NSS M2V2 07 FS Eng

7 Limits and Derivatives
(b) g(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x

because it is discontinuous at x = 0.
Quick Practice 7.3 (p. 7.13)
1
Exploration
(a)
Exploration 7.1 (p. 7.28)

1. (radian)
0.5
sin
2.
x 64
=4
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.9589
0.9983
1.0000
1.0000
(radian)
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.5
1.0000
1.0000
0.9983
0.9589
sin
(b)
lim ( x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2) = ( 3) 4 + 2( 3)3 + ( 3) 2
x 3
= 22
lim ln x = ln
(a)
x e
Classwork
Classwork (p. 7.4)
f ( x ) =2 x 2 4 x
1.
(a)
lim x 3 = (64) 3
1
2
lim 2 x = 2 3
(b)
4 f ( 2) =4[ 2( 2) 2 4( 2)]
=4(16)
=64
x 3
1
8
f ( a + 2) = 16
lim 3x ( 2 x 1) = lim 3x lim ( 2 x 1)
2( a + 2) 4( a + 2) = 16
2
(a)
x 1
x 1
a 2 + 2a 8 = 0
( a + 4)(a 2) = 0
a = 4 or 2
lim[(e x ) ln x] = lim(e x ) lim ln x

(b)
(a) Domain: (, +)
Range: (, +)
(b) Domain: [4, +)
Range: [0, +)
(c) Domain: (, +)
Range: (0, +)
(c)
x e
x e
= (e e) ln e
=0
4
2
2
lim x = lim x
x 2
x
2
x
x
= 2
2
=1
2 x 2 + x 15
( 2 x 5)( x + 3)
= lim
x 3
x 3 2( x + 3)( x 3)
2 x 2 18
2x 5
= lim
x 3 2( x 3)
(a)
2( 3) 5
=
2( 3 3)
11
=
12
lim
f ( g ( x)) = f + 1
2
= 1 2 + 1
2
= 1 x
g ( f ( x )) = g (1 2 x )
(b)
x e
Quick Practice
(a)
x 1
= 31[ 2( 1) 1]
= 1
2
(b) a + 4a + 4 2a 4 = 8
2.
1 2 x
+1
2
3
= x
2
=

(a) f (x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions
( x +1) 2 1
x2 + 2x
= lim
x 0
x 0
3x
3x
x +2
= lim
x 0
3
(b)
0 +2
=
3
2
=
3
lim

(a)
x 4
= lim
x 4
x +5 3
x 4
= lim
x 4
= lim
x 4
x 4
x +5 3
2x +5
3 x 1
2x + 5
x
= lim
x 3 x 1
x
5
2x +
x
= lim
x
1
3
x
5
lim 2 +
x
x
=
1
lim 3
x
x
lim
lim
x + 5 + 3
x + 5 + 3
( x 4)( x + 5 + 3)
x +5 9
5
x
=
1
lim 3 lim
x
x 4
2 +0
=
30
2
=
3
lim 2 + lim
( x 4)( x + 5 + 3)
x 4
= lim( x + 5 + 3)
x 4
= 4 +5 +3
=6
(a)
(b)
3 + 2 x
x +
2x
lim
3
2 x
+
lim
x + 2 x
x + 2 x
1
1
= 3 lim x + lim 2 x
x + 2
x + 2
= 3(0) + 0
=0
= lim
3
5
3
5
lim 4 + 2 = lim 4 + lim

lim 2
x
x x
x
x
1
1
= 4 + 3 lim
5 lim 2
x x
x x
= 4 + 3(0) 5(0)
(c)
=4
lim (4 3e 2 x ) = lim 4 lim 3e 2 x
x +
x +
x +
= 4 3 lim e 2 x
x +
= 4 3 lim (e 2 ) x
x +
(b)
1
= 4 3 lim 2
x + e

1
= 4 3 lim
x + (e 2 ) x
= 4 3(0)
=4
x 2 +1
x + x ( x 2 +1)
lim
x2 + 1
x3
= lim
x + x ( x 2 + 1)
x3
1 1
+ 3
= lim x x
x +
1
1+ 2
x
1
1
lim + lim 3
x +
x
+
x
x
=
1
lim 1 + lim 2
x +
x + x
0+0
=
1+ 0
=0
lim sin
x
(a)
2
x
= sin
3

