1

xgjh tF
j
_wh gUt
2
j

a xW br
UFw
rhwhik
( gfsh iwJ w )
1. flvg eyit vyh fldJ
rhwhik nkbfh gtF.
bghU : ey Fzfsh iwJ thG rhnwh eytiwbayh
j flikbad nkbfhL tht.
brhbghU : fl - flik.
yfzF : vg - gygh idKW; nkbfhgt - idahyiz
bga.
gFgj cWyfz : mJ - m + () + + c. m - gF; - r;
- MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy; c - idbar F.
2. Fzey rhnwh eynd wey
vey Jsc kW.
bghU : eFzfsh wUjny rhnwh bgUik. mjid LJ
w eyf vtifY bgUik nrfhJ.
brhbghU : rhnwh - ey Fzf iwjt.
yfzF : csc - irasbgil; mW - FidKW.
3. meh xu fnzhl thikbah(L)
IJrh() Ca . *
bghU : milik, ehz, wF cjj, cflJ uf, cik
ngRj Ma IJ rhwhikia jhF f.
brhbghU : eh - ehz; xu - cjj; fnzhl - cflJ
uf; thik - cik.
yfzF : fnzhl - bjhbga.
m : Vfnjr cUtf m
3
j

4. bfhyh eyjJ nehik wik
brhyh eyjJ rh. *
bghU : jtbkgJ w cfis bfhyhikna; rh vgJ w
Fiwfis brhyhikna.
brhbghU: rh - rhwhik.
yfzF : bfhyh eyjJ, brhyh eyjJ - <Wbfl vkiw
bgabur.
m : vLJfhL ctik m.
( ehY Fwgh rhwhik yfzij TWwd. )
5. MWth Mw gj mJrhnwh
khwhiu khW gil. *
bghU : xU braiy brgtF tik jUtJ gl eljny. mJnt
rhnwhF j giftiu gifikUJ kh eghFtjF
Vw fU.
brhbghU : MWth - bra brgt; Mw - tik; khwh - gift.
yfzF : gj - bjhbga; MWth, khwh - idahyiz
bga.
gFgj cWyfz : MWth - MW + + M. MW - gF; - vfhy
iliy; M - gygh idKW F. gj - g + j. g - gF;
j - bjhbga F.
6. rhF flis ahbj njh
Jiyayh fQ bfhs.
bghU : jikl Mw FiwjtlJ Vgl njhia x bfhSj
ntL. mgng xUt rhwhikia msjtjfhd
ciuf MF.
brhbghU : Jiyayh - Mw Fiwjt; flis - ciuf.
7. dhbr jhF ant brahfh
vd gajnjh rh. *
4
j

bghU : F iHjtF eikna brj ntL. mthW brahk
nghdh rhbgD jFah vgaD iy.
brhbghU : dh - F; a - eik; brahfh - brahlJ.
( _W Fwgh rh gaid TWwd. )
8. ik xUtF tW rhbgD
ik lhf bg.
bghU : rhbgD kdcW clhf bgWkhdh xUtDF bghU
yhjjdh VgL tWik xU FiwahfhJ.
brhbghU : ik - tWik; tW - thdjW; ik - tik.
yfzF : ik, ik - g bgaf.
jj : xUtF - xUt + F; tW - + mW;
rhbgD - rh + vD.
9. C bgaD jhbgauh rhwhik(F)
M vdgL th. *
bghU : rhwhik vD gF flbyW fHgLgt cyfnk
m Cfhy tjhY j iy ntWglhk Ug.
brhbghU : C - cyf; M - fl.
( U Fwgh rhwhik wig TWwd. )
10. rhwt rhwhik F Uyjh
jhfhJ kndh bghiw.
bghU : rhnwhf rhwhik Fz Fiw VgLkhdh,
yfK bghWik vD jghuij jhfhJ.
brhbghU : Uy - bga y; bghiw - Rik.
yfzF : rhwt - idahyiz bga; Uy - cbrhbwhl;
k, X - mirbrhf.
( Fw rhwhik Fiwtjdh VgL id TWwJ. )
5
j

kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol lij uf.
1. eFzfsh wUj bgUikahF.
2. jt vgJ .
3. njhia xbfhtnj rhwhikia msj .
4. khwh vD brh bghU .
5. iHjtF brj ntL .
2. bghUJf.
ik - tik
ik - tWik
M - jt
nehik - fl
M) FWdhf
1. rhnwh vjid j flikahf bfht?
2. rhwhikia jhF f ahit?
3. rhwhikia ma cj ciuf vJ?
4. tWik xU FiwahfhJ, vnghJ?
) Wdhf
1. rhwhik yfz ahJ?
2. rhwhik gafis sFf.
3. rhwhik wfis vGJf.
<) beLdh
rhwhik FJ tSt TW fUJfis bjhFbjGJf.
c) vJif, nkhidbrhfis vLbjGJf.
1. MWth Mw gj mJrhnwh
khwhiu khW gil.
2. rhwt rhwhik F Uyjh
jhfhJ kndh bghiw.
C) khs fis KiwgL vGJf.
nehik eyjJ rh brhyh
bfhyh wik eyjJ.
6
j

bgik
m MtK mlfK nrJ
cik jik cW FJ
jdy kW r jik
agh mikJ gbrh %gkh
jhah W juia jhF;
jhukh tJ jsit nghF;
clw gh cWJiz ;
kfsh wJ nrit kG;
mayh jkF mng br;
ehz bflhk ebfh lhL.

- bt. uhkfdh
bghU : ghl jh, kid, jkif, jif, kf vd bgikF
gKff cL vgjid ehkf fP vLJfhosh.
m, Mt, mlf Kjad bgik gfshF.
cikjik cs cW jdyyhJ FLgey ngQjY,
ah vJ brD bghWJbfhS jik mikJ, jh vD
m to yif jhFgt bgnz.
fzt kd jsUnghbjyh mtdJ ftiyF kUjhf
Ugt kid. jkifnah jifnah clwjhDF cWJizahf
fwh. kfshf wJ jijF gil brJ kgtS
bgnz. mayhlJ m fho jdnf ca ehz bflhJ
e bfhtJ bgik wj gfshF.
brhbghU : cW - cscW; rjik - bghWJbfhSj;
brh%g - tot; ju - cyf; jhu - kidah; nrit - bjhL;
mayh - cwtyhnjh.
7
j

yfzF : m MtK mlfK - vQik; g
brh%g - cUtf.
Ma F : fP bt. uhkfdh,
ehkf khtlYs nkhf} wjt.
tj bgnwh btfuhk - mk
mkh Mt. t, fij nghof gyt
gnfW gRf bgwh; jHf mu Kj
murit fPuhf fjt. tUF eLtzuR
gk UJ tH wjJ. t, jHf
kfsh fha fP vd bgUikl
tHfgLwh. t fhy . . 1888 Kj
1972 tiuahF.
F : ehkf fP ghlf vD fij bjhF bjt
Uky, jnj ky, fhky, nja ky, rKjha ky, bgnah
fky, Ueh ky, Wfha ky, irky, miu ky, gRit
ky Ma jiyf fijf mikJsd. ghl, rKjha ky
vD jiy lbgWsJ.
ehkfyh gilf
irehtf 3 yawdhf 7
fLiuf 12 fijbjhFf 10
jtuyhW 3 Wfhaf 5
df 5 bkhbgaf 4
kh dhf
m) FWdhf
1. ehkf fP uhkfdh g F vGJf.
2. bgik gKff ahit?
3. jh a gf ahit?
M) Wdh
bgik Fzfshf uhkfdh TWtd ahit?
8
j

ciueil
iyaho taik
Mnya mlFKiw bfhLikF vuhf cikFu
vG nghuhondh gy. mnghuhl MfSF fuhf
bgfS <Lglhf. mtfS Fl jFjt iyaho
taik Mth.
bgnwhU w
Jnr thj KDrh vw berth, iyaho vD
C wj kfs vw kifia kzjh. UkzF d
iyahonyna mtf ber bjh brJ thJ tjhf.
meh, Mnya j ehL Jfis ahF bfhL
tJ gid brjd. jdh, e eho cg brj Jf
gid FiwjJ. berbjh ghfglJ. mghF
cgltfS KDrh xUt.
berbjh ghgh tWik thoa KDrh, j kidl
ntiynjo bj Mfh Fonadh. mF n#hfg
vD efu a ms fhf fil eldh. iy,
1 898M ML KDrh, kfs izaUF bg FHij xW
wjJ. mFHijna ukif taik Mth.
taik bjdhfh wjh. vD, t jhah
wj Cuhd iyaho bgaiubfhL iyaho taik
vW miHfgLwh.
9
j

mwngh
bjdhf eho Ukzg rlgo, jt kj
rlgo eilbgwhj Ukz bryhJ vW mehL cr kw
1 91 3M ML xU ig btlJ. m, mF FonaUj
af midtUF vuhf mikUjJ. jdh, ghfgl
af jkJ cikia f mw nghuhl <Lglhf.
mngh u h lid fh aof jiyik VW teldh .
nghuhlbghGJ fhaof fa u brj ciu, W
taik kd MHkhf gjJ. fhaof cik
KHfdh ftugl taik mwnghuhl Kidl
gnfwh. 1 91 3M ML org f 23M eh thu
vD l eilbgw mwngh taik ifJ braglh.
mtUF bjdhf kw _W khj fLfht jlid
jJ.
iwthif
iw taikF fY kQ
fyj cznt ju glJ. jdh mt
cley bgJ ghfglh. fLikahd
fhrYF Mgl mtUF ngha kUJt
mfgliy. iwrhiy nehl
cUF nghuhoa iy mt Ljiy
braglh.
ehLgW
cley Fa iy iwUJ
Ljiy bragl taik, jkJ o
gLj gLifahf Ujh. jid mj
fhaof taikia fhz tjh; fhr fhuzkhf cl
bkJ ieJ lj taik iyfL ffy wh.
iwjlidfhf tUJwhah?, vW taikl
nflh fhaof. cliy jsUj miyY taik,
iy iy L iw brtjF jah vW Tdh.
mJl, af eyDfhf vjF dfis Vng.
mjfhf, v Diu jUnt vW Tdh. taik
giy nfL fhaof cs bejh. bfhoa mlFKiw
iwthrF Msh neh fLikdh, JwiyY
taik jkJ cik nghuhl czUJ J kd
jsuiy. iwNHyh cley Fa taik 1 91 4 ut
Ugulh ehsW jkJ gdhwh mfit kuz miljh.
10
j

fhaof fUJ
vDila rnfhj kuzijl taik kuz
vdF ngoahf UjJ vW fhaof kd tUdh.
khjfSF mfyfshf fG Jgij jhF
kdtik, jkhd, ebyhGf MatF yfzkhf
fjh. mtUila ahf nghfhJ. rafhf cj
mtUila cUt v fK wJ. eifjh mtuJ Mj
vW iyaho taik FJ, a xa j
fhaof vGsh. bjdhf tuyh taik
bga vW iyJ F vW fhaof, bjdhf
rahuf vD FLsh.
iyaho taik idit ngh
eLtzuR, mrjiy mr ciw btLsJ.
iyaho - ehfgod khtl
UfilUF bjnf 3 .. bjhiy csJ.
brid, tl ca fh wj
bgFoF iyaho taik idthf
t vd bgal bgWsJ.
fhaof, jHJ jbkhJ Fj <LghL
bfhljF taik xU fhuz vW Twyh. fh
thif gaz, mt nkbfhl rahuf ntgF
11
j

Kj fsgah, mtiu kfhkh vw caiyneh Ua
bgUik iyaho taikF cL. fhaof jkJ jHf
gaznghJ th ilFbghGbjyh taik
a h f ij e l id T Jsh . Uk zk h f h j
sbgzhd taik th a Ljiy nghUF
Kndhoahf mikjJ. mtuJ msga ahf ngh tzfjfJ.
muR brj wf
taik idit nghWtif iyaho jehL
muR mtuJ iyia WsJ. nfh-M- bl vwiHfgL
jehL berths TLw rf bridYs jdJ mWwhtJ
gid ikaF iyaho taik khif vd bga
No bgUikgL csJ. bjdhf eho a
eyDfhf nghuhoa u j kif iyaho taik
cik czit midtU nghWnth. ehL ey ehlbfhL
jdy bghJey ng thnth.
xnehFf. : UFku, iyaho taik Mnah Ljiy
nghuhl Kiwfis xnehFf.
kh dhf
m) FWdhf
1. iyaho taik vF, vnghJ wjh?
2. taik siknyna mwngh <Lgl fhuzkhf mikjJ
vJ?
3. fhaof, taikia rj fit TWf.
4. fhaof, taik FJ Ta fUJ ahJ?
5. taik iditnghw muR brj wf ahit?
M) Wdhf
1. taik <Lgl Ljiyngh FJ mj is FJ
vGJf.
2. taik FJ fhaof fUJfis bjhFJ vGJf.
) beLdh
taik u thifia bjhFbjGJf.
12
j

Jizghl
uh kfkh
jeho ehaf ku bgf
KoNo M brjjhf tuyhW iy.
Mdh, fhghahsuhf M J
csd. mjF wj rhwhf
fjtjh uh kfkh.
muRikF catf FHijfshf
Ujjdh, mtfSF gyhf t
fhghahsuhf UJ Mlh. kJiuia
MLtj brhfehj ehaf kid
uh kfkh. mfhy, fzt
wjh kid clfil VWtJ
tHfkhf UjJ. uh kfkh
fzt wjnghJ jkf muf Uod
KJug s taddhf Ujh.
mtDF Jizahf UfntL
vD flikzdh uh kfkh
clfil Vwiy.
kfDF muR miu
kfkh, j kf muf Uod
KJugDF Ukz brj
d KoNodh.
mu r h ia mlfn jh L
junjhL eh nehfntL;
KnfhgK mj is mua
xUnghJ btia juhJ; giftiu
vbfhs vnghJ Maj iy
UgnjhL Fj bghWiklD
braglntL vbwyh kfDF
miu Tdh. vj ntis
vgo elJbfhs ntLbkW
13
j

