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Ti:
TRANG 2
AN TON BC X
LI GII THIU
Chng ta bit cht phng x l mt b phn khng th tch ri ca tri t
chng ta, n tn ti cng tri t. Cc cht phng x tn ti trong t nhin, c trn
mt t, c trong khng kh v thc phm. Cht phng x tn ti dng kh trong
khng kh khi chng ta ht th. C trong c th ca chng ta bao gm c, xng v cc
m u cha cc nguyn t phng x c trong t nhin.
Con ngi vn thng phi chu s chiu x ca cc bc x t nhin t tri t,
cng nh t bn ngoi tri t. Bc x m chng ta nhn c t bn ngoi tri t
c gi l cc tia v tr hay bc x v tr. Chng ta cng b chiu bi cc bc x
nhn to. Chng hn nh tia X, cc bc x c s dng chun on bnh v iu
tr bnh ung th. Bi t cc v n th nghim ht nhn v lng nh cc cht phng
x t cc nh my in ht nhn v in than thi vo mi trng cng nh l
nhng ngun bc x chiu vo c th con ngi.
Hy cng i vo bi tiu lun ca chng ti hiu r thm v nh hng ca
tia bc x. V tr li cu hi tia bc x nh hng ln c th con ngi nh th no.
TRANG 3
AN TON BC X
MC LC
MC LC..................................................................................................................................4
CHNG I. CC LOI BC X............................................................................................5
CHNG II. CC NGUN CHIU X..................................................................................6
CHNG III. TC HI CA BC X ION HA LN C TH CON NGI...............17
CHNG IV. KHC PHC...................................................................................................27
CHNG V. NHNG V TAI NN NH HNG NGHIM TRNG N CON
NGI......................................................................................................................................33
TRANG 4
AN TON BC X
CHNG I. CC LOI BC X
Cc ngun phng x (bao gm cc ngun phng x v cc thit b bc x) pht ra
cc ht bc x nh ht anpha, beta, gamma v
neutron. Cc bc x c nhng nh hng khc
nhau khi chiu ln c th con ngi.
1. Bc X Alpha.
Bc x alpha c pht ra bi cc nguyn
t ca cc nguyn t nng nh Uran, Radi,
Radon v Plutoni. Trong khng gian, bc x
alpha khng truyn i c xa v b cn li
ton b bi mt t giy hoc bi lp mng
ngoi ca da. Tuy nhin, nu mt cht pht tia
alpha c a vo trong c th, n s pht ra
nng lng ra cc t bo xung quanh. V d
trong phi, n c th to ra liu chiu trong i
vi cc m nhy cm, m cc m ny th khng
c lp bo v bn ngoi ging nh da.
2. Bc X Beta.
Bao gm cc electron c khi lng gn
1/2000 khi lng ca mt proton hay neutron,
nh hn rt nhiu so vi cc ht alpha v n c
th xuyn su hn. Tia beta c pht ra t
mt s vt liu phng x, chng hn nh Triti,
Carbon-14, Photpho-32, v Stronti-90. Tia beta
c th b cn li bi tm kim loi, knh hay
qun o bnh thng v n c th xuyn qua c lp ngoi ca da. N c th lm tn
thng lp da bo v. Trong v tai nn nh my in ht nhn Chernobyl nm 1986,
TRANG 5
AN TON BC X
3. Bc X Gamma.
Bc x gamma l dng nng lng sng in t. N i c khong cch ln
trong khng kh v c xuyn mnh. Tia gamma c to ra do s t phn r ca
cht phng x, chng hn nh Cobalt-60 v Xedi-137. Khi tia gamma bt u i vo
vt cht, cng ca n cng bt u gim. Trong qu trnh xuyn vo vt cht, tia
gamma va chm vi cc nguyn t. Cc va chm vi t bo ca c th s lm tn
hi cho da v cc m bn trong. Cc vt liu c nh ch, b tng l tm chn l
tng i vi tia gamma.