3
2
lim (1 + sin x ) cos x
x
6
(b)
= 1 + sin cos
6
6
3 3
4
lim 3 + 4 cos 2 2 x
(c)
After a very long time, we have:

= 3 + 4 cos 2 2
4
= 3
3(t + 2)2
C = lim
t + (t + 1) 2
3(t + 4t + 4)
= lim 2
t + t + 2t + 1
3t 2 + 12t + 12
2
= lim 2 t
t +
t + 2t + 1
t2
12 12
3+ + 2
t t
= lim
t +
2 1
1+ + 2
t t
12
12
lim 3 + lim + lim 2
t +
t + t
t + t
=
2
1
lim 1 + lim + lim 2
t +
t + t
t + t
3+ 0+ 0
=
1+ 0 + 0
=3
2
(a)
x2
x 0 sin x
lim
= lim
x
x 0 sin x
= lim
lim x
x
0
sin
x x 0
= (1)(0)
=0
(b)
sin 6 x
x 0
2x
sin 6 x
= lim
3
x 0
6x
sin
6
x
= lim
lim 3
x0 6 x x 0
= (1)(3)
=3
lim
The concentration of the pollutants is 3 mg/L.
lim
x 0
sin 4 x
sin 4 x 3x 4
= lim
cos 3 x
x
0
tan 3x
4 x sin 3 x 3
sin 4 x
3x
4
= lim
lim
lim cos 3x
x
0
x
0
4 x
sin 3x x 0
3
4
= (1)(1)(1)
3
4
=
3
e2x e x
eu 1
=
lim
2u
x 0
u 0
xe x
u 3
e
3
lim
eu 1
1
lim 2u
= 3 lim
u 0 u u 0 e 3
= 3(1)(1)
=3
Quick Practice 7.14 (p.7.32)
1 cos 4 x
2 sin 2 2 x
=
lim
x 0 sin 2 x
x 0 sin 2 x
2(2 sin x cos x) 2
= lim
x 0
(a)
sin 2 x
= lim 8 cos 2 x
lim
x 0
= 8(1) 2
=8
(b)
3 x + x 3x x
2 cos
sin
sin 3 x sin x
2 2
lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
sin x
= lim 2 cos 2 x
x 0
x
sin x
= 2 lim cos 2 x lim
x 0
x 0
x
= 2(1)(1)
=2

Let f(x) = 2x2 3.
Slope of the tangent at x = 1
f (1 + x ) f (1)
x 0
x
2(1 + x ) 2 3 [2(1) 2 3]
= lim
x 0
x
2 + 4( x) + 2(x) 2 3 ( 1)
= lim
x 0
x
4( x) + 2( x) 2
= lim
x 0
x
= lim ( 4 + 2x)
= lim

(a) Let u =
x
.
3
x 0
Then x = 3u
When x 0, u 0.
lim
x 0
(b)
lim
=4
y
3
e 1
eu 1
= lim
u 0 3u
x
1
eu 1
= lim
3 u 0 u
1
= (1)
3
1
=
3
x0
e2 x ex
xe x
= lim
x0

(a)
dy
( x + x) 2 3( x + x) ( x 2 3x)
= lim
dx x0
x
2
x + 2 x(x) + ( x) 2 3x 3(x) x 2 + 3 x
= lim
x 0
x
2 x( x) + ( x) 2 3( x)
= lim
x 0
x
= lim ( 2 x + x 3)
e 3 x 1
xe 2 x
x 0
= 2x 3
Let u = 3x.
Then x =
u
3
When x 0, u 0.
(b)
1
1
dy
2 ( x + x ) 2 x
= lim
dx x0
x
( 2 x ) ( 2 x x )
= lim
x 0 x ( 2 x x )( 2 x )
1
= lim
x 0 ( 2 x x )( 2 x )
1
=
(2 x) 2
Exercise
Exercise 7A (p. 7.5)
Level 1
1. (a) True
(b) True
2.
(a) All non-negative real numbers