JJ KobtLF kdtik ntLbkW Tdh. ehilahS
bghWF tJlh, midtiu j FHijfngh v, m
brYJj ntL vW miu gfwh.
KJug mid fhoa t wikahf Mjh; jij
brhfehj Hj gFfis nghL lh; nfhfis fo mwbraf
gy brjh; kf gianghf Mfhnf rufS rhtofS
fodh; neikia fhoY caj bjt iy vD cznthL
eLiyik gnghL mikahf M el kfl ebga bgwh.
VHhLfhy M ela mt, mikneh fL cyf thit jh.
kfkh MbghWngw
kf KJug w uh kfkhSF nguia
jjJ. kf wj y eh kUkf dKjkh mHa Mkfid
bgbwLjh. bgau wjl uh kfkh Fy jiHf, twjJ
vd bjtF e brYdh. Mdh, y eh kUkf KjkhS
fhykhdh. kiwJnghd kf - kUkf idfmukid KGtJ
iwJ mtiu Jg _f brjd.
UD, mua gl MbghW uh kfkh
kdij fyhUjd. kf KJug wjjdh, .. 1688M
ML bgau rauf brhfehj bgaus maiz Vwglh.
gho kfkh fhghahsuhf M bghWid Vwh. kfkh
Jaufis jhbfhL M flikfis mHFw MwToa uhfid
vd kf ngh fjd.
UjhT ngh
UjhT kd utkh, kJiu ehaf muRF brYj ntoa
iwbghUfis brYjiy; fFs gFUj ehaf gilia
jh mjh. vdnt, jsg euriga jiyik kfkh mDa
gil UjhT gilia njhfoJ iwbghU kW bgh, u
Kja bghUfis bgW UaJ.
jir ngh
jiria Ml kuhaUF kJiu ehaffSF il eYw
ytiy. xUKiw jir h, kJiu ehaf MgFf ytiw
ifg bfhlh. mtiw f, jsg euriga jiyik kfkh
xU gil mDdh. mgil mgFfis L jiria mRWaJ.
jir mikr ghyh goj gilbaLghsfSF bgUbghU
bfhLjDdh.
14
j

ikN ngh
uh kfkh fhy ikN kd fnjtuha fh
FWnf mizfoanghJ, kfkh jirldhd gifia kwJ, mehL
muR cjl v bjjnjhL m, ikNJ gilbaLf
jir-kJiu TLgil xwid cUthdh. gil jahuhdJ. Mdh,
ntis fUehlf gF fLkiH bgjjdh fnjtuha foa
mizf ciljd; f KotiljJ.
rka bfhif
kJiu ehaf kdfisnghynt kfkh rkabghiwia filojh;
jt kjFUkhfis rka ngUiu Mw mDkjh. xbthUtU
jh wjjhf fUJ rkaij ifbfhL thHLtnj jUk vw
bfhifia kfkh gdh. rka bjhlghf iw itfgl
bknyh ghahiu Ljiy brjnjhL nghnr vw FUit j
murit tuntW Unjhdh.
RyhafSF kfkh kha mJsh. Ryhaf
ethfhf gthrf ghJfhfhf yfis khakhf
tHaJ FJ fbtLf TWwd.
kfkh mwbraf
kf eyngQ ey gy gfis kfkh brJsh. mt,
kJiu bgabjhU mdruij fodh; a rhiyf gy mikjh;
fahFkF kJiuF ilna mikj beLrhiy, kfkh rhiy
vd miHfgLwJ. Fiuf, gRf, fhisf Kjad mUJtjF
trahf rhiynahuf j bjhofis wf Mizlh.
bghJkfSfhf Fo Fsf, CUf, zWf Matiw
njhl brjh. bjh ts, thf, kfbjhl MatF
ttFjh. kJiu dhak MyaF bghD bghUS tHdh.
15
j

Mf Cr UHh eilbgw VghL brjh. bfhl
bts VgL kf JwnghJ mtfSF cz, cil, ciw
tHFtjF Mizlh.
btsjh mj fiunahuJ fis uikjh. ka
rij, kJiu f caiyg fll, uhkehju khtl M
jiyt giHa mYtyf Kjatiw kfkh foajhf TWt.
kfkh iwz bgUjik
kJiu dhak nfh Hhf eilbgWbghGJ, uh
kfkh jkJ brnfhiy mk KitJ tgLtjid tHfkhf
bfhoUjh. iu KGk eh uh kfkhS sturU jKf
mukid j, dh Ukzij fLfjd. M wF
fsHf Utofis mtf UtU tz kt.
xUKiw gH KUfid tzf kfkh kiy VbfhoUjnghJ,
KUfid tgL Ua isP xUt, jid kwj iy uhia
nkhLtJngh mU tjh. kfkh bkfhtyf mtid
jof Maj Mdhf. mntis uh kfkh isP
ntLbknw jtW braiy; g cz jid kwJ nH w
tUbghGJ, eh vnu tUtjid ftf jtlh. iwtDF
Kdh Vwjhf iy; midtU xnw. mtid mt t
nghf Lf vW bgUjiknahL Tdh.
kfkh wikahd Mahs; vfis j MwyhY m
EgjhY KaoJ bt eilnghlt; Jgf eik brikgL
tsgjF, gf ekF LtjF tUtd vgjid czjt;
bjdhil jdjna Ml bgzu vD fiH bgwt;
be cuK neik wK bfhlt. kf ey ehLnth goa
kfkh bga kfhj fnHhL sF vg Iaiy.
kh dhf
beLdhf
1. uh kfkh Mfhy eilbgw nghf FJ vGJf.
2. uh kfkh brj mwbraf ahit?.
16
j

yfz
bgabrh : _l bgaf
ntWik cUngFnghJ bgaf
ntWik cUf I, M, F, , mJ, f vgd. tiw FJ
KtF bjthf goUf. mit jik, Kiy, glif
Ma _l bgafis VWtUnghJ vthW vgJ FJ
fhzyh.
jik bgaf
eh, ah vgit jik xUik bgaf.
eh, ah vgit jik gik bgaf.
1. ah vD jik xUik bga ntWik cUngFnghJ v vd
.
I - vid
M - vdh
ah F - vdF
- v
mJ - vdJ
f - vf
2. ah vD jik gik bga ntWik cUngFnghJ v vd
.
vik, vkh, vkF, v, vkJ, vf vd tU.
3. eh vD jik gik bga e vd FWF.
eik, ekh, ekF, e, ekJ, ef vd FW tU.
4. ahf, ehf vD jik gik bgaf ntWik cUngFnghJ
vf vd . vfis, vfsh, vfSF, vf, vfsJ
vd J tU.
17
j

Kiy bgaf
vgJ Kiy xUik bga. , , , f Mad
Kiy gik bgaf.
1. vD Kiy xUik bga ntWik cUngFnghJ vd,
c vd khW.
I - id, cid
M - dh, cdh
F - dF, cdF
- , c
mJ - dJ, cdJ
f - f, cf
2. vD Kiy bga ntWik cUngFnghJ E, c vd
.
Eik, Ekh, EkF, E, EkJ, Ef;
cik, ckh, ckF, c, ckJ, cf.
3. f vD Kiy gik bga ntWik cUngFnghJ
Ef, cf vd khWgL.
Efis, Efsh, EfSF, Ef, EfsJ;
cfis, cfsh, cfSF, cf, cfsJ.
glif bgaf
jh, jh, jhf vD glif bgaf ntWik cUngFnghJ
fhQkhW .
1. jh vD glif xUik bga ntWik cUngFnghJ j
vd khW.
I - jid
M - jdh
jh F - jdF
- j
mJ - jdJ
f - jf
2. jh vD glif gik bga j vd J ntWik
cUngF.
18
j

jik, jkh, jkF, j, jkJ, jf.
3. jhf vD glif bga jf vd .
jfis, jfsh, jfSF, jf, jfsJ, jf.
jhjh ehKj FWF ahah
vv D Mw
F mtU, ehF MW ul - e}, 247
g
vD Kiy bga ntWik cUfis VFnghJ mil
khwij vGJf.
+ I = id + M =
+ = + =
+ = + =
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.
1. ah vD jik xUik bga ntWik cU VFnghJ
vd .
m) c M) v )
2. jh vD glif gik bga ntWik cU VFnghJ
vd .
m) v M) c ) j
3. , , , f Mad bgaf.
m) Kiy xUik M) Kiy gik ) jik gik
2. bghUJf.
1. jik xUik - jhf
2. jik gik - jh
3. Kiy xUik - ah
4. glif xUik - eh
5. glif gik -
19
j

3. nfhol lij uf.
1. ehf vD jik gik bga I vD ntWik cU
VFnghJ vd .
2. eh, ah vgit bgaf.
3. eh vD jik gik bga ntWik cU VFnghJ
vd FWF.
M) FWdhf
1. ntWik cUf ahit?
2. _l bgaf ahit?
3. jik xUik bga ntWik cUfis VFnghJ vthW ?
4. vD Kiy xUik bga ntWik cUfis VFnghJ
vthW ?
5. jhf vD glif bgaUl ntWik cUf nrUnghJ
vthW ?
z
iybkh <W tUbkh KjY nrUtJ z MF.
thiH + ku = thiHku.
thiHku - thiH, ku vD Ubrhf izJ xU
brhyhtjid mf. thiH vD brh iybkh. mj <bwGJ
( + I = iH ) I. mjid mLJ tU ( + m = k ) ku vDbrh
tUbkh. mbrh Kj vgJ. UbrhfS aghf
zwd. mjdh, jid a z vg.
thiH + gH = thiHgH.
thiH, gH Ma brhf uL iznghJ, - vD bk
njhWwJ. jid fhu z vg. fhu z njhw,
j, bfLj vd _tifgL.
(v.fh.) j + ghl = j ghl - njhw z ( -njhWj)
f + iy = fiy - j z ( , - Mj )
ku + nt = kunt - bfLj z ( - bfLj )
20
j

m) FaYfu z
F, R, L, J, , W Ma MW beoyLJ uL Kja gy
vGJfis rhJ tUnghJ, j khiuas FiwJ xF.
jid FaYfu vg. FaYfu g mj tiff gK
tFf goUf. F FaYfu z FJ fhngh.
1. iybkh <bwGJ FaYfukhf UJ, tUbkh
KjbyGJ cuhf Ujh, iybkhYs FaYfu, jh CJ
tj td bkiaL F.
(v.fh.) gJ + Ml = g + c + Ml - ct cFw
bk nlhL vD go c aJ. clnk c tJ xWtJ
ang vD go, g + Ml = gjhl vd iybkh Wbk,
tUbkh Kj vGjha cnuhL izJ zjJ.
F : iybkh <W KWfuK, tUbkh KjbyGJ cbuGjhf
U, FaYfu zianghy zU.
(v.fh.) ca ( + c) + miljh = catiljh
2. iybkh <W FaYfukhf UJ, tUbkh Kj vGJ,
a fukhf UJ zUnghJ, cfu fukhf . jid Fafu
z vg.
(v.fh.) FuF + ahJ = Fu ( + c ) + ahJ
= Fu + + ahJ
= FuahJ.
ct cFw bk nlhL
at ah KWkbwh nuht - e}, 164
( cFw - FWa cfu; ah - fukhF. )
3. lfu ( ), CJtU beobjhl FaYfu, wfu ( )
CJ tU cbjhl FaYfu tUbkhnahL iznghJ,
mit CJtU xW uoJ zU.
(v.fh.) fhL + nfh = fh ( +c ) + nfh = fhLnfh
MW + ghy = M ( +c ) + ghy = MWghy
zW + jtis = z ( +c ) + jtis = zWjtis
beonyh L bjhlF WfufS
lwbth uL ntWik fnt. - e}, 183
4. tdbjhl FaYfu ju, Vida FaYfufK
tU td, mt z fhJ.
21
j

(v.fh.) ehF + foJ = ehF foJ
v~F + J = v~F J
tuF + J = tuF J
FuF + bgJ = FuF bgJ
bjF + J = bjF J
tbwhl myd Kfh mt - e}, 181
5. ntWik z, ilbjhl KD, Mjbjhl KD,
xW ilna fhj beobwhl KD, cbjhl KD tU
td fhJ.
(v.fh.) bjF + fh = bjFfh ( bjF - ng )
v~F + Wik = v~FWik
ehF + jiy = ehFjiy
ilbjhl Mj bjhlbuh il
fhbeo cbjhl Kfh ntWik - e}, 182
6. bkdbjhl FaYfufS y ntWik z
jkF dkhd tdbjhluh Ko.
(v.fh.) br + Fl = brFl
RU + eh = RUeh
fU + = fU
y + mfhu = ygfhu
bkbwhl bkh ynt Wik
jd tbwhl uhfh knd. - e}, 184.
g : Lgl lfis uf.
1. bgh + tisa =
2. tl + = tlgyif
3. Fs + fiu =
4. FUJ + = FUnjhiy
5. cyF + cf =
6. U + = Ugh
22
j

kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol lij uf.
1. thiH + ku = thiHku vgJ
m) a z M) fhu z ) clgLbk
2. ku + nt = kunt. J
m) njhw fhu M) j fhu ) bfLj fhu
3. fW + M vgJ vd zU.
m) fwh M) fwh ) fwh
2. bghUJf.
a z - fnfhil
njhw fhu - kunt
bfLj fhu - thiHgH
j fhu - bghtisa
M) FWdhf
1. z vwh vd? m~J vjid tifgL?
2. fhu z vwh vd? m~J vjid tifgL?
3. ct cFw bk nlhL - rhWjJ sFf.
4. lfu, wfu FaYfu zF rhW jUf.
5. FaYfu z td fh lf ulDF rhW
jUf.
6. bkbjhl FaYfu tbjhluh KotjF rhW fhLf.
tFgiwwf
j w
1. tU gYs iHfis U vGJf.
xUntiy W khis kiy bgayh. mgoahdh, eh nflj
th tw KoahJ. vdnt, mWRit UJ U eilbgWkh, eilbgwhjh
vd cUahf brhy KoahJ.
23
j

2. tU brhbwhlfis tirgL fijahf vGJf.
1. t Ka xW Ftjid ghjJ.
2. clnd bga khid Kj of idjJ.
3. Ka mFiy.
4. vdnt cz njo miyjJ.
5. f VkhwkiljJ.
6. Ug tJ Kaiy ghjJ.
7. f xW fho thJ tjJ.
8. mjid d idjJ.
9. xUeh mjF f gjJ.
10. mj dh XoaJ.
11. mbghGJ xUkh XLtjid flJ.
12. khidof Koaiy.
fijUJ atJ vd?
fij vj gHbkhia idLwJ?
bkhw g
bral
m) brhfis tifgLJj
bga, id, il, cbrhfis flJ tifgLj ntL.
khf, eljh, c, rhy, ghodh, ky, cW, vW, fo, bfh, mk
bgabrhf - khf, ky
idbrhf - eljh, ghodh
ilbrhf - c, vW, bfh, mk
cbrhf - rhy, cW, fo
24
j

g : tifgLJf.
jhkiu, fh, jt, vGdh, Mdh, btwh, kW, rhy, gh, eljh,
vdnt, e.
bgabrh idbrh ilbrh cbrh



M) xU bghU Fj gy brhf
xU bghUSF gntW brhf fhzbgWj bkh tsij
fhL. brhf gagLJ lnfg bghU jU. xU bghU Fj
gy brhf nH jugLsd. mit brhbghU it nkY vLJ
fhL. eh gagLJif bkhts bgUF. mtW y:
(v.fh.) mHF - bgh, v, td
uf - mU, g, fUiz
- jij, Rf, is
kiy - bt, y, bghU
fut - Mjt, gfyt, PhW
fhQ xUbghU Fj gybrhfis vGJf.
ta - , , .
fl - , , .
beU - , , .
) jbHfSF Vw mu vfis bghUJf.
oo - 89
ss - 37
z- - 40
=~ - 25
a - 1 1
25
j

<) fLiu g
bt a rhjidf
jaf jnyna ngRnth
Fnry rkjhdJF cHjh ujhdbjh. Fngug glF
tjJ rkjhdJ kf thifjuij caj ntL vd vdh.
KajfSl MnyhJ, Phd trfis gagL bjhu
brjh. kh nalf, Xlf, oghbkl nlhf bgUd. sr
fhf, gf uf, Vnuhnsf vF ud. jbfyh njitahd
gzij j f#hdhUJ thth bfhLjh. Mdh, trhabjhiy
monahL kwJnghdh. mj is, eho czgr jiyjhoaJ.
trha yhfhit bgUfntL, cnahfjfis mgh brf
vd Mnyhrid Tdh xUt.
jbrh mnth
rkjhd - muR ujhd - Kjik
Kaj - Kjikahdt Phd - ma
kh nal - iuauf g - ngUJ
sr fh - kGJ u - bjhlto
Vnuhns - th} f#hdh - fUy
yhfh - Jiw cnahfj - mYty
mgh - gmkj oghbkl nlh - gybghU mfho
thifw
xUtnuhL xUt gHFw
g MLHhit wghf bfhlhLbghUL, khztfSF
nghof mfgld. Hhit wghf elj bghWghd khztfS
njbjLfglhf. mtfS ghu tstD xnu tFUJ
njbjLfglhf.
ghu, mnj g goJ tUgt; tstndh, eLiy gUJ
g nrjt. mjdh, tstDF MLHhitg mtsthf
bjaiy. flj ML eilbgw MLHh ghu wghf bragoUjh.
mjdh, Hh ffg ghu, tstDF vLJiujh.
26
j