4. Bc X Neutron.
Ht neutron c gii phng sau phn ng phn hch ht nhn ca Uranium hoc
Plutonium, bn thn n khng phi l bc x ion ho, nhng nu va chm vi cc ht
nhn khc, n c th kch hot cc ht nhn hoc gy ra tia gamma hay cc ht in
tch th cp gin tip gy ra bc x ion ho. Neutron c sc xuyn mnh hn tia
gamma v ch c th b ngn chn li bi tng b tng dy, bi nc hoc tm chn
Paraphin. Bc x neutron ch tn ti trong l phn ng ht nhn v cc nhin liu ht
nhn.
5. Bc X Tia X.
Tia X c nhng c im tng t nh tia gamma, nhng bc x gamma c
pht ra bi ht nhn nguyn t, cn tia X do con ngi to ra trong mt ng tia X m
bn thn n khng c tnh phng x. Tia X bao gm mt hn hp ca cc bc sng
khc nhau, trong khi nng lng tia gamma c mt gi tr c nh (hoc hai) c trng
cho cc cht phng x.
TRANG 6
AN TON BC X
Ngun chiu x c chia thnh hai loi gm: chiu x t nhin v chiu x
nhn to. Ngun phng x nhn to do con ngi ch to bng cch chiu cc cht
trong cc l phn ng ht nhn hay my gia tc. Ngun phng x t nhin gm cc
cht phng x c ngun gc bn ngoi tri t nh cc tia v tr v cc cht phng x
c ngun gc t tri t nh cc cht phng x c trong t , trong kh quyn, trong
nc.
TRANG 7
AN TON BC X
1. Chiu X T Nhin
Bc x ion ha t cc ngun phng x t nhin chiu x ln con ngi theo hai
con ng: chiu x trong do cc nguyn t phng x c hp th vo c th qua
thc n, nc, qua ht th khng kh, chnh cc ng v phng x c trong c th
(Potassium-40, C-14, Ra-226) v chiu x ngoi bi cc nguyn t phng x c trong
t nhin nh trong t , cc bc x trong cc tia v tr xm nhp vo kh quyn tri
t.
a. Bc x v tr.
Cc bc x proton, alpha, nng lng cao ri vo kh quyn tri t t khng
gian bn ngoi gi l cc tia v tr. Tia v tr c nng lng c t hng chc mev n
1020 eV hay cao hn. Trong s cc ng v c ngun gc t tia v tr c ng gp
ng k vo liu chiu x trong, phi k n 3 H ,7 Be,14 C , v
ny th
14
24
Na . Trong s 4 ng v
C c ng gp ln hn c. Hot phng x gy bi
14
C c trong c th
TRANG 8
AN TON BC X
b. Cc bc x trong v tri t
Bc x t mt t
Cc nhn phng x trong v tri t gm cc h phng x Uranium, Thorium v
cc ht nhn phng x nh khc nh K 40, Rb87, chiu x ny trung bnh khong 0,45
mSv/nm, tuy nhin c th t n 1,8 mSv/nm v nhiu ni trn tri t ln ti 16
mSv/nm (bang Nimasgerais Brazil, bang Kerela n ).
Bc x t khng kh
Do kh phng x bc ln t v tri t (ch yu l kh radon). Chiu x gy nn
bi nguyn nhn ny l tng i yu, trung bnh 0,05 mSv/nm.
Radon-222 ( 222 Rn ) v cc sn phm phn r sng ngn ca n (
218
kh gn mt t, lng
222
3 Bq/m3). Chu k bn r ca
222
Rn l 3,8 ngy.