(b) All real numbers
(c) All real numbers
3.
(a) f(2) + f(2)
1
(a)
2( x + x) + 7
x
dy
= lim
dx x0
= lim
x 0
=2
2x + 7
2
3f(3) =3[ 2(3) 5(3) 7]
(b)
=12
2 x + 7 2( x + x) + 7
(c) f(a + 1) f(a)
x 2( x + x ) + 7 2 x + 7
= 2( a +1) 2 5( a +1) 7 ( 2a 2 5a 7)
= 2a 2 + 4a + 2 5a 5 7 2a 2 +5a +7
= 4a 3
4.
2 x
2( x + x) + 7 2 x + 7
[ 2 x + 7 + 2( x + x) + 7 ]
2
(c) g(f(3))
( 2 x + 7) 2 2 x + 7
= ( 2 x + 7)
5.
3
2
(b) Slope of the curve at x = 0
dy
dx
= [ 2(0) + 7]
=
=
=
f(x) = ax3 2x2

f ( 1) = 5
= f ( 2( 2) +5)
= f (1)
7.
73
7 7
g(x) = 2x2 + b
g ( 2) = 5
a = 7
3
2
=2( 2) 2 +( 2)
=6
a ( 1)3 2(1) 2 = 5
a 2 = 5
x =0
= (7)
= g (3 5)
= g ( 2)
2( 2) 2 + b = 5
b = 3
6.
2
(a) f(3) g(3) =(3 5) [ 2(3) +3]
=42
= f ( 2(3) 2 +3)
(b) f(g(3)) = f ( 21)
=21 5
=16
x 0 x
(d) True
=2( 2) 2 5( 2) 7 +2( 2) 2 5( 2) 7
2 x + 7 2( x + x) + 7
x 2( x + x) + 7 2 x + 7
= lim
x 0 2 x + 7 + 2( x + x) + 7
2 x + 7 + 2( x + x) + 7
= lim
(c) False
7
7
7
49
5
1 2
3(1) +1
1
=
4
(a) f(g(2)) =
= f ( 2 x + 5)
2 x +5 2
=
f(g(x)) 3( 2 x + 5) +1
(b)
2 x +3
=
6 x +16
(a) f(g(e))
( 2) + a ( 2) + b = 4
2a + b = 8 (2)
(1) (2), 3a =6
a =2
By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have

2 +b =2
b =4
x 2
= g
3 x +1
x 2
(c) g(f(x)) = 2
+5
3
x +1
17 x +1
=
3 x +1
8.
h ( 2) = 4
2
= g ( 23 )
11. (a) g(g(3)) = g (8)
=28
=256
= f (ln e)
= f (1)
=( 23 ) 2
(b) [g(3)] =82
2
=64
=13
=1
[ g ( a )]b = ( 2a )b
=g (e 3 )
(b) g(f(e)) =ln e 3

=3
(c) f(g(x))
= ( 2b ) a
= [ g (b)]a
= f (ln x )
=(ln x )3
(ii) g(a + b)
=g ( x 3 )
12. (a)
f ( 5) = 4
f ( 2) = 12
2 2 + a ( 2) + b = 12
2a + b = 16 (1)
f (3) =18
( 3) + a (3) + b =18
3a + b = 9 (2)
By substituting a = 5 into (1), we have

2( 5) +b =16
b =6
(b) Domain: ,
f ( 2 x ) = 10
( 2 x ) 2 5( 2 x ) 6 = 10
Range: (, 0)
(or other possible answers)
2 x 2 5x + 2 = 0
( x 2)( 2 x 1) = 0
14. (a) A = r2
1
x = 2 or
2
6
2
=3
(b) Maximum value of r =
10. h(x) = x2 + ax + b
5a + 6 =16
5a =10
a = 2
= f ( 4 x 3)
6
=
13. (a) f(g(x))
3( 4 x 3) 1
3
=
6 x 5
(1) (2), 5a =25

a =5
a ( 5) + 6 = 4
(b) Domain: (, 3]
Range: [0, +)
(b) f(x) = x2 5x 6
= 2 a 2b
f ( x ) = ax +6
Level 2
9. (a) f(x) = x2 + ax + b
= 2 a +b
= g ( a ) g (b )
(d) g(f(x)) =ln x 3

=3 ln x
= 2ab
(c) (i)
Minimum value of r = 0
Range of A = (0, 9]
h(1) =1
(1) 2 + a (1) + b =1
a + b = 2 (1)
15. (a) V = x(10 2x)2

(b) 0 < 2x < 10
6

0<x<5
Domain of V = (0, 5)
Exercise 7B (p. 7.17)
Level 1
1. f(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.
2.
g(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.
3.
h(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x

