w

bfhLfgLs ghliy goJ dhfSF ilaf. (kh )

be tGthk f ntL

berhu cikjid ngr ntL

Xkiw cajtiu kf ntL

xgw Mrhbrh nff ntL

Mny thjKiw idf ntL

Mg cwtF cjt ntL

nrhto thdtid brhy ntL

dhf :




ilf :

Rfbgwnt thahu thj ntL.

1. vgo fntL?
2. vthW cik ngrntL?
3. ahiu kfntL?
4. ahUila brhiy nffntL?
5. ghlYnfw jiy jUf.
1. be tGthk fntL
2. kdka cik ngrntL.
3. f, nff wj rhnwhiu kfntL.
4. xgw Mrh brh nffntL.
5. thG Kiw - ghlYnfw jiy.

g
1.

bfhLfgLs ghliy goJ dhfSF ilaf.

rhf iyao ghgh - Fy

cajk f - m

iwa cilatf nknyh

c fl m ntQ - bjt

cikbaW jhdj ntQ

tuKila beR ntQ - J

dhf : 1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

jh ca brhy ght

thG Kiwikao ghgh.

- ghuah

vJ ght?
nknyh vjika?
ahl m brYJj ntL?
thG Kiw ahJ?
ghlYnfw jiy jUf.

.<) bral :

go vd Ko Cbgafis bjhFf.

16

bkhw g
uL brhf xwhf nrUnghJ il , , , Ma ehF td
bkbaGJf vbfF F vgJ FJ mnth.
m, , c vgd RblGJf vgjid Mwh tF ff.
j vGJfK td vGJfis Kjyhf cila brh tJ nrjh,
il mbtG bkbaGJ njhW. jid tbyhW Fj vg.
m + iga = miga
( m K ig vD gfu tUf vGJ tjjh, mbtG bkbaGjha
njhaJ.)

m + ril = mril
ehnd brnt

+ njhl = njhl

+ Fs

= Fs

c + gf

= cgf

( c vD RblGjhdJ
jbghGJ tHf iy)

v vD dh vGJFK
td vGij Kjyhf cila
brhf tjhY td F.

m + Fl
m + Tl
m + bgo
v + g
v + rl
v + FHij
+ W
+ njh

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

v + Fl

= vFl

+ jf

v + ril

= vril

M) j vfis mnth
mu
v
1
2
3
4
5

j
v

1
2
3
4
5

mu
v
6
7
8
9
10

gfl
j
v

6
7
8
9
10

) fLiu vGJj : vf C
F rlf : KDiu, Cbgafhuz, C viyf, C mik, wf,
Koiu.

<) mfutir mikj

1. tU c vGJfis mfutir mikf.

v, xs, <, c, I, C, M, m, x, , V, X.

17

m) td F lf

2. tU brhfis KjbyGijbfhL mfutir mikf.

V, <r, v, xW, xsit,

C, mz, y, ML, Xl, IJ, cil.

3. cbuG bjhlfhj brhfis tlL fhLf.

mkh, fz, viy, V, Mir, ril, g,

Fl.

thifw
jidaj
(jl cs wikfis mJ bragLjny jidaj)
Kig j FLg xW thJ tjJ. mFLg vL taJ ua
W Ujh. mWF ehoa Fj <LghL UjJ; vL tanyna
munfw; guL taJF ehoa fnr gFbgW bgUfiH miljh;
ehoa br vD glK bgwh. Mdh, gbdL ta mbgQF
vghuhjtif Vgl bfhoa gjh mtsJ tyfhiy vLf ntoajhW.
stanyna ngUfG bgw mbg j vfhynk ULlJ vd
_iy Klliy. j iyikia eF czJ bfhlh; kUJtl
brwh. braiffh bghU bfhlh elfyh, jyh, V ehoa Tl
Mlyh vW kUJt Tdh.
kUJt Tiw nfl mbg, eh L ehoa <LgLnt, bt
bgWnt vW jdF NSiuJ bfhlh. Kj braiffhiy bghU
bfhL MLnghJ, mjdh Vgl bgUJgij bghWJ bfhlh.
kUJt CfK jlKs wik lhKa mbgiz Kndw
ghijF miHJ brwd.
unl MLf ehoa ngbuh vD glK mtiu njo tjJ. mtiu
f bgw eoifahf milahs fhoaJ.
midJF fhuz mbg lhKa CfK jdifjh.
eljjidna idJbfhoUfhk, mUJ btnatu xbthUtU Ka
brj ntL. Hjjidnah fljfhyijnah v bfhoUgJ ntiy.
mLjJ vdbtd J thif KndWj ntL. cflKs ts,
wik, thf Matiw gagL jilfis jfbjJ KndWf.
mJjh thif; mJjh gaz; mJnt Kndw. nfFah thHhk
aFah thJfhLf. ifjLgtuhf yhk, ifjl bgWgtuhf
thGf.
1. fitnghW f ntW VnjD nfgoUfsh?
2. mbg iyUJ fgid brJ, cf braghLfis vGJf.

18

kf

guL tanyna kngh, yg, thR vd ufiyfis vyh

fW njUjh mWt. kJiuF mU bahW CUF EiHJ
fgLw kfis MLkhLfis mJ tjJ. mjid nfw kf
mrnjhL thjd. kf mrij nghf fUa mur rauf brhfehj,
iabfhW JgtfSF gR tHfgL vW mjh. iy,
xUeh CUF Fj mia jifUj Mjjhnyna bfhW dh
mWt. murU gRf gy tH mtid wjh.
siknyna JrY, uKbfhL sa mWtjh dh
njt vW midtuhY nghwglh. a LjiyF bjdfUJ
maiu vj wj u njtdhth.
khztfns! fS siknyna Jl bragLf. Vbd, vW
xUtF Jnt Jizahf F.
f JJ brj brafis egfSl fyJiuahLf.

v vfhy lf
( tUfhy eh...)

19

tsu braghLf
nfl w

braghL - 1

fhQ ciugia goJ dhfSF ilaf.

jHf wku gidkukhF. br y tufJ gid
kufis cHtf tsjhf. nghFtuJfhf bghJkf gagLJ
rhiyia ntW ahU ifgLj TlhJ vgjfhf rhiy
UkUY gidkufis tsjd. V, Fs, thfh Kjat
fiufJ k mig jLgjfhf mj cW jikfhf
gidkuf bgUks tsfgld. gidkuf jU EF, gj,
ffL Kjad kj clYF bgU eikia brtd. nkY,
o dfis jh bfhL e thit fhgd. bgUghik
jH mWKj Wtiu gidku Xiyfshjh TiuntJ
thwhf. thW jHj thnthL izUF gidkuf W
m WbfhoUwd. isyf Lkidfshf
khWnghJ, myfYs gidkufns Kj fsgahwd. nkY,
brfNisfSfhf gyhLfhy beoJaj gidkuf bgUks
bto rhfgLwd.
gidkuf rntfis bfhoUgjdh, fllfSF
vj gh VgLtJ iy. gidkuf Fahd iuTl cRtJ
iy. thW jHf wkukhf cs gidkuij fhjY
tsjY jH xbthUt flikahF.
dhf
1. jHf w ku Myku.

(cik /bgh)

2. kj clYF eikjU bghUfis gidkuf jUwd.

(cik/bgh)

3. gidkuf kzig jLF.

(cik /bgh)

4. gidkuf cf LF mU tsjh mit fllij ghF.

(cik/ bgh)
5. gidkuf Fahd iu c yjo klij FiwJL.

(cik/bgh)

20

ngRj w

braghL - 2

bga
:
wj ML
:
ehL
:
jHf thj l :

:
jbjhL


aa
:

kiwj C
:
kiwj ML
:

fhLbt
1815
mayhJ
ilaFo
(Ubent khtl)
uhlbkhf jh
j vd cyFF
giwrhaJ.
uhlbkhf
xyfz
bfhilfhd
1891

vGJj w
mfutirgLJj w

braghL - 3

fhQ brhfis mfu tir vGJf.

rh, RF, nrik, brhyh, rl, Wfij, brthiH,
, nrhs,
Nlhk

21

fhLbt thif Ffis bfhL, ca iz brhfis

gagL ngRf.

Ua tHF brhf mj

braghL - 4

mltiz cs ngRtHF brhfSF ca vGJtHF brhfis

vGJf.
t.v

ngR tHF

1.

jyfh

2.

ntit

3.

4.

bty

5.

6.

btsF

vGJ tHF
jiyaiz

mj w

braghL - 5

gbdfzF f bgafis flJ vGJf.

gbdfzF f
1.

10.

2.

11.

3.

12.

4.

13.

5.

14.

6.

15.

7.

16.

8.

17.

9.

18.

22

flj

braghL - 6

1. brh KDs <buGJ kaf jU; <buGJ bgUik jU; uL

nrjh CuhF.
2. brh K gF L fl cj; gF Mil bea cj; uil nrjh
Cbga fhzyh.
3. brh Kj gF nkik jU; ulh gF czit jU; _wh gF
fhtiy jU; _W nrjh CuhF.
4. brh Kj gF kho bgauhF; ulh gF dh brhyhF; _wh gF
iwt lhF; _W nrjh CuhF.
5. brh Kj gF iwt UlkhF; ulh gF MLf UlkhF;
uL nrjh CuhF.
6. brh Kj gF nkik; ulh gF ky; _wh gF o EiHl;
_W nrjh CuhF.
7. brh Kj gF btbzia cUdh ilgJ; ulh gF fhtiy jUtJ;
uL nrjh Ruf UF CuhF.

bjhFj

braghL - 7

a khyf bgafis mF ngrgL bkhf bgafis

bjhFf.
khy

1. jehL

bkh

khy

4.

2. nfush

5.

3.

6.

23

bkh

Ffis gagL Cbgafis flf.

brhfsa bgUFj

braghL - 8

ik vD vG Ko brhfis cUthFf.

(v.fh.) bgik

ik

ik

ik

ik

ik

ik

ik

ik

ik

brhfis uj

braghL - 9

LfijfSfhd ilfis gagL flfis uf.

1

7
11
12

8
10
9

1. bghGJ rhjh njhl; oJ ghjh btWnjhl.

2. fhyhj gj; fhzfhz a.
3. CUbfyh xnu Tiu; kiH tjh xGF Tiu.
4. CUbfyh xnu nghit.
5. viyyh flny, vF ghJ glF iy.

24

6. ahU RUl Koahj gL J vF ghjhY y w.

8. gh yhk gUgh; neh yhk isgh.

9. X mfig khthny Cbuyh fahz.
10. sik bfhL; tsjJ bfhiy.
11. xU nfhig gRgh, Cbuyh bgULkh.
12. xnu xU btis sF; CUbfyh btr jU.
fwyil WkL

kbg: 10

m) bghU TWf.

2x1=2

1. g

2. mf

M) J vGJf.
1. ahbjhW

2x1=2

2. gaFbk

) nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.

2x1=2

1. cy fgiHikahd ygF
m) jfhz l M) Fkfl
.

2. jJ aF vGJf
m) rhbgGJ

) jhghiytd

M) MjvGJ ) KjbyGJ

<) nfhol lij uf.