UtU MLHhF njitahdit FJ fyJiuaho
lld. mj fyJiuahl tst vzfSF kgJ
ghu VWbfhlh. UtU egfSl bragL MLHhit
wghf eld.
cf g jhf nrj khztfSl f vthW gHFf?
cf tF vyh khztfSlD eF gHFtJ ah? mj khzt
bgaiu vGJf.
kf
ciH mUik
uZa eho fbgw vGjhs xUt Ujh. mtnghJ
cHbjhiy brJ tjh. xUKiw bjhlto iya
mt UjnghJ, mUj bgkxUtmtiu ifiajo miHjh.
mt njhw xU Tfhungh Ujnjh vdnth?
Iah, bjhlto wgL neukhlJ. v fzt mUYs
Wo L csh. mtiu, F miHJ thUf. f brw
j cjF T bgW bfhSf vd Ta mbgk, mtUila
fzt njhw milahsfis Flh.
mtU xbfhL mbgk fztiu cldoahf miHJ tjh.
mt brj ntiyfhd Tahf Wbjhifia bgWbfhlh.
Jneufj djh mbgkF, mtjh uZa eho fbgw
vGjhs nah lhlh vgJ bjjJ.
jhbrj jtiw czJ mtl k nflh mbgk. Mdh
lhlhnah, mjdh vd, f brhd ntiyia eh TFjh brnj.
mjdh, brj ntiyfhf bgWbfhl Tia U jukhnl vwh.
f bgwtuhD ciH mUikia mt mUjh.
ciHJ cQ cznt RitF. ciHfhk cgJ w ciHig
RuLtjF xghF. vj taduhf ( ayhnjh ju ) UD, ciHnj
cQj ntL. mbghGJjh mj L ehL KndW.
bj mLif MD jhjjJ
cz Ca . - Fw: 1065
27
j

bkhahf brf.
It is bad to talk ill of someone behind his back. Dont think you will not be found.
Usually such remarks fnd their way to the person with your name attached. Experienced
people know this and never indulge in back-biting. You should understand your limitations
when you argue with someone about a point.
izahd j gHbkhia mf.
1. One fower makes no garland.
jku njhghfhJ.
2. Little wealth little care.
ko fdiybawh t gaiy.
3. Look before you leap.
MH mahk fhiy lhnj.
4. Something is better than nothing.
Miyyh CUF Yig rUfiu.
5. Though he endeavours all he can.
ia ghJ id NLnghL bfhlhngh.
28
j

nfl w braghL - 1
fhQ ciugia gof nfL, dhfSF ilaf.
cik vgJ w bfhLgJkW; kbwhUt thFtJkW. m~J
vtlJ vyhlJ agh mikJ lgJ. cikahtJ, cfF
flsh mfgl xU bgU aifbfhil. cik vyhF bghJthdJ.
thd nkf jttJ nghy, fl miy vGtJ nghy, gwit mHa
wif gwgJ nghy bg jdJ csbjG Ugt elF
cikilatshj ntL. mikia iwgLJj bgUght. bg,
moik th elj neo mt t wF is moikzl
wF. bgQik vgJ MQl ngh tjW. MQl thJ mig
tsgJ bg cikfl.
U..f., bgQik
dhf
1. cik vgJ vjikJ?
2. bgQikia sf Ma ifahS ctikf ahit?
3. bgUght vd Ma vjid FLwh?
4. bgQFa flik ahJ?
5. ciugF Vila jiyig jUf.
ngRj w braghL - 2
fhQ U Fku, iyaho taikl elJ fgid
ciuahliy Funyw wfJl ngRf.
U Fku : tzf, mikna! jfis rg eh Fj
kailnw.
iyaho taik : tzf, Fkuh! njabfho fhj bgUikFat
unwh! cik rg vdF kjh.
U Fku : ah wJ thj jf bgnwh bj
Mfh FonadJ V vd mJ bfhsyhkh?
iyaho taik : ber bjh brJ tj v jijF nghJkhd
tUth ilfhjjdh, bj MfhF Fo
bgajjhf v jh TUwh.
tsu braghLf
29
j

U Fku : bj Mfh wj f, fhaofis vthW
rf?
iyaho taik : tHFiuPuhf fhaof mF gah tjh.
mnghJ, mehL cr kw Ukz Fj
xU id afSF vuhf btlJ. mF
FonaUj af, jf cikiafhf
mwnghuhl <LglhfmjnghuhlJF
fhaof jiyiknaW eldh. mt fa
u brj ciu, v kd MHkhf gJ lJ.
bgf uL, nguahf fswf v jhl
ehD fyJ bfhnl.
U Fku : mikna, f W tanyna jhf nghuhl
fyJ bfhL, brafa tuyhW gilJ Ofns!
iyaho taik : M. nghuhl <LgLnghJ vdF gidJ
taJjh.
U Fku : mikna, cf thif fj ff
vfis nghw isPfSF wj tfhLjyhf
mikjJ v mJ ifaW. jfis rjJ
eh bgw bgUngW vd ctJ ilbgWnw.
e mkh.
iyaho taik : njabfhofhf cfSila Diu Hfns!
mjbra midtU nghWjF cajnwh! Fj
k, brW thUf.
goj w braghL - 3
fhQ ghliy thL gof.
xljh ygo Kndw
xbthW cK ndw!
flth! vGU ! sjHh,
fgh! wbjh j
giley Jyik gHbgUik
midij gilgh! eh
bjhLbrth! jGF JiwnjhW
JiwnjhW Jobj Gnj!
30
j

cajjh y milw
btbayh cw bt!
mauhnj! vGU! sjHh,
mwbrth! ehkilj
Jauij gjid thnyh
jhikid Jilgh eh
brabrth jGF JiwnjhW
JiwnjhW tnj,
czLf jjhF tUik
cdFtU ik mnwh!
f vGU sjHh,
tna iw ehS
fbr ya br! mwijbr!
Ljiybfh mHF eho!
gbrth! jGF JiwnjhW
JiwnjhW gHeh lhnd,
vJbra ehLnf vdJoj
fnk! nw, nd
Jehis clh jfhgh
Jzit bfhzth nf
mbjGf! jGF JiwnjhW
JiwnjhW mHF fhgh
Jjh brajf vgF
Kjgah vGf enw!
ghujhr, jaf
brhtjid vGJj braghL - 4
bkh vgJ, fUij wF cznahL sfToa Mw
cilajhf Uj ntL. mnghJjh bkh mHF bgWwJ.
gHj yfz yha bjhfha iy Rit vdgL;
ir j Fu vdgL; ehlfj w vdgL.
znahL Toa fUij brh thyhf bt aFtJ
aw; ir thyhf sFtJ irj; eo thyhf sFtJ
ehlfj.
jGF _W jikfS bghUUgjdhnyna mj Eg mj
jH Kj vd miHfyhd.
31
j

ehj sgufis JbfhSj braghL - 5
fhQ sguij JbfhL dhfSF ilaf.
btpL Hh
eh : 12-01-2014
fhiy 10.00k
l : ghntj fiyTl,
112, fiyaur rhiy,
brid 600 001.
tuntiu
_jP jHurdh
jiyikiu
jHP jhkiuU
sbradh
btpL
fP khfdh
Viu
fP ybth
jHKj gUf, midtU tUf!
dhf
1. nkfl sgu vjid gaJ?
2. ahUila fij bjhF btlgLwJ?
3. Hh vF eilbgWwJ?
4. fij iy btLgt ah?
5. cdF ahUila fij bjhF oF?
Dtbjyh
bghdy!
fP ybth
whtJ fij bjhF
32
j

tiuglij JbfhS w braghL - 7
f mzhrhiy ngUJ Wj W bfhoUf. CUF
jhf tj xUt, v kUJtkidF bry cfis t nfwh.
fhQ tiuglijbfhL, f atUF tfhLtjid IJ
tFfhk bjhluhf vGJf.
mfu tirgLJj braghL - 6
fhQ ciug tz vG mikj brhfis mfu tirgL
vGJf.
Mlfiy vgJ Kj ehlffiy mlF. eld, ehoa vgJ
Mlfiyia Fgdnt. fiy gHfhy TJfiy vdglJ.
fydh gij jutyJ Mlfiy. clnrhit, csJaiu
nghF tofhf Mlghlf. kf kd iwwnghbjyh Mo
fjd. Ml ftjF muFf Ujd. kuHfY, nfh KwY
Mod. khl, khif, klgf vyh kf yghg Mod. ift
ffS, ft kdK bry MLjny Ml EgkhF. Mlfiy
tytuhf TjU, waU fjd.
t
mKjRu
cztf
muR
caiy
g
ifidbghU
ffhaf
ngUJ
Wj
W
t

f
h
v
kUJtkid
t
kUjf
mzh rhiy
f

b
j
U
t

S
t

b
j
U
fy bjU
m
f

b
j
U
33
j

brhisahL braghL - 8
fhQ flf kiwJs tuyhW gilj bgkf bgafis
fLof.
nt Y eh ah o r O g o
brh s _ J nuh Q
uh e rh ah rh T R
uh #h j k Y
k d o c h rh nj f y
Y L bfh Y nu uh
f g dh rh yh bj z fh
k M id Z R
kh nwh dh V < S gh v
kh m iy r m G U fh v
K J y R D I l
ik a t o ah iy
bral braghL - 9
fhQ bg Ljiy nghuhl uhfidf thif tuyhW
ffis uo bjhFngL cUthFf.
#huh mriyakh m#jkh
ntYehah fgh fh it. K. nfhijeha
34
j

bjhifbrhfis bjGJj braghL - 10
fhQ bjhl tz vG mikJs bjhifbrhfis bjGJf.
ehy nghW KjnH!
eht ghoa ewnH!
_ntj Ml Ueho
KrfmikJ tsjdnu!
vLbjhif vGjJnt!
voir f guanj!
IbgUfhagiljnj
Iiz kfS kjdnu!
gilghw braghL - 11
fhQ glij ghJ, vlo ghlbyhwid vGJf.





35
j

fwyil WkL
fhy : 15 kJ ca kbg : 10
1. fhQ mltizia uf. 51 = 5
t.v brh z tif
1. iza + js = izajs bfLj z
2. U + Fw = UFw
3. fl + fiu = flfiu
4. ehL + g = ehLg
5. MW + kz = MWkz
6. br + gla = brgla
2. nfhol lij uf. 51 = 5
1. ntWik tifgL.
2. VHh ntWikFa cU .
3. Kiy xUik bga MF.
4. eh vD jik gik bga vd FWF.
5. jh vD glif gik bga vd J ntWikaU
VF.
36
j

a uL br
ura ahf
- v.V. Uoddh
ura rj gly
Yit ghL
Kfij RUf
iw kfdha naRbgUkh bgjynf kaidF kfdhf wjh.
FHij naRit, VnuhJ kd bfhLikUJ fhghW bghUL,
jijaha nrhr jh kaid FHijnahL vJF brwd.
VnuhJ wF d, mtf RnuYF gfYs ehrnuF
tjd. naR, nja fhoUj j nahthl UKGF bgwh. mt
gntW Jikfis jh; kfSF Phdij Codh. mt gU
lfis bfhoUjh. gU lfSF miu gJ flis
tHdh.
naR f nknkY guaJ. bghwhik bfhltf N
a jhR vD l naRit fho bfhLjh. naR, nja kufis
dh vd bgh Fw rho, yhJ kd kuzjlid jh.
bfhiyahf naR njhf Yitid Rk JW
fthkiyF bfhL nrjd.
jf naRehjiu Yit miwj
1. <oah ftbjd? vbgUkh Unk
odh; YitbahL nrd; brifY
fhlFnr toYbt Ugh flhd;
lY itiabaLJ Wdh yL.
bghU: jf, naRehj UiffY fhfY Tikahd
Ughfis itJ YitnahL nrJ miwjhf; d, mYitia
yij njho Wdhf.
brhbghU: <L - l; ftJ - brhtJ; fhlF - fhzjf;
37
j

Ugh - U M; flhdh - mojh; L - njho.
yfzF: brif, nrto, btU - gbjh iff;
Ugh - tj fhu.
gFgj cWyfz : odh - L + + M; L - gF,
- wjfhy iliy, M - gygh idKW F. flhdh - flh
+ + M; flh - gF, - wjfhy iliy, M- gygh idKW
F.
jj: <oah - <L + + ah; fhlF - fh + jF;
nrto - brik + mo; btUgh - btik + U + M.
Fwthf eLnt naRehj
2. kuL Uliu tywJ lwJ
brwbkhL FUnr bfhiykhf brabyha
brhwkiw Utrd JyfKw RUKj
Fwth fnshL eLwh FURir.
bghU: jf dnjhL U Ulfis Yit VUjhf;
mFwthf eLnt kiw Kjtuha naRit Wdhf.
brhbghU: brw - d; FUR - Yit; brhw - brhd;
Jsf - sf; RUKj - kiw Kjtuha naRehj.
jj: kuL - kW + uL; FUnr - FUR + V.
dh brjhF ant brj
3. jda Unk rijL jbg
gda gyghL gLnghJ gbjjh!
dbjd myh jhbrt tiHia
kbk bwfth kyjhe mUts. *
bghU: naR Uliy Yit miwjJ, mt cl brhYjfa
bgUJwJ, kdnkh gijgijjJ; UD naR, v jijna!
tf, jhf brtJ dbjd mahk brwhf; tj
iHia kjUuhf! vW ntodh.
brhbghU: rijL - ijfgL; gda - brhYjfa; gyghL - gy
Jg.
yfzF: fth - ctikbjhif.
38
j

jj: jda - j + ma; jbg - j + v.
cik jt
4. jifa Ubghiw kdeyK iajtnu
jfD fobjhGg vdjFbk jtk
jifa FzyU jtbu irbgWj
brjtiu Jdt vdiuF ikjh.
bghU: jkF Jg brjtiu bghWjUS bgUFz cilatnu
Mlt moahuht. mjifnahnu cik jtuht. Fz
yhnjh cik jt Mfh.
brhbghU: Ubghiw - bgUbghWik; jf - Mlt;
bjhGg - moah; irbgWj - fbgWj; Jdt - cwat.
jj: jifa - + jifa; kdey - kd + ey.
cyf urf naRehj
5. oU Kisliy JU tijL
khLgL nghtF kbk Wiujbkh
<otnu cyDnfh urfbu bwLJiuF;
ntLnkh rhW ijLJ ntbwhnw?
bghU: U Mfsh cliy J ijjnghJ, braiy
brnjhiu kjUS Mltnu vd ntoa naRnt cyif fhf tj
bgUkhdhth. giftF mUa uf g xnw t yif
fhf tjt vgjF nghJkhd rhwhF.
brhbghU: L -sJ; UKis - M E; tijL -
JgkilJ; khLgLnghJ - wFiy; urf - fhgt.
jj: UKis - U + Kis; <otnu - <L + tnu;
vLJiuF - vLJ + ciuF.
jf brhfis Yit vGJj
6. kwhL mUt trdij tkwnth
xwhf bghUbrah cilfisJ glh;
Fwhj ernua jUF Fyntj
vwhf oakhd vGlh Yitir.
39
j

bghU: jf naR mUbkhfis bghUgLjhk, Fwhj ernua
jUF Fyntj vD Vsd bkhfis Yit vGdhf; mj
d, mtj cilfis fisJ gLbfhlhf.
brhbghU: kwhL - f ntLj; Mfoa - Vsd.
yfzF: tkwnth - gbjhif.
jj: glh - gF + lh; vGlh - vGJ + lh;
vwhfoakhd - vW + Mfoa + Md.
Ma F
ura ahf yha v.V. Uoddh, Ubent khtlYs
fiuU vD C, 1827M ML Vu UgJ _wh eh wjh.
tUila jij rfuehuhaz bgUytuhf sdh. midah bga
bjteha mkh. tf buoahgo thjtf. Uoddh
jijl jyafis khfthrfnjtl yfzfis,
ytz nrhll tlbkhia fwh. rhau g jHhauhf
gahdh. ura rka za, ura kndhfu, uraFw
vD fis adh. jt fg vd fHbgw bgUfP
1900M ML ut _wh eh aif vdh.
F
uraahf vgj bghU ( c, jid fhf nto)
iwtid neh brY gaz vgJ. Mk <nlwij Ugt vgJ
bghUJ.
#h ga vD fbgw My yha aa nuhu
vD iyjG, bA MgL Uoddh tyhf j ura
ahf vD bga adh.
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. ca vGij bfhL uf.
1. Fwhj er - a j - F Fyntj. ( nu, nw, U, W )
2. ku - L Ul - t - wJ lwJ ( , , iu, iw, y, s )
2. nfhol lij uf.
1. jt fg vd fHbgWgt .
2. ura ahf iy jG awglJ.
40
j