4.
5.
6.
x +2
=
ex
15. lim
x 0
0 +2
e0
= 2
16. lim
x 4
2 x 2 5 = 3 2( 4) 2 5
=3
s(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x

x 4
1
=
2
1
=
8
17.
lim(7 x 2) = 7(3) 2
x 3
=19
7.
lim ( 2 x 3 + x 2 5) = 2( 2)3 + ( 2) 2 5
x 2
= 17
2 x2 + 5x
2( 2) 2 + 5( 2)
=
lim
x 2
3x 2
3( 2) 2
8.
lim(3 x 4)(2 x x 2) =[3( 2) 4][2( 2) 2 2]

2
x 2
=8
lim
10.
x 2
x +1
2 +1
=
2 x 3
2( 2) 3
1
=
7
19.
lim e3 x
x 1
lim ln(5 x 2 2) = ln[5(1) 2 2]
20.
x 1
lim e x ln( x 2 +1) = e 0 ln(0 2 +1)

x 0
4e 2 x
4e 2 ( 0 )
=
x 0 2 x 2 3 x 2
2(0) 2 3(0) 2
21.
4
=
2
= 2
= 4e3
12.
13.
1
1
= ln
x
e
= ln e 1
= 1
x +1
x +1
= lim
2
x 1 x 1
x 1 ( x +1)( x 1)
1
= lim
x 1 x 1
22.
1
=
1 1
1
=
2
lim
lim ln( x 3 x +1) = ln[(1) 3 ( 1) +1]
x 1
=0
lim
14.
x e
x ln
x = e ln e
=
2 +2 ( 1) 1
lim
x 1
x e
= e3( 1)
=0
lim 4e3 x = 4e3(1)
lim ln
2 +2 x 1
=1
= ln 3
11.
9
=
2
81
=
4
18.
2
9.
4 1
x 1
lim
=
x 4 6 x
6 ( 4)
lim18 = 18
e
2
lim
x 3
23.
x 2 9
( x + 3)( x 3)
= lim
x
3
x +3
x +3
= lim ( x 3)
lim
x 9
x 3
x 3
x 3
= lim
x 9 9 x
9x
= lim
= 3 3
= 6
x 9
28.
= lim
x 9
(9 x )( x + 3)
1
x +3
x 9
x 3
x 3
lim 2
= lim
x 3 x + x 12
x 3 ( x + 4)( x 3)
1
= lim
x 3 x + 4
24.
1
=
3 +4
1
=
7
x 1
25.
29.
lim
x 1
x 1
= lim
3
x
1
x 1
( x 1)( x 2 + x +1)
1
= lim 2
x 1 x + x +1
1
= 2
1 +1 +1
1
=
3
2 x 2 + 4 + 2
2x2 + 4 + 2
30.
lim
x 2
3x 2
3x 2
=
lim
x 0 ( 2 x + 1) 2 1
x 0 4 x 2 + 4 x
2
3x
4 x ( x +1)
3x
= lim
x 0 4( x +1)
3(0)
=
4(0 +1)
=0
x 2
= lim
2
2 x 3 1
2 x 3 1
x 2
2 x 3 +1
2 x 3 +1
= lim
( x 2)( 2 x 3 +1)
2x 4
= lim
( x 2)( 2 x 3 +1)
2( x 2)
x 2
x 0
26.
2x2 + 4 2
2x2 + 4 2
= lim
x 0
x
x
2x
= lim
x 0
2
2x + 4 + 2
2(0)
=
2(0) 2 + 4 + 2
=0
lim
= lim
9 +3
1
=
6
x 0
lim
x +3
x +3
x 2
= lim
x 2
2 x 3 +1
2
2( 2) 3 +1
2
=1
lim
x 0
x +9 3
= lim
0
x
= lim
x 0
27.
= lim
x 0
x +9 3
x + 9 + 3
x + 9 + 3