1. U..f.

2x1=2

j Mauhf Ujh.
vd kUsJ .

2. M ngRtH

c) XU brhf ilaf.
1. cyfjh csf vyh Ugt ah?
2. jbkh bra yaf ehfid vGJf

25

2x1=2

7. mHfhd bgQF mrakhd ah; gh eh Fiwth; gheh

tsth.

br

a uL

weh}W

beY cunw Uc
kd cnj kyjiy
mjdh ahc
vgJ
ntF jhid ntjF

unw
cyf
mif
flnd.

- nkhudh

bghU : yfjhF beY U cuhfh. KiwbrJ fhjdh

kdtnd cuhth. ntgil cila ntj flik ehil ng fhgnj
MF.
brhbghU : mif - mjntL; jhid - gil; flnd - flik.
Ma F : ghliy ghoat nkhudh. bjgho ehoYs
nkh vD C thjt. u vgJ Fobgauhf FlgLwJ.
cl nrhdh muRFa KuR fo cwanghJ, nrukh bgUnru
Ubghiw vw murdh ftr bgw bgUikFat. t ghoa ghlf
mfeh}W, FWbjhif, eiz MatW csd.
F : w + ehF + W = weh}W. vLbjhif fS
xW. J wga eh}W ghlf bjhF. w vgJ kw brjY mw
brjY MF. cs ghlf gntW fhyf gntW lf
thj ytfshY kdfshY ghlbgwit. weh}W ghlf_y
gila jHf kdf mw cz, u, bfhil, M w, f
bgUik Kjatiw ytf bgUj, kfSila ehff, gghL
Kjatiw mayh.
ga : weh}iw fgjdh, jHj gHfhy wthifia
gghil mJ bgUj bfhsyh.
murid FF ntW bgaf : nfh, kd, ntj.

26

kh dhf

m) wtadhf
1. nfhol lij uf.

m) weh}W

M) beY cunw vD ghliy ghoat

fS xW.
.

2. ca ilia nj brf.

m) n k h u d h c l n r h d h K u R f o c w a n g h J
ft a kd

1. ghoa beLbra

2. nrukh bgUnru Ubghiw

3. nfhbgUnrhH

M) tU brhfis brhbwhl mikf.

be, c, , ntj.

) FWdhf

1. weh}W - W F vGJf.

2. nkhudhiu g F jUf.

3. cyf cfis fhwit vit?

<) Wdh

ntj fldhf weh}W FL br ahJ?

27

KJbkhfh
wj gJ
(wjbjd TwgL gJ bghUis
jdfnj bfhoUgJ wj gJ.)

1.


2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Mf cyfJ kf bfyh
Xj wj(W) xGf cilik.
fhj wjW fzr gLj.
nkij wjW fwJ kwthik.
tik wjW thik ilik.
sik wjW bk ik.
eyDil ik ehQ wjW.
FyDil ik f wjW.
fw fwhiu tgLj wjW.
brwhiu brWj jbrif wjW.
KbgU f Wfhik wjW.

- kJiu TlHh

bghU : 1. f l N j
yf kf midtF fwiyl
xGfKilikna wjJ. 2. wF mfhLtY brafsh mt
nghWgo eljny nkyhdJ. 3. mEgD fwbghUis kwthik
nkikahdJ. 4. tskhd thifiafhoY thik cilatuhf
thtJ cajJ. 5. sikia fhoY nehaw thnt wjJ.
6. mHFilatuhf UgD ehzKilatuhf Ugnj nkyhdJ.
7. FybgUikial xGfKilikna wjJ. 8. wj fis
fwiyl fwj bgahiu g bahGFj wghdJ. 9. giftiu
jogjidl, mtUF eikbrj wjJ. 10. KfhyJ bgUa brtij
d Fiwglhk fhjny wjJ.
brhbghU : Mf - iwj Xirila fl; fhj - m, Ug;
nkij - m Eg; tik - <if, bfhil; - neh; bk - cl;
ehz - bra Tlhjjid bra mrgLj; wjW - wjJ;
tgLj - ngh tzFj.

28

 ga : KJbkhfh fngh Fwfis , mw bghU gfis

miltjfhd tKiwfis mwiufshf T etgLJ.

kh dhf
m) wtadhf

1 .

nfhol lij uf.

m) KJbkhfh vgJ
M) KJbkhfh Ma
) sikia fhoY

iz JiwfS xW.
.
wjJ.

2. nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.
m) KJbkhfh
vd tHfbgW.
1. ebd
2. mw
3. mwiunfhit
M) fwiyl wjJ
1. milik
2. bghiwilik
3. xGfKilik

3. J vGJf.
m) kfbfyh

M) ik

) FyDilik

4. tU brhfis brhbwhl mikf.
cyf, kf, xGf, tgLj.
M)

FWdhf
1. KJbkhfh - WF vGJf.
2. kJiu TlHh g F vGJf.
3. nkij, tik tiw fhoY wjd ahit?
4. eyDilik wjJ vJ?

Wdh

KJbkhfh FL wj gJf vit? sFf.

29

Ma F
bga
: kJiu TlHh
wj C : Tl
w
: tj ghlfis edha Kja eYiuahaf
nknfhfshf ifahLshf.
fhy
: rf fhyJF thjt.
F : KJbkhfh vgJ fhiz JiwfS xW.
gbd fzF fS xwhd , cya cikfis bjthf
vLJ awJ. , mwiunfhit vd tHfgLwJ. gJ
mfhuf csd. xnth mfhuY gJ brf csd.
W ghlfsh MdJ.

ciueil

kfhJth dhRjudh
ah fhgh vW jHid
Va
nghJ
eh
fhng
vW vGjh xUt mtjh,
c.nt.rhehj. dh mtnu
midtuhY
jjhjh
vW miHfglh. jifa
khztiu cUtha bgUik
mtj Mauhd kfhJth
dh Rjudhiuna rhU.
Mauh
khzt
wgiltJnghynt XuhaU
ey khztfsh bgUikailwh
vgjF UtUnk rhwht.
dhRjudh
eaK
Rit f ghlfis a
JJ fis giljjh.
jghl brh brh khztfis jgh <jh. mjdh,
khztf jJ uhfhjbfhL jiH <LghLl fwhf.
mkhztf njkJu jiH cybfyh gut brjhf.
sik f
dhRjudh 1815M ML Vuf Mwh ehsW
U khtlij nrj vbzuhk wjh. mtj
bgnwh jgu -mdjhah Mt. dhRjudh sik
jkJ jijahl j fwh; ya yfz f eF yik
bgwh. Wtanyna br aW Mw iftu bgwh.
fna thif
dhRjudh Ukz brJbfhL FLgJl
uu (Uuhg) thjh. mjdh, mtiu
uu dhRjudh vnw miHjd. mtl, ffntL
vw ntif jahjjhf UjJ. mjdh, vbghGJ fis
30

goJbfhnl Ugh. mt j yaY irt rka fY

Mt bfhoUjh.
dhRjudh j ffntLbkW UatfSbfyh
fWbfhLJ tjh; rh, rka ghuhJ midtUF f fJ
tjh. dhRjudh bgUbrtuhf iy vwhY, khzt
yUF co ciwS mJ fUwh. mj fhuzkhf
mtUila f vF guaJ. Fyhfhj ehty, rtuhaY, ahfuhr,
rhehj Mnah, mtfS Fljf khztf.
UthtLJiw Md Jthdhf UfntLbkW Md
jiyt, dhRjudhUF miH Ljh. dhRjudh
mgj yfhy UJ mUg Mdh. t UthtLJiw
thj fhyjh c.nt.rhehjUF Mauhf Ujh. mtiunghw
ekhzhf gyiu bgwjh dhRjudh bgUk miljh.
dhRjudh brj jbjhLf fzylfh. t,
jth bgUgFia, khztfSF fgnyna brytjh.
fjjh mtUila m tsjJ. khztfSF ghl
brhYbghGJ mt VLfis ghfnt khlh. mtYs midJ
mtUF kdghlkhfnt Ujd. mt ngR wik wUjh.
wUF sFnghJ, f bjthf ey j ng sF wik
bgUjh. Mifah, mtUila khzhff, mtl fgjid f
Udhf.
jbjhL
kfhJth dhRjudh, vgJF nkgl fis
ash. jHfYs gntW nfhfSF eilgaz nk
bfhL mnfhfis g jyuhzf gy ash. mjy
uhzf nfh tuyhW, wf, iwt bgUikf Kjad
lbgWsd.
g eyf
dhRjudh mUFzK iwj yik jsuhj
ehtik giljt.
mt, gyuh ghuhlbgWsh; MD,
jikjhnk fJ ngR jbgUik mtl iy. Fj
eifRit czf t, Wtiu iwFlkhfnt thjh.
xUKiw mtUila eg MWKf vgt, jKila FLg

31

j fj

bjhlghf Fgnfhz xUtUF gu xW vGbfhLjh.

m, rh ifbahgl tj xUtUila Ul FgnfhzYs
Rzhfhu bjU vgJ. mjid Wfhu bjU vd tHFt.
j uo vjid bgaUF Kdh nrfyh vW mt
nflbghGJ, dhRjudh uL ntlh, _whtJ bjU vW
nghLL vW brhdh. mYs eifRit czit midtU
mJ kjd.
_whtJ vgJ Rzhig FF xU
brhyhF. ( btiy + ghF + Rzh )
xUeh mt, fhrYW Jwh. mbghGJ khzt xUtiu
KGtjid bjhlJ goFkhW nflh. cliy ryhjnghJ
rW XbtLjh eybjW kwt Tw, nehF kUJ ya
vwh.
j_y mt jJ bfhl giw mayh. t
01 .02. 1876 mW yf thit jh.
kfhJth dhRjudh nghnwhUila yik wij
ehkJ kHntLbk, mtj fis goj ntL.
mtfSila fis gognjhL, mf TW efUJfis
gWtnj eh mtfSF br ifkhwhF.
kh dhf
m) wtadhf

nfhol lij uf.

1. c.nt. rhehj Ma bga

2. nehF kUJ

3. dhRjudh

vgh dhRjudh.
ghLt tyt.

M) FWdhf

1. dhRjudh sik vthW j fwh?

2. dhRjudhl j fnwh aht?

3. dhRjudh eifRitia sFf.

) Wdh

dhRjudhUF jJs gid tf.

<)

beLdhf

1 . dhRjudh geyfis sFf.

2. dhRjudh jGF Ma bjhoid TWf.

32

jhbkh mUik

nguisfSldhtJ ghLgho, fijf brh, nrho kHyh vwh

mtfSF My khunk bj. vfSnfh j kLnk bj. jhbkh
mtfSF magl fhuzdh, vfnshL xlKoaiy. ehD v
kid mtfnshL cwthlyh vW va fdbtyh jfJ nghdJ. kfD
kUkfS btna ntiyF bry, nguFHijf jj f isaho
_l, mj o czfis gJbfhs Koahj kufilngh Mndh.
kwJ nghdJ. kd mGj, nrhf vfis u C Ug itjJ vW
egl Tdh.
bjh bfho cwf mWJnghfhk fhgJ jhbkh khunk!
wbkhf, iHgjF jhbkh xnw thtjF!
ehis v jhbkh rhFkhdh nw
eh wJ Lnt vwh UZa fP uN frnj.
e : . nf. o. ghy, brhy JoFJ kdR UJ vLjhsglJ.

j gojh...
mw bgUF jgojh, mf xbgUF
w bgUF cu bgUF, ik bf F
mw bgUF Mik tU kUy nghF
w bgaU bghik bayh, Jik bgW thnt!
- bgUudh.

