Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Director
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.50 (Buckram)
Foreword
The advent of space vehicles which utilize cryogenic fluids for propellants has greatly increased activity in the field of cryogenic engineering in recent years; Large capacity gas liquefaction plants have become necessary to supply cryogenic fluids in the amounts needed for rocket testing. With these plants and the rockets themselves has come the need for associated cryogenic equipment such as valves, pumps, liquid transfer lines, flow indicators, pressure switches, temperature and level sensing devices, and, in fact, all the equipment used in handling liquids at other more convenient temperatures. Intelligent design of reliable cryogenic equipment such as this requires the existence of data on the mechanical properties of structural solids at low tempera tures ; data which are all too scattered or too scarce to suit most designers. This book, therefore, is issued to help fill the need for a compilation of useful design figures.
Contents
Page
Introduction ______________________________________________________ Scales for interpolation_____________________________________________ Graphs for: Aluminum and its alloys_____ _____ _______ _____ _ _ ________________ Copper and its alloys ______________________________________ ______ Nickel and its noiiferrous alloys___________^_________^_^___________ Titanium and its alloys.__________________________________________ Magnesium alloys______________________________________________ Austeiiitic stainless steels. _______--_____________________________^_ Ferritic and hardenable stainless steels_____________________________ Low alloy constructional steels _ - _ _________________________________ Superalloys (alloys of Co, Ni, Cr, W, Mo) __________________________ Brazing and soldering metals______________ _______________________ Miscellaneous alloys and pure metals.______________________________ Noiimetallic materials._______________ ___________________________ References. _-------______________________________ _______________
II
Introduction
The designer of equipment which must operate at very low tempera tures is faced at some time in the design with the problems of making material selections and of performing initial stress calculations. This is no less true, of course, when a device is being designed for use at other temperatures, but the dearth of data on the mechanical properties of commercial materials at low temperatures must certainly be disconcerting to the design engineer who is looking for a material to act as a structural member in a cryogenic device. It is hoped that this compilation of some of the mechanical properties of materials will assist the designer by making available in one publication reliable data which have appeared in the literature or 'which, in some cases, have not yet been published. The selection of a material for fabrication of a part can usually be made in several ways, but very often the simplest method involves the establishing of some figure of merit for the application at hand, and comparing materials on the basis of this figure. For example, double shell, vacuum insulated, cryogenic storage containers often require tension support members for their inner shells. Since it is desirable that such members conduct as little heat as possible into the inner shell from the surroundings of the vessel, an obvious figure of merit for the material to be selected is its yield strength divided by its mean thermal conductivity. (The appropriate yield strength figure is the lowest value for the material over the temperature range in which it operates.) Wlien the most promising materials have been compared on the basis of these figures of merit, then the more qualitative aspects can be examined. These may include such things as the ease of fabrication or the weldability of the material. In some cases, it may even be desirable to assign arbitrary values to the qualita tive properties of the materials, and so to construct fairly complex figures of merit for the purpose of material selection. Following the choice of a proper material, the designer will make initial stress calculations in order to get an idea of the size of the structural components necessary to sustain the working loads. Here again the mechanical properties of the materials must be known. It is to assist these two phases of low temperature equipment design that the present compilation of properties is especially presented. The data are presented with the idea that an engineer who is mak ing initial calculations on equipment for operation at cryogenic temperatures is more interested in obtaining quickly a definite figure than he is in evaluating the experimental data given in several detailed reports on the same material. The graphs and tables pre sented here, consequently, represent an attempt by the authors to HI
perform an evaluation of data which have appeared in the literature and to present the design engineer with the result. The curves therefore appear as lines representing the mechanical properties as functions of temperature, and not as bands representing maximum and minimum values reported. Such an evaluation process is bound to be somewhat subjective. If it were not, the reduction of data to line graphs could better be per formed by the most convenient digital computer programed to provide the best fitting polynomial of degree "n." Unless the data were weighted judiciously, such a curve would be little more than a mathe matical delight and perhaps in poor keeping with the known or suspected behavior of the properties of materials with temperature. The curves in this book, therefore, have been constructed from data which the authors found to be the best documented and the most consistent with that of other investigators. In most cases whatever errors remain after such an abridgement will be adequately compen sated by the designer's use of a "safety factor" in his stress analysis. Where they are not, and greater confidence is required, the references should be consulted for more detail. The references will also disclose the fact that not all the available materials have been included in this volume. Oifferent metals or different heat treatments of the same metal, for example, have in some cases been omitted where it was thought that they were not the most representative of currently available materials. Omissions were also made in a few cases where the trend of a mechanical property as a function of some metallurgical variable was thought to be adequately demonstrated by those data selected for inclusion. It should be remembered that any reduction of scattered mechanical properties data to a smooth curve is an attempt to represent the "most probable" relationship between ordinate and abscissa from among the samples tested. Specific samples may lie above or below the curve, however, and the discrepancies caused by commercial variation in chemical composition, heat treatment, dimensional and experimental errors, etc., are normally condensed into a "safety factor" by the de signer, whereby he sidesteps costly quality control, or more com plicated mathematics in the case of complex devices. The use of a safety factor is properly the province of the design engineer since he knows the use to which the equipment will be put, and the reliability desired. It should therefore be subject to the designer's complete knowledge, and not, as is sometimes the case, be applied to experi mental data by the authors of such reports as this and the results presented as a table of "permissible stresses". This not only mis places the responsibility for safety or reliability, but in complex cal culations the safety factor can be compounded unintentionally. The point of mentioning this is merely that the data in this book should be used with caution for designs in which safety factors must be small (as in cases of restricted weight or size), since low temperature prop erties are often sensitive to variations in thermal and mechanical his tory and chemical composition which are allowable within commer cial specifications. In addition to these variations, limitations in experimental accu racy may account for some of the apparent inconsistencies which appear in graphs in this book. For example, the tensile strength of annealed type 303 stainless steel, which appears on page 98, lies
IV
slightly above that of the same material which has been cold drawn 10 percent; and at 20 K, the same effect reappears in types 310 and 316 stainless steels. It is conceivable that such an effect is real, but the authors' first inclination is to ascribe the difficulty to differences in strain rate between observers, or to other experimental limitations. In any event, having no better knowledge, the authors have thought it best simply to include the curves derived from the experimental results and to let the apparent inconsistencies stand for the present. The same philosophy applies to the graph of the strength of tita nium alloys on page 74, although the drop in tensile strength of the two alloys at 20 K can probably be attributed to experimental error in this case* The elongation of these two alloys is zero at 20 K, and brittle materials are extremely sensitive to accidental surface imper fections or other stress raisers, even such as the radius commonly present at the ends of the reduced section of a tensile specimen. The mechanical properties presented in this compilation as func tions of temperature are tensile strength, yield strength at 0.2 percent offset (unless otherwise noted), elongation, and impact energy. In a few instances the reduction of area of a tensile specimen is presented as an indication of ductility. The first three properties were ob tained from short time tension tests of smooth specimens which were generally cut from bar or plate one-eighth inch thick or thicker. Thinner sheet material is noted on the graphs. Some investigators report "yield point" (usually obtained by the "drop of the beam'7 method) rather than yield strength. In these cases the graphs are so noted, and the upper yield point is the one referred to. The impact energy is the energy