Level 2
x
x ( x + 9 + 3)
1
x +9 +3
1
0 +9 +3
1
=
6
31. (a)
(b) f(x) is not a continuous function for all x in the
interval (3, 3) because it is discontinuous at x = 1.
1 1
x 3
3
x
3x
lim
= lim
x 3 5( x 3)
x 3 5( x 3)
1
= lim
37.
x 3 15 x
1
=
15(3)
1
=
45
32. (a)
(b) f(x) is a continuous function for all x in the interval
(3, 3).
38.
lim
x 5
4x
=
x 2 2 x 10
4(5)
52 2(5) 10
33.
4 (2 + 3 x) 2
[2 + (2 + 3 x)][2 ( 2 + 3 x )]
= lim
x 0
x 0
4x
4x
3x (4 + 3 x)
= lim
x 0
4x
3(4 + 3 x)
= lim
x 0
4
3[4 + 3(0)]
=
4
= 3
lim
20
25 10 10
=
=2
34.
lim ( x 2 + 3x)(4 x 3 5 x 2 + 6)
x 1
= [12 +3(1)][ 4(1) 3 5(1) 2 +6]
39.
x 2 x 12
( x 4)( x + 3)
= lim
2
x
4
x 6x +8
( x 4)( x 2)
x +3
= lim
x 4 x 2
4 +3
=
4 2
7
=
2
40.
3x 2 + 4 x 4
(3 x 2)( x + 2)
= lim
x 2 2 x 2 + 3 x 2
x 2 ( 2 x 1)( x + 2)
3x 2
= lim
x 2 2 x 1
3( 2) 2
=
2( 2) 1
8
=
5
= 20
lim
x 4
=2
lim 3
x2 +5x 6
2 2 + 5( 2) 6
3
=
2 x 4 2 x 1
2(2) 4 2( 2) 1
x 2
35.
=3
=
8
27
2
3
lim
lim
1
x
2
2 x 1
2 x 1
= lim
2
1
4 x 1 x ( 2 x + 1)(2 x 1)
2
= lim
36.
1
x
2
1
2 x +1
1
1
2 + 1
2
1
=
2
=
lim e
x 2
41.
x 2 4
x 2
= lim e
x 2
= lim e x +2
x 2
= e 2 +2
= e4
( x +2 )( x 2 )
x 2
42.
x2 + 2x 3
( x + 3)( x 1)
= lim ln
lim ln
2
x 1
x + 4 x 5 x 1 ( x + 5)( x 1)
x +3
= lim ln
x 1
x +5
1 +3
= ln
1+5
2
= ln
3
lim
x 2
lim
x 4
3x + 4 x
3x + 4 x
3 x + 4 + x
= lim
2
2
x 4
2 x 32
3 x + 4 + x
2 x 32
3x + 4 x 2
= lim
x 4 2( x + 4)( x 4)( 3 x + 4 + x )
( x + 1)
= lim
x 4
2( x + 4)( 3 x + 4 + x )
( 4 + 1)
=
2( 4 + 4)( 3( 4) + 4 + 4)
=
x3 + 8
( x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 4)
=
lim
x 2 4 x 2
( x + 2)( x 2)
x2 2x + 4
x 2
x 2
2
(2) 2(2) + 4
=
2 2
= 3
47.
= lim
43.
lim
x 2
x + 3 x +10 x 3x +10
x + 3 x +10
= lim
x 2
x +2
x +2
x 3x +10
= lim
x 2
44.
= lim
x 2
8 x 3 + 27
( 2 x + 3)( 4 x 2 6 x + 9)
lim