3. brhiy bghUnshL bghUJf.
FUR - Vsd
bjhGg - Yit
Mfoa - d
brw - moah
4. lRo sFf.
1. Fwth fnshL eLwh FURir.
2. Fwhj ernua jUF Fyntj
M) FW dhf
1. ura ahf - bghU vGJf.
2. v.V. Uoddh vGa ntW f ahit?
) W dhf
1. v.V. Uoddh g FbgGJf.
2. naRehj mUwid vGJf.
<) beL dh
YitghL vD gFYs fUJfis bjhFbjGJf.
41
j

ciueil
bghf UHh
( thbdh ciuu )
ijbghwjh t bghwF
jfnk jf.....
mllh !..
kf kdfjh vts bgUj; vts k!
vF ghjhY tsik!
bgfnshL nghonghLbfhL g brW jik mHFgL
bfhl Lf. LfnjhW kfy tunt Tl mtFF
khiy njhuzf!
W jH Uehsh bghf Hh; ijf ehHh; jd
jHh; gghL bgUHh.
j k btsJF fhuz Jjhdh! Cnu Hhnfhy
oUwJ! midt KfY k bghf J FYFwJ.
kjFy ciH nkikia gato kfbsyh xWTo
JJ Ww izyh Uehjh bghf! giHikfis
gFtkh taDL, tsF tsik TL JtufSF kynahL
kf j kdjh tunt irL tzUehjh bghf.
cy caa thF mrhah, _y xah fw vGfiu
ngh tzFw cs Uehjh bghf.
kf kdf iwUw mbgUf, efhl, bghJik
ehl, aif nghw, W fhj, Jik ntl, g Tl Kja
czf xLbkhjkhf bgh bgUL bghHhnt bghf edh!
tsik milahsnk mWtilfhy! beait y j cGJ,
ggL, Mogl njo ijgtf th bgUkf! mtf ciH
gand Ueh.
42
j

ngh() Ueh
giHad fjY ad FjY
tGty fhy tif dhnd.
vD ebkhF sfkh nghUeh fwJ! L ehL
ikgLw, RWwNHiy nghWw a Uehns ngh.
bghf Ueh
bgUbghf vwiHfgL bghf UehsW bgatfS
atfS oafhiy vGJ uho jhilf mthf.
cyf eLnfhoF tlnf thJtU kfSF thil thlij
ngh bjw gij grhf jL ntfhy oaYF ehns
edh.
njh, bghf beUlJ. bghfHh a ehafdh futDF
gilal bghfYl btiy, ghF, njfh kW KffSl
krS fU PhWF Vw mWfY, r Kjikahd l
bgWwd.
fhil bebyhL fU mikJ
fo m mt mikJ
thil kiwat kujh
... ... ... ... ... ... tzFnw.
vW gho tzL Mlh kdiy bfhltfsh, xbthUtU g
brY bfhoUwhf. midtU To bghfnyh bghf vd KH
be e neaK bghf oa ehafid bjhGJ tzFwd.

43
j

khLbghf
bghfYF mLj ehshd khLbghf cHF cWJizahd khLfis
eznthL kJ nghL Uehshf fwJ.
ghiy bghJ jU ghgh - mj
gRf eyjo ghgh!
.........................................................................
ta cGJ tU khL ....
........................................................................ - ij
Mjf ntQko ghgh!
J, ghu fhL ezfhd ghl. eznt khLbghfyhf
kyu fhnwh. eh cHtf j bgUbrtkhf fUJ khLfis
Fgho, tzbghofsh mHFgL fG ryiffo bfhY
beY kr FFkbghL itJ bghfL tzFt. gr
nfhyL Jghid itJ bgh bgw, mjid kr ah myfJ
brbe m brfU rhiw To gilF bghfYF izahd
czKnlh? bgatU atU R W bgh tUnghJ bghfnyh
bghf, bghnah bgh vbwG crhf FuYF izahd g irjh
cnlh!
cy njha bjhikFof jHfns. Mukhu MLfSF
Kng Xl iyJ cHbjh brJ, ggl ehff thit
nkbfhltf jHf. mHbjh ehff milahs dkhf
W fJ, gila kuig gghil giwrh gJjh
cHt UHh. edh giHik wig neh jH Ueh vd
W nghwgLwJ.
44
j

RHWV dJ cyf mjdh
cHJ cHnt jiy. - Fw, 1031
vD tStnfg f iwj eeho cHF, cHtF
bgUik nrF Hh bghfHh vd TWj bghUJ.
khLbghfiy bjhlJ, vUJL UHh eilbgW. Hh
kJiu, uhkehju, Jnfhil, tfif khtlf kRuL,
rfL vd, jehL tlkhtlf vUJfL vW tHfgL
bjhWbjhL kfilna Fj brthF bgw Hhthf fwJ. J,
jH uij btgLJ HhthF. gil jH fit VW jGj
vwiHjd. VW jG bt bgw Mltiuna mfhy fbgf
U kzg vgJ khLbghf ku jL bgUik br.
fhQ bghf
bghfYF _wh eh fhQ bghf. eik Rs kfis,
bgatfis, cwdfis, egfis mtj y brW tz mbghGf
ciuaho kjny Ueh nehf. k kzij czjty F,
nfhyhl Kja ehLwfiyf sbgo Ml, ghlf_y
c bgWtJ eh f jL fbfhsh fhahF.
45
j

cHF bjhYF tjid br Ueh
cL fUnghiu jid br bgUeh
aifia nghW a Uehshf
kj Fy khfSF kfy TW
bghf eh bghFf bghf
vF jFf m eyD!
F: thbdh ciuu vgJ, Fj jiy xU fitnah
brianah ciuahf vG, nfngh Utz Funyw wfJl
thbdh ciuahWj.
Muh, fUehlfh Ma khyf
kfu rfuh vd
#gh, #hth Kja ehLf
mWtil UHh vd
bfhlhlgLwJ.
jHf kLk yif,
knyah, bkhaR, f,
yhJ, mbkfh Kja
flflj ehLfY
bfhlhlgLwJ.
kh dhf
m) FWdhf
1. thbdh ciuu vwh vd?
2. kf kdf bgUj bghf fhuz vd?
3. bghf Hhit jH Ueh vd nghWtJ V?
4. fhQ bghf - bgafhuz TWf.
M) Wdhf
1. bghf bfhlhL Kiwia sFf.
2. VW jGj g vGJf.
3. khLbghf vthW bfhlhlgLwJ?
) beLdh
jH Ueh wfis tf.
FG fyJiuahl
Hhf bfhlhLtj nehffis FGthf fyJiuahLf.
46
j

Jizghl
neik
mkh bfhLj %gh nehLfis v ghjh KUf; gidJ
%gh UjJ.
J nghJkh mkh? vW IaJl nflh, KUf.
nghJklh fQ. rhjhuz ril Jahf vLJbfhlh nghJ.
eh, e D khkhl brhUnw. mt ntiy ghw JfilF
ngh. mtnu cdF vLJ bfhLgh. vdF tu neuiy. nghJ eh
kUJt LF ntiyF nghfntL vwh mkh.
KUf, mj %gh nehLfis koJ j riligF itJ
bfhlh. mt rilY fh rilY Mfhnf ieJ nghUjJ.
mj rilfis moJ Jitfnt KoahJ. gR grhf nghL.
f ftdkhfjh JitfntL. mgo ftdkhf Jitf mt
mkhFjh bj.
gTl kw khztf Xo Mo isahLnghJ, KUf
bfofhujdkhf xJ bfhsntL. yhlh, isahL
Kid mtDila ril f vdthF vW brhy ntoaiy.
ril nghlntoa xLfisbayh nghlhlJ. kutil kh
RUo RUo ijJ MlJ. nkY KoahJ vw iyikjh
Jril ijF Ka wdh, mkh.
ght, mtjh vd brth? mtf Utiu jf LLjh
mgh brJ nghlhnu. mkh, Vnjh ehiyJ Lf ntiy brtj_y
xUtahf fhy js KowJ. j gidJ %gh nrgjF cghL
vghL vwhlJ.
MdhY, mt fodgL goJ KDF tJLth vD
eifl mt Ujh.
ril igia bjhLbjhL ghJbfhnl JfilF eljh
KUf. rhiy Xu, Xl xnu Fg. g...g vW cLif rj nfL
bfhoUjJ.
thnfh rh, thnfh... f idwbjyh elF. j jhaJ
xQ th foFnfh! engW cfis njotU! vw Fu gykhf
nflJ.
47
j

Xnfh, jhaJ wt!
j jhaij folh, cf tWik F. Uahd ey rhghL
ilF. ey Jkf ilF....
KUf cns vo ghjh.
j xU %gh bryit ghfhf rh. j xU jhajhny cfSF
xU ntiy ilF. ntiyny UwtfSF, nk gj ilF...
Fg y thL jhf.
bgh ny rh, #jh. gow igaf ij folh, gira
Tl Rygkh vG gh glyh! vwh, jhaJ wt.
d igaf ifjodhf.
cLif rj.
mnf Uj FWfhu Wt xUt, jhaJ wtnu, Kjny f
xU jhaJ foFf, jhabjyh eyh F vwh.
L vyhU jhf.
KUf Jbfhnl, FgUJ btnadh; filF eljh.
mkhl ij gbayh brhyntL vW idJbfhlh.
J bjhiy nghd KUf, ril igia bjhL ghjh, g
vwJ. igUj %gh nehLfis fhnzh!
Inah, jhaJ gtid ntoif ghJ bfhoUjnghJ vtndh
Uolhnd!
KUfDF FbgW aJlJ. cl LLbtW MoaJ
ff tjJ.
48
j

mkh vts fodgL gzij nrJ bfhLjh! eh, ntoif
ghf ngh gzij gbfhLJnlnd! vW fydh.
U ngh ghjh. mnf jhaJ wtid fhnzh, Fgiy
fhnzh!
KUfDF mGif mGifahf tjJ. Jril ijJ bfhsyh vW
mt vts Mirahf Ujh!
vDila j j rilia ghj wF gzij UoUwhnd;
mt kd fyh, Ugh? LF ngh mkhl vd brhYtJ? vW
jdF ydh KUf.
mtDF xW njhwiy. rhiy Xukhf Uj murku nkil
nrhl cfhjh. mnf Uj isahiu fyfJl ghjh.
neukhbfhL tjJ.
mnghJ, murkuJ nt L, vdnth xU fhj bghly lgJ
bjjJ. mij vLJ J ghjh KUf. m KgJ %gh UjJ!
mt gbfhLjJ gidJ %gh. nghJ ilUgJ KgJ %gh.
xWF uL klfhf ilUwnj, vW idjh mt.
Mdh, rblW mt kd X cWj. nr! J neuF
vd mgkhd Mir tJlJ! ght ah gznkh? mtf vjF itU
jhfnsh? mijngh vgo vDilajh bfhs idfyh? vW
jidjhnd obfhlh.
ahuhtJ njobfhL tUwhfsh vW beLneu cfhUjh;
njobfhL tUthf vW vghjh.
xahd xUt guf guf mFF ghJbfhnl tjh.
j, j, nf VjhtJ fhj bghly ljjh? ghjhah?
mny KgJ %gh gz itUnj. v kidF cl riy.
kUJ thf gzbfhL tnj. rhia FLL nghfyh vW
nf tnj. xUntis, nf koUJ GUfyh vW njhWwJ!
vwh mt.
KUf, mj fhj bghlyij mtl bfhLjh. J jhnd?
bghlyij mtru mtrukhf J ghJL, Jjh j!
Jjh! vW kl brhdh mt. j, cdF vgo e
brhYtbjnw vdF bjaiy. cdF kwtf bghUnkny
Miryhj ey kd UwJ. ewhf Ugh! vW mt thL
nghdh.
gzij gbfhLj bria mkhl vgo brhYtJ vW
ftiyl murkuJ nkilnyna cfhJlh, KUf.
49
j

Mdh, mt mkhnt mtid njobfhL tJlh.
mkh!
vdlh fQ, cid vbfyh njLtJ? V nf cfhJ
Unw? vW gjwJl nflh, mkh.
KUf njnj mGjh. jhaJ wtid ntoif ghJ
bfhoUjnghJ gzij ahnuh UobfhL nghlij brhdh.
mkh mgona kiyJ Wlh.
gzij itJbfhL ntoif ghjJ jjhkh! vwh KUf.
mkh bgU_Rlh.
mkh, eh nf cfhUjnghJ, xU fhj bghly lJ
vLnj. m KgJ %gh UjJ! vwh KUf.
mij vd gnd? vW gugul nflh mkh.
ahuhtJ njotjh bfhLJlyh vW idJ bfhoUnj.
gzij jtwlt njobfhL tjh. mtl bfhLJnl!
fQ! vW eh jGjGf, kfid Wf mizJbfhlh, mkh.
mt ff f tjJ.
brjJ buhg rlh fQ. ekF Mu fZlf tuyh; eZlf
tuyh. mjfhf kwtf bghUSF Mirgl TlhJ. eh kahf
Ugjfhf kwtfis tUjgl itf TlhJ! vwh mkh.
vdF Jnghd riljhnd UwJ mkh? vwh KUf
Fj tUjJl.
ril Ujh vdlh fQ? kdjh ewhf Uf
ntL. ts fZlny j tany cdF fl ey kdij
bfhLUwhnu! vdF kahf UwJlh. D bfhr ehny
gz nrJ Jril ijJ bfhsyh fl bfhLgh. th, LF
nghnth! vwh mkh. mj ViHjh, j neikahd kf ifia
oJbfhL bgUikl LF eljh.
gz? mJth Ka?
e : M nt. uhkrh, ebyhGf fijf
kh dhf
beLdhf
1. KUf, jdJ gzij vF, vthW bjhiyjh?
2. KUf neikia s vGJf.
50
j

yfz
MFbga
fUahF bga, fhathF bga,
fUjhthF bga, ctikahF bga
xU bghU bga, jdFa bghUis Ffhk jndhL bjhlila
ntbwhU bghUSF bgauh tUtJ MFbga vdgL. gdhW tifahd
MFbgafS Wahf cs ehtif MFbgafis j gUt mJ
bfhnth.
1. fUahF bga
ah nfL kjh.
bjhl, ah vD fU irF M tjjdh fUahF bga.
fUahF bga : fU bghUis Ffhk, mj njha
fhaF MtU. (v.fh.) iz nfL bkkwnj.
2. fhathF bga
eh rika fnw.
F rika vD fha bga mj fhuzF (fUF)
bgauh tUtJ fhathF bga.
fhathF bga : fhabghU fUbghUSF MtUtJ.
(v.fh.) e} fnw.
3. fUjhthF bga
UtStiu goJgh.
bjhl UtSt vgJ, mtuh aw bgw YF
Mtjjdh, fUjhthF bgauhW.
4. ctikahF bga
xUtiu ghJ, ehuj tUwh vd.
bjhl ehuj vD bga mtiu Ffhk, mtiunghw
( fyf_Lgt) ntbwhUtF MtjJ. mjdh, ~J ctikahF
bgauhW.
bghUKj MnwhL msit brhjh
fU fha fUj M
51
j

xw bgauh mjia ij
bjhKiw ciugd MF bganu.
- e}, 290
g : fhQ bjhlfYs MFbgaf tiffis flf.
m) fgiu gonj.
M) fhis tjh.
) UFw fnw.
<) thbdh nfL knj.
kh dhf
m) wtadh
nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.
1. fU bghUis Ffhk, mj njha fhaJF
MtUtJ MFbgauhF.
2. eh rika fnw. bjhl mikJs MFbga
MF.
M) FWdhf
1. fUahF bgaiu rhWl sFf.
2. e} fnw. bjhl mikJs MFbgaiu sFf.
3. fUjhthF bga vwh vd? rhW jUf.
4. nt ghjh. bjhl mikJs MFbgaiu sFf.
bghUnfh
miskgh bghUnfh, bfhLTL bghUnfh,
mokkhW bghUnfh
xU brYs fisnah mofisnah bghU czF Vwtif
mikJbfhS Kiwia bghUnfh vgjid id Tnth.
vtif bghUnfhfS, Kj IJ bghUnfhis mJbfhl
f, j gUt Wahf cs _W bghUnfhis mJbfhsyh.
1. miskgh bghUnfh
gh, jiyitJ EiHnghJ, jiy nkyhf, cl mLJ
brtJnghy br WUJ brhfis vLJ Kj itJ
52
j