33

mWgJ taJ bgat mt. mbkfh tF j xnu kfid fhz

j kidl MtnyhL wglh. MW khjfhy mF tf nghtjhf j
egfl bgUikahf T brwh. Mdh, vd Mdnjh bjaiy? _W
khjfSF U tJlh. kdtUjJl fhzgl mtiu, mtUila
eg, V u tJOf vW nff, k kiwJnghd Wfkhd
KfJlD, fdj jaJlD bgat brhdh, cz cL kJ, C
R ghJ, czfis gJ ngng k cF bry ntL
vw Mirjh brnwh. Mdh, mnfnah v kf xUw, kUkf kWw.
mtfSF ntiy ntiy vnghJ ntiyjh. ngRtjF neuiy. o cz
rikgjF neuiy. jfu lgh milfgL, gjgLjgl czit ehnk
Nlh rhl ntoa Niy, bghWJbfhtjid ju ntW t iy.

Jizghl

nfhHh

nfhHh ciwUF mUYs nfh, ntshs ku wjh;

sikgUtnyna f nf wJ sdh. t rhnwh
gyiu mQ ya yfzfis fW njjh;
fijf
vGJt Mw bgwh ; egf Ulkhf fjh;
eiz, FWbjhif, weh}W, UtStkhiy Mat t
gbdL ghlf lbgWsd.
ey vw kd ciwiu jiyefuhf bfhL nrhHehil
ML tjh. kd, nfhHh yikia gy thyhf
nfL mjh. j mitF mtiu miHJ, muR mitfs jiyt
Mdh. mtl ebfhL gy wfis brjh. kj yt,
ey f sf gy ghlfis adh. t mrh ber;
ah jtW brjhY mjtid Rofho, Kiwahf VWbfhS
tif ikahf brh UJt tyt; murfshdhY,
wuhdhY nfhHh brhYtjid VW bragLsd.
nghiu jj yt
nrhH ku njha eyF beLF beLfhy
gifik UJ tjJ. xUKiw UtUF ngh _lJ. ciwUF
mU Mnfhil UjJ. ey gild mnfhilia
KWifld; eh gy fjd. nfhilD Uj kf Jwd.
nfhHh nfhilD brwh; beLia flh.
beLna! nfhilF ahidf czikah Wwd;
FHijf gh fjWwd; kf Fof jwd.
mwid cilatdhdh, btbgw eyl nfhilia
xgilJL btnaW; myJ udhdh vJ nghL.
uo vjid brahk nfhil kYF xLUgJ ehQ
jikilaJ vwh.
nfhHh miuia nfl beL, Mnfhilia
wJL ciw nfhilF FJ fjtilJ bfhlh. braj
34

beLna! cndhL ngh a, nfhilF btna KWif

oUgt gd khiyaj nruD my; ntg khiyaj
ghoaD my; nrhHUFa Mkhiyajtnd. c UtU
vt njhD njhgJ nrhH Fona. UtU bt bgWtJ cyf
aifaW. xUFoia nrj UtU gifik bfhtJ
bgUik jU bra MfhJ. cf giftfSF E bra kjU.
Mj nghiu x vwh. nfhHh miuia nfl beL
ciwnfhilia eyl xgilJL btnadh.
kiyakh isfis fhj
FsKwJ Ja tst fh efiu jiyefuhf bfhL
nrhHehil ML tjh. t wj fP Mth. t yt
gyuh ghuhlgl bfhil ts. ytfSF bfhilaJ f
bgwt. nfhHh tstid fJ ghosh.
filnaG tsfS xUtuhd kiyakh UKofhF,
tstDF bgUgif UjJ. kiyakh wj u. mtDF
U isf Ujd. kiyakhid mlfKoahj nrhH tst,
mt isf Utiu ftJ iw itjh. mtfis j
glJ ahid fhyh l bfhy Ko brjh. gift kuig
mf Jnt tbad fUdh; mjfhd ehis Fjh. Wt
UtU ahidia fL kUld; m eLd ; aJ nehd.
nfhHh, mlF iujh; ahid mU brwh.
Uisfis j Ufujh jG mizJ bfhlh. mt
tst Kfij flh; djh mt Kf fLfLJ
fhzglJ; ff tUjd; nfhHh tst braYF
tUdh.
na! whF tj Jgij gRF cw Jauij a
nrhH ku wjt ! isfnsh tWiknwhUF th tHF
ts ku wjtf. bghGJ tf, j mGifia kwJ
fiw fL aJ whf. tf, Jtiu flahj
Jgij milJshf.
kdh, eh brhdjid brkLJ
nflh.
,
Uajid brthahf vW tst
be gkhW Tdh.

35

ey btFblGjh; ciwnfhilia KWiflh.

nfhHh mUtiu mikgLj vdh; ciwnfhilF
FJ beLia L flh.

j
Kndh bgUikia idodh nfhuh. mjdh,
tst jh braUj bgUiHia jjh. Wt Utiu
ahid KUJ Lj nfhHh, isfis kiyakh
UKofhl xJ kjh.

sjjdhiu iwl brk
nrhH beL ciw Ujh. nrhH eyia
gho gR bgw ytuhd sjjdh beLia eho brwh.
mtid gho gRbgw idjh. beLia fJ gy ghlf
ghodh. yt, jkF gR ilF vd vghjh. beLnah
khwhf idjh. j gift eylUJ tj xw vd
ytiu Iabfhlh. mur Iaij nghf, mnghJ mt mU
xUtUy. Mfnt, ytiu iwyilJ bfhy J
bfhlh. nfhHh brajh; iuJ brwh; beL
K wh. mt, cikia mrhk ciujh.
36

m~J, mt jtiw czu brjJ. beL Udh.

nfhHh sjjdhiu iw l brkyhdh. nfhHh
Kiwahf jhf brhY brhtikah, brhYtjid Egkhf
nfL m kdf brkLJ VW gabgwhf. beL,
jdJ nfhilia eyl xgiljh ; ahid fh
mfgL wf Uj UKofh isf fhghwglhf;
xwbud iw milgl sjjdh Ljiy bgW
kjh. nfhHhngh brhY wD mjid nfL VW
bragL g kdF Ujjh kf eyKwd.
iuJ bjhnfF Phy uJ
- Fw, 648
brhYj tyh bg.
e : nr. Rjuuhr, Fwbe ya fijf

kh dhf
fLiu dhf
1. beL, eyia nfhHh vthW mikgLdh?
2.

kiyakh isfis nfhHh vthW fhghdh?

3. sjjdhiu nfhHh vthW iwlh?

bra l
mj yt thif tuyhid vG tUf.

37

beLna! gGku UF lF gwitf eho brtJ

nghy yt tsfis eho brt; beLbjhiy elnj brt. j
MwYnfg fJ ghLt; gR bgW kt; jh bgw gid
cwhF cwdF wUF gjJ jhK cL kt.
jkF g mjhiu wgJ yt j tHf. jifa yt
thif, wUF F bra mahJ vD fUjikj ghliy
ghodh.

yfz

cbk, Mj

khztf : tzf, Iah.

Ma
: midtUF tzf. flj thu yfz
vj gFia ff?
tsk

: rhbgGJfis fnwh, Iah.

Ma

: bgh, rhbgGJf vjid tifgL?

bgh

: gJ tifgL, Iah.

Ma

: KUfh, rhbgGJf tiffis TW.

KUf
: cbk, Mj, cusbgil, xwsbgil, Fafu,
FaYfu, IfhuFWf, xsfhuFWf, kfuFWf,
MjFWf, Iah.
Ma
: eW. ewhf id itUwh! tsth! f,
fh, t KjYs vGJfis TW.
tst

: f, fh, Iah.

Ma

: mgu, tst Ta vGJfSfhd bgabud?

mgu

: cbk vGJf, Iah.

Ma

: vbjj vGJf nrjh cbk vGJ njhW?

mgu
: cbuGJ bkbaGJ nrjh cbk vGJ
njhW, Iah.
Ma
:

brth, mgu Tajid fUgyif vGfhL

( + m = f ; + M = fh; + = )
fUgyif vGajidnghy bkbaGJf
gbdil cbuGJf guLl nrJ vGj
UWgdhW cbkbaGJf njhW.
cbk vGJ ciu bkia rhUgjh
jid rhbgGJ vnwh. ejh! c, bk,

38

ej

cbk vGJ Matiw LJ, ntW vGJ VjhtJ

Uwjh? mgoUFbk, m~J vd vGJ
vd bjkh? TW.

: bj, Iah. m~J m~nfd, Iah.

Ma
: m~nfdij TJ nehFf. ~ vD btGJ
_W fis bgWsJ. Mfnt, jid K,
K g h v d F L t . ~ J c n u h L
bknahL nruhk jnj Ugjh, jiy
vd TWt. ngh uf gagLJ jfh Mj
(nfla) fhzgL _W FfnghW Ujyh
Mj vd TWt. fhnt..! MjvGJ lbgW
brhf uL TW.
fhnt

: v~F, m~yh, Iah.

Ma
: f eW. MjvGJ xU brh il kLnk
tU. mbtG K FY, mj td
cbk FY tU.
g : Gs brhf rhbgGJfis tlLf.
m) mz M) v~F
) bfh
<) g
c) brt
kh dhf
m) wtadhf

1. nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.

cbk vGJf
1. rhbgGJ

tif mlF.
2.

RblGJ

3.

Kj vGJ

2. m, mlf, v~F brhfYs rhbgGJfis tlLf.

3. Lgl vGij vGJf.

1. + - = F

3. + v = -

5. - + m = r

7. + < = -

2. + V = -

4. - + I = ig

6. + - = bts

8. - + - =

M) FWdhf
1. m~nfd

ntWbgafis vGJf.

2. m~nfd brh vthW

l bgW?

39

tFgiwwf
m) ngRj w
fiugh fiujh fY fiu - jiy IJ kJ ngRf.
M) vGJj w
fhQ ciu gFia goJ dhfSF ilaf.
gilfhy mur ngh bra fUal, mtdJ nghgiw KHF.
mgiw Xir ehiria mu br. mnthiria nfl nghuf
nghnfhy L f MtnjhL nghUF wgLthf. njgil, ahidgil,
Fiugil, fhyhgil Ma ehgilfS ublG. mur giljiytnuhL brW
mtiw ghJ kth.
ngh bra wgLtjF Kghf mur, j mukid ufSF
bgUUJ mgh. mjid bgUnrhW mj vg. nrid wgL brY
t murD giljiytfS jFjFa gho Lf mikfgoUF. mF
murD uU isghWt. mbghGJ MlY ghlY eilbgW.
dhf

1. ehir, ehgil

- bjhifbrhfis bjGJf.

2. c nrUF bgabrhfis vLbjGJf.