= lim
3 2x + 3
3
2x + 3
x
x
2
= lim
x 2
= lim ( 4 x 2 6 x + 9)
x
5
128
3
2
3
3
= 4 6 + 9
2
2
= 27
48. lim
45.
x 2
x 2 3x 10
( x + 2)( x 3 x +10 )
( x + 2)( x 5)
( x + 2)( x 3 x +10 )
x 5
x 3x +10
2 5
2 3( 2) +10
7
4
x + 2 2
2 x + 5 3
x +2 2
2 x + 5 + 3
2
2x2 + 7 3
= lim
2x2 + 7 3
2
x
+
7
+
3
x 2 2 x + 5 3
2 x + 5 + 3
lim
= lim
x 1
x 1
2
x 1
x 1
2
x
+
7
+
3
( x + 2 2)( 2 x + 5 + 3)
= lim
2
2x + 7 9
x 2
2x +5 +9
= lim
x 1
( x 1)( 2 x 2 + 7 + 3)
( x + 2 2)( 3x + 5 + 3
x +2 +2
= lim
x 2
2( x 2)
2( x + 1)( x 1)
x +2 +2
= lim
x 1
2
( x 1)( 2 x + 7 + 3)
( x + 2 4)( 2 x + 5 + 3)
= lim
x 2 2( x 2)( x + 2 + 2)
2(1 + 1)
=
2
2(1) + 7 + 3
( x 2)( 2 x + 5 + 3)
= lim
x 2 2( x 2)( x + 2 + 2)
2
=
3
2x + 5 + 3
= lim
x 2 2( x + 2 + 2)
46.
2( 2) + 5 + 3
2( 2 + 2 + 2)
3
=
4
10
5
6
5
6
lim 3 +
2 = lim 3 + lim
lim 2
x
2
x
2
x
x
x
=3 +0 0
49. lim
x 1
=3
x3 1
x 2 +1 x +1
2
( x 1)( x + x +1)
= lim
x 1
x +1 x +1
lim (6 x 2 ) = lim 6 lim
x +1 + x +1
3.
x +
x +
x +1 + x +1
=6
x 2 +1 ( x +1)
x 1
( x 1)( x 2 + x +1)( x 2 +1 + x +1 )
x 1
x( x 1)
= lim
4.
( x + x +1)( x +1 + x +1 )
x 1
x( x 1)
= lim
12 4
lim 3 = lim 9 + 2
x +
x +
x
x x
12
4
= lim 9 lim
+ lim 2
x +
x + x
x + x
= 90+0
=9
( x 2 + x +1)( x 2 +1 + x +1 )
= lim
x 1
x
lim (5 + 2 x ) = lim 5 + lim
(12 +1 +1)( 12 +1 + 1 +1 )
=
1
5.
x +
x +
lim (6 4e 3 x ) = lim 6 4 lim e 3 x
x +8 3
= lim
x 1
x +3 2
x +8 3
6.
( x + 3 2)( x + 8 + 3)
x 1
x +8 9
x 1
( x + 3 2)( x + 8 + 3)
x 1
x 1
x 1
= lim
x 1
= 6 4(0)
=6
lim (6e x + 3e 2 x ) = 6 lim e x + 3 lim e 2 x
7.
x +3 + 2
x +3 + 2
8.
( x + 3 4)( x + 8 + 3)
( x 1)( x + 3 + 2)
5
2
5
2
lim
+ x = lim
+ lim x
x
+
x
+
3x
9
3x 9
= 0 +0
x +
=0
x +8 + 3
x +3 + 2
3
2
2x 2 9x
2x 9x
x2
lim
=
lim
x + x 2 + 4
x +
x2 + 4
x2
9
2
x
= lim
x +
4
1+ 2
x
20
=
1+ 0
=2
2
Exercise 7C (p. 7.25)