To bghU bfhtJ miskgh bghUnfh. ( mis - W,
gh - gh. )
(v.fh.) jhj czduh jhSilJ
j^ jsth jhK
Nj idahif RlJ
ehf RHth jhK
_j ea Kbrj
idbanw Kth jhK
thj bghGnd thbdJ
beK Kayh jhnu.
ghl thj bghGnd thbdJ beK Kayhjhnu vD
<woia ghl KjbfhL bghU bfhSj ntL.
2. bfhLTL bghUnfh
br gy mofY TwgLs brhfis bghUSF Vg
To bghUbfhtJ bfhLTLbghUnfh.
(v. fh. ) fo fU frF ffj
vo fF v} - gos
fhis gogh fwFnk eygR
ntis juh JG.
ghliy mgona gojh bghU sfhJ. cs brhfis
fo fU F; ffj vof frF; goUF
fhis khL neujuhJ cG. ey gR go gh fwF vd bghU
bfhtjF Vg monjhW khlw brhfis bghUjkhf
mikJ bfhSj ntL.
F : bkhkhW bghUnfh vgJ mjj mof cs brhfis
Kdhf khbfhtJ. bfhLTL bghUnfh vgJ gy
mofY cs brhfis kh bghUbfhtJ.
3. mokkhW bghUnfh
br vyh mofis Kdhf kh bghU bfhlhY
bghUS Xir ijahk tUtJ mokkhW bghUnfh.
53
j

(v. fh. ) khwh fhjy kiykw jdnu
Mwh fg tuyh dhnt
ntwh bknjh tisbe Gnk
Twh njh ahthG khnw.
ghl cs mofis Kdhf vgo kh bghUbfhlhY
bghUS Xir ijahJ.
kh dhf
m) wtadh
nfhol lij uf.
1. mis vgj bghU .
2. ghl <woia ghl KjbfhL bghU bfhtJ
bghUnfh MF.
3. br gy mofY TwgLs brh fis
bghUSnfg bfhLTo bghU bfhtJ
bghUnfhshF.
4. br vyh mofis Kdhf kh bghU bfhlhY
bghUS Xir ijahk tUtJ bghUnfhshF.
M) FWdhf
1. bghUnfh vgJ ahJ?
2. bfhLTL bghUnfhSF rhW jJ sFf.
3. bkhkhW bghUnfhSF bfhLTL bghUnfhSF
cs ntWghL ahJ?
4. miskgh bghUnfh vgJ ahJ? rhW jUf.
5. mokkhW bghUnfh vthW tU? rhW jJ sFf.
tFgiwwf
gilghw
thbdh ciuu mikj
c CUHh FJ thbdh ciuu mikf.
mif vGJj : cf g eilbgw FoauReh bfhlhl ffis
mifahf vGJf.
54
j

bkhw g
m) ca bghUis njbjGJf.
1. bfhl ( ntf, jhf, nkf ) .
2. MFy (tUj, nrh, js ) .
3. jhk ( m, Mil, khiy ) .
4. ir ( mf, th, k ) .
5. ky ( Fs, fs, ts ) .
M) ifbaGJ j xwid cUthFf.
ifbaGJ j (kh tot)
Wnr wj
bghUyhF yfiy
JQFf Xa ciuahl
Wnr Fj nrig sF nrF tf
JQFf glf
fij Wfij ehlf
WJ bgUbts tu vlzh nryh ehL
bry gjzh Tiuyh L
fLiu gHbkhf ghl
Wnr fd il fhF nr
mj gafS nr ehil fhF
fSFa jkw ff
) fijia UkhW Kof.
fut kiwJ fhU bkybky thid ft bjhlaJ. mntis
CUF eLnt xUoK kf Tlkhf uoUjd. mL
iz ghlf xUt ghobfhoUjh. ToUnjh jfis kwJ
iria nfL kJbfhoUjd. mnghJ, mtna Wt xUt
tjh. mtD Tl W ntoif ghf bjhldh. Jneu
fljJ, mWt nj nj mH bjhldh. mtl bgat xUt,
Vdgh mGwh? vW nflh. mGifia Wjhknyna mt brhy bjhldh.
Iah, vf o ML tsnwh. xUeh..........
55
j

<) bghUjhj jbHfis tlLf
ss - 11
aa - 12
sa - 17
- 5
zo - 10
c) fLiu g : jH Ueh.
C) foj g : egid CUHhF tUkhW foj vGJj.
thifw
wghf bjhlbfhS w
vlh tF KojJ knkfiyF Ukz brJitf, mt
bgnwh vd. jid mj mt, Ukz MFtiuahtJ gonw
vd bgnwhl nfLbfhlh. mt jbghGJ xgjh tF
goJbfhoUwh.
bgnwh Ukz brJitJLthfnsh vD ftiy mtis
th o bfh oUjJ. tF g h al j iyia T, jF
xU ntodh. Ukz taJ, bgf njit Matiw mt
bgnwhl vLJT Ukzij jnghl nkbfhL gof itf
cjtjhf tFgha MWj T mtis mDitjh. Tathnw mt
bgnwhiu rJ knkfiyia nkbfhL gofitf xbfhs brjh.
knkfiy jdnfgl fiy caKiw tFghal Tajdh,
mtSbfhU iljJ.
thif f VgLtJ aif. Mdh, mjfhf JtLlhk,
eifF catl j fiy vLJT tfhgnj wjJ; mgoyhk,
kdFnsna itJbfhL ftiygLtjdh ahbjhU gaD iy.
kf
jdif
Ubent khtl filFia nrjt mt. go ehl
yhjjdh, ifUj js gzJl bridF brwh.
gzjh if Fiwthf Ujnj ju, mtl uL _yjdf Ujd.
xW jdif; kbwhW, vj ntiyahf UjhY m cajh ghfhk
ntiy br a.
56
j

to fil x f Fiwj tUkhd ntiyF nrjh.
mYtyfij To bgUFgt mW tuiybawh, mj ntiyia mtnu
brth. kw bjhyhsf nf brjnghJ, mt mjid bghUgLjiy.
ciH fhuzkhf, uha to Wtd vW jahf xU Wtdij
bjhldh. gogoahf Knd <r bgha Wtd bjhl, W <r FGk
Wtdf vGWF nkgl bjhyhsf ciHJ tUwhf. jdif
bfhL ciHgh cajtjh bjhyg <Rtu.
bkhahf brf.
There is a beauty in nature. The pathless woods give us pleasure. We
sit under the green trees. We enjoy the beauty of multi-coloured fowers. The
songs of the birds fll the air with sweet music. Squirrels keep running about.
They leap from tree to tree. How brisk they are! The forest is alive with different
kinds of animals.
izahd j gHbkhia mf.
1. Anger is sworn enemy.
nfhg Fyij bfLF.
2. Break my head and bring a plaster.
isia L bjhoiy MLtJnghy.
3. There is danger in mens smiles.
bjhGj ifS gil xLF.
4. Like hand and glove.
efK rij nghy.
5.. Wealth is best known by want.
H mUik bt bj.
57
j

tsu braghLf
nfl w braghL - 1
fhQ ciugia gof nfL, dhfSF ilaf.
xGfnk xUtF bgUik Wik jUtjhF. xGf yhjt
caFo wddhD mwid Hgh. Gf j wghL
vnw tStU Fgh.
nta, fw ntjij kwjhY D X mtit bgWbfhsyh.
mt FybthGf FWthdh vyh eyfS Hbjhth. Mj,
xGf cilikna caFo wghF. mJnt vyhF wid jUtJ.
cD nkyhf XgjfJ vg.
mwf gytiw MuhJ bjjhY UikF JizahtJ
xGfnkahF. j cikfis mj rhnwh vW xGf jtw
khlhf. jtWthuh mila jfhj bgUg tJ rhu bgWt. mdh
kwJ a brhfis thah Twh.
dhf
1. ciug ikafUJ ahJ?
2. ciug gagLjgLs vbrhfis TWf.
3. UikF JizahtJ xGfnk - bjhl Uik vgj bghU
ahJ?
4. ciugF Vila UFw TWf.
5. xGfKilik - brhbwhl nghW cilik vd KoaToa _W
brhfis TWf.
ngRj w braghL - 2
fhQ ciugia goJ FG fyJiuahLf.
j mPfns! jehblF jrff Wf; jghl
brhYf; fiybrtij th tHFf; bjUbtyh j KHf
brf brf. j xY tifah eh xbthUtU g
brnthkhdh D gjhLf jehL J bgWL.
mfhy ehL KW jGz bgh jJ uzkh F.
ff eyhaf vyhU jHPuhUg. gfiy fHff eu
nghw ew yt jiytuhf Ug.
vj bkh ekJ brhj bkhF izahfhJ vW jehL isP
brkhJ ngRt; njkJu jnHhir cyfbkyh gu tif brnth vW
58
j

KuR bfhLt. vL irY jehL VwKW sF. mj iyid
W v gh! mjid vna nth! g bra th!
- uh.. nrJis, jg
goj w braghL - 3
fhQ ciugia thL gof.
mj vgJ mHa a jbrh. mbrh ikF mjf
cs w Hfunk rhW. aif ey bfGa g jbkhna ik
ts bfhgJ. j vD brhYnf ik vD bghUSL. fgjF
nfgjF fJ ciuahLtjF vik ik thjJ bkh.
mjnghW MU jiHf br Mw cilaJ.
eh cy tHF bkhf _thu. mtW giHik ya
tsK bghUa bkh ej brj bkh. Kid gHbkhF Kid
gHbkhah id JikF ngJ mbgajh ikna cUth
yFwJ.
vGJ, brh, bghU mikfsh cawJ. gntW brhtsjh
jaF Mw cilaJ. Fiwtw Ua brikbfhlJ. Mj
caj brbkh vd nghW Mw cilaJ.
caj brbkhaha ej brj a bghUfis FF
brhfbsyh j wilad. FH, ah, v, gH, kiH, v, mHF, kHiy,
jiH, ciH, KH, cH, mJ Kjyha brhfis nehFf. vyh brhfS
thah brhynt eg isgdthf csd. jGnf ca w Hfu
mbrhf midD xgjid fhzyh.
brhtjid vGJj braghL - 4
khzt fgdtiw frlw fw ntL.
Ia fsha Fwf mfy fF fna gaDilajhF. Mj,
ff frlw fgit vgh. bjw fw fna csF Rit gaF.
cy vwj f csd. guj fliy nghW J iwJsd.
mjid fwj vjifahF Vyhj brany. Mj tSt, fgit
vD brhyh fis ghFghL brwh. fwFa fisna fw
ntL vgjid tWJwh.
mw, bghU, g, L Ma cWbghUfis czJ fisna
Xzj ntL.
59
j

mfu tirgLJj braghL - 5
fhQ ciug tz vG mikj brhfis mfutirgL
vGJf.
W jH Uehsh bghf Hh; ijf eh Hh; jd
j Hh; gghL UHh. j k btsJF fhuz Jjhdh!
Cnu Hhnfhy oUwJ! midt KfY k bghf
J FYFwJ. cy caa thF mrhah, _y xah
fw vGfiu ngh tzFw cs Uehjh bghf.
kf kdf iwUw mbgUf, efhl, bghJik
ehl, aif nghw, W fhj, Jik ntl, g Tl Kja
czf xLbkhjkhf bgh bgUL bghHhnt bghf edh!
tsik milahsnk mWtilfhy! beait y j cGJ,
ggL, Mogl njo ijgtf th bgUkf! mtf
ciH gand bghf Ueh.
izbrh gaghL braghL - 6
fhQ Ubjhliu MD vD izbrh nrJ xnu bjhluhFf.
(v.fh.) neu bgUkiH bgjJ; g khzt tUif Fah UjJ.
neu bgUkiH bgjJ MD g khzt tUif Fah UjJ.
1. fzDF cleyiy; njbtGj brwh.
2. jHurDF fh fha VglJ; Xlngho fyJbfhlh.
3. mtHfdh jshj taJilat; jhnk j ntiyfis ghJbfhlh.
4. nru tWik thodh; caf bgWt cWah Ujh.
5. tst nrhthf Ujh; mfiu nrjh.
mltizgLJj braghL - 7
fhQ ciug mikJs MFbgafis flJ, mtiw
tifgLJf.
bghkhiy bghGJ. LF EiHj Rl, a FH nfL
bkkwJ wh. Rl, V mnfna Wlh? vd jij Fu
nfL jiyF tjh Rl. mgh, mz eF FHJwh
myth! vd al Tdh. M, c mzid ey irg
nrJlyh Rl vwh, mt jij.
60
j

mtuU, j byhwid goJ bfhoUjh. brth, vd
gowh? vd nflh Rl. mfh, eh UtStiu gonw
vwh, brt. mtdU Uj nt, mfh, ehD fgiu gonw
vwh. mtfUtU Tajid nfl Rl, ehD W e}
ffnghnw vwh. mnghJ, thfj jlgL, eh cns tuyhkh?
vd jij egUila Fuiy nfl brt, mgh, ngrhs tJlh
vd Tbfhnl fjit wf brwh.
t. v brhbwhl MFbga tif
1. FH nfL bkkwJ wh fUahFbga
2.
3.
4.
5.
brhYUthf braghL - 8
fhQ brhf ilvGij , il uL myJ _W vGij
nrJ abrhfis cUthFf.
(v.fh.) mw - mKj, mg, md, muf, mKf, mGj
fy - , , , , , .
ju - , , , , , .
gz - , , , , , .
ku - , , , , , .
bjhl mikj braghL - 9
fhQ brhfis bgauhf idahf bfhL bjhl mikf.
(v.fh.) go - xbthU L khoF go cL. (bga)
- njFa ghlfis go. (id)
kiw

m

61
j

fh

ehL

fiy

gilghw w braghL - 10
fhQ ciugia goJzJ, ehyo ghl xW vGJf.
HF btSJ thd tJ, fut njhW fh, fbfhsh
fh. byw fhW nkia F%L; bfhL mU Xir; T
Fnyhir; gtif gwitf wF Xir brf ik nrF. ML
k eld ffSF UJ gilF.
( fhid Xa flh tiuJLth; flh brJLth;
fPuha f ghl vGj bjhlOfns! )
fwyil WkL
fhy : 15 kJ ca kbg : 10
1. fhQ dhfSF XU t ilaf. 51 = 5
1. ura ahf Ma ah?
2. ura ahf vgj bghU ahJ?
3. jf, naRehjiu vthW JWdhf?
4. jf, jik JWanghJ naRehj iwtl ntoaJ ahJ?
5. iwt cikahd moat ah?
2. fhQ dhF IJtF fhk ilaf. 15 = 5
cyf urf naRehj - Tiw Wf.
62
j

weh}W
bjfl tshf bghJik
btFil Ha xUik nahF
eLeh ahkJ gfY Jrh
fLkh ghF fyh xUtF
cgJ eh cLgit unl
w vyh Xx Fnk
brtJ gand <j
Jng vnd je gynt.
- kJiu fzfhadh kfdh eudh
bghU : yf, bjj fluh NHglJ. yf KGtjid
bghJ jdjh xU Fil M brgt kd. mtDF,
euY gfY cwfhJ iunjhL yFfis ntilaho
j vQw fatw xUtDF, cz njitgL bghU
ehasnt; cLJ cil nkyhil Lghil Ma unl. kwit
vyhK thwhfnt mik. Mfnt, xUt jdJ brtdh bgW
ga, mjid kwtF bfhLjyhF. mthw jhnk Efnth vd
vdh, gytiw mt Hf neL.
brhbghU: Ha - H brj; eLeh ahk - eu: Jrh - Jyh;
kh - yF; fyh - fayhj; eh - msbga; <j - bfhLj;
Jng - Efnth; je - Hf.
yfzF: btFil - gbjhif; fyh xUtF - <Wbfl
vkiw bgabur; eh - MFbga; <j - bjhbga; Jng -
jik gik idKW.
gFgj cWyfz: Jrh - JR + ( M) + M.
JR - gF; (M - vkiw iliy M - kiwjJ. ); M - Mgh
idKW F; <j - < + j; < - gF; j bjhbga F;
Jng - J + + + V. J - gF; - r; - vfhy iliy;
V - jik gik idKW F.
a _W br
63
j