absorbed by a standard specimen in breaking under an impact load. In every case the type of impact specimen is indicated on the graph by a note which identifies it with one of the specimens described in test method E23 56T of the Amer ican Society for Testing Materials. The notation "Charpy V" re fers to the type "A" specimen having the V-notch, "Charpy K" refers to the type "B" specimen with the keyhole notch, and "Charpy U" refers to the type "C" specimen with the U-shaped notch. Izod speci mens are type "D" in the ASTM specifications. The Kelvin temperature scale is so widely used in cryogenics that all data have been converted to these units for consistency. For the convenience of those to whom a Fahrenheit temperature means more, extra scales have been included on pages ix and x. These may be cut out and held along the abscissa to allow interpolation as well as direct reading in degrees Fahrenheit. The extra scales also con tain divisions corresponding to the ordinate mechanical properties for interpolation. Adjacent to each curve are several numbers in brackets. These numbers correspond to the references in the bibliography at the end of the graphical section and indicate the sources of data from which the curve was constructed. On graphs where two or more curves appear for the same material, the reference numbers given for one curve apply to the rest. Because of the scarcity of published data, some of the references quoted are from unpublished records. In most cases smooth curves are used to represent the behavior of the mechanical properties as functions of temperature. These curves represent interpolation between experimental data points as men tioned before. In some cases, however, the data are joined by v
straight lines, and intermediate or end points are indicated. Where this occurs, it is because either a scarcity of data or a doubt on the part of the authors cautioned against drawing a smooth curve. The authors have tried to use nomenclature which is consistent with efforts of the various technical societies and manufacturers' asso ciations to classify and standardize metal specifications. When am biguities might still exist, nominal or reported compositions have been used in addition to the name of a material. In a few cases pro prietary names have been given when they have become so commonly used that other designations might be confusing. Throughout the book several abbreviations are used on the graphs. These correspond with usual metallurgical practice in this country: stress is given in psi (pounds per square inch), impact energy in ft-lb (foot-pounds), and tensile elongation in percent in 4D (four diame ters) where this ASTM recommendation was adhered to. The per centage of cold drawing or cold reduction given on many of the graphs refers to reduction of area rather than reduction of diameter. "OQ & T" means "oil quenched and tempered", "WQ & T" means "waterquenched and tempered", "AC" means "air-cooled", "R-B" and "RC" mean "Rockwell B hardness" and "Rockwell C hardness", respectively. Heat treating temperatures are given in degrees Fahr enheit, which is common in metallurgy in this country. Also whenever the metallurgical condition of the specimens was stated in the litera ture, it is appended to the curves. It is surprising, by the way, to find in the literature data derived from material described only as "soft yellow brass" or "soft bronze". An attempt was made to extract meaning from these data, but for the most part the value of such information is not great. Laboratory analysis of the materials tested and careful control of the thermal and mechanical history of the materials investigated would help immensely to establish the reliability and the usefulness of mechanical properties data. Probably the first thing learned by a newcomer to the cryogenic field about the properties of materials is that some materials become brittle at low temperatures and are therefore unusable in many struc tural applications at these temperatures. The literature is studded with accounts of spectacular brittle service failures which would not have occurred at higher temperatures. There are certain applica tions, however, in which it would be a mistake to apply the ductility criterion in the selection of a material for low temperature service. Springs are an example. The authors are aware of an instance in which the most suitable material for a low temperature coil spring was not considered because it would be brittle at the service tempera ture. The ductility criterion should not generally be applied in such cases since a smooth coil spring having no re-entrant corners is care fully designed to act as an elastic member and usually need not pos sess any ductility for its satisfactory service. Professor Collins at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for example, has success fully used carbon steel valve springs in expansion engines for the liquefaction of nitrogen and helium. For most structural applications, however, the engineer would like some assurance that the material he selects will not be brittle at the service temperature. If it were, his hardware w-ould be liable to catastrophic failure in the event of accidental impact or vibration loads at a point where local stresses occurred in excess of those for which he
VI
has allowed. "Ductile" materials, of course, are capable of redistribut ing local stresses in excess of their yield strength by the mechanism of plastic flow. One great difficulty, however, has been that of devising a laboratory test which will predict satisfactorily whether a material will behave in a ductile or a brittle manner in service. The plastic elongation of a tensile specimen is not a satisfactory index, since many materials which show plastic deformation in a tensile test at a given temperature have been known to fail in a >rittle manner in service at the same (or even higher) temperatures. Ordinary low carbon steel, for example, which Eldin and Collins * find to be completely brittle in a tensile test only below 65 K, has a record of many service failures at temperatures only moderately below room temperature. Obviously the behavior of a material under the conditions of uniaxial stress present in the usual tensile test does not provide a sufficiently good prediction of its behavior under multiaxial stress conditions. The beam impact test, in which a standard-size bar is subjected to a high-velocity blow, while popular because of its convenience, is also deficient in some respects as an index of performance of a material in service. A correlation has been obtained between service performance and impact energy for steels by Jaffee et al.,2 but such a correlation applicable to all materials has not yet been found. One difficulty seems to be that light metals pay an unjust penalty in the impact test. Mag nesium alloys, for example, exhibit low impact strength, but have been satisfactorily used in the aircraft industry in structural applications in which they receive impact loads. So whereas the tensile elongation of a material seems to be too optimistic an indication of service ductility, the energy absorbed in an impact test seems in some cases to give information which is too pessimistic. The energy absorbed in an impact test can be deceptive for still other reasons. For example, the energy value is affected considerably by incomplete breakage of a very ductile specimen. When this occurs, a portion of the energy recorded in a Charpy test is the result of forc ing the specimen through the supports of the machine. Consequently this occurrence, along with other supplementary information such as the character of the fracture surface, is sometimes of even greater importance than the absolute value of the energy absorbed. As a simple laboratory test which will provide a suitable analogy to the service performance of a material, the notch tensile test is gain ing acceptance for some purposes. The test is performed either at low strain rates in tensile equipment or at high strain rates, usually in impact machines which have been modified for this use. "Notches" almost always exist, of course, in any manufactured part in the form of weld craters, rivet holes, re-entrant corners, or simply accidental scratches; and the notch-tensile test provides an indication of the abil ity pf a material to sustain working stresses in the presence of such stress raisers. A properly designed notch-tensile specimen also con tains an area of bi-axial or tri-axial stress as well, so information can be gained about the performance of the material under these conditions. There are other types of laboratory tests which have been devised to predict the performance in service of structural materials, each a
1 See reference 29. 2 Jaffee, Kosting, Jones, Bluhm, Hurlich, and Wallace, Impact tests help engineers specify steel, SAE Journal, March 1951.
VII
compromise between simplicity and universality on the one hand, and degree of applicability to the service requirement on the other. For the most part, airframe and component manufacturers make the com promise in the latter direction. Their test specimens consequently consist of sub assemblies, complete components, or even entire complex assemblies. In industries in which weight is not a prime considera tion, and larger safety factors can be used, the tendency is toward the simpler tests. Obviously, economic considerations make the simple experiment the more desirable, and until a simple test is devised which is a reliable index of service performance, most design engineers will content themselves with the less desirable information provided by the usual tensile and impact tests in the first stages of design. The greatest amount of information in the literature which indi cates something about the ductility of a material is in the form of tensile elongation or impact data. Therefore, while not the most sat isfactory indications of ductility, these two mechanical properties are reported in addition to yield and tensile strengths in this book. The authors take pleasure in acknowledging the assistance of L. J. Ericks in the preparation of this book. His careful drafting is re sponsible for the final appearance of the graphs.