Level 1
5
5
lim 2 + = lim 2 + lim

x +
x +
x + x
x
1.
9.
= 2 +0
=2
2.
11
= 6(0) + 3(0)
=0
( x + 3 2)( x + 8 + 3)
x +8 9
= lim
= lim
x + 8 + 3
x + 8 + 3
= lim
= lim
1
2x
=5
x +3 2
x 1
x +
=5 + 0
=6 2
50. lim
1
x2
= 6 0
( x 1)( x 2 + x +1)( x 2 +1 + x +1 )
= lim
x +
2 x + 7
x
x 1
x
7
2+
x
= lim
x
1
1
x
2+0
=
10
=2
2x + 7
lim
= lim
x
x
x 1
10.
lim
x +
3x + 7
3x + 7
x
= lim 3
x +
x2
x2
x
13.
= lim
x +
=3
7
x
2
1
x
3+
3+0
10
=3 3
2x 4
2x 4
lim
= lim x
x 1 2 x
x 1 2 x
8
8
x2
lim
= lim
2
2
x + 2 x + 3 x
x + 2 x + 3 x
x2
8
11.
2
= lim x
x +
3
2+
x
0
=
2+0
=0
lim
12.
14.
2 0
=
02
= 1
=3
=
2
x
3
8+
x
1
3x 2 x 4
3x x 4
x2
lim
= lim
2
2
x + 5 x + 4 x 9
x + 5 x + 4 x 9
x2
1 4
3 2
x x
15.
= lim
x +
4 9
5+ 2
x x
300
=
5+00
3
=
5
2
x 2
x 2
x
= lim 3
x
8x + 3
8x + 3
x
= lim
2
x
= lim
x 1
2
x
10
8+0
1
2
12
x 2 4x
x 2 4x
x3
lim
=
lim
x + 2 x 3 + 7 x 2 2
x + 2 x 3 + 7 x 2 2
x3
1 4
16.
x x2
= lim
x +
7 2
2+ 3
x x
00
=
2+00
=0
lim
x +
21.
6 x 2 5x
x2
3x 2 + 8
x2
5
x
8
3+ 2
x
6
60
3+0
= 2
(2 x + 1) 2 3x
4 x 2 + x +1
=
lim
x +
x +
4x 2
4x 2
4 x 2 + x +1
x2
= lim
x +
4x 2
22.
x2
1 1
4+ + 2
x x
= lim
x +
4
4+0+0
=
4
=1
lim
3 x 2 8 x 1
3 x 8 x 1
x3
lim
= lim
3
x + 7 x 4 x
x +
7x 4x 3
x3
3 8
1
2 3
18.
x x
x
= lim
x +
7
4
x2
0 0 0
=
0 4
=0
2
23.
( 2 x + 3)(3 x 4)(4 x + 5)
lim
= lim
x
x
6x 3
( 2 x + 3)(3 x 4)(4 x +
x3
6x 3
x3
3
4
5
2 + 3 4 +
x
x
x
= lim
x
6
( 2 + 0)(3 0)( 4 + 0)
=
6
=4
Level 2
3
20.
= lim
x +
2x 3 7x
2x 3 7x
x3
lim
=
lim
x + 3 2 x 2 4 x 3
x + 3 2 x 2 4 x 3
x3
7
2 2
x
17.
= lim
x + 3
2
4
x3 x
20
=
004
1
=
2
19.
6 x 5x
= lim
x +
3x 2 + 8
2
lim ( 4 + 3 x 1 ) 3 = lim 4 +
x +
x +
x
3
= ( 4 + 0)
= 64
24.
lim (5 4 3 x ) = 5 0
=5
13
( 2 x + 5)(3 x )
x2
x3
x2
1
5 3
= lim 2 + 1
x x
x
x
= 0( 2 + 0)( 0 1)
=0
lim ( x +1 x 1 )
28.
( 2 x + 5)( 3 x )
lim
= lim
x
x
x3
x +
= lim ( x +1 x 1 )
x +
x +1 ( x 1)
= lim
x +
x +1 + x 1
2
= lim
x +
x +1 + x 1
=0
x +1 + x 1
x +1 + x 1
25.
(7 x 3)(8 x + 5)
(7 x 3)(8 x + 5)
x2
lim
= lim
x + (5 x + 2)( 4 x 9)
x + (5 x + 2)( 4 x 9)
x2
3
5
7 8 +
x
x
= lim
x +
2
9
5 + 4
x
x
(7 0)(8 + 0)
=
(5 + 0)(4 0)
14
=
5
lim
29.
27.
x +1 + x 1
x +
4x 3 x
4x 3 x
x
lim
= lim
x +
x +
2x + 5 x
2x + 5 x
x
3
4
26.
x
= lim
x +
5
2+
x
4 0
=
2 +0
=2
4e x 6e 2 x
x +
5e3 x
x ( x +1 x 1 )
1
= lim
x +
x ( x +1 x 1 )
= lim
lim
x +
= lim
x +
2 x
1+
1
1
+ 1
x
x
2
1 + 0 + 1 0
2
=1
px 2 + qx
= 1
x 0 3 x 2 + x
px + q
lim
= 1
30.
x 0 3 x + 1
p ( 0) + q
= 1
3(0) +1
q = 1
lim
4e x 6e 2 x
e3 x
= lim
x +
5e3 x
e3 x
4
6
x
2x
e
= lim e
x +
5
0 0
=
5
=0
14
x +1 + x 1
x +1 + x 1
px 2 + qx
=2
x + 3 x 2 + x
px 2 + qx
x2
lim
=2
x + 3 x 2 + x
x2
q
p+
x =2
lim
x +
1
3+
x
p +0
=2
3+0
p =6
lim
Exercise 7D (p.7.33)
Level 1
lim sin x
1.
= sin
lim (1 + cos 2 x)
2.