TRANG 9
AN TON BC X
Bc x t nc v thc n
T t
T v tr
T thc n
T khng kh
0,48 mSv
0,38 mSv
0,24 mSv
1,30 mSv
Tng cng
2,40 mSv
2. Chiu X Nhn To
a. Chiu x y t:
Trong lnh vc y t hin nay ang s dng kh ph bin cc ngun bc x
phc v vic chn on, iu tr bnh (c bit l iu tr ung th) nh my X-quang
chn on, my x tr v dc cht phng x... Tuy nhin, y cng l con dao hai
li bi nu khng c u t trang thit b iu kin an ton v kim sot cht
ch th y li l mt tc hi rt nguy him i vi nhn vin y t, ngi bnh v mi
trng.
TRANG 10
AN TON BC X
TRANG 11
AN TON BC X
Pht ra bc x
Anpha
Gamma
Gamma
Beta
Beta, gamma
yu
Positron
TRANG 12
ng dng
iu tr ung th
X tr ngoi, kh trng
Chn on, iu tr
Chn on
X tr trong
Chn on
Chp nh
X tr
Gim au
Trong my pet chn on
AN TON BC X
TRANG 13
AN TON BC X
Nghin cu v nc thi
C-14, Cl-36,H-3
o tui nc
Nghin cu xi mn b bin
Co-60
Cs-137,
o lng tui t, ct
TRANG 14
AN TON BC X
c. Tro bi phng x
Do cc v n ht nhn l ch yu:
- Cc cht phn hch khng c s dng
hoc mi c to ra do tng tc vi neutron
nh Pu239 theo phn ng (n, U238).
- Cc sn phm phn hch.
- Triti trong cc ng c nhit lnh.
- Cc sn phm kch hot to nn lp v
ca ng c nh: Fe56, Zn65, Mn54, Co60, Rn102,
W185.
Hu ht cc nguy him bc x t
cc v n ht nhn l do cc ht nhn
phng x c chu k bn r ngn bn
ngoi tc ng ln c th. Cc ht nhn
phng x ny c thi gian sng khong
vi giy n vi thng thng tp trung
tm v n vi thng lng neutron rt
ln. Chng tc ng trc tip ln c th
vi mt liu chiu rt ln gy ra cc
phng x trn b mt mt v n
ca 1 lng phn hch megaton
TRANG 15
AN TON BC X
TRANG 16
AN TON BC X
TRANG 17
AN TON BC X
Giai on vt l
Giai on ha l
Giai on ha hc
Giai on sinh hc
TRANG 18
AN TON BC X
2. Cc Tn Thng Do Bc X Ion Ha
TRANG 19
AN TON BC X
Tn thng base .
Ni gia cc phn t trong ADN.
Ni gia ADN v protein.
Tn thng bi (Bulky Lession). Thuc loi tn thng gy t vong
(Lethal Damage). Khng sa cha c.
Nu tn thng do bc x gy nn trn ADN l ln, th c th quan st thy
nhng ri lon ca nhim sc th (Chromosome Aberration).
Ri lon nhim sc th xy ra khi mt on di ca ADN b thay i, n bao
gm: nhn i (Duplication), b ct b (Deletion), thm vo mt on gen (Inversion),
chuyn on gen sang nhim sc th khc (Translocation).
Nhng ri lon NST rt tiu biu do tc dng ca bc x l s hnh thnh NST
hai tm (Dicentric) v NST vng.
AN TON BC X
b. Tn thng mc phn t.
T bo hng cu
TRANG 21
AN TON BC X
TRANG 22
AN TON BC X
Gim th: liu thp mc gim th khng r rng nn cha thu c nhng
s liu thng k c ngha v gim th. Nhng r rng l c hiu ng ny.
Ung th phi: th m khai thc Uran hoc th hm l c t l ung th phi cao
do tc ng ca kh Radon v cc phng x ca n.
TRANG 23
AN TON BC X
TRANG 24
AN TON BC X
TRANG 25
AN TON BC X
Hiu ng
Khng c du hiu tn thng trn lm sng. Tng sai lch nhim sc
th c th pht hin c.