VIII
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30 25
5O
rrU-5O, ANPJtALtU, I ***. 4=_ ('% OFFSET YIELD _____* ^"" -.^ STRENGTH)
25O
3OO
80
7O
-30, ANNEALED (CARTRIDGE BRASS)
6O
(A 0>
so
___[!] ____= V
<M 4Q
z.
30
2O
IO
67-33, 40% C.D. [15], (YELLOW BRASS)
TEMPERATURE,
IOO
ISO
2OO
:9 6O i *~ 40
20
' SO
NAVAL
25O
3OO
_____44
COMPOSITIONS ALLOY
FREE CUTTING MUNTZ METAL
%Cu
Pb %Sn %Zn
1.3 3.O .55 BAL. BAL.
58.7
57.6 61
36
I2O x IO'
MO IOO
90
to ex .. 80 CO CO
CO
/"A"
6O 5O 4O 30 2O IO
"A" ANNEALED
"A"ANNEALED
250
300
60
SO o> 4O
COMPOSITION AS GIVEN ON PAGE 44.
45_____________
METAL,
CO 3O
c 2O IO
N FREE CUTTING MUNTZ METAL, COLD DRAWN 12% [is]
0> O
25O
3OO
CHAPPY V CHARPY K
L 3O 2O
IO
FREE CUTTING BRASS,. ANNEALED[49] FREE CUTTING MUNTZ METAL, ANNEALED [l5] ,FREE CUTTING MUNTZ METAL, COLD DRAWN 12% [is]
5O
25O
3OO
46
150 I4O I3O I2O
X IW
NOMINAL
COMPOSITION '
<
6O Cu -
'
4O Zn
no
IOO "/ 9O o. .80
V) * LJ 70 fyj
X
ANNEALED ^ [15]
cr
P
TX^..
-^^^^
XTC
LD DRAW N 25% [l 5]
^^.
-.
^5x ^^
^*^^^
60
50 4O 3O 20
^^^^^wm
^AN NEALED
*"*
-.^
to
O
BE)&M
5O
IOO
ISO
2OO
25O
3OO
TEMPERATURE,
SO 50
- 40
CVJ
47
ANNEALED [is]
. 3O
o 2O
Q>
IO
COLD
______I__________I_________I__________I_________
NOMINAL
COMPOSITION :
6O Cu -
4O Zn
5O
25O
3OO
CHARPY
V
f
/J
"
ANNEALED [is]
4^*
r*
OLD
3O
2O
IO
NOMI MAL
^k
COM POSITION :
6O Cu - 4O Zn
SO
25O
3OO
x icr
ISO I4O I3O I 2O I IO IOO u> ex 9O
48
CO CO LU 8O OC.
CO
7O
9 D, ANNEALED
6O 5O 4O 3O 2O IO
9A,ANNEALED
3,ANNEALED
_________I__________I__________i__________I
5O
250
3OO
49
ALLOY 3, WROUGHT AND ANNEALED [47] COMPOSITIONS AS SHOWN ON PAGE 48 ALLOY 9A , CAST AND ANNEALED [47] ALLOY 9D, CAST AND ANNEALED [47]
25O
3OO
7O 6O 5O
JQ
T 40
H-
3O 20 IO
ALLOY 9A, CAST AND ANNEALED [47! ALLOY 9D, CAST AND ANNEALED [47] N -ALLOY 9D, CAST AND HEAT TREATED * [47]
5O
250
3OO
D3
50
COMPOSITIONS COMPLY WITH ASTM DESIGNATION B ISO -54 FOR WROUGHT AL BRONZE
w 90 o.
^^<
^^%
^\
^^
---^
UJ : CO
c/>
</> 80
70
^ v^^
^\
^-^
^
/VLLOY No. ,
-w ^. FORGED /
\ ^>
\x
6O SO 40 3O 2O IO
IT
^LLOY No.l , ROLLED & ANNEAL (YIELD S TRENGTH,(D.1% OFFSIET)
50
25O
3OO
7O
COMPOSITIONS AS SHOWN ON PAGE 5O.
51
6O 50
o c
4O
CM
ASTM ALLOY No. I, AS FORGED [9O] ASTM ALLOY No. I, ROLLED S ANNEALED [17]
E 3O
20
o>
Q.
IO
5O
25O
3OO
. -
^ *. ^-
"* -~ \ASTf* ALLOY r4o. 1 , ROLLED, (HA RDNESS l>Z DPH) [49]
3O
2O
IO
SO
25O
3OO
I3U X 1
52
COMPOSITIONS CAST
Cu Mn Sn Fe Pb AI Zn 57.7 % . 5 .6 LZ I.O BAL.
LEADED
56.5% 1.4 .9 1. 1 1.3 BAL.
N ^y^
o**
LU
cn" so cn
I cn
6O 5O
5H^*===^=^
//\S CAST [9O] """' *i *^^ ^
^ *M^V ^^^ ^^^B ^^^ ^^^_ M|
40 30
0^,
2O IO
5O
25O
3OO
AS CAST [90l
25O
3OO
COMPOSITIONS - % Cu Sn Pb
85 8O 56.5 5 5 IO .9 25 1 O 1.3
Zn
38.8
Other
l.4Mn
55
3O 25 2O 15 IO
r*NOMINAl_
-f -\
CHARPY IZOD
C,
AS CAS [49]
iT \
^B,
/'X,
AS CAS T [49]
AS CAST [49]
50
250
3OO
ieox icr
I7O I6O ISO I4O I3O I2O
54
COMPOSITIONS - %
HARD l>l]
110
</> 9O
ioo tr i
SO 7O 6O 50
.^^ \AS CAST [21]
4O 30 2O
TENSILE YIELD 5O
25O
3OO
6O 50 4O
55
COMPOSITIONS SAME AS GIVEN ON PAGE 54.
30
g 20
\_
o>
25O
3OO
5O 4O
30 2O
IO
ASTM GRADE D (9O Cu - IO Sn), COLD DRAWN, HARD [67]
50
250
300
i4o x icr
I3O
56
120
MO IOO 90
ASTM TYPE A, COLD DRAWN 42% [88]
ASTM TYPE A,
QUARTER HARD
8O [71] co a. ..70 CO
6O 5O 4O 30 2O
TENSILE YIELD
5O
25O
3OO
7O 6O > 5O o>
57
ASTM TYPE A, QUARTER HARD [7l]
o
CVJ
30
a*
IO
5O
25O
3OO
5O
25O
300
ISO x IO
___________58____________ I | I I I
ALL SPECIMENS ROLLED AND ANNEALED
no
IOO
~5> 9O a.
30% Ni[33]
fc
60 SO 4O 3O 2O IO
3O% Ni[48]
or
t/> 8O LU
5O
STRENGTH OF CUPRO-NICKELS
25O
3OO
7O 6O
59
ALL SPECIMENS ROLLED AND ANNEALED
so
o c " 40 CO
E 30 c
S 20
IO
Q.