3. bgUnrhW mj vwh vd?

bkhw g
td F lf
1. Xl, ghl, fhz, bra, vGj, ngr, isahl Kja mfu <W idbarfSF
K , , , bkbaGJf tUf vGJ brhf (idbrhf) tUkh, ca
tbyGJf njhW.
(v.fh.)

Xl + fhUwh

Xl fhUwh.

ghl + nfnl

ghl nfnl.

fhz + bfhLjh

fhz bfhLjh.

bra + brhdh

bra brhdh.

vGj + bjhldh

vGj bjhldh.

ngr + brjh

ngr brjh.

isahl + ghjh

isahl ghjh.

40

(v.fh.)

eho + brwh

eho brwh.

ng + gHdh

ng gHdh.

njo + jh

njo jh.

brJ + bfhLjh

brJ bfhLjh.

C + gojh

C gojh.

jG + bfhlh

jG bfhlh.

bfho + lwJ

bfho lwJ.

g
1. mfu <W brhf IJ vGJf.

m) fhz

<)

M)

c)

C)

, 8,

2. tU brhfis nrJ vGJf.

m)

To + brwh

M)

gJ + bfhlh =

brh + ghjh

<) y + jh

c) m + bfhLjh =

=
=

3. Lgl j vfis vGJf.

1.

1,

, 4, 5,

6,

4. mfutir mikj
bkbaGJf, cbuGJfnshL nrJ cbk vGjhwJ vd ghnjh.
brhf, cbkbaGJfshf tU brhfis mfutir mikngh.
mfutir
(v.fh.) f, fh, , , FLit, Tif, bfil, nf, if, bfh, nfhL, bfsit.
5. Gs brhfis mfutir mikf.
z, Tl, W, fh, flik, Fl, bfR, nf, ifFil, bfhF, nfhil,
bfsf.
6. bral : E ghlgF VnjD xU ghlij vLJbfhL mYs rfu
tUf brhfis bjhFJ, mtiw mfutirgLJf.
7. foj vGJj : RWyh bry mDk nto jijF foj

41

2. eho, ng, njo, brJ, C, jG, bfho Kja fu <W idbar

brhf, td cbk vGJ brhf (idbrhf) tjh
tbyhW F.

thifw
KobtLj w
(xU bra eh vLF Ko Mffhdjh, mfhdjh vd J
Ko vLj ntL. Vbd, isfisg fhk eh vLF y
Kof eKila elijia, cl eyij uF.)
KUf, o j jhF cWJizahf y ntiyfis brJL
gF wglh. mt g, oUJ uL nyhl bjhiy
UjJ. iuthf eljh k mogjF Kdjhf gF brWlyh.
jhl ilbgW jfigia RkjthW iuthf eljh. KfhgF bjhiy
fljhW.
mbghGJ t TGj bgat xUt
CWnfhiy ojgo
elfKoahk jshoago brW bfhoUgjid ghjh. ght! j taY
mt
vF ngh bfhoUwh? vd vago mtiu flJ brwh
KUf. g knahir nfL Xl bjhldh.
mj neu jlh vw rj nfL U ghjh. bgat
CWnfh rnw j lf, mt jiu GJ ljh.
j iy KUf l Ujh vd brth?
gF brthah? bgatF cjthah?

kf
kdfLghL
bgk xU, jDila kfid miHJbfhL bgat xUtiu
fhz brwh. mtl, j kf mfkhf fis U cgjhf, mj
gHfij LtjF miu brhYkhW nflh.
mj bgat, ehgJ eh fJ tJ jik ghFkhW Tdh. L
mbgk kfDl mtiu rjh. bgat mWtl, j, fis
mfkhf czhnj; cl eyF nfL isF vW Tdh.
mjid nfl mbgk, jid f mbghGnj TUfyhnk, V
ehgJ eh fJ brhf vW nflh.
mj bgatnuh, mkh, vdnf mfkhf cQ gHf UjJ.
eh Kj vid Ubfhl dnu, wUF miu Tw Ko. ehgJ
ehSF wF nghJjh cgjid eh FiwUnw. mjdhjh
c kfDF miu Tnd vwh mbgat.
eik ehnk fLgLbfhL thHntL; iybawh, gytWF eh
moikahLnth. ydlfnk vyhF f nrF.

42

tsu braghLf
braghL - 1

ciugia gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.

fh bjfiu mikJs efu uhg. efu nfhfS
iddfS iwJs tuyhW efukhF. j gHbgUikF
rhwhf ftJ kiynfhil. nfhilYs gyt fhyJ
gf fhnghiu ftU jikad.
Uuhgia j kdf kLk Kfyhaf, raefu
kdf, kuhoaf, Mnyaf MLshf. nrhHf jiyefuhf
sa ciw, UF mU mikJs gila efukhF.
ciw Kfhy nfhkhefu vW miHfglJ.
uu vW bjhikfhy miHfgl U, <uhu
ML giHik thj fF fyiz, fhah FWnf
flgLsJ. a bgha rhjidfny nkgL F fyiz,
giljH nkyhik jid fukhF.
U RWyh lfshf Kbfh, Cikanfhil, anrhiy,
girkiy Kjad csd. jhkhdtUF Phdbe fhoa bksdFU,
j Kj Wfij vGjhsuhd t.nt.RukaK U k
njhatuht.
dhf
1. fh bjfiu mikJs efu uhg. ( M / iy )
2. kiynfhil cs gf ghoa fhyjit. ( M / iy )
3. gytf jiyefu ciw. ( M / iy )
4. gil jH nkyhikF rhW fyiz. ( M / iy )
5. j Kj Wfij vGjhs t. nt. Ruka. ( M / iy )
ngRj w

braghL - 2

khzt, jid nkhudhuhf idJbfhL ngRj

v bga nkhu. v C bjgho ehoYs nkh vgjhF. u
vgJ, v Fobga. eh ghoa ghlf rf yaf lbgWsd.

43

nfl w

xUKiw nrukdid fhz, mt mukidF brnw; kdndh

mukid iy. vdF Vgl clnrhdh mUj fo gLJ
cwnl. mfo KuRfo vgJ vdF bjahJ. KuRfo
kdidl nkyhd xwhF. mfo gLjh kuzjlidjh vgJ,
fisUj v ijF vliy.
Jneu Obud byw fhW vJ glnt fJ
ghnj. Inah, v ffis vdhnyna eg Koaiy. KuRfo
gLJwajF kuzjlid mfntoa nrukd, vdF ft
bfhoUjh. fhuz, vJs migl jUj m,
mtid mthW bra brjJ. ~J v th kwfayhj fthF.
goj w

braghL - 3

fhQ ghliy thL gof.

It flik

<W wjUj vjiy flnd;

rhnwh MFj jijF flnd;
nttoJ bfhLj bfhyF flnd;
edil ef ntjF flnd;
xWth mUrk KU
fWvJ bgaj fhisF flnd.

eoj w

- weh}W
braghL - 4

fhQ ehlfij tFgiw eoJ fhLf.

fs : nrhH ahidf
gFbgWnth : nrhH tst, yt nfhHh, kiyakh
isf (mz, j), ahidghf
tst : ahidghfnd, D vd jaf? iuJ brYJ
ahidia! bjhiyJ nghfL mj kiyakh isf.
(isfis neh ghf ahidia brYJj)

44

j
: mzh, mzh! mnf gh! vts bga ahid! mjid
fhz vdF mrkhf csJ, mzh!
: j, mrhnj! mJ glJ ahid, eik xW brahJ.

j
: mgobawh, mJ eik neh V iuJ tUwJ,
mzh!
mz
: Mkh, j! mJjh vdF sfiy; mU tuL
bjhL ghngh.
(Wtfis beUFwJ ahid. mbghGJ, ObuW xU Fu.
ghfnd, WJ ahidia!
Fu tj irneh U ghwh, kd tst.)
tst : ahuJ? X, nfhHhuh! thUf, ytnu! vjfhf Wj
brhYf ahidia!
nfhHh : kdh, Jth c ? xWkah gsFHijfis
bfhy vthW Jjh?
tst : ytnu, vd brhYf? gift isfS
giftfns! mtfis mgJjh Kiw. mtf
tsjh, vfhy v dijna mJ Lthf
myth? isjhf Kku bfhf vd cnghw yt
xUt ghoajid mUnu!
nfhHh : kdh! cid khbgU ubdW idnj; Mdh,
khbgUnfhiHahf myth Uwh. mj FHijf
Kfij gh. mtfsh c gifahf? jik ahid bfhy
tUwJ vgjidTl mahk, mtf ifJ gjid
gh.
tst : ytnu! ghFof, Fofjh vwhY mt gf
eR Ufhjh vd?
nfhHh : na, whF gRF cw Jauij ngha nrhH ku
wjt ! isfnsh tnjhF th tHF
ts kuwjtf. isfis bfhW,
mahj fsfij VgL bfhshnj. mthW

45

mz

brjh, ehisa tuyhW cid W.eh brhy

idjtiw brhnl. wF, c Ugngh br.
(kd wh; Kf khWwJ...)
tst : yt bgUkhnd! bgUiH braUnj. ey neu tJ
vid fhghf. j isfis nghnj
Lnw.
nfhHh : f k, kdh! thf, bfhw thf!
bjhFj w

braghL - 5

fhQ vfSfhd Fwghfis flJ, mFwghfYs

Mj vGJ lbgWs brhfis bjhFf.
Fw vf
38, 49, 76, 80, 132, 162, 172, 179, 226, 363, 368, 467, 459, 556, 575,
759, 773, 971, 1001, 1037
(nkY gy FwghfY Mj vGJ lbgWsJ.)
bjhliu uj

braghL - 6

ca brhfis gagL bjhliu uf.

( fsfgl, Ccyf, Xoaho, ggir, fhLnkL, nehbeho )

(v.fh.) FHijf Xoaho isahod.

1. ikahf Ujh

thuh.

2. FHijf

mahjtf.

3. kf

U cH brjd.

4. eik brjtfis

nghW.

5. fQF voa u

iwJsd.

46

brhtjid vGJj

braghL - 7

nrhH beL ciw Ujh. nrhH eyia gho gR

bgw ytuhd sjjdh, beLia eho brwh; mtid gho gR

bgw idjh; beLia fJ ghlf gy ghodh. yt, jkF
gR ilF vd vghjh; beLnah mjF khwhf idjh.
uj

braghL - 8

fhQ brhkhiy xU brh W vGJ, mLJ tU brh

Kj vGjhf mikkhW cUthfgLsJ. mbrhkhiy LgLs
vGij uf.
wF

ig

FU

UJ

sF

RF
Jnghw brhkhiyia c egfSl nrJ cUthFf.

47

fhQ ciugia brhy nfL vGJf.

fwyil WkL
kbg: 10
m) nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.

1. nkhudh ghoa ghlf lbgw

m) weh}W

M) IFWW

2. nrhHUFa khiy

3x1=3

m) gd

.
) gHbkh eh}W

M) ntg

) M

3. cbk vGJf vif

m) 30

M) 216

.
) 247

M) nfhol lij uf.

1. eyDilik

wjW.

2. fw fwhiu

wjW.