Ma F : kJiu fzfhadh kfdh eudh. t, iwadh
vGa fsaYF ciu flt; gJghL UKUfhWgilia
beLethilia aat. ghl t, cya cikia
Tsh.
F : weh}W = w + ehF + W. wbghU ga eh}W ghlfis
bfhljdh weh}W vd bga bgwJ. w vgJ xUt u,
bfhil, f Kja wfis FF. ~J vLbjhif fS
xW. Ys ghlf gntW ytfsh ghlbgwit. ghlf
thyhf gil j kdf Mw, u, bfhil, f
Kjatiw mayh. y ghlfis . . ngh My
bkhbgaJsh.
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
nfhol l ca vGidbfhL uf.
1. bj fl tshf bghJik . ( // )
2. btFil Ha xUiknah F. ( / )
M) FWdhf
1. weh}W - WF vGJf.
2. eu aa ntW f ahit?
3. cgJ cLgJ g weh}W TW fUJ ahJ?
4. brt ga ahJ?
) Wdh
brtJ gand <j - vgjid weh} tW sFf.
64
j

bghU : kiygFYs F fa bfhf Ff
Uwd. mfUJ tLf njid uLtjF lkha
ehil cilat jiyt. mjiytndhL ahbfhl eghdJ
yijl bgaJ; thdijl cajJ; fliyl MHkhdJ vd jiy
TWwh.
brhbghU : - fl; fUnfh - fUik wKila bfh;
cajW - cajJ; msW - msidilaJ.
yfzF : yD, thD, D - cawikf; fUnfh,
bgUnj - gbjhiff.
jj : Mus = mUik + ms; fUnfh = fUik + nfh;
bgUnj = bgUik + nj.
F : FWik + bjhif = FWbjhif. Fiwj moasth ghlbgw
ghlf bjhFng FWbjhif. , vLbjhif fS xW. ,
fl thJl eh}bwhU ghlf csd. mfbghU ga ghlfis
gntW fhyf thj ytf ghoshf. ghlf Fiwj msthf
ehfofis mf msthf vL mofis bfhoUwd. iy
bjhFjt nfh. ghuj ghoa bgUnjtdh YF fl thJ
ghosh. ghlyha Fj brf ilfiy. thyhf
giljH thif, xGf, kf kh, mwz Kjatiw
mayh.
FWbjhif
yD bgnj thD cajW
D Mus nw rhu
fUnfh F bfhL
bgUnj iHF ehlbdhL eng. *
- njtFyjh
65
j

kh dhf
m) wtadhf
nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.
1. vLbjhif .
m) ygfhu M) UFw ) FWbjhif
2. FWbjhif ghlf vif .
m) 401 M) 501 ) 601
3. FWbjhif motiuaiw .
m) 4-8 M) 13-31 ) 8-16
M) FWdhf
1. FWbjhif - WF vGJf.
2. FWbjhif thyhf mtd ahit?
3. FWbjhif ghl jiytdJ ehL e vd wfgLwd?
) fhQ br mofYs vJif brhfis vLbjG monfhoLf.
fUnfh F bfhL
bgUnj iHF ehlbdhL eng.
<) xUik gik iH vGJf.
1. jiytdJ e yidl bgad .
2. F f UjJ .
66
j

ciueil
cnfhs
kiy flY fhL bfhl cyf wJ mstw fhy MlJ.
fhw fut RHwnghJ j tj xUgF, cUil tot bgW
jhD RHwJ. beUnfhskhf Uj mJ, fhyngh FjJ. U
yK njhd. cdf thtjF Vw cnfhskhf mJ khWtjF
Rkh iwgJ nfho MLfSF nkyhdJ. cf KjKj
njhd. mit ehsil yY gud. d, mit gogoahf
gd, Ctd, gwgd, elgd, kj vd ts iyfis bgwd.
ml y ru, brth Kjyhd nfhf cdf thH
ayh. y kLnk cf thH aYkhjyh, mjid cnfhs
vd tHFnwh.
cdf aig mP Muhjh. Xu Kjyhf Mw <whf
jh. Mw bgw kj cd F kKoahf Uwh.
kj m MwY msgad. kjnd cnfhs ika.
W mj gy gffY kj df gy thwd. cnfhs
aif NHYF kj thifF beUa bjhl csJ.
y nkgu
cnfhs jdfnj gy aiffhfis bfhLsJ. guj
thbt, caj kiy KfL, kiy mU, twhk ts gu
MW, fF nrhiy, fjU
kufS, fizftU tz kyfS,
fUij ftU ajF cdfS
mj iyfsf MF. cf
thif aif Niyfsha iu
fhiw bfhL eilbgW tUwJ.
F g yj aif fh f
y s n g h Y , mita h
khwF cglit. kiyf, MWf,
rkbtf Kjad mUjJnghy
W iy. mit gy khwfis
bgWsd. rhwhf, mUj fhU,
jDRnfho W flYF _ld.
67
j

flfiu nfhfS khkyu xWjh vsJ. vkiyf kW
yeLffsh ygFf fl _LtJ, a y njhwf
cUthtJ cL.
fl ts
cnfhs vwh, eh thG ygFia kL fU bfhshk,
m mls gFia id bfhSj ntL. y
nkgu Kfh gF fl NJsJ. fl, vW twhj iyahF.
mJ, jgbtgiyia xGFgLJwJ. fl Mahf kh, nkffshf
uL kiHahf bghwJ. ts Fwhj Jiwahf fl gagLwJ;
kj thifF njitahd c, jhJbghU Kjatiw tHFwJ.
KJ, gts, r, flgR, rF Kja bghUfis mwJ.
fl vzw cdf thwd.
tnfhs
ygu fl NJsJnghynt, fhW klyK nkny gusJ.
ghfij nfhs vW, fhWklyij tnfhs vW TWt.
fhWkly xU fyit. m ct (Mr) 21 , ct (ieour)
78 , kw tf 1 fyJsd. cdf thG gF cs y,
, fhW nghwit mla iy RWNH vdgL.
cyf tnfhs, cauij btgiyia mogilahfbfhL
gy fshf fgLsJ. mf Fljfit mot
kly, nkt kly Mad. motkly y btgiyia
xnu uhd iy itUf bgJ cjwJ. F tU btgij
brJ mDg, gRik TLngh kly bragLwJ. nkt
klyYs ct gly (Xnrh) cf brf aif mUF
ghJfh muzhF. futlUJ bttU wCjh ff yguig
jhfhj tif gly jLwJ. jifa w thj ct
gly (Xnrh) ij VgoUgJ jbghGJ flagLsJ.
Fgjdbgo gagLjgL Fnshnuh ~Snuh fhg,
tglyij ijg bgUgF twJ.
RWNH khrilj
y, , fhW Ma _W Kiwna k, k, thbghU ffsh
nfL milwd. kfsh mwhl gagLjgl wF fthf
khW Figf, trha ff, bjhrhiy ff Kjatwh
y khrilwJ. LfUJ bttU f, Miyf btnaW
nta ff twhY khrilwJ. nghFtuJ Cf,
bjhrhiyfUJ bttU eRif, mQiyaf btnaW
faf khR Kjatdh fhW bgUks khrilJ tUwJ. NHiy
68
j

bfLF fhufis ca Kiw brJ NHiy ghJfhgJ
aikahjJ.
khR F tKiwf
RWNH ghJfh kuf bgUgF twd. cdfis
fhf tdfis cUth ghJfhgJ aikahjjhF. kufis
bjhlJ mJ tUtjdh yr, kz, kiHik Mait
fwd. vdnt, kiHts bgUf NHiy ghJfhf kufis
tsj ntL. ykf fhrYF kufns ey _iffshF.
eykhd NH yanghJ FuUJ kj wjh; iwa NH
vd wFnkh? vd khRgoj NHiy sFt JfP. iz
btbfhS Kid kiz Hfhk ghJfhgJ e flikahF.
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
nfhol lij uf.
1. KjKj cf njhd.
2. kj cdF fwh.
3. kiHts bgUf tsj ntL.
4. futlUJ bttU wCjh ffis jLgJ
gly.
M) FWdhf
1. ynfhsij cnfhs vd miHgnj?
2. cnfhs fhzgL aiffhf ahit?
3. flUJ ekF ilF bghUf ahit?
4. tkly g F tiuf.
5. cnfhs khriltjfhd fhuzf ahit?
) Wdhf
1. ynfhs W VgLs khwf g vGJf.
2. btgkakhj - sFf.
3. cnfhsij ghJfhF tKiwf ahit?
<) beLdh
cnfhs VgL khRfis mtiw F tKiwfis
tf.
69
j

Jizghl
ey cs
rahf gJ MLfSFK Jnghw xU fhiy neujh
rKfij eh KjKjyhf ghnj. mW, mt Liz ehD
ekhthU cfhJ ngbfhoUnjh. mtUila xgJ taJila nguD
vL taJila ng KwJ ntgku H isaho bfhoUjhf.
tyif wUj l bjhG gJ gidJ gRfS, IjhW
vUikfS td WbfhoUjd. o ntW ahU iy. vyhU
fhLfiufSF nghUjd.
IjhW eh eh UbentF nghtjhf Uj bria rjgtrkhf
ekhthl brhnd. Ubent jkF xU ey nghit th
tuntL vW mt vl brh bfhoUjnghJ, Iah! FLnw
vw Fu nfL, ehD mtU U ghnjh. Kw rKf W
bfhoUjh.
thgh, rKf! vwh ekhth. wF, th, go cfhU vW
brh gfJ izia mtDF Ro fhodh.
Mdh, mt tJ cfhuiy. kahijnahL Kwnyna W
bfhoUjh.
tUF vj Cnuh? vW ekhthiu nfnl.
knjh! vwh ekhth.
mJ vf C UJ MW ik u UF uhk.
rKf, jh tj fhaij ngr bjhldh.
Iah! nehL rakhjh cfis ghf tnj vwh.
nehL akh? nghd khrJF Kd khrjhnd toia bfhlhJ
FLnj? mJFns vd?
Iah! mj nehil D gJ ML MdhY vdhny f KoD
njhzny. ehD MdkLjh ghnw. tuF bryF rahjh
UF. xU fhR rny. buL ML nghdh, vdhny toTl fl
KoahJ nghUF. FLgK ehSFeh bgrhnl tUJ. nghd khrTl
vdF xU bfhsij... vW rnfh#Jl brh Wdh rKf.
70
j

ekhth nyrhf JbfhL, vd FHij? Mzh? bgzh?
vW nflh.
Mgis isjh Iah!
nghfL nghfL. cdF ngh vjid FHij?
fl any mR bfhsij UF, xU bghQ ehY MQkh
r! nehil Ug Koanydh vd bra nghnw?
mjid brhyjh tnj. v beyij vLJFf vW RUfkhf
brhdh rKf.
buhg bfofhulh, buhg bfofhu! j kh nahrid ntnw
ahUF njhQ? vW brhd ekhth, vid ghJ U, rKf
fl tha tuij Tdh.
_W MLfSFK, j jif fahzJF, j FLg
bryFkhf nrJ ekhthl mt IW %gh fl thUwh.
brhj C mtDila ehF Vf y ng mts bjhifia
fl bfhLf ahU jahuhf iy. mjdh MW ik u CL C
elJtJ, ekhthl nehL vGbfhLJ gz thUwh.
ML juhk to brYbfhL tjhdh. nghJ, flid
fl jdF r iy vW brh yij vLJbfhSgo
ekhthiu nfLbfhs tUwh.
mtDila y IW %gh bgWkh vgJ vdF bjahJ. ekhth
ey Fzij fL mtiu mt Vkhl Tlhnj vW idnj.
mjid Nrfkhf mtUF bjf Koaiy. vD, y ewhf
isaiynah, mjdhjh fl fl Koaiynah vW nfgtidngh,
y vgo? vW rKfij nfnl.
clnd ekhth ilkJ, y vgo UF? tDF Ugnj
mj ehY Vfjh. mjid fQfUJkh cGJ cunghL tUgh.
ViHy jrhf lFkh? vwh. yij vdF FLL is
Fofis vgo fhghJnt? vW rKfij nflh.
mbghGJ mt xU fzF nghL fhodh:
Iah! j ehY Vfny ghLglh, v FLgJF MWkhr
bryFjh rahUF. r MWkhrK TntiyF nghjh
FLgij fhgh tnw. cfSF beyij Llh MLKGtJ
TntiyF nghnt. fzF ghjh, vdF bey UwJ
xQjh; yhjJ xQjh.
71
j