25O
3OO
ELONGATION OF CUPRO-NICKELS
IOO 9O 8O 7O 6O
5O ALL SPECIMENS ROLLED AND ANNEALED IZOD
20 % Ni [17] /
5O
25O
3OO
icr
I4O I3O
ALLOY ,8% 3O%
6O
NOMINAL
NICKEL NICKEL SILVER SILVER
COMPOSITIONS
% Cu % Ni 17 31 14 % Zn
64
55
1 20
I IO
30% Ni [17], ROLLED S ANNEALED 18% Ni [9O], COLD ROLLED
too
9O - 8O
*
CO
o:
w UJ
CO
18 % Ni [9O], COLD ROLLED18 %Ni [90], ANNEALED 18% Ni AS CAST 18% Ni [90], ANNEALED^ 30%Ni [17], ROLLED a ANNEALED
60
5O 4O
3O KYIELD 2O IO
5O
250
300
7O 6O at o SO
61
18 % Ni [90], ANNEALED
18% Ni AS CAST-
CM 4O
3O 2O IO
COMPOSITIONS AS GIVEN ON PAGE 6O.
a* o.
5O
25O
3OO
J7],
==--.
SO
25O
3OO
!5Ox ID140
120 no
IOO
90
en en Rn UJ oO or cn 70
60 50 4O 3O 2O IO
25O
3OO
63
7O
w 50
o _c
CM
E 4O o> o
3O
2O
10
25O
3OO
64
CHAPPY V I20D
4LI6O
*.
6O 4O 20
'AS CAST [45], (NOTCH NOT GIVEN)
5O
25O
3OO
I9O x IO ISO
65
COLD DRAWN 5O%[69,82]
K-
or <^ 100
90 8O 70
HOT ROLLED[69]
60 5O 4O 3O
TENSILE YIELD 50
25O
3OO
STRENGTH OF
INCONEL
6O
co 50
66
HOT ROLLED [69]
o -- 4O CJ
E 3O o> 20
Q.
5O
25O
3OO
ELONGATION
OF
INCONEL
2OO
ISO 80 6O 40
CHARF>Y V \C:OLD DRANNN SO % [69,82] 7' INCO NEL X, A(3E HARDE NED [45] \AS CAST [45] (NOTCH NOT GIVEN) 50
___J
2O
25 O
3OO
io*
150
67
AS FORGED [21,45]
I4O
ROLLED [83]
130 120 MO
_IOO w ANNEALED [ir.33,45
of 90 en
K 8O
O.
LLJ
AS
\-
70 6O 5O 4O 3O 2O 10
ANNEALED HOT ROLLED
TENSILE YIELD
100 TEMPERATURE,K
300
STRENGTH OF MONEL
70 60
w> 5O o> j= o .E 40 CM
68_______ I i
ANNEALED [17,33,45] HOT ROLLED [83]
.E 3O S 20
CL
10
50
250
300
ELONGATION OF MONEL
2OO _ANNEALED
[30] ISO
CHAPPY IZOD
,I6O
>
5O
25O
3OO
22OxlO3
COLD DRAWN 45% [7l]
6O
TENSILE YIELD
5O
25O
3OO
STRENGTH OF
K MONEL
8O 7O
___________TO__________
TREATMENTS SAME AS GIVEN ON PAGE 69 REF. [45]
6O
(A 0*
50
<\J 4O
o> o
3O 20
IO
/-COLD DRAWN 45% ( I" GAGE LENGTH)
5O
25O
3OO
ELONGATION
OF
MONEL
CHAPPY SPECIMENS,
SO
Z 3O 2O IO
,AS CAST [45]
5O
250
300
ZOO x IO ISO
COMPOSITION %
Ni Cr TENSILE YIELD 2O Mn C 78.9 18.9 1.4 .3
5O
25O
3OO
2O
o> o 10
Q.
5O
25O
300
I6O
ISO I4O
0-1
CO UJ
co
cr
120
MO IOO
25O
3OO
45 4O 35
CO 4>
3O 25 2O
o> 15
Q.
50
25O
3OO
20
15 IO 5
CHARPY V -^ CHARPY K
250
30O
l3V-HCr-3AI
[7l],(.032"SHEET),
8 Mn, ANNEALED
[65] (.064' SHEET)
|5AI-2.75Cr-l.25Fej, ANNEALED
TENSILE YIELD
25O
3OO
30
25 20
ic: 15
75_____________
o>
Q.
IO
5AI-4V[65] 1(.O64" 5AI - 2.5 Sn [65]j SHEET)
25O
3OO
25O
300
28O x IO
27O 26O
TENSILE -YIELD
STRENGTH OF 4 Al - 4 Mn TITANIUM
25O
3OO
28O x IO
ANNEALED
[65,71] I .032" a .064" SHEET)
AS FORGED [56]
TENSILE YIELD
12O
5O
25O
3OO
28O x IO
27O 26O
HEAT TREATED 1725 F. I HOUR, WQ, AGED IO5O F, 2 HOURS, AIR COOLED.
ANNEALED- ^
I [65] (.06 4 "SHEET)
TENSILE YIELD 5O
25O
3OO
STRENGTH OF 6 Al - 4V TITANIUM
Magnesium Alloys
79
9OxlO
to c/> UJ o: co 5O
4O
30
TENSILE -YIELD
2O
5O
25O
3OO
4O
SO
35
30
CO 01
25
OJ
2O
15
o> ex IO
COMMERCIALLY PURE A AS EXTRUDED [8l] \
5O
25O
3OO
^^ *-/ L.
5O
25O
3OO
8!
7OxlO
AS EXTRUDED [25,64,81,103]
HOT ROLLED
AS EXTRUDED
ANNEALED
TENSILE YIELD
25O
3OO
AS EXTRUDED [25,81,103]
HOT
ROLLED,(PLATE)[42j
25O
3OO
CHARPY V ---CHAPPY K
JQ
50
25O
3OO
9Oxicr
8O
83
70 60
CO Q.
_[64]
AS EXTRUDED, [1,14,64,81]
5O
or
CO
CO CO LU 4O
30
20
10
TENSILE YIELD
SO
25O
3OO
25O
3OO
soxic
8O 7O 6O
tO Q.
AS EXTRUDED., [42,81]-
~ 50 CO CO
rr
CO
AS EXTRUDED/
3O
20
10
TENSILE YIELD
25O
3OO
AS EXTRUDED [42]
TEMPERATURE, K
250
3OO
85 7OxlO'
60
5O
4O
CO CO LU
HM3IA-F, . AS EXTRUDED/
Ico 30
tr
/ HM n ivi 21 . \ A-T8 M- i o
2O
IO
TENSILE YIELD
5O
25O
3OO
4O
86
35 3O
CO
o>
25
CM 2O
15
a* u \_
a> IO CL
HM 21
A-T8 [7.J.I/7
5O
250
3OO
/HM2I
A-T8[7l],
STD. WIDTH
SPECIMEN
5O
25O
3OO
87
TOxlO
60
-HK 31 A, .ANNEALED [7l] HK 31 A-H24 [25] 50
tn
tr
CO
co 3O
20
TEMPERATURE,K
4O 35 3O
to <w o 25 c
CJ
88
HK 31 A, ANNEALED [7l]
2O
o o> - IO
HK 31 A-H24 [25]
l5
25O
3OO
JQ
5
HK3I A, ANNEALED
\HK 31 A-T6[7l]
5O
25O
3OO
7O x I03
60
CL , SO CO CO
<n
!r 40 ico
3O
2O
TENSILE YIELD 5O
25O
3OO
S.