3. KbgU f

wjW.

) rah, jtwh?

3x1=3

4x 1 = 4

1. giftiu jogjidl, mtUF eik brjny wjJ.
( r / jtW )

2. dhRjudh khzt t. c. . ( r / jtW )

3.

ey jiyefu ciw. ( r / jtW )

4.

Mj, brh ilY WY kLnk tU. ( r / jtW )

48

a _W

br

uLwbkhj
XL RRj clhF Jdyiu
rhL gth jiyrhF - ehla
njL fHh Ukiyuh atiu
MLg fhah nk.
- fhsnkf yt

bghU : fbgw kd Ukiyuha eho, iuJ XLtjh, bjj

(Rjkhd ) R cilajh, giftiu jhFtjh, mnghL jiy rhgjh Fiu,
btsjh MW iuJ XLtjh, XLwbghGJ Rf cilajh, kyfis
miyJ brtjh, gfSF ts nrgjh fh xwhF.
brhbghU : R clJ cs R, R; Jdy - gift, mHa ky;
gth mgh; rhL - jhF, GF; MLg MLw Fiu.
Ma F
bga

: fhsnkfyt

wj C : FgnfhzJF mU cs euhk vd, Gu

khtlYs vzhu vd TWt.
abga : tuj
:
g

Utuf nfh kilg gjh. itzt rka UJ

irtrkaF khdh. fhnkf ngh fij bgh Mw
bgwjh, t fhsnkfyt vd miHf bgwh. t, UbghU
mika eifRitl ghLt tyt.
kh dhf

m) FWdhf

1. fhsnkf yt - F vGJf.

2. fh jikfshf ghl czJ fUJf ahit?

M) Wdh

MLg fh xW vgjid fhsnkf yt vthW FLwh?

49

jghl

fF viy iy

fwJif kzs fyh(J)

cyfsbt(W)

cw fiyklij XJwh bkj

btWg jaTw ntlh; y
vWj ifahv rh.

- xsitah

bghU : ytfns! Jtiu eh gojJ ifkzsnt. D gof

ntoait cyfs vd idJ fiykfns ws goJbfhnl
Uwh.
Mjyh, Fahf goJnlh vD brUFl
tyik ngRj ntlh. W vW mj ifdh v rh cilanj.
brhbghU : ifkzs - xU rh vd bghU bfht;
bkj - Fahf; gja - ngho; y - ytfns; fiyklij - fiykf.
Ma F : F FfgL xsitah, rf fhy xsitahUF f
glt. fg, xlTj, fnHyt Kja ytf t fhy
thjjhf TWt.
F : yt gy, gntW NiyF Vg mtnghJ ghoa ghlf
bjhFng jghl uL. jid, uhkehju kd bghDrh
ntLjYzf, runrfu fuhr goj jHf KGtJ brW njo
bjhFjh.
ga : jghlfis fgjdh, jbkh bgUikia ytf
yikia brhg bghUg fgidg Kjatiw bgwyh.
kh dhf
m) FWdhf

1. xsitah - F vGJf.

2. fiykf vd brJbfhoUwh?

M) Wdh

fwh brUF bfhsTlhJ vd xsitah TWtJ V?

50

ciueil

jhjh! jhjh! cfsh W eh g Ma nfF

Mshf neJlJ.
Vdgh, vdthW?
neW f brh jj LfzFfhd tKiwf vyh
jtbwW Ma Tlh, jhjh. wF, mt ntWjkhf fW
bfhLjh.
mgoah? r bghWJ bfhsgh! eh vd vyh tKiwfis
mUf fjnkij uhkhD#kh?
fjnkij uhkhD#kh? mt ah jhjh?
vd FHijfns! cfSF
uhkhD#iug bjJbfhs
ntLkh? nkny gof.
fjnkij vd nghwgL
uhkhD# <nuho thJtj
thr- nfhks izaUF
22.12.1887 wjh. t
_whLtiu ngR wdwtuhf
Ujh. g nrJ w
khztfSl ng gHdh
ngR tJL vW bgnwh
ed. vdnt, uhkhD#
jhah, j jijah thJ tj
fhu Uj iz
gbah nrjh. mtf
eif bkahW; uhkhD#
eF ngr bjhldh.
fjnkij uhkhD#

nfhks
jijah,
g
f h u z k h f
51

fjnkij uhkhD#

FgnfhzF FLgJl Fonadh. vdnt, uhkhD# f

FgnfhzY bjhljJ. uhkhD# WtaJ Kjny fj ghl
Fj Mt bfhoUjh. th neUnghbjyh j fj
wikia btfhl brjh. fjghl Fj fUJfis
Iafis clDFl btgLj mt jaanj iy.
xUeh, fj tF Ma tFj fzFfhd sf
TWbghGJ, khgHf ehfid, ehFngUF bfhLjh MSbfhU
gH ilF; j _y, X viz mnj vzh tFjh <
xW vd sdh. mjF uhkhD# Ra (0) gHfis Ra
(0) ngUF bfhLjh < xW tUkh, Iah? vW nflh.
Ma, RaF kiy vd brhdh. kUF Iah!
eh brhyLkh? vW gl nflh. Ma xj bfhLjJ,
Iah! Ra lgf xW ( 1 ) vd vGdh RaJl
nrJ gJ MwJ myth? Mfnt, RaF kiy vW
brhtjiy vW sfkjh.
MaUF uhkhD# TaJ rbadnt
njhaJ. mtUila m wikia v
ajh. vnghJ fjij gna J
bfhoUj uhkhD#, jdJ fj mit
tsJbfhs fj f gytiw
gwh.

Myuhf
yhlhY
uhkhD#
Fiwjgr
xU #hnfh.
- oL

1880M Mo ylUj fh
vgt gidjh tanyna fj
wJ sajidnghy uhkhD#K wJ
sdh. caiy g gYnghnj
f khztfSF fj bjhlghd
Iafis nghdh.

My vgt
Rryhijnrj
18M who
izaw
fjnkij.
#hnfh vgt
19M who
brUk thj
fjnkij.

glgoY fj KGikahd
kbg bgwnghY w ghlf ftd
Fiwjjh, uhkhD#jh njaila
Koaiy.
jij thr Kaah
brid JiwKf vGj g nrjh;
vD, jDila fj Muhia mt
liy.
jh fLoj
njwfis,
vLnfhfis dhfshf bjhFJ a
fj fHf gifF brid

52

fj wikah
Phd cyid
uf brJ
tuyh
Fljf
X lij bgw
w fjnkij.
- uhfh

mjidbjhlJ Cayh L vLJbfhL brid

gfiyfHf Muh khztuhf nrjh. jKila fLof,
Muhf Matiw tukhf vG, yhYs nf{
gfiyfHf nguha Aho vghUF fojkhf mDdh.
Kj, mfojij Aho bghUgLjiy. d, uhkhD#ij
yhF tutiHf VghL brjh. yl nf{
gfiyfHfJl izJs o f nguha
<.v.be brid gfiyfHfF brhbghthw tjh. mt
thyhf braJ, uhkhD# yhJ bry KobtLjh.
uhkhD#, 1914M ML kh 17M eh yhJF
fg wglh. yl mtiu tuntf fhUj nkijf
Tlij fL mt ajh.
o f Muh khztuhf 18.04.1914 nrjh.
mtUila fj wikia fL, mtUF MblhWF mWgJ
gL cjbjhif tHfglJ. fgol uhkhD#
jDila Muhfis nkbfhlh.
f jdJ fjwikia btgL ghuhLjfis
bgwh.
xUeh f fj nguha Mjbg,
nf{ khztfSF w fj el bfhoUjh.
Obud, uhkhD# vGJ, Iah, f fzl tKiwf Kiwahf
iybad vdF njhWwJ vwh. mtW, vj tKiw
jtW vd Ro fhLkhW Mj nflJ, uhkhD# fUgyif
Ma fzl tKiwf y Ujfis brjh. ,
mfzid RUfkhf vG il tutiHjh; nguha aJ
mtiu ghuhodh.
Aho, nuhr uhkhD# fLof vD jiy
uhkhD# tKiwfis yhf btL mtUF bgUik
nrjh. uhkhD# wikia mj yhJ gfiyfHf
1918 ut jf fHf cWduh v~.M.v. gl
tHaJ. gl, xUtuJ wikf w afjftif Ujh
kLnk tHfgLtjhF.
v~.M.v. gl bgw uhkhD#ij o f
ghuho wjJ. fFG w cWduhf njbjLJ
MLnjhW 250 gL bjhifia MW MLfSF tHf

53

JiwKf jiyikbghahs ~uh vgh _y

mDdh. bgbds vf vD jiy btahd mtUila
fLiu, fj tYefilna Fj tuntig bgwJ.

VghL brjJ. Aho gJiung brid gfiyfHfK

250 gL bjhifia IJ MLF bfhLf KtjJ. Mdh,
uhkhD# 50 gil j bgnwhUF 200 gil ViH va
khztfSF tH tUkhW foj vGdh.
Muhiana vbghGJ idJbfhoUj uhkhD# j
cliyia fU bfhsiy. mtUF fhrneh VglJ.
mtiu fhztj Aho, eh 1729 vw v bfhl thlif kG
tnj vd Tw, gLifUJ rbld vGJ, Aho mtfns!
vd go aghf TWfns 1729 vw v Utiffny
U fdf TLbjhifahf tU vf fa v
myth? vd nflh. vnf mjid sFf vd Aho nff,
13 + 123 vnwh 103 + 93 vnwh 7 x 13 x 19 vnwh fyhnk vd
cldoahf g Tdh. Aho, f kJ mtuJ fjwid
btFthf ghuhodh.
ghuhLjf xUwUf, nehKajh
ehSFeh cley FiwjJ. yh
ey ir UD clUJ mtiu
ghJbfhs cwd vtU yhjjh
ahF Ug KobrJ, 1919 kh
27 M eh KigF fg tJ
wdh; Vu brid tJ nrjh.
1920 Vu 26M eh _W Mlhf
uhj nehl nghuhoa uhkhD# c
jJ. mnghJ mtUF taJ KgJ
_W. nehdh JgglnghJ, Muh
fLiufis vGa tz Ujh.

uhkhD#
rhjhuz kjuy.
mt
iwt jj gR.
- nguh.<.o.bg
uhkhD# Kjjukhd
fj nkij
yl MSe
yhbk y.
uhkhD#jh
j 20 M who
fbga fjnkij
- nguha Na fR

bjJbfhnth
1962 rg 22M ehsW uhkhD# 75MtJ
wj ehis KL eLtzuR gidJ fhR
mrjiy UgijJ yr btlJ.
btl mnw mjid mrjiyfS W
Jld.

54

1971M ML, nguha uhkhD# midJyf idFG

brid mikfglJ.

mt gaha brid JiwKf rh jhf tha

FofgYF, thr uhkhD# vd bga NlglJ.
mbkfh Rf gfiyfHf nguhaf rL
M nf izJ 1984 mtuJ khgs btfy iyia
ahF bfhL tJ tHd.
fj F f m l a 3 F n g L f i s M u h
fLiufis L brWsh. mtUila FngLf 3000Kj
4000 njwfis 1957M ML lhlh mogil Muh iya,
mgona xgl vLJ yhf btLsJ.

kh dhf
m) wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

m) cafbgw uhkhD#

brwh.