1 Gy Xut hin bnh nhim x trong s 5-7 % c th sau chiu x.
2-3 Gy Rng lng, tc, c thy tinh th, gim bch cu, xut hin ban trn
da. Bnh nhim x gp hu ht cc i tng b chiu. T vong 1030 % s c th sau chiu x.
3-5 Gy Gim bch cu nghim trng, ban, xut huyt, nhim khun, rng lng,
6 Gy
khi c iu tr tt nht.
- Din tch b chiu x
Mc tn thng sau chiu x cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo din tch b chiu.
Chiu mt phn (chiu cc b) hay chiu ton thn. Liu t vong khi chiu ton thn
thp hn nhiu so vi liu chiu cc b.V d: liu 6 Gy ch lm da nu chiu cc
b, nhng l liu LD50/30 nu chiu ton thn. iu ny c th l do khi chiu x ton
thn, cc tn thng nh cc c quan khc nhau trong c th hp li v to ra cc hi
chng ca chiu x cp.
TRANG 26
AN TON BC X
TRANG 27
AN TON BC X
hn liu cho cng chng. Trong x tr, liu chiu c th tng gp hng trm ln so vi
gii hn liu i vi cng nhn. Bi v liu x c dng l xc nh bnh v
cha bnh, nn hiu qu ca iu tr c xem l cn thit hn ngay c khi phi dng
n liu cao.
V ICRP cng a ra khuyn ngh cho bit liu gii hn qua cc thi k nh
sau:
TRANG 28
AN TON BC X
Nhng c bit
Dn c ni chung
20
trong dn chng
5
1,7
cc tuyn sinh dc
C,m m, gan, thn,
60
lch
Xng,tuyn gip,da
Tay,chn
120
300
12
30
4
10
kn ca ngun:
TRANG 29
AN TON BC X
Ngoi ra nhn vin khng b liu chiu cao, cn s dng c bin php hnh
chnh ln bin php k thut.
Bin php hnh chnh l xy dng cc quy trnh thao tc v ni quy lm vic.
V mt k thut, cc thit b c ngun t bn trong cn phi bn vng v mt c
hc, ha hc ly ngun phng x ra ngoi phi dng cc dng c thao tc t xa
hoc cc thit b c bit, cm dung tay cm trc tip ngun phng x. Khi dng cc
TRANG 30
AN TON BC X
TRANG 31
AN TON BC X
TRANG 32
AN TON BC X
TRANG 33
AN TON BC X
bin gii lm nhim mt phm vi rng ln, sang cc nc chu u tip gip vi
Lin X c.
a. nh hng n con ngi.
Ngay sau v n, ngi ta lo s v tc
hi sc khe ca cht phng x It, vi chu
k bn r l 8 ngy. Hin nay th c lo ngi
v cht Stronti-90 v Xedi-137 nhim
trong t, vi chu k bn r l 30 nm.
Xedi-137 qua t thm vo cy c, su b,
cc ging nm, ln vo thc phm a
phng. Nhiu khoa hc gia tin on rng
nh hng phng x s c tc hi n nhiu
th h trong tng lai.
Vng chu nh hng phng x sau
v n Chernobyl (Ucraina)
4000.
TRANG 34
AN TON BC X
TRANG 35
V tr b th bom nguyn t
ti Nht.
AN TON BC X
Ngi ph n ngoi tm v
n 4 Km.
C nhiu nguyn nhn khin con s chnh xc ngi thit mng khng thng
nht. Cc s liu khc nhau bi c thng k vo cc thi im khc nhau. Rt nhiu
nn nhn cht sau nhiu thng, thm ch nhiu nm bi hu qu ca phng x. Cng c
nhng p lc lm con s b phng i hoc gim thiu v l do tuyn truyn chnh tr.
Theo c tnh, 140.000 ngi dn Hiroshima cht bi v n cng nh bi hu qu
ca n. S ngi thit mng Nagasaki l 74.000.
TRANG 36
AN TON BC X
TRANG 37
AN TON BC X
TRANG 38
AN TON BC X
TRANG 39