25O
300
25O
3OO
90
7Ox
5O
25O
3OO
40 35 30
o CM
25 2O
ZEIOXA-HII [7i]
t 15
Q> O
S. 10
5O
250
3OO
ZE IOXA-HIO[7i]
5O
25O
300
6O xlO 50 S.40
92
_____
2 30
cr co 20
10
TENSILE YIELD
250
300
20
o
O)
10
250
300
201,
COLD [19]
2O2,ANNEALED [62,79]
TENSILE YIELD
5O
25O
3OO
" 40
CVJ
3O
2O
u v.
Q. IO
5O
25O
3OO
34OxlO
32O
3OI
TENSILE YIELD
3OI ANNEALED
4O
5O
25O
3OO
7O 60
CO O>
95
O JC
50 4O
ANNEALED [2, 41 ]
CM
o> 3O
O
2O IO
COLD RC LLED 60%,( TO U.T.S. 23I.OOO psi) [59] 5O IOO ISO ZOO
TEMPERATURE , K
250
300
\
IZOD
; so
4O 20
iOO ISO 2OO TEMPERATURE,K
25O
5O
3OO
ANNEALED [2,18,21,41,63]
TENSILE YIELD
IOO
I5O
2OO
TEMPERATURE,K
25O
3OO
97
25O
3OO
ANNEALEC) [2.I8.5Sk
O.l
~-'
5O
25O
3OO
IMPACT
98
28O x IO3
ANNEALED [4l]
ANNEALED
TENSILE YIELD
25O
3OO
IOO
25O
3OO
6O 4O 2O
IZOD 5O
250
3OO
IOO
COLD DRAWN,(TO U.T.S. 2IO,OOO psi ' [89]
22O 2OO
> I8O
ANNEALED [2,41,62,63,71,96]
cn or
^,60
K </> |4O
12O 100 80 6O 40 2O
TENSILE YIELD
5O
25O
3OO
7O 60
IOI
to
ANNEALED [2,41,62,71,96]
50 4O
/COLD DRAWN,(TO U.T.S. 2IO.OOO psi)[89] 'COLD DRAWN,(TO U.T.S. l6!,OOOpsi)
CM
_ 3O
o> o o>
20
IO
COLD DRAWN/ (TO U.TS. 192.OOO psi) [59]
[59]
5O
25O
3OO
CHARPY K IZOD
I2O IOO
.^ .____. __^_. ^^
yANN
8O 60 4O
MBVMMM
IM^^HMHK!
^^^s
/ /-
COLD DRA\VN,(TO
U.T: 3. 2IO,OOO
f>si)[89]
^^^HMMHI^
"-^
2O
C)
5O
TEMPERATURE,K
IOO
ISO
2OO
35O
3OC
IMPACT
IO2
15 % COLD DRAWN [r ij
cr
LJ
8O 40
IOO
ISO
2OO
25O
3OO
TEMPERATURE,K
8O "I 60 c 4O
\I5%COLD DRAWN [?l]
g 20
5O
25O
3OO
IO3
28OxlO
26O 24O
COLD DRAWN
-xANNEALED
2O
TENSILE YIELD
25O
3OO
104
ANNEALED [7l], (I INCH GAGE LENGTH)
COLD DRAWN,(TO U.T.S. 95.OOO psi)[7l], ( I '/ 2 INCH GAGE LENGTHS COLD ROLLED, (TO U.T.S. I39.OOO psi)[59]
25O
300
ANNEALED [59]
50
IMPACT
250
3OO
IO5
3OOxlO
28O
26O
ANNEALED [2,41,71]
2O
TENSILE YIELD
25O
3OO
IOO vt o 8O o CM 6O 4O
IO6
ANNEALED [2,4l,7l]
o> o
20
50
25O
300
\.\J
_ _ .
\ANNEALED [2, 4l] T mm \ANNEAL ED [59]
-
, * .
100 8O 60 40 2O
' ^
CHAPPY K IZOD
50
25O
3OO
IMPACT
IO7
28O x ICT 26O 24O
ANNEALED [41,63,71,98]
2 2O 2OO I8O
CO
CL I6O
CO CO
tr
li I
100
-ANNEALED [41,63,71,98]
8O 60 4O 2O
TENSILE YIELD 50
25O
3OO
IO8
ANNEALED [41,71]
TEMPERATURE,K
IOO
ISO
ZOO
25O I
3OO
*^_ /~**
IOO 8O 6O 4O
LED[I] - ^
2O CH ARPY V -IZ<DD 1
5O
25O
3OO
IO9
3OOx icr
28O 26O
24O
COLD DRAWN IO%[7l]
22O 2OO
._ ISO CO a.
160
LU
ANNEALED [2,41,60,63,71]
ac
I2O IOO
COLD DRAWN IO % [71 ]
8O 6O 4O 2O [2,41,60,63,71]
TENSILE YIELD
5O
25O
3OO
80
no
70
ANNEALED [4I.6O]
Of
to
6O
COLD DRAWN IO % [7l] \
c 5O
CVJ
4O
Q> O
20
10
COLD ROLLED 6O % [59], (TO UTS. 169,OOO psi)
5O
25O
3OO
IOO ^80
t
-" ^ANNEALED
-^(
[2,4l]
^ 60 4O ?o
*-
I^M^BMIHHMi
^^^1^
""
CHARPY K IZOD 5O
25O
3OO
IMPACT
22OxlO% 2OO
I8O I6O
Ml
v>
CO UJ CO
80
6O 4O
SENSITIZED | [7 3]
-ANNEALED
2O
TENSILE YIELD 5O
25O
3OO
CM
4O
(SAME AS PAGE 96 )
8 20
5O
25O
3OO
112
-cc>LD cc)LD
CHARPY K WORN:ED ONLY , % AS SHOWN WORHCED,THE N SENSITIZED I> HRS AT I2OO F REF:[84]
IOO 9O
4
8O x !. 70
*
0%^
~-~~~'
^-
H-
e> 60 en 5 50 i< 4O
3O 2O IO
LU
-o% ^x ^
X
"0%\ ^ ^
^^ /O\
** ^*
[/==
*s'
k
y ^w^^^
^^^ "
-^
x
J>
^ / "^
50
x^
^ *r
^-20 %
250
3OO
113
CHAPPY K
COLD WORKED ONLY, % AS SHOWN. 'COLD WORKED, THEN SENSITIZED _ IOO HRS AT IO2O F REF. [84]
IOO 9O 80
: 7O
CD
>-
-60
o: so z
LJ I 40 O
3O
10
25O
3OO
114
JQ i
25O
300
7O 65 6O 55 5O
347-
T 45 ~ 4O
CD Ql
UJ
35
3I6 \_ 25 20 15
3I8 \ -.--*"'*
IO
CHAPPY K
25O
3OO
5O
116
CHAPPY K REF [50]
50
25O
3OO
A 50 **-
40 3O 2O IO
IOO ISO 2OO TEMPERATURE,K 25O 3OO
2OOxlO
2O
TENSILE - YIELD
25O
300
2O
if
o>
50
25O
3OO
80
CHAPPY K
118
PER [50]
7O 60
ANNEALED
5O 40 3O 20 IO
IO35F -3OMIN
I I035F- 3 MIN.
I25OF-3O MIN.