M) brid JiwKf rh FofgYF

) uhkhD# fj ma Wtd WtgLs l

vd bgalglJ.
.

2. nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.

m) uhkhD# izg goj C

1. Fgnfhz

M) uhkhD# Mal

1. xW

2. fhu

) uhkhD#

1. f

.
3. <nuhL

kilaJ vd thlh.
2. W

3. Ra

vGj gjh.
2. JiwKf

3. g

M) FWdhf

1. fjnkij uhkhD# vF, vnghJ wjh? mt bgnwh aht?

2. uhkhD#, yl gaz nkbfhlj nehf vd?

3. yhJ gfiyfHf uhkhD#F tHa gl ahJ?

Wdhf

1. RaF k cL vgjid uhkhD# vthW sdh?

2. to v 1729 - j vizg uhkhD# Ta sf ahJ?.

<)

beLdh

fjnkij uhkhD# th eilbgw Ritahd ffisg vGJf.

55

brid, 1972M ML mnlhg 3M eh miwa

jHf Kjyikruh uhkhD# fj ma Wtd wJ
itfglJ.

Jizghl

egR

UW MLF K tfif gFia kUJgho ML

tjh. iy vW tjtF, mt xUnghJ iy vW Twhjt;
Fokfis, Fy bjtij xnu kh nejt; jt.
ugjfS, jghlfS a mtiu nghWksF ytfl
bgU <LghL bfhoUj ntahd kUJ gho, vfis uo
jwoJ cfshF u, Nu; uf mtl <uK UjJ.
xUKiw Unfho bgUkh nfhYF vUj klg
ahUkahk jUjh kUJgho. mtUila
tyif xU
bga fo VgL, mjdh Jgglh. mrka gift y, mtiu
iwof Ka brjd. brajJ mtUila ff tjd.
gLUj mt, beR JoJ vGjh. tyif tia
bghUgLjhk Fiu nj
giftfis Kaof iujh.
gift, mtiu NJ fLikahf jhf Jjd. mt, fhwh
RHW fo giftfis vjh; giftfis ehirY jwojh.
bjhlJ tjh oglTlhJ vw vz nknyhatuh
fhbwd j Fiuia brYdh. l l l bfW ubtyh
XoaJ Fiu. kUJgho ulYF Fiu gJ, thnahu Eiu
js nrhJngh, X% KbjU ngh mJ wJ. mnghJ
yJ yuhj bghGJ. g jhfK nrh iwj
kUJgho,
bjUthr nfhyL xU Hia ifbaLJ Flh.
vLghd njhw bfhl mtiu mtuJ Fiuia kh kh
ghj H, kfnd ah ? cdF vd ntL? vW fl
nflh.
mkh, g jhfK vid f tUJwd; rhl VjhtJ
Ujh bfhLf... mtUila Fu zWFUJ ngRtJngh
xjJ.
u rkhd, j Ca giHa nrhWjh UwJ. cid
ghjh bga lJ is kh bjwh... cdF giHa
nrhiwah jUtJ vW jGjGj Fu nflh H.
56

mkh, mnghL jhf gilF nrhW jrka vdF giHa

nrhW iy; iljfa mKj vwh mt.

rhzjh bkGfgoUj jiu j <rgh cfhjh

mt. rnw bga mj miw xU_iy uL isf Fwil
L bfhoUjhf.
mt, mtfis ftgjid fl H, v ngu, ng. v
kff UtU jf kidfnshL btUF brUwhf..
vwt, mnghJjh wfil gfUJ mWJ tj thiHiy
j giHa nrhid lh; bjhLbfhs befh CWfh
itjh.
g UaahJ vgjid bkF tif kUJgho giHa
nrhid RitJ rhlh; mUik mUik vW ghuhodh.
mkh... X cjia bjhlJ, ndh cjia cfl
ahnw. ubtyh gaz brjjh fis FahsJ.
J cw XbtLf Fiuia fl kiwthd l njit.
cjt Kokh? vW gl nflh, mt.
...! bjyh X cjah? njhlJ gf xU bfhlif
csJ. mjid gagLbfh kfnd vW njhlJ fjit
wj H, M... kwJ nlnd, FiuF bfhS jU
itnw... thyh c... vwh.
bfhlif Fiu nrzij jiyF itjthW bkkwJ
RblF Na cF tUtiu
MJcwdh kUJgho.
kUJghoF Tiu L giHa nrhW, Mj cwfK abjhU
Jzia VgLaJ.
ciwlK cz mj HF
eia brYj kUJgho kd vaJ.
mkh, vGjh Xiy jhUf.
kfnd... vGjh, xiy vF itfgoUwdnth
vdF bjahnjgh...
UifUJ vGj mt, njhlJ gfUj Rkh _wo
cau tsUj gidUj Xiyia mWbjLJ nt Ksh
Xiy vijnah vGdh. vGJ mtiu, mtuJ vGJfis
jthW ghjh, H.

57

if, fh, Kf fGbfhL, cau Fiwth thrgo itJ

flgoUj mj Tiu oF FJ EiHjh kUJ gho.

mkh, jid tfif murhf mYtyfl bfhLf. cf

ftiyfis Lf... vW Xiyia H if JL
ff jSg th iwa e T H fhf gJ,
Fiu nj nghdh kUJgho.
il bfhLjh H; Xuffis nriy jiygh x
bfhlh. fit btUJ Ua kffl eljjid
T Xiyia fhodh. goj kf kjd. tfif murhf
mYtyfSF Xiyia fhl vLJ brtjF, kUJgho
giftfsh iw milfglh vw Jau br iljJ.
Vfdnt clyh jsUj kUJghol kjneanjhL,
cfSila W Ug ahJ? brhYf... vW ntod, gift.
eh munrha fhy ah ahUF vbjj Cfis jhdkhf
tHndndh mtiw mtutfSnf cikahFj ntL. Jnt
v W Ug... vwh fbuW.
ebr mj H, jlUj Xiyia bfhL brwh;
bfhLjh kUJ ghoaiu oUj giftfl. mt tj
C, mtSF bfhilahf iljJ. kUJgho mthW Xiy
vGUjh.
giHa nrhWfh ts bga gR... vW ajh H.
mj Cjh
tfifF mU, gHnrhW FUehjndj
vD bga W tH tUwJ.
fhydh brj e bjD
Phy khz bgJ.
vD UFwSF ca vLJfhlh sat kUJgho. t,
idas cjF gidas eia kwthk brYat; e
kwth eyt kLky tytUTl.
e eytfl ehS thG. e kwgJ ewW vwJ
tSt. Mfnt, e kwthikna caa kj gghF.
( e : yt, KJfijf vD fij bjhFUJ vLjhsglJ.)

kh dh
fLiu dh
Wfij thyhf kUJgho gid btgLJf.

58

yfz

khztf : tzf, Iah.

Ma
: tzf, FHijfns!
tuiy?

jHu, neW V gF

jHu

: eh kJiuF brUnj, Iah.

Ma

: X... mgoah... ah ahUl brwh?

jHu

: v mgh, mkhl, Iah.

Ma

: cl ah tjJ?

jHu

: v j tjh, Iah.

(Ma fUgyif mkh, mghl khef kJiuF brnwh.

v j tjh vd vGJj.)
Ma

: brt! tzl brhfis go.

brt

: gonw, Iah. mgh, mkh, khef kJiu, j tjh.

Ma
: mkh, mgh, khef kJiu vgd vtif brhf vd
bjkh?
fz

: _W bgabrhf, Iah.

Ma
: e W . i t b g a i u F J t j j h b g a
brhf Md. eyh! mLj brh vdbtW TW?
eyh

: tjh, Iah.

Ma
: xU bghU braiy (afij) Fgjh brh
idbrh MW. ntjh, mLj brh vdbtW
TW.
ntj

Ma
: j + c. Ys c vgJ iz brhyhf
tUwJ. jid ilbrh vg.
brjz : J jahf tjh bghU jUkh? Iah.
Ma
: ewhf nflh, brjz. J jahf tjh bghU
juhJ; bgabrhf, idbrhfis rhnj tU.

59

ehtif brhf

kthz : ntW vLJfhLf TWf, Iah.

Ma
: b r h n w n d , u h k i d g h n j . u h k
tU ntWik cU I ilbrhyhF.





jhkiu

I.

fwjdh yha gabd bfh.

Ys bfh vD
mirbrhY ilbrhny. thW ilbrhf
jafhk bgaiunah idianah rhnj tU.
mtiwbayh nk
tFf
ffUf.
mLj brh vd?

: khef, Iah.

Ma
: khef vD brhYs kh vgJ cbrh MF.
j bghU bga vgJ...
brt

: cbrh

Ma
:



khzt
g :

vwh vd, Iah?

gytifgl gfisbfhL bgabrhf,

idbrhfisL fhJ brSnf cik bgW
tUtd cbrhf. thW yfztifbrhf bga,
id, il, c vd ehF tifgL.

: e, Iah.
*****
cdF bjj bgabrhf, idbrhfis vGJf.
kh dhf

m) wta dhf

1. KUf khkiyia ghjh.

j KWbrhbwhl cs brhfis tifgL fhLf.

m)

M)

<)

2. ghgD ghu gia miljd. j KWbrhbwhl
brhfis tifgLfhLf.
M)

m)

3. bghUJf.

m)

bgabrh

- tjh

M)

idbrh

- IJ MW

ilbrh

- khu

<)

cbrh

- nty

60

M) FWdhf
1. brh vjid tifgL?
2. ilbrh vwh vd? rhWjJ sFf.

3. cbrh vwh vd? rhWjJ sFf.

tFgiwwf
m) ngRj w
1. thif btbgWtjfhd tf vD jiy IJ kJf ngRf.
2. egR fijia ehlfkhf eoJ fhLf.
M) goj w
bghUSnfwthW Fu Vw wfJl goJ fhLf.
Mfhajhkiuia gJ bfhLL mj mt fhodhiy; Mdh,
Cikfsh UJ tj kfis ngr itjh; cik KHfl brjh; gilgy
toD jilgy neoD mrh vWiujh; mrij Jiljh; Mj
jhat v c Jwf mrhjh X mtFig W fhodh;
LFUfSF tiw vL Mw Vgl brjh.
) vGJj w : FfisbfhL fij vGJj (kh)
c tf - fGijnk c_il Vw - ehnjhW filF
brW - Fiwj - kWehS Gj - c tfDF tUth Fiwj - fGij
kdiyia mj - _il bghUis khWj - mahj fGij L MW
Gj -vil TLj - cik czj.

fGij N
X C c F tf xUt Ujh. mt ehnjhW c_il fis
fGij nkny Miw flJbrW W tUth. ehnjhW mf vils
c_ilia RkJ brtJ fGijF of iy. mJ JggLbfhnl ntiy
brJ tjJ. xUeh c tf Kdh bry, fGij bkJthf mt nd brW
bfhoUjJ. mnghJ mJ, vghuhk MW jt GjJ; vGjnghJ jJs
_il vil Fiwjjid fLbfhlJ. kWehS ntLbknw jt
GjJ. _il vil FiwjJ. fGij bra ehS bjhljJ. gogoahf
tUkhd FiwJbfhnl tUtjid fl tf, cikia mJbfhlh.
avz bfhl fGijF ghl fl Udh.
kWehS fGij fh jLkh GtJnghy, GjJ. Mdh, m~J vGj
nghJ, Kigl vil Tosjid flJ. mW, Rkf Koahk RkJ brwJ.