mjdhny yij FLlh cdF eZlny vnw?
eZlKny. mnj rkany flD JnghF.
rKf fzif nfLL ekhth kbwhUKiw jh. mt
rhjdij neikia vdh afhk Uf Koaiy.
ekhth jiyia FJbfhL Jneu nahrid brjh. Vnjh
idF tjtngh, bjhGit filUJ mfiltiu ghjh.
rKf! mjh lw Yfil mJ, mj nfhony w
btis gRF Kdhny bfhLngh nghL. td yhk, gfJ
gRF Kdhny lw YF jiyia jiyia LJ vwh ekhth.
rKf mgona ngh, mj gRFK iy nghLL tjh.
tJ, Y beiwajh lF. mJ Rkhjh jiyia mjgf LJ
vW brhdh.
mbghGJ ekhth ngu KwUJ tJ vf gf
cfhjh. Jneu vyhU bksdkhf Unjh.
Iah, mngh vd brhf? vdF neukhFJ vW j aij
ekhthUF Phgf_odh rKf.
j KfnjhL mtid ghJbfhL, rKf! cdF gof
bjkh? vW, mt nflh.
rgjyhj j nf vdF Mraij cLgaJ.
eh vnf gonr, Iah? nehLnyTl eh nuifjhnd itnr?
mJjhnd nfnl! cdF ifbaGJTl nghl bjahJ. Mdh,
vdF nghl bj. ifbaGJ nghl bjahj cdF go fzF
nghl bjUjh, ifbaGJ nghl bjr vdF vgobayh
fzF nghl bjD nahrid g ghah? yij tUjhY
xQ; vdF FLjhY xQ. beyij FLwjdhny cdF
eZliy. thjt. Mdh, mj yij eh vLJlh vdF yhg
UfQny? c y - mJ MW ikYF mj gf mLj Cny
Uw ehY Vf - vdF ilwjdhny, v cl vts gUF?
vjid nfhu vdhny fl Ko?
mgoah brhwJ? vwh rKf.
ntnw vgo brhwJ? c fzFgo yij FLwjdhny cdF
eZliy. v fzFgo, yij vLJwjdhny vdF yhgKiy
vW TL r jhnd? vd W FHijiangh vid ghJ nflh.
72
j

eh vd g brhYtJ?
f beyij vLJlnydh v fl uhnj! cqnyna J
gzij FLwyhDjh ghnj. Mdh, ta f nghwnghJ Vfiu
IgJ %ghF nffTl Miy. mahakh bfhiw nfwhf!
mj rka ekhth ng izF tjh.
mt xW brhyhk LFns vGJngh, IJ fSF
rKf vGbfhLj nuhnehLl bt tjh. rKf! go th
vW mtid Tlh. mt mU tjJjh jhkj, nehil ulhf
J mt if bfhLJlh, ekhth.
rKf iff eLd. uL iffis jiyFnk ,
Iah..!. vW vdnth brhy Ktjh.
ekhth j ngia ghJ, U, rKfJF nkh bfhLtJ
FL. ek gRF, mt byyh vLJ nghlh ghah? ngh, u
bfhL th vwh.
rKfij Una ghfhk v gf UbfhL, j! eh
brhdij kwwhnj. ey nghitah UfQ, ghJ th th vW
ngir khdh.
mnghJ U, xU bga brig f Koahk bfhL tJ
rKfl bfhLjh. th ghjh m nkh iy; gh UjJ.
bjahk, gh ghid bkhLbfhL tJlh FHij!
j, ek ng vgo? vW vl brhL ekhth jh.
vdF bk jJ.
cf fzif cf ng goJ bfhlh vW eh brhdJ,
mt mgona mj FHijia jkJ koJ GJ itJbfhL bfhaJ
vdF ewhf PhgfUwd.
kh dhf
beLdhf
1. rKf, j yij ekhthiuna vLJbfhSkhW TaJ V?
2. ekhth nghl fzF vd?
73
j

yfz
ah : br cWf
(mo, bjhil)
mo
f gy mLJ elgJ mo vdgL. Fwso, jo, msto, beoyo,
fbeoyo vd mo ItifgL.
1. Fwso : monjhW Ufis bgW tUtJ Fwso vdgL.
(v.fh.) K ntLnk
g ntLkh
r aJ
bernk.
2. jo : monjhW Kfis bgW tUtJ jo vdgL.
(v.fh.) gG yhj gbjh
gG yhJ gwnt
gG yhJ gybjh
gG yhJ gd.
3. msto : monjhW ehF fis bgW tUtJ msto myJ neuo vdgL.
(v.fh.) jhbkh jhD jf nghWt
Mbkh ahsj mF Vwt
fhbkh ahtJ foJ khWt
thbkh jlh tif MWt
4. beoyo : monjhW IJ fis bgW tUtJ beoyo vdgL.
(v.fh.) ML filk ehmir ahk mybkF
L Filia jj uhj y
ghL yt fxl Tj gjhaij
NL FnyhJf nrhHbd nwbaid brhYtnu!
5. fbeoyo : monjhW MW myJ mjFnkgl gy fis bgW
tUtjid fbeoyo vd TWt.
(v.fh.) th brik ntL
thikna ngr ntL
ghbra yf ntL
gid fhj ntL
74
j

jhid mfw ntL
jUid Lj ntL
Niy czj ntL
nrhgiy nghf ntL
ghl monjhW MWf bgWsjdh, jid fbeoyo vg.
ghlYs fis v, jid mWfbeoyo vg. Jngh VGf
Ujh vGfbeoyo vW, vL f Ujh vfbeoyo
vW TWt.
bjhil
kyfis bjhLgJnghynt fY mofY nkhid Kjad mika
bjhLgJ bjhil vdgL. (bjhil - bjhLfgLtJ; bjhil - khiy).
gh XirgF wF bjhil ntLtjhF. bjhilaw ghL
eilaW nghF vgJ gHbkh.
bjhil vtifgL. mit : 1. nkhidbjhil, 2. vJifbjhil,
3. Kubjhil, 4. iabjhil, 5. msbgilbjhil, 6. uilbjhil,
7. mjh bjhil, 8. brbjhil.
mtW Kj IJ bjhilfhd sffis fhngh.
1. nkhidbjhil : br monjhW Kj vGJ xtu bjhLgJ
monkhid bjhil vdgL.
v Jf fUk Jj
vQt vg GF. - Fw, 467
Fwgh Kj mo KjYs Kj vGJ (v) ulh mo
KjYs Kj vGJ (v) x tJsjdh, J nkhidbjhil.
2. vJif bjhil : monjhW KjbyGJ msbthJ (Xir) f, ulh
vGJ xtu bjhLgJ mobaJifbjhil vdgL.
mfu Kjy vGbjyh M
gft Kjnw cyF. - Fw, 1
Fwgh Kj moY ulh moY f vD ulh vGJ
x tJsJ. vdnt, ~J mobaJifbjhil vdgL.
3. Ku bjhil : monjhW Kj Kugl bjhLgJ moKubjhil
vdgL.
g iHah Lig abggh
Jg cWj y. - Fw, 628
ghl Kjyo g vW, ulhmo Jg vW Kugl
brhf tJsd. vdnt, ~J moKubjhil vdgL.
75
j

4. iabjhil : monjhW W xtu bjhLgJ moiabjhil
vdgL.
bfhl nfhu mil TL
bfhof thd goju _L
fl ngul jliy ehL
fdf K mdis ahL.
ghl monjhW W x tJsjdh moia bjhil MW.
5. msbgil bjhil : monjhW Kj msbgLJ tUtJ moasbgil
bjhil vdgL.
bfLgc bflhF rhthk whnf
vLgc vyh kiH. - Fw, 15
ghl bfLgc, vLgc vd ulofY msbgLJ
tJsikah, moasbgil bjhil vdgL.
bjhil fgf
ehFfisila Xuo iz, bgh, x%c, TiH, nkfJth,
fJth, KW MatW VnjD xwidbfhL bjhLgJ bjhil
fg vdgL. ntG nkhid, vJif, ia, Ku, msbgil Ma
IJ bghUj bjhil fg KgijJ tifgL.
nkhid
1. iznkhid (1, 2)
ehyo bfhl U KjU f KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ
iznkhid vdgL.
brh w fhgh vtbfhnyh
tbrh tHF tJ. - Fw, 99
2.bgh nkhid (1, 3)
X mo KjY _wh Y KjbyGJ x tUtJ bgh
nkhid vdgL.
Jwjh bgUik JizT ita
wjhiu vbfh lW. - Fw, 22
3. x%c nkhid (1, 4)
X mo Kj Y ehyh Y KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ,
x%c nkhid vdgL.
76
j

iwbkh khj bgUik yJ
kiwbkh fho L. - Fw, 28
4. TiHnkhid (1, 2, 3)
X mo Kj, uL, _wh f KjbyGJ x tUtJ
TiHnkhid vdgL.
jhd jtuL jfh aDyf
thd tHfh bj. - Fw, 19
5. nkfJth nkhid (1, 3, 4)
X mo Kj, _W, ehyh f KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ
nkfJth nkhid vdgL.
W bgh aDyf
JW lW g. - Fw, 13
6. fJthnkhid (1, 2, 4)
Xuo Kj, uL, ehyh f KjvGJ xtu bjhLgJ
fJth nkhid vdgL.
Unr Uid nruh iwt
bghUnr fjh khL. - Fw, 5
7. KWnkhid (1, 2, 3, 4)
X mo ehY fY KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ KWnkhid
vdgL.
ff frlw fgit fw
f mjF jf. - Fw, 391
F: ehY f nkhidFa fgf iz, bgh, x%c, TiH,
nkfJth, fJth, KW vd VF Kj vGJ xtu bjhLgJ
nghynt vJif tU.
vJifbjhil
1. iz vJif (1, 2)
KjU f KjbyGJ msbthJ f (Xiras) ulh vGJ
xtu bjhLgJ izvJif vdgL.
MWth Mw gahw mgia
khWth Mw . - Fw, 225
77
j

2. bgh vJif (1, 3)
X mo Kj Y _wh Y KjbyGJ msbthJ f,
ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ bgh vJif vdgL.
my mUshth iy ttHF
kykh Phy f. - Fw, 245
3. x%c vJif (1, 4)
X mo Kj Y ehyh Y KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh
vGJ x tUtJ x%c vJif vdgL.
mUyh fyf iy bghUyh
yf yh ahF. - Fw, 247
4. TiH vJif (1, 2, 3)
X mo Kj, uL, _wh f KjbyGJ msbthJ f,
ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ TiH vJif vdgL.
gWf gwwh gid mgiw
gWf gW lF. - Fw, 350
5. nkfJth vJif (1, 3, 4)
X mo Kj, _W, ehyh f KjbyGJ msbthJ f,
ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ nkfJth vJif vdgL.
mHbfhl vyh mHngh, HD
gaF egh yit. - Fw, 659
6. fJth vJif (1, 2, 4)
X mo Kj, uL, ehyh f KjbyGJ msbthJ f,
ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ fJth vJif vdgL.
gJ g iHahjh JgJ
Jg cWj y. - Fw, 629
7. KbwJif (1, 2, 3, 4)
X mo cs ehfY KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh
vGJ xtu bjhLgJ KbwJif vdgL.
JghF Jgha Jgh JghF
Jgha c kiH. - Fw, 12
78
j

bjhil fg f
1 2 3 4
iz
bgh
x%c
TiH
nkfJth
fJth
KW
nkfl mltiznfg ia, Ku, msbgilia bghU fhf.
g
1. jo tUkhW ( monjhW _Wf ) MW moas xU ghliy
vGJf.
2. tU mof fhQ bjhil tiffis vLbjGJf.
m) g iHah Lig abggh
M) rhwt rhwhik F Uyjh
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.
1. bjhil ____________ tifgL.
m) MW M) VG ) vL
2. Kj, _W, ehyh f nkhid xJ tUtJ.
m) Ku M) nkfJth ) fJth
3. mstoF vD ntWbgaUL.
m) Fwso M) jo ) neuo
4. izbaJif vgJ , f ulhbkGJ xtu
bjhLgJ.
m) 1, 2 M) 1, 3 ) 1, 4
79
j

2. bghUJf.
TiH - 1,3,4 f tU.
nkfJth - 1,2,3,4 f tU.
fJth - 1,2,3 f tU
KW - 1,2,4 f tU.
M) FWdhf
1. mo vjid tifgL? mit ahit?
2. jo vwh vd ? rhW jUf.
3. msto vwh vd? rhW jUf.
4. beoyoia sFf.
5. bjhil vjid tifgL? mit ahit?
6. bjhilfg vwh vd?
m
mt elJ tjh.
mt mdngh elJ tjh.
U bjhlfis goJ ghUf. Kj bjhl aghf csJ.
mLj bjhl gogjF ik jUwJ.
bgbzhU, j aghd mHif Mil, mfyf mJ,
xgidbrJ bfhtJnghy yt, j fgid MwyhY bkhyikahY
brhY bghUY mHF nrJ ghlf aWt.
jifa brf fhzgL mHnf m vdgL. jdh, brhy
F fUJ v sF; gogtF nfgtF ik nrF.
mf ytiw F fhzyh.
1. Vfnjr cUtf m
fP, jh vLJbfhl gy bghUfis cUtfgL TWnghJ
xwid kL cUtfgL, mjndhL bjhlila kbwhwid
cUtfgLjhk LtJ, Vfnjr cUtf m vdgL.
w bgUfl Jt jh
iwt monruh jh. - Fw, 10
80
j

Fwgh wia flyhf cUtfgLL, mjid flf cj
iwtdoia bjgkhf cUtfgLjhikah, ~J Vfnjr cUtf m MW.
2. uiw m
brhiy bghUis tirahf (uyhf) W, nenu bghU bfhtJ
uiw m ahF.
m mwD ciljh thif
g gaD mJ. - Fw, 45
Fwghit goJ ghUf. thif g vdgLtJ m
fhLtJ. thif ga vdgLtJ mwbrj vgjhF vgJ
Fwgh fUJ.
Fwgh m mwD Kjyo mikJsd. mLj mo,
m brhfnshL Kiwahf bghUJ tirgo g, ga vD brhf
mikJsd. vdnt, J uiw m.
g
tU ghlf vtif mf vd flJ vGJf.
m) meh xu fnzhl thikbahL
IJrh a .
M) ybfhL kf mida yF
fwhnuhL Vid at.
kh dhf
m) wtadh
nfhol lij uf.
1. gy bghUfS xwid cUtfgL, mjndhL bjhlila kbwhwid
cUtfgLjhk UgJ mahF.
2. brhiy bghUis tirahf W, nenu bghU bfhtJ
mahF.
M) FWdhf
1. Vfnjr cUtf m vwh vd? rhW jUf.
2. uiw m vthW tU? rhW jJ sFf.
81
j

tFgiwwf
vGJj w : ( kh nefhz )
brahs : tzf Iah, nefhziy bjhlFK uhruhr UJbgw
jfSF vf j rh thJfis bjJ
bfhnw.
vGjhs : tzf, jf thJF e.
brahs : jhf vGJgia vnghJ bjhlf?
vGjhs : f WahL goJ bfhoUjnghnj vGj
bjhl nl.
brahs : Kj tuyhW dfisjh vGfsh?
vGjhs : iy. Kj r_ffijf, yafijf, tuyhW
Wfijf Matiw vGnd. eh sh f eh sh f
tuyhWfijfJ <LghL mfkhdjdh, mnyna
KGftd brY vG tUnw.
brahs : Jtiu vjid tuyhW df vGUf?
vGjhs : Jtiu mWgJF nkgl f vGns. nkY,
j Mo Ufis btl Unw.
brahs : bkj k, Iah. f nknkY gy fis vGj,
gy UJfis bgw thJf.
vGjhs : f e.
g : nefhziy iw brf.
khzt : tzf , Iah. jfis rg f k.
fP : tzf,
khzt : jhf Kj fijia vGa NHiy FJ brhYf.
fP : vf f fiy ya Hhfhf fij ngho xW
eilbgwJ. mnghJ
khzt : mfijF gR iljjh?
fP : M.
khzt : cf fijfSfhd fUbghUis vj njbjLf?
fP : bgUghY rKjha ffisna vdJ fijf
ghLbghUfshf bfhL vG tUnw.
82
j

khzt : jhf Jtiu vts fijf vGUf?
fP : eh Jtiu
khzt : f vnghw khztfSF TW miu vd, Iah?
fP :
khzt : Jtiu cf fUJfis vfnshL gJ bfhlikF
f e, Iah.
fP : e, cfSF vDila ethJf.
fijFfis bfhL fij vGJj.
tU Ffis gagL fij vGJf.
ML nkF Wt - MLfis nkj - mur mF tUj -
murUF ntif - Wt Fs UFlij TWj - mur Wtid
bfhL tUkhW TWj - mur vd mahik - Wt nghfKoahJ
vd, mjfh d fh u zij TWj - mu r MLfis jh
ghJbfhtjhf TWj - Wt kWj -mur gthuf
tUj - Wt kdJ - mur Wtid jlnk ntiyF
itJbfhSj.
bkhw g
m) xUik brhfis gikahf khWf.
(v.fh.) ahid f aJ.
ahid ff ad.
g
1. fhL ku caukhdJ.
2. k mHfhdJ.
3. gH gGjJ.
4. eh gonj.
M) gikia xUikahf khWf.
(v.fh.) gR fW nkjd.
gRl fW nkjJ.
83
j

g
1. ku fh f Ujd.
2. WtD W tjd.
3. mzD j gR bgwd.
4. ghY njD jd.
5. ahidgil Fiugil brwd.
) id Tf.
Lgl jbHfis vGJf.
51
s
61 71 81 91
52 62 72 82 92
53 63 73 83
=z
93
~z
54 64 74 84
=o
94
55 65