5O
25O
3OO
I25O F- 3O MIN.
IO
25O
3OO
25O
3OO
ISO
Od
I______
TENSILE YIELD 5O
25O
3OO
25
en o>
121
STD. HEAT TREAT CYCLE,(TEMPERED AT 85O F ) [65] (0.065"SHEET)
o ^c cvJ *0>
20
[5 IO 5
5O
25O
3OO
35 3O 25 2O 15 IO 5 O
_^f L &
^
_s
.-*s
^
ISO 2OO 25O 3OO
5O
TEMPERATURE, K
IOO
122
28OxlO3 26O 24O
QUENCHED AND TEMPERED TO RC 39 [4.]
[41]
ANNEALED [2]
ANNEALED/
--YIELD
TENSILE
25O
3OO
123
QUENCHED AND TEMPERED TO RC 23 [41] ANNEALED
s.
3OO
IOO 8O 6O 4O 2O
O" 5O IZOD CHARPY K
.Q i
4IO, OIL QUENCHED AND TEMPERED AT II5O F i I I I 431, OIL QUENCHED AND TEMPERED AT UOOFv,-i -1^ [79] 410, ANNEALED [2]
25O
3OO
124
I3O 120
no 100
ANNEALED [2,4l]
9O
8
or
C/5 UJ
c/
60
50
4O
30 2O
TENSILE YIELD
50
25O
3OO
125
25O
3OO
ANNEALED [2,4l]
5O
IMPACT
25O
3OO
28OxlO
126
IOO
TENSILE YIELD 50
25O
3OO
15 IO 5
AMS 5643 B,(I7-4PH CONDITION H-875 AMS-5644 i (l7-7PH) r/ CONDITION TH-IO5O [65]
o>
5O
25O
300
127
I4O 3O 'CHAPPY IZOD V
I2O
I IO IOO AMS 5643 B.07-4 PH) r CONDITION H-II5O ~ [6]
90
8O 70
6O
5O 4O
3O 2O
IO
MS-5644.- CONDITION 50
250
300
-^ 'IO4O
10
I4O ISO
CO
*^ \
x^
en
-I2O C/)
o.
1(/>
gno
IOO 90 8O 7O 6O
A
\
\^ A
\
v
[3- ']
r\
IOIO-J
\\ \ > st
v\ x<
\ [37]
\
-^^^ ^^,
"--^
, \&x^> ^J
^
"-^
101
^
N
^X^^^ V
^^
^^*
50 TENSILE YIELD 40 D 5O
o/ ""
25O 3OC
TEMPERATURE, K
IOO
ISO
ZOO
ou SO I 1 40
CVJ
129
CONDITION "AS RECEIVED" ( PROBABLY COLD ROLLED )
IOIO [3 7]
c 3O *c
8 20 10
/
1C)4O [37]
If
50
25O
300
25O
3OO
I3O
COMMERCIAL HEATS WERE TESTED. COMPOSITIONS WERE NOT GIVEN, BIT r DIF FERENCE S PROBA BLY ACCC)UNT FOFj THIE SPREAID OF VAL.UES, ESF'ECIALLY AT THE LOVVEST TEfcIPERATUf3fTC
Sv
ACTURE WITHOUT REDUCTION OF AREA
1 1 \
I-""""""""
of' 30
UJ
\ \
^T
\ \
\
%.
^^ ^^^^
^-^ -
^^ '^
[36]
250
3OO
zoo x icr
ALLOY STEEL
SHIP
PLATE
5O
(PROBABLY NORMALIZED)
IOO
TEMPERATURE,*K
ISO
ZOO
25O
3OO
_____________132 I I i
7O
6O
i so
STEEL A [55]
c o
< 4O U.
o
O
STEEL B t[55] _
3O
o
UJ
tr
20
10
5O
25O
3OO
133
Q.
"HY-TUF,"HEAT TREATED/
[89] N
240
cn 2 2O en
2OO ISO I6O I4O 12O
IOO
TENSILE YIELD O 50
250
3OO
25
2O
O
134
CM
10
<D O V_ O> OL
x^
^S'
1^
L -"HY-TUF "
^
5O
25O
3OO
T- I
HEAT TREATED
"HY- TUP" [89], HEAT TREATED 300 M (TRICENT) [65] HEAT TREATED
250
3OO
I9O
AISI 2512 AS REC'D-
135_______________
[103]
2% Ni (.I4C)
ANNEALED
7O
25O
3OO
8,60%Ni {.IOO,DOUBLE NORMALIZED & TEMPERED [lO3]\ AISI 2512, AS REC'D. [37]
o 25
CM 2O
l5 o IO
5O
25O
3OO
136
NOMINAL COMPOSITION 9% Ni - .11% C
5O
HEAT TREAT ^ I. TRANSVERSE [77J 1 -DOUBLE NORMALIZED FROM I65O F HEAT TREATMENT AND I45OF, THEN STRESS RELIEVED AT IO5O F HEAT TREATMENT* 2 - QUENCHED a TEMPERED AT IO5O F.
50
25O
3OO
137
OIL QUENCHED a TEMPERED I HOUR AS SHOWN
3OOF,
2 SO
3OO
2%Nl- .I5%C
NORMALIZED [44]
ZOO
25O
3OO
7O 65 6O 55 5O 45 4O 35 30 25 2O
__^_____
138
-?~
'
15
25O
3OO
139
GO 50 4O OQ a TEMPERED I HR.AS SHOWN CHARPY V __
30 2O
IO
5O
25O
3OO
2O
IOO ISO 2OO TEMPERATURE,K
25O
3OO
38O x iO ;
34O
I4O
OQ 8 TEMPERED 4 HRS AT 45O F & TEMPERING REPEATED.
22O
,8O 140
IOO
25O
3OO
25
. 2O
<M
15 IO
u o>
5O
25O
3OO
141
I2O
OQ a TEMPERED I HR. AS SHOWN CHARPY V
4I2O, I2OOF, RC 23 [85]
4130, 90O
RC 39 [66
60
5O 4O 3O
25O
3OO
2O
IO
T: 434O,
5O
3OOF, RC 54 [85]
TEMPERATURE,K
434O, TEMPERED 4 HRS AT 45OF & TEMPERING REPEATED L653____ 300 25O 2OO ISO IOO
I2O IOO
8O
-Q
142
OQ a TEMPERED I HR. AS SHOWN
462O, RC 19 [85]
' 6O
40
2O
5O
25O
3OO
IOO 8O 6O 4O 2O
t 1
~7
5O
25O
3OO
I2O IOO
80
!
143
OQ 8 TEMPERED I HR. AT TEMP'S. SHOWN
CHARPY V
6O 4O 2O
5O
25O
3OO
IZOD
6150, N [28]
3O
6135, N [28]
2O
IO
25O
3OO
22O x IO3
ZOO
144
NORMALIZED [103]
6O
250
3OO
20
CJ 15
c
IO
Q> O
<D Q.