61

ehS fGij jt H, vilTl, bkJthf cikia czu bjhlaJ.

eh tfid Vkhw idnjh. Mdh, tf eKila vzij JbfhL,
c _ilF gyhf gR _ilia itJlh nghY. ik bra idj
vdF ewhf a itJlh. j jtiw bra TlhJ vW mfGij
KobtLjJ.
g
fhQ Ffis gagL fijia J vGJf.
Wt - MLfis nkj wiu Vkhw idF Fz - tUwJ
vd vnghJ Tw kwtf VkhWj cikahfnt tJLj Wt
miHj kwtf t vnghJ gojh vd idj ghfhk Uj
MLfis moJbrWLj Wt tUJj.
<) bral : fj nkijf Utiuga thif tuyhiw bjhFf.

m) td F lf
1. vL, gJ Ma vQbgaf kL td tUf brhf
tbyhW F.
ehnd brnt
(v.fh.) vL + fh
= vLfh
gJ + ril =

gJ + ng
= gJng
gJ + njh =
vL + Til =

vL + bjhif
= vLbjhif

gJ + ghL

vL + nj

= gJghL

tjh

2. ghlhj, nfshj, Mlhj, brahj, brhyhj vgd vkiwbghU

tU bgaburf MF.
brhfYs <bwGjhdJ bfL ghlh,
nfsh, Mlh, brah, brhyh vd tUtJ cL.
mthW tUtjid
<Wbfl vkiw bgabur vg. tK td tUf vGJf tjh
tbyhW F.
(v.fh.)

ghlh + F

= ghlhF

nfsh + br

= nfshbr

Mlh + njh

= Mlhnjh

brah + bra

= brahbra

brhyh + brh = brhyhbrh

ehnd brnt
brj + jr
ghoa + fij
fhj + W
btoj + gR

=
=
=
=

td fh lf
tj, cilj, brj, j, fhj vgd KWbgwhj idbrhf. jifa
brhf bgaiubfhL KWbgW. brhfis bgabur vg.
(v.fh.)

tj + FHij

= tj FHij

62

cilj + gyif = cilj gyif

brj + g

= brj g

j + J

= j J

fhj + fil = fhj fil

thwhd bgabur brhfK tbyhW fhJ.

M) j vQbgaUFa vQUfis bghUJf.

vQbga
1. IJ

2.

VG

3.

vL -

4. _W -
5. gJ

vQU

8
3
7
10
5

) fLiu vGJj : mwhl th ma

thifw
w iy jid itJ ghj
nrhK, LF xnu is. mt nfgJ vyh clDFl ilJL.
mloJ jh Utjid vyh thLth. bgnwh trahf Ujikah,
kW vGtjF thng yhk nghlJ.
nrhK xUeh,
j jijl JfilF brwh. mF Uj
tzkakhd Mil mt kdij ftjJ. mj Miljh jdF ntL
vW tHfngh mlojh, nrhK. mtDila jij Milia th ghjh.
iy %gh vGW vW UjJ.
mgh iyia V ghf? vdF Jjh ntL. ntW vJ
vdF ntlh vW ltlkhf Tdh nrhK. mnghJ mF xU Wt,
mt bgnwhUl mnj Milia ghJbfhL wh. mWt bgnwhU
mthil iyia ghjd.
clnd mWt jij, fzh, j J ewhf iy, th eh
mLj filF nghfyh vW miHJ brwh. mWtndh mj Jia
ghJbfhnl brwh. mt ff f JjJ. mjid ftj
nrhK, mtf ViHik iyid v ghjh. xUntis,
jh mj
Wtdhf UJ, mgh th juhk UUjh vd brUngh? vW
idJ ghjh.

63

wiy jid itJ ghF kdiyia bgwtf fhuz fhafis

m w bgWthf. jdh, jidw tstnjhL cj kdghik,
ufFz VgL. wiu v eifahLtnjh Fw fhgnjh iHgnjh
mtj kd VglhJ.
ah, vJ brjhY mtiy W xUbeho J ghUf. mj l,
mj NH ehkhf Ujh vd brUngh; vgo elJbfhoUngh?
cfSF cs fgid Fiuia joL ghUf.

kf
flik
nu r, bkh fbgw X vGjhs. mtUila fijf bgU
fbgwit. nu r xUKiw cl eyyhk Ujh. Mdh, mj iyY
vGJ gid lhk brJ bfhoUjh. mjid fl mt kid, V
go cfis tU bfhf? Rt Ujh jhnd u tiua Ko. cf
cley ewhf Ujhjhnd vGj Ko; vGJtjid W cf cley
mfiw brYJf vW tW Tdh.
mikahf nfLbfhoUj nu r, xU sif V itjh x
bfhLf ntoaJ, mj flik. mjid LL, eKila xdh wUF
eikah ikah vW MuhtJ mj ntiyaW. vbz css
jhdhfnt vJ, d mizJ L vwh.
cl ey ghjnghJ vLj ntiyia KofhJ, mlijL bry
Ughk flikna bgJ vd thjh nu r.
flikF Kjl jUnth thif btbgWt. fS mwhl gfis
mwiwnf KoF gHfij nkbfhSf. cfis bty ahuhY ayhJ.
khztfns! f vgo? flikz bfhltfsh?
cf czfis btgLJf.

cdF bjj ilbrhfis cbrhfis goaLf.

64

tsu braghLf
braghL - 1

fhQ ciugia gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.

ntfhdj mbkfhYs X% jUjh. mF nuhilia
flgjF xU ghy UjJ. ntfhdj, mnuhil fiu xUeh elJ
brWbfhoUjh.
mF isP y, Kil XLfis Jghah FitJ RLtjF
g nkbfhoUjd. mtf, Kil XLfis xU fo
nuhil jfoUjd. m, nuhil fiuUj a f
flgoUjJ. mirF Vg flgoUj Kil XLf
bkJthf mirJbfhoUjd.
misPf, ghy WbfhL Xil mirJ bfhoUF
Kil XLfis RLtjF Ka brJbfhoUjhf. mtf
Jghah Kil XLfis Rld. Mdh, mtf itj F j
nghW. xU Kil XilTl mtfsh Rl ayiy.
isPf j braiy ghjh ntfhdj. mt Kf
dif jtjJ. jid mUj isPU xUt flh. mt
ntfhdjl j Kil XLfis RLtjid ghgjF vjhd
branghW njhW; Mdh, f idgJngh mts vjhdjW.
fns Ka brJ ghUf. mnghJ cfSnf bj vd Tdh.
ntfhdj Jghia ifbyLjh. mnghJ mF guL
Kil XLf kLnk nuhil jJ bfhoUjd. ntfhdj
mtiw Rl, mit midJ sh jd. jid ghj
isPf bgJ agiljhf. Iah, f Jgh RLt
f g bgwtuh Uj ntL. mjdhjh, f mjid
Kil XLfis F juhk ROf vd Tdhf.
mjF ntfhdj, v theh Wjh KjKiwahf
Jghia bjhLnw vd Tdh. mt Tajid isPfsh
egKoaiy. mgobawh, cfsh vgo F juhk mjid
Kil XLfis RlKojJ vd nfld.

65

nfl w

mjF gyj ntfhdj, kdij xUKfgLJtjh

midJ UwJ. mthW brnghJ, vjbthU braY btia
jU vwh.
dhf
g ika fUJ ahJ?
g FlgLgt fft. mt bga vd?
nuhil fiu isPf vd brJbfhoUjd?
ntfhdj Kil XLfis F juhk Rljid fL
isPf TaJ vd?
5. gF bghUjkhd jiy jUf.
1.
2.
3.
4.

ngRj w

braghL - 2

j tufisg ngritj.
(v.fh.) v bga KJ. v C ehkf khtlYs kyrKu. vf
CYs muR Mf nkiy g eh VHh tF gonw.
jghl vwh vdF f oF. eh vGa ghlf g
ifbaGJ j lbgWsd. v ghliy goj jiyikaha,
mjid g MLky btLtjhf Tsh. ~J v theh
kwfKoahj xU fthF.
goj w

braghL - 3

fhQ ciugia ca xl thL gof.

Mlfiy vgJ, Kj ehlffiy mlF. eld, ehoa
vgd Mlfiyia Fgdnt. fiy, gHfhy TJfiy vd
miHfglJ. fydh gij jutyJ Mlfiy. clnrhit
cs Jaiu nghF tofhf Ml ghlf.
kf kd k isF bghGbjyh Mo gho fjd.
mtf kuHfY nfh KwfY Modhf. khl, khif,
klgfbyyh kf yghg Mod. ift ffS ft
kdK bry MLjny Ml EgkhF. Mlfiy tytuh TjU
waU fjd.
66

brhtjid vGJj

braghL - 4

bfhlif Fiu nrzij jiyF itjthW bkkwJ

RblF Na cF tUtiu MJ cwdh kUJgho.
kUJghoF Tiu L giHa nrhW Mj cwfK abjhU
Jzia VgLaJ. ciwlK cz mj HF e Tw
kUJgho kd vaJ.
vGJj w

braghL - 5

brhiy J UbghU TWf.

brh

bghU-1

fk

bghU-2

khehL
bghif
fk
itfiw
flj w

braghL - 6

bgaUnfw idbrhfis idnfw bgabrhfis flJ

vGJf.
(uaJ, aJ, ojJ, fWjJ, aJ, bgjJ,
bgUaJ,C, ts, ta)
thd fWjJ

bts

fhW

V
isjJ

67

fhQ ciugia brhy nfL vGJf.

bfhjJ

kiH

brjJ
nefhz

braghL - 7

xU khztid cbrhyhf idf brJ, mkhztid kbwhU

khzt nefhz brf.
khzt

: tzf, Iah.

cbrh (khzt) : tzf.

khzt

: cfis rJ ngRt vdF f k.

cbrh : vdF kjh.

khzt

: jfisg sfkhf brhYfns.

cbrh : cfisnghnw vdF gytifahd gf cL.

: mgoah, aghf csnj! VnjD xU gigg
khzt
brhYf.
cbrh : khef vD brh cs kh ehnd. F bga vD
bghUis jJns. gogl gf Fahf vdF
cL.
khzt

: f jahf W bghU jUfsh?

cbrh : iyiy, m~J vdh ayhJ.

khzt

: mgoahdh, ahUl nrJ bghU jUf?

cbrh : ntW ah? bgaUlD idlDjh.

khzt
: Mdh, vf ngRtH f mtsthf l
bgWtiyna, V?
cbrh : cikjh. vid brjh Fahf gagLJt.
khzt
: e, Iah. jfis rjJ vdF ilj khbgUngW,
ilbgWnw Iah.
cbrh : vid ewhf gagLj bjJbfhlJ nghWjFa
khw. brW thUf. th ilFnghJ L
rngh.