75 85 95
56

66 76 86 96
57 67 77 87 97
58 68 78
-=
88 98
59 69 79 89 99
60 70 80 90 100
<) fLiu g : RWNH ghJfh
thifw
Tjidw
mtHf vyh ghlfY ey kbg bgWgt. Jtiu vjhf
Uj fzF ghl xgjh tFF tj wF fodkhdjhlJ.
fhyhL, miuahL njf kw ghlfisngh ca kbgfis
bgw, mtdh ayiy. Mal nfL bjJbfhs mtDF
84
j

jafkhf UjJ. mjF fhuz, fzF MaJ mtDUj mrjh.
UD, fzF ghl ca kbg bgwntL vD cJj, mt
kd UJbfhnl UjJ.
bgnwh, fzF ghl kbg V FiwjJ vd nfld;
tFghaU fzF ghl nkY ftd brYJkhW miu Tdh.
fzF ghl ey kbgf bgw jtz Ujh.
1. jifa NH cfSF vbghGjhtJ VglJlh?
2. mtHf iy f Ujh vd brf?
g
RWNH ghJfhj
vyhtY ikia Ugt mHf. mt, j ikia
ngQjYl, RWw ikia g gt; njitaw jhfnsh
bghUfnsh fglh, mtiw vLJ Figbjho nghLth.
oY gY mt mthnw elJbfhth. nkY, mt egfis
ikia ngQkhW tWJth. mtfS y tid flhny, Rjfhu
tuhlhvd Vsdkhf ngRtJ cL.
mt, mjidg ftiyglhk RWNH affY gnfW
jdJ gfis bjhlJ brJ tjh. j o w kufWfis eL
ghJfhJ tjh.
1. j ikia ngQ tKiwf ahit?
2. RWNH affg mjd ahit?
3. RWNHiy ghJfhf vbdd brf?
4. RWNHiy ghJfhf vbdd brayh?
kf
lhik
fhaof bjdhfh tHFiuPuhf y ML gahdh.
xUeh, bjhlto KjtF gaz brJbfhoUjh. mnghJ,
mnj bgo mtUl gaz brj btisa xUt, mtiu nH wf
brh flhagLdh.
mjF fhaof, jl Kj tF gazL Ugjhf,
jh gaz brnt vW T wf kWjh. Mdh, mj
85
j

btisa bjhlto ghJfhtyiu miHJ fWw bfhl a,
btisaUl gaz braTlhJ vW T fhaofis nH wlh.
wij fhuz fho jik ljfhjt vW T xJF lhik
braiy v fhaof tUdh.
btisa, fhaofl elJbfhlJ Kiwjhdh?
bkhahf brf.
Bamboo is one of the worlds fastest growing plants. It can grow as much as 3
feet in a day. One type of bamboo grows to a height of 120 feet. Its stem is tough and
hallow. Bamboo is actually a kind of grass. But unlike other grasses, most bamboos
grow very tall. We use bamboo to make fshing poles and furniture. Tender bamboo
shoots are eaten as vegetables.
izahd j gHbkhia mf.
1. A wolf in sheeps clothing.
gRnjh ngha .
2. Union is strength.
xWikna tik.
3. No smoke without fre.
beUyhk ifahJ.
4. Might is right.
tyh tFjnj thfh.
5. Many things fall between the cup and the lip.
ifF voaJ thF vliy.
86
j

tsu braghLf
nfl w braghL 1
fhQ ciugia gof nfL, dhfSF ilaf.
gila jHf kf tha ghitia rf yaf
vLJiuwd. thYs nfhf, mt af, mjdh VgL gUt
fhy khwf Matiw fJ TwToa bj miwa jHl
FUjJ. thaiy g fJ TWgtfis mt, fa, ehif
fzf vd miHjd.
Na FLg Nand Kjikahf nghwgLwJ. Naid R
nfhf NJsd vd, Na btgjhnyna gUt fhy khwf
njhWwd vd rf yaf bjgLJwd.
gil jH Na Kjyhd xgJ nfhfis nfh vd,
mR Kjyhd UgnjG fis eh vd gFJ TaJl
xbthU nfhSF fhuz bgaL miHjd. brwKila nfhis
brth vwd. jhf mjjdh j vwd. nfhSFmt vd
bgaUL. ah vwh bga vd bghUgL. vdnt, th bga nfhshf
ty tUtjid ahH vd miHjd. btik wKila nfh bt
vdglJ. itaidJ rfytf tha mit jidia
ygLJtjhf csd.
dhf
1. thaiy g fJ TWgtf vthW miHfglhf?
2. Na FLg Kjikahd nfh vJ?
3. nfh, eh vgd ahit?
4. j nfhSF tHfgL ntW bga ahJ?
5. ahH nfhSFa bga fhuz TWf.
ngRj w braghL 2
fhQ ciugia goJ FG fyJiuahLf.
jeho efu mik, mik Kiw tsj xW! e^
Unfh caJ sF! Unfhiy R ehFwK kf NJ
tht, ehF irfUJ kf UnfhYF tJ FGk, ehF
irfY bga thf! C KGJ xJ miHF kf. ~njh
mjkhd mik!
khiy neu Ckf midtU jj FLgdUl m bgw
MyaF tUjY, tz kjY wj fh! iwtghL Kojl
87
j

FkFkhf jjahf Tlhf xUt kwtiu ey rhJ,
fyJ fJ ngRjY kfnfhl Kja ff g ngRjY iwF
eilbgW f.
Unfh xUkdghLl kf TLt; fJ fyJ ngRt.
mjdh, Unfh tshfJF m brj, mUey fj kj cw
tswJ; kjnea tswJ. y rkaf mnfna xU Tl TLwJ.
uhk bghJ ff fyJ ngrgLwd. jdh, rKjha xGfik
bgWwJ. X mUikahd TL thif fh bfhwJ.
goj w braghL 3
fhQ ciugia thF gof.
kj aifnahL xo cwtho thj ntL. braifia FJ
aifia, aif Niyia nfLw brjh kj d thj
mJ vgJ ma mPf fUjhF. fUid njD czuhj
kj d W jDila mghijid neh brW bfhoUwJ.
aif Niy vW RlgLwnghJ, F f aikahj fhLf
RWNH fgl ntL.
ydf thtjF fhLfns thlkhf mikJ ydf
bjhlJ c thtjF ciwshf, cz eFwd. vdnt fhLf
m, mF thw yFfSF Fokfsha ekF m vgjhF.
fhL UF tiujh kj th vD gHbkh F fjfJ.
brhtjid vGJj braghL 4
cnfhs jdfnj gy aiffhfis bfhLsJ. guj
thbt, caj kiyKfL, kiy mU, twhk ts gu MW,
fF nrhiy, fjU kufS, fiz ftU tz kyfS,
fUij ftU ajF cdfS mj iyfsf MF.
mfu tirgLJj braghL 5
fhQ ciug tz vGJf mikj brhfis mfu
tirgLJf.
btnjhw bfhL xUtiu msLj jtwhdJ. mt cs
gig bfhnl msLj ey. gyhgH KS Kshf njhwkF;
Mdh, cSF RitFj Risf fhzgL. iz nfhzyhf UD
a ir btgL. vogH nkny gsgsbtd UjhY bjhlhny frF.
88
j

ehtgH fUik. Mdh F. ghFo gsgsbtd UF; Mdh, bfhoa
eir fF. Mfnt, cU fL vshik ntL.
- Ughdj thah
brhbghUsj braghL 6
fhQ bjhlf, nfhol l ca brhfisbfhL uf.
( Mf, ju, jFj, bfhL, gyhf, tahf, l, fhoY, ngh, njhW )
1. vdF j ntiyia brjJ ah?
2. mt cfis ta bgat.
3. c ifbaGJ, tsk ifbaGij csJ.
4. c. nt. rhehj, gHRtofis njo C miyjh.
5. sbra, Xa tiut futid wjt.
6. ia flJ mjid th dh.
7. rhiy gGjilJsjdh, ahU j bry ntlh.
8. MSF ngR ntL.
9. ehis eilbgwUF fUjuf Tl cd
fhUng.
10. cid xUtiu mna.
bghUsJ uj braghL 7
fhQ bjhlf Vila brhfisbfhL uf.
( kL, kLnk, kLkyhk, kLk, kL, koyhj )
1. bghJnj, khynyna Kj kbg bgw j kfid ghJ
mt jh kailjh.
2. eilbgw nj eh xUt nj bgnw.
3. fiyfahdJ, khztilna gilghwiy tsgjndhL
idthwiy tswJ.
4. mP mzh , j MyY w g h f
brhbghthwToat.
5. cjtiybawh, j gia vdh vjhf
KoUf ayhJ.
6. g MLHhF c bgnwhU tuyh.
89
j

brh isahL braghL 8
fhQ bghJbkhfis _tifahf J bghU jUf. (F: _WF
nkgL mikayh.)
(v.fh.) tUjhkiu = tU + jhkiu ( tU jhkiu ky)
tUjhkiu = tUjh + kiu ( Jwhj kh)
tUjhkiu = tUJ + M + kiu ( JW gR khD)
tUjhkiu = tU + jh + kiu ( tU jh kh)
tUjhkiu = tU + jhk + I ( tUw khiy mjtiu)
1. brbghgfy =


2. vLtiu =


tifgLJj braghL 9
fhQ g Xdij rhj brhfS xU brh kL ntwhdJ.
mbrhiy flf.
1. khf, KJ, gts, rF, r
2. F, Kiy, kUj, bej, y
3. y, fhW, thd, kiy, beU
4. mU, nrhiy, MW, fl, V
5. gd, Ctd, gud, gwgd, elgd
wbkhbrhfis dfhz braghL 10
fhQ bjhlf jbrhfSl wbkhbrhfS usd.
mtiw flJ, mtFa jbrhfis vGJf.
1. my nghW tif e ah ts milJ tUwJ.
( )
2. ghit neu Kojjdh, khtl Maiu ghf mDk kWfglJ.
( )
90
j

3. gilfhy jH , nt, th Kja Mjfis V ngh jd
( )
4. rhnwh TW cgnjrf e thifF Vwkgit.
( )
5. khwDF muR ntiy iljjdh fuJl Ciu ty tjh.
( )
6. eh vGJtjF fhjfis gagLJnwh. ( )
7. iufl Xo ua njL vgJ xsit bkh. ( )
8. brjhSF brfis uo jUt Ug gF aikahjJ
( )
9. F jiy tzF vgJ Mnwh thF. ( )
10. xU tUlJF guL khj csd. ( )
ilbrh bghU mj braghL 11
fhQ bjhlf c vD ilbrh vjifa bghU tJsJ vd
vGJf.
F : c vD ilbrh vkiw, w, Ia, vr, KW, v, bjiy,
Mf Ma bghUf FJ tU.
(v.fh.) eh kwD kwthnj.
bghU : vkiw ( eh kwfkhnl vD vkiw bghU.)
t.
v
bjhl bghU
1. fiu UgJ fwhf Ufyh
2. fheil lhj bro
3. fD vY KY nj vGj tjd.
4. c ifYs UFwSkW UthrfKkW
5. nruDF U tjd.
91
j

jbH gaghL braghL 12
nkfl mltizia gagL fhQ LfijfSfhd ilfis
jbHf fhf.
(
v
.
f
h
.
)
Kj vL
il IJ
W ik
mjdh tU nkik.
m~bjd?
il : mUik
3.
vil Kj itJ
xiw il itJ
W ik nrjh,
w vbrh tU.
m~bjd?
il:
1.
Kj xW
il gJ
W nrjh,
mHa fQF ctikahF.
m~bjd?
il:
4.
Kj VG
W IJ
uL nrjh
ntshikF cj.
m~bjd?
il:
2.
miu Kj f
IJ il tu
nk itJ
Wahf, xF mRtJ
tU. m~bjd?
il:
5.
Kj uL
il IJ
W fhYl nrjh
totid FF brh
tU. m~bjd?
il:
6. J fh fhjJ.
7.
fUjuf TlJF w UdU
tJlh.
92
j

Clf ghJfh Fj z braghL 13
zu xgjh tF gowh. LKiw eh j mkh
brngia vLJ vfis mG isahLtJ, mtSF f oF.
xUeh, tHfngh j mkh brngia vLj zu, VnjhbthU
gJ viz mGdh. brng vKidUJ X M Fu
nflJ. zu mrkilJ, brng miHig cldoahf Wlh.
mkhl jidg Twhk, brngia bfhLJlh.
kWeh L mnj neu brngia itJ isahobfhoUjh.
mnghJ, brngUJ X miH tjJ. mj v ahlUJ tUwJ
vgjid ma Mtbfhl zu, cldoahf mj vQF bjhl
bfhlh. vKid ngat, zul bga, Ul, mkh
bga, mYtyf Kft, mtUila t fzF v, dr Kft Kja
tufis nff bjhldh.
Kj TWtjF kWj zu, mr , tufis Tw
bjhldh. mnghJ mF tj zu mkh, mtl ahl
ngbfhoUwh? vd nflh. tufis nfl mt mkh,
brng izig Jojh. mtl, K bjahj xUtl
cid gnah, cid ga tufisnah vfhuzij bfhL
Tw TlhJ vd Tdh. Vbdwh, mtufis bfhL xUtUila
drYfhd flbrh, t fzbfQfhd flbrhiy
flJ erhj tufis, tYs gzij vLJ
bfhSthf. bgUghyhndh dr, tfzFF mkh, mgh, kid,
isf, eg, C, mr FpLv Kjatiw flbrhyhf
itJsd. VkhWnth jid thghf gagL bfhwd. Mfnt,
brngia gadJ gagLJtnjhL vrifahf Uj ntL.
dhf
1. K bjahj xUtl zu, brng ngaJ Kiwah?
2. eik muhj xUtl eik ga tufis brng V
bjj TlhJ?
3. brngia gagLJnghJ nkbfhsntoa ghJfh Kiwf
ahit?
4. bgnwh ir, mtj brngia gagLjyhkh?
5. cf brngia kwtUF bfhLfsh? iyba V vd
fhuz TWf.
93
j

gilghw braghL 14
fhQ gl czJ fUij vGJf.










fwyil WkL
fhy : 15 kJ ca kbg : 10
1. nfhol lij uf. 5 1 =5
1. cf KjKj njha l .
2. cd thtjF jF yhj nfhfS xW .
3. fhWklyij nfhs vd TWt.
4. Xnrh gly vd miHfgLwJ.
5. kz Vglhk ghJfhwd.
2. fhQ dhF IJtF fhk ilaf. 1 5 =5
btgkakhjdh VgL Ff ahit? mtiw vthW jLfyh?
94
j

vdh Ko, ehnd brnj
('I can, I did')
khzt fw braghLf gntL
ghl :
t.v eh ghl v ghljiy braghL Fiu