5O
25O
3OO
6O _______________145 5O 4O
.Q
CHARPY V "CHARPY K
862O, 3OOF, 43 [85] 863O, 85OF,RC 30 [89] 863O, 30O F, RC 52 [85] 864O, 3OO F, RC 56 [85]
863O [IO3], NORMALIZED
3O *2O IO
50
25O
3OO
5O
250
3OO
3O 25 2O
_______________146
OQ a TEMPERED I
CHARPY K
HR. AS SHOWN
10
50
250
3OO
HR.AS SHOWN
/ 30 20
IO
5O
25O
300
147
OQ a TEMPERED TO HARDNESS SHOWN AVERAGE OF HIGH a LOW CHEMISTRY EXCEPT AS NOTED. CHARPY V
8IB3O[24], RC 31
81 B 3O RC 41
98B4O,[24], RC45
8IB4O, RC43, LOW CHEMISTRY
I I 1
25O
3OO
IMPACT ENERGY OF
BORON STEELS
CO
IOO
HEAT TREATMENTS
1. I8OOF,WQ a AGED 16 HRS. AT 1325 F, AC
6O
5O
25O
3OO
STRENGTH
OF
SUPERALLOYS
ELONGATION
25O
3OO
OF SUPERALLOYS
80
149
CHARPY CHAPPY V U MULTIMET { N - 155) , CONDITION*! [67]
7O
A - 286 [3] CONDITION*2 6O
50
-O
J. 4O
3O
2O
19 -9DL [97],CONDITION*5'
10
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
SAMPLE
CONDITION
HOT ROLLED a STRESS RELIEVED AT 22OO F. I8OOF, WQ a AGED 16 HRS. AT 1325 F, A.C. __ ANNEALED AT I8OOF, A.C. WARM WORKED a STRESS RELIEVED AT I2OO F COLD DRAWN a STRESS RELIEVED. I 5O
250
3OO
3oo x icr
28O 26O 24O 22O 2OO
._ I8
CL
1. HOT ROLLED S STRESS RELIEVED AT 22OO F 2. 2350 F, OQ a AGED 46 HRS. AT I4OOF 3 2250 F, WO a AGED 16 HRS. AT I4OOF, A.C
'HAYNES"ALLOY NO 25 ( L-SOS)
HT.TR.*! [7lJ
V- 36 [3], HT TR.*3
J6O co"
CO LUI4O DC CO "*" BRITISH HT. TR.*2
[73]
I2O iOO 80 60 4O 2O
TENSILE YIELD
S- 816
V - 36
Cb V Ti -
2.73 .20
1.32
50
25O
3OO
70
______________151
60
5O
<A O>
o 4O
CJ
V-
8 30
o>
Q.
2O
IO
250
3OO
152
I9O x IO 3
ROLLED AND ANNEALED
;'HASTELLOY"B [66]
HASTELLOY"C
"HASTELLOV'A [66]
20
o:
LU
IOO 9O 8O 7O 6O 5O 4O
TENSILE YIELD
5O
25O
3OO
7O 6O
o>
CO
153
"HASTELLOV'B [66]
50
"HASTELLOY"A [66]
CJ 4O
c 30 S. 20 IO
ROLLED AND ANNEALED I I 5O o \_ ^'HASTELLOY"C [66]
25O
3OO
^"HASTELLOY"C
CHARPY V
*"HASTELLOY"B[67] CHARPY U
20
5O
25O
3OO
SO Sn-5OPb [53,58]
154 '
ALLOYS AS CAST.
5 Sn-95Pb [46] 5O
25O
3OO
5OSn-5OPb[58]
O
6OSn -4OPb[58]
25O
3OO
155
CHAPPY V ALLOYS AS CAST 5Sn-95PbI>6] IOSn-9OPbl>6]
IMPACT
30 25 2O 15 IO 5
ENERGY OF SOLDERS
TIN-LEAD
l.6Ag-!5Sn-83.4 Pbl>6]
5O
25O
3OO
IMPACT
12 x IO
156
25O
3OO
o>
5O 4O
CM
3O $ 20
o> o. IO 1.6 Ag-l5Sn-83.4 Pb [46] f AS CAST
250
3OO
14 xlO-
157
/-95 Sn- 5 Sb [54]
12 10
to
tn co
_ 6
50
25O
3OO
IO 8
6
to
tr to >,
LU
REF [54]
5O
25O
3OO
STRENGTH
OF INDIUM
SOLDERS
158
I4O x IO
5OCu-5OZn
IO -"YIELD
250
3OO
6O 50 40
159
%ELONGATION %REDUCTION OF AREA
5O Cu-5OZn pOO] 93OF ANNEALED
8 30
o>
45 Ag - 3O Cu - 25 Zn [58] jN AS CAST -
2O IO
5O 7OAg-2OCu-IOZn [58] t AS CAST
25O
3OO
DUCTILITY
OF
BRAZING ALLOYS
METAL Ag Cd Co Mo
Sn Tl Zn
ANNEAL TEMR,F.
147 2 392 2OI2 2012 3O2 3O2 302
3OOK 23.0
42. 0 4.0 2O. O 52.5 56. 0 44. O
REF. [26]
STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF SOME COLD WORKED AND ANNEALED PURE METALS
161
IOVJ
I4O I2O
Q.IOO
..
=^
- _
'
\ \
cn en so LU or cn eo
4O
/* ^-~^_
^^
>k. COM P. %
C Mn Si P S I.4O - 12.11 .12 .060 -OI2 SO IOO ISO
20 o
T ENSILE Y IELD
TEMPERATURE, K
2OO
25O
3OC
50
30
4O c
o> o
HOT ROLLED
10
5O
250
3OO
20O x IO"
"Si 180 a.
162
c/fieo
UJ
o:
I4O
120
IOO
5O
25O
30O
25O
30O
120
CHAPPY K
100
80
6O
4O
5O
25O
300
IOO
SPECIMENS: 1.2" DIA.STD.CAST IRON "ARBITRATION BAR" AS CAST, " UNNOTCHED. IZOD TYPE TEST.
AUSTENITIC> [99]
9O
8O 70 6O 50 4O
AUSTENITIC [99]
D Ni - Mo ACICULAR [99
3O 20
PEARLITIC GRAY IRON [99]
3OO 25O 2OO ISO IOO TEMPERATURE, K NOMINAL COMPOSITIONS. OTHER % Ni %Mn %Si %C %Cr IRON (T) 1.2 2.0 3.2 i.6 3.0 .7 .5 Mo 1.9
50
2.7 2.3 L9 1.5 1. 1 1.0 14.5 34.5 2.2 3.O 6.3 Cu -
IO
I________\________I
5O
250
300
120 ______________164
no 100
9O 80 7O 6O 5O 4O 30 20 10
COMPOSITIONS: SPECIMEN %C
IRON IRON IRON
200 K
.024 .028 .028 .162
25O
3OO
%Mn %S %P
.35 .OIO .37 .013 .40 .OI3 .38 .OI4 .60 .71 .71 .72 .042 .055 .057
.049
IRON
2 3 4
3.63
ISO x icr
I4O I3O I2O I IO IOO 90
Q. 8O
165
NOMINAL
COMPOSITION: c - .025
Mn- .O3O Si - -OO3 P - .OO3 S - .025
ANNEALED
[34]
o: co eo
50 4O
LU
00 7O
cn
(HOT ROLLED
[17, 21,34, 37]
HOT ROLLED
30 20
TENSILE YIELD POINT YIELD STRENGTH, (O.2 % OFFSET) 5O
25O
3OO
STRENGTH
OF
INGOT
IRON
60
50
166
to
"5 4O c
3O
HOT ROLLED [i7, 21,37
25O
3OO
SO
25O
3OO
is x icr
IO
167
cn tn
5O
25O
3OO
4O
[ 58 , 76 ], AS CAST
. 30
CM
~ 20
-o
o>
5O
25O
300
50
25O
300
____________168__________
HIGH PURITY URANIUM + 2% MOLYBDENUM REF. [104]
I6O
CO
Q.
cr 120 i <n
H4O (/> (0 UJ
IOO 8O 6O 4O 20
TENSILE YIELD
25O
300
3O
25
o 20
E-
.E
o o>
15
IO
5O
25O
3OO
15 IO
5O
25O
3OO
I7O
6O
tr
I2O IOO 8O 60 4O 2O
COMPOSITIONS ALLOY Ni C Mn Si
A B C D E
24.5 .16 31.4 35.8 57.5 58.8 .70 .16 .34 .27
5O
25O
3OO
60
M 50 o> o .E 4O
OJ
________________171_____________
ALLOYS A,B,C,D,E - COMPOSITIONS 8 TREATMENTS SAME AS GIVEN ON PAGE I7O.