68

eoj w

braghL - 8

m) v bga ilbrh.
M) eh, v egfshd bgabrh, idbrhYl nrJ tUnt.
) eh vnghJ jahf braglhk, egfSl nrnj bragLnt.
<) jahf Ujh bghUjukhnl.
c) izbrhyhf mirahf ntWik cUghf, ctk cUghf

egfSl iznj tUnt.
C) eh, egfSl UFnghJ, vjhf bghUis fUij

bjgLJnt.
mj w

braghL - 9

fhQ g lbgWs wbkh brhfSF izahd j

brhfis vGJf.
ehfjh tiuahLf. vfis
jHf uh#hf nja Uff
vd rfy #dfS miHwhf.
ehf cjif bgUks J
tUnwh. mJtU kw Uffis
nghnw ehfS iuthf mJ
tUnwh. vfis fhgJ cf
flik.
tlbrh

jbrh

uh#f
nja
Uff

69

ilbrhyhf kh eoJ fhLf.

jbrh

tlbrh

brhYUthf

braghL - 10

tlYs vGJfis gagL brhfis cUthFf.

brhf
,

70

bjhl cUthf

braghL - 11

kdJ

clh

tW

thdh

eljh
Mu

eh

nflh

fhJ

Ritjh

fh

flh

(v.fh.) 1. kdjhu thdh.

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

gilghw

braghL - 12

bghUjkhd brhfis vLJ vG ghliy uf.

( , bt, cw, bgUik, f, m, ca, w, g, Jg )
mw g jU

ciH

gif

jU

jU

Mf
Mir
cik

jU
jU
jU
jU

Ka
Kayhik

71

jU

jU
jU

bgabrhfSl Mu vD ilbrhiy nrJ, ca idl

bjhliu cUthFf.

fwyil WkL
kbg: 10
m) nfhol lij uf.

1. fhsnkfyt

2. uhkhD# fLiuf

2x1=2

nfh gjh.
jiy btahdJ.

M) nfhol l ca ilia vLJ vGJf.

4 x1 = 4

1. jghl uL vD iy bjhFjt

m) nkhudh

M) fhsnkfyt

) runrfu fuhrgoj

2. ylYs
nrjh.
m) o

M) MnghL

) AhthL

3. khef vgJ

m) bgabrh

f uhkhD# Muh khztuhf

M) idbrh ) cbrh

4. HF kUJgho mj C

m) tfif

M) Ubent

) gHnrhW FUehjndj
) fhQ brhfis bjhl mikJ vGJf.

1. tKiw

2. jthW

72

2x2=4

k xjJ. LKiwF
d
bjhlF
Kjeh
tFgiw mJ. khzt kl
Maiu vghUjd. cns
EiHj Ma fUgyif
fyJiuahl
vd vGdh;
khztiu nehdh.
jiy . . . . . ? xU khzt
Fu cuf xjJ.
f U
jiy
ciuahlyh - Ma g
khzt Mtij oaJ.
LKiw ehf - vd UifUJ xU Fu bkjhf
nflJ. tFgiw KGtJ mjid tuntwJ. eh. . . . . . vd nghold
khzt. eh ngh tj ffh FJ Twth vd JLfhf ngR
Rl Kj Tdh.
uhod Rdhah? gl ghjhah? isahL bghU thdhah?
vd ehY _iyUJ dhf bjhlJ tjd. Rl cWl, eh
ghj ffh KY khWglJ. f idgJnghy iy. eh
midtU
miyng,
fbgh,
iza
vd
midij
gagLJnwh. m xJs bjhiyf vbdd vgJ
ahUnfD bjkh?
. . . f bfLL, fhJ nfshk nghL . . . vyh bjjit
jhnd? ghu g nghoahf xjJ.
iy iy. miyngia vgo Mgyhk gagLJtJ
vgij ghnj vd Rl Tw, mw. . . FWghf tJ Gjd
Fuf.
Wt xUt vnghJ miyng isaho bfhnl Ujhdh.
mneu eilgF btna brw jhjh, nH GJ mogoUwh
vd jft tUwJ. isahLngh mt mj miyng
73

glf ghJfh

izig _WKiw JoJ Uwh, mtDnf bjahk! W,

mt jhjhit wj wnf ghjhdh. mt theh kwf Toajh
J? jh ghjij tUjJl Tdh Rl .
khzt midtU mikahd. vYnfh U jhsiy.
eh vnghjhtJjh miyng isahLnt vd xj
thF_y bfhLjh.
v njh xUKiw, j mkh miyng ngRgt Fuiy
khW Kiwia g brJ lh. mJ, mt mkhF bjahJ,
V mtSnf Tl mjdh VgL isf vbdd vgJ bjahJ.
mnghJ, mtf _j cwd xUt ngUwh. Fu ntWkh
Ujjh, mt mkh ngatiu fLikahf o , fhtJiwF
jft bfhLJ lh. wFjh, miyng kh Fukh tU
Kiw g bragLsJ bjjJ; MdhY, FLg Vgl r
Wtiu rahfnt iy vW fz Tdh.
mtid bjhlJ, eh miyngia vnghJ if vLjhY,
m cs gzU FiwJ LwJ vd v mgh Lth. eh
isahLtjid ju ntW vJ brtiy vW nt Tdh.
miyng cs iza bjhlig a Ugh; mjdh,
y Wtd mF jha brf, y iza trf
c miyngF tubjhlF; Wtdf, mjfhd bjhifia
vLJbfhS; mjdh, miyng gzU aghf Fiwa
bjhlF vwh Ma.
mjid tF KGik VWbfhlJ.
F - ijnghy miyngia jtwhf gagLJtjh VgL
ikfis bjhFJ tubrf; glbjhF cUthFf.
miyng kUJtkid, fhtiya kW cldo cjfhd

bjhiyng vfis Kj g brJ itgJ aikahjJ.
VnjD MgJ fhy cwdf, egf ahiu bjhl

bfhtJ vgjfhd jftiy ice1, ice2 (In case of Emergency)

vd FpL brahf g brtJ f aikahjJ.

74

mLJ . . . . . ng, ol, iza, dr. . . . . . Rl

bjhlaJ eh TWnw vd mfkhd Fuf Ktjd.

v mzh miyngFTl X miH tjJ. xU Fl

l gR ilUwJ vd, mjfhd bghUf mr
mDggL vd, mr flzij kL brYdhnghJ vd
jft UjJ. v mzh mij VWbfhlnjhL %.999/- bfhLJ
mj mriy bgwh. mij J ghjnghJjh 100%ghF Tl
kyhj bghUf bgwglJ bjjJ. J k thF_y.
mgobawh, gy iza gff eh EiHjJ, j
izajs EiHj yrkhtJ M f! thJf! nf
brhLf, vd ntWgl tz m y xtij ghUnw,
mitbayh nghfsh? nt MtYl nflh.
cWahf, mit VkhW brfjh, nkY Ma bjhljh.
mj mfSF g mgJ, m ekJ jgl jftfis
g brtJ, KmKf yhjtflUJ WtdfUJ
tU dr kW jftfSF g mgJ, njitaw
izajsf cWduhf iztJ, FLg kW jgl
w jftfis izajsf g brtJ, ghlf, glfis
gwf brtJ nghwit ekF ehnk njo bfhS bjhiyfshF.
mLJ, eh cfSF idl U X Clf, bjhiyfh!
Ma TaJ khzt Kff kyjd.
LKiw eh KGtJ vdF v jifF bjhiyfhjh
cyf vwh, tst.
clnd f, ehKGf mgo vd ghgh? nfahf nflh.
fh^gl, kh, eifRit, sguf, FJril,
kilgJ Kja isahLf, bjhiyfh bjhlf vd
ghgjFjh vtsnth csdnt! vd tst Tw, vnghJ
ghjhY ggJ, mGJbfhnl UgJ, mLjtiu fJL
jhkL KndWtJ - itnghw fhfis bfhl bjhiyfh
bjhlfis vgo ghwh? vd ah v dh bjhLjh.
btfJl jiyfJ bfhL ehif fojh tst.
75

ifglij midtUF mDtJ, jgl mjuf brfis

midtU ma brtJ, vnghJ Jgij tutiHgit vd Ma
bjhl itjh.

dh f kho bfhl mtid Ljh Ma.

bjhlJ Mftkhd fyJiuahl fisfoaJ.

Wahf Ma, khztfns! bgUghY kh MgJ cs
Niyfis jgJ eyJ; ntW tyhj iy nkbfhs
ntoa jL eltoiffis vnghJ id bfhSf;
vij ghJfhl mQFf; Ezl bragLf. nkfl
uidfis jf vd brtJ? eh vd brayh? midtU
f. mLj tFF Vw gfSl thUf vd Kjhghf
Kojh, Ma.
vd khztfns! ehK fyhkh?
cs Hgl fU- vrif
eh gKid gidaffSF Milfis thf brnth.
Maj Milfis thFnghJ, mj ms rahf Uwjh vgij
ma, Milfis mJ ghf filfny y miwfis xJ
Ughf. lf Mil khWtij csHgl fU
_y gloJ btLtjhf jnghJ gy FwrhLf fht
iyaf gth tUwd.
ij jf, Mil khW miwF cf miyngia a
ghjh xUj jLx ekF nfF; mgo nflh mtiw
vnfh WJis cs Hgl fU a bfhoUwJ
vgij czUf; vrifahf Uf vd iza ghJfh
fhtyf vrwd.
g
m. fhQ dhfSF RUfkhf ilaf.

1. glff ahit?

2. f ehnjhW gagLJ Clff ahit?

3. Clffdh VgL lghLfis bjhiyfis vthW

jfyh?
M. ghlgF fyJiuahliy tFgiw f fhLf.

76

. jft bjhl rhjdf eik, ikfis goaLf.

eikf

ikf

miyng
ggiy thbdh
bjhiyfh
f
izajs (ng, ol)
<. tFgiw ngRf.
mghs : Anyh, ah ngRwJ? vUJ ngRf?
K

: Utzhkiy UJ K ngRnw.

mghs : K, vd gof?
K

: eh ehyh tF gonw.

mghs : eyJ K, cfSF vd isahL oF?

: vdF v egfSl xJ isahLtJ buhg
K
oF. Mdh, v mkh CUF nghlhf. eh
o jahf Unw. mjdh, isahl nghfiy.
mghs : Inah, ght! o jahf Uw ekJ Fo nea
Kfhf j ghil tHFnwh, f nfL
bfhoUgJ . . . . .
nkflthW ggiy thbdh y jfis ga tufis
s bfhoUghf, f nfoUfsh? mJ FJ jf
fUJfis tFgiw ngRf.
c. nefhz fL fUJfis g brJ brahFf.

c lU / egfl / cwdfl jft bjhl

rhjdfsh Vgl gh xiw nefhz fL bjhFf;
bjhFjtiw g brf. mjid ehj brahf kh jUf.

77

jft bjhl rhjdf

vdh Ko, ehnd brnj

(I can, I did)
khzt fw braghLf gntL
ghl :
t.v

eh

ghl v

ghljiy

78

braghL

Fiu