.E 3O o h_ 2O o> ex IO
250
300
25O
3OO
isoxicr u
I4O
172
\ /TENSI LE AND Y IELD, ^ .OIO" !5HEET, \ ^TVACU UM ANNE:ALED [78] \ \
I2O
100 o
en
80
ANN EALED[K
60
4O
\ V o / '^
\,
^^^^
2O TENSILE
YIELD
50
25O
3OO
ANNEALED [10;
CJ 30 20
o
10
50
25O
30O
L X t\j
173
V s.
x<
Xv
\ \
\
^^_
X^^
^^
^s
CO CO
\ \^
^--^
cr
11 I
x^
K N
^V
60 5O 4O 3O 2O
^x
^x X
HIGH F>URITY VACULJM ARC REEMELTED [100], / ?GON ?~~ ANNE/VLED I4O<DF IN AF
^
*""* ******^--T^_
>--^
^^>
x ~~-.
^^^
IO TENSILE YIELD i 0 so
p^n
^nr
5O
174
40
o c\J
3O
20
ANNEALED I472F[38]
10
COLD WORKED 5O % [38]
5O
25O
3OO
CHARPY' V
X HOT RO LLED AT I2OO F [38]
20
10 0
F^rt
inn
isn
9nn
o*>n
-w
TEMPERATURE,K
Nonmetallic Materials
175
3 4OXIO
1. POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE ("MYLAR") ("TEFLON") 2. POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE 3. POLYTRIFLUOROMONOCHLOROETHYLENE ("KEL-F") 4. POLYVINYLCHLORIDE 5. NYLON DEGREE OF CRYSTALLINITY NOT STATED /J-CDC7I]
35 30 25 ~20
**
CO
co 15
or co IO
UJ
5O
25O
3OO
20
NOTE:
^ 10
o> o
5
200 150 100 TEMPERATURE , K
250
300
ELONGATION OF PLASTICS
176
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE [91] ("TEFLON
2O
-15
en
IO
CO
O.2% OFFSET
5O
25O
3OO
Q.
or
CO
e> 5
or m
ICO I5O 2OO TEMPERATURE, K
25O
30O
References
1. Alcoa Research Laboratories. Mechanical Testing Division (unpublished data). 2. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Stainless Steel Handbook (1951). 8. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. (unpublished data). 4. Aluminum Company of America, Results of tensile tests of various aluminum alloys at 18, 112, and 32OF made at the Aluminum Research Laboratories, as quoted by K. O. Bogardus et aL (see ref. 13). 5. Armco Steel Corp. Product Data Bulletin, Armco precipitation hardening stainless steelsArmco 174PH bar and wire (March 1956). 6. Armco Steel Corp. Research Laboratories (unpublished data). 7. T. N. Armstrong and G. R. Brophy, Some properties of low carbon Sy 2% nickel steel, Paper presented at National Conference on Petroleum Me chanical Engineering, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., Houston, Texas (Oct. 1947). 8. T. N. Armstrong and A. J. Miller, Notched bar impact properties of some nickel steels after one year exposure to liquid nitrogen, Paper presented at National Conference on Petroleum Mechanical Engineering, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., Tulsa, Okla. (Oct. 1946). 9. H. G. Baron, Stress-strain curves of some metals and alloys at low tempera tures and high rates of strain, J. Iron and Steel Inst. 182, 354 (April 1956). 10. J. H. Bechtold, Tensile properties of annealed tantalum at low temperatures, Acta Met. 3, 249 (May 1955). 11. Li. C. Bibber, J. M. Hodge, R. C. Altman, and W. D. Doty, A new high yield strength alloy steel for welded structures, Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 13 (July 1952). 12. S, M. Bishop, J. W. Spretnak, and M. G, Fontana, Mechanical properties, including fatigue, of titanium base alloys RC-13OB and Ti-15OA at very low temperatures, Trans. Am. Soc. Metals 46, 993 (1954). 13. K. O. Bogardus, G. W. Stickley, and F. M. Howell, A review of information on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys at low temperatures, N.A.C.A. Technical Note 2O82 (May 195O). 14. F. Bollenrath and J. Nemes, Uber das verhalten verschiedener leichtmetalle in der kalte, Metallwirtschaft 10 (1931). 15. W. Broniewski and K. Wesolowski, Rev. Met 30, 396, 453 (1933), as quoted by R. A. Wilkins and E. S. Bunn (see ref. 102). 16. P. Chevenard, Rev. Met 19, 2O9 (1922), as quoted in Metals Handbook (see ref. 66). 17. E. W. Colbeck and W. E. MacGillivray, The mechanical properties of metals at low temperaturesPart II, non-ferrous material, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. II, 107 (1933). 18. E. W. Colbeck, W. E. MacGillivray, and W. R. D. Manning, The mechanical properties of some austenitic stainless steels at low temperatures, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. II, 89 (1933). 19. Convair Astronautics IMv., General Dynamics Corp. (unpublished data). 20. Crucible Steel Co. (unpublished data). 21. W. J. DeHaas and R. Hadfield, On the effect of the temperature of liquid hydrogen on the tensile properties of forty-one specimens of metals, Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 232A, 297 (1933). 22. T. S. DeSisto, Automatic impact testing from room temperature to 236C, Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Symposium on Impact Testing, Special Technical Publication No. 176 (1956). 23. H. C. Doepken, Tensile properties of wrought austenitic manganese steel in the temperature range from +1OO to 196C, Trans. Am. Inst. Mining and Met. Eng., J. Metals 196, 166 (Feb. 1952) . 24. C. L. Dotson, J. R. Kattus, and F. R. O'Brien, Metallurgical testing of boron steels, WADC Technical Report 53-439 (Oct. 1954). 25. The Dow Chemical Co. (unpublished data) . 26. M. J. Druyvesteyn, Experiments on the effect of low temperatures on some plastic properties of metals. App. Sci. Research, Vol. 1 (Martinus NijhofT. The Hague, 1949). 27. J. Dyment and H. Ziebland, Ministry of Supply, Explosives Research and Development Establishment (Great Britain) Report 24/R/55 (1955) 28. J. J. Egan, A. B. Kinzel, and W. Crafts, Low temperature impact strength of some normalized low alloy steels, Trans. Am. Soc. Steel Treating 21, 1136 (1933). 177
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