= 1 + cos 2
4
=1
lim tan 2 x
4(1 + 3 )
C=
3 2 (1)
16
=
9
1
3.
in Johns blood after 1 hour is
= tan 2
=0
lim
The concentration of the medicine that remains
x 0
16
mg/L.
9
4.
(b) After a very long time, we have:
4(1 + 3t )
t +
32t
1 1
4 32 t + 3t
= lim
t
t +
3
=0
C = lim
lim
x 0
The concentration of the medicine that remains

in Johns blood after a very long time is 0 mg/L.
5.
sin x
1 sin x
= lim
x 0
4x
x
4
1
sin x
= lim
x
0
4
x
1
= (1)
4
1
=
4
sin 3 x
sin 3 x
= lim
3
x
0
x
3x
sin 3 x
= 3 lim
x 0
3x
= 3(1)
=3
10 000 + 2 3 + 1
22 +1
= 6000
32. (a) S =
lim
The daily sales of the magazine when it has been

published for 2 days is $6000.
(b) After a very long time, we have:
x 0
6.
10 000 t 3 + 1
S = lim
t +
t 2 +1
1 1
+
t t4
1
1+ 2
t
10 000
t +
=1
31. (a) When t = 1,
= lim
10 000 0 + 0
1+ 0
=0
=
The daily sales of the magazine after it has been

published for a very long time is $0.
15
3x
3
2x
= lim

x
0
sin 2 x
sin 2 x 2
3
2x
= lim
2 x0 sin 2 x
3
= (1)
2
3
=
2
x
2
lim
= lim
2x
x 0
x x 0
x
sin
sin
2
2
= lim 2 lim 2 x
x x 0
x 0
sin
= (1)(0)
lim
7.
x 0
12.
1
= (1)
2
1
=
2
=0
x
lim x cot x = lim

cos x
x 0 sin x
= lim
lim cos x
x 0 sin x x 0
= (1)(1)
x0
8.
13.
=1
9.
sin 4 x sin 2 x
sin 2 x
sin 4 x
= lim
2 lim
x 0
2x
x 0 4 x
x 0 2 x
sin 4 x
= 2 lim
1
x 0 4 x
= 2(1) 1
lim
x 0
sin 5 x
sin 5 x 6 x 5
= lim

sin 6 x x0 5 x sin 6 x 6
5
sin 5 x
6x
lim
lim
6 x 0 5 x x 0 sin 6 x
5
=
6
14.
sin x + sin 3 x
x 0
x cos x
lim
1
3
sin x
sin 3 x
= lim
+ lim
x 0
x
0
x
cos x
cos x
3x
sin x
1
sin 3 x
3
= lim
lim
+ lim
lim
x 0 x x 0 cos x x 0 3 x x 0 cos x
= (1)(1) + (1)(3)
=4
lim
x 0
11.
x
x
3
x
lim 2 = lim 3 cos
x 0
x x 0
x 2
3
tan
sin
3
3
3
x
= lim 3 lim cos

x x 0
x 0
3
sin 2
3
= (1)
2
3
=
2
lim
=1
10.
tan x
1
sin x
= lim
0
2x
x 2 cos x
sin x
1
= lim
lim
x 0
x
0
x
2 cos x
sin 2 x
tan 2 x
x
= lim
2
x 0
x
cos 2 x
x
2
x
sin x
= lim
lim
x 0
x 0 cos 2 x
x
= (1)(0)
x
x
sin
3
x
1
2 = lim
2
lim

x 0 sin 3 x
x 0
x sin 3 x 6
sin
1
2 lim 3 x
= lim
6 x 0 x x 0 sin 3 x
1
=
6
sin
15.
Level 2
=0
16
x
2sin 2
1 cos x
2
lim
= lim
x 0 sin x
x 0 sin x
sin 2 x
x x
2
= 2 lim
2
x 0
sin x 4
x
16.
2
20.
x
2sin 2
cos x 1
2
lim
= lim
x 0 sin 2 x
x 0 sin 2 x
sin 2 x
2x x
2
= 2 lim
x 0 x 2 sin 2 x 8

21.
x 2
sin
1 2
2x
= lim
lim
lim x
x
4 x 0
x 0 sin 2 x x 0
2
sin 2 x
x
= 2 lim
lim
lim cos x
x 0 2 x x 0 sin x x 0
= 2(1)(1)(1)
lim
sin 2 x tan 3 x
x2
6
sin 2 x sin 3 x
= lim
x 0
2x
3x
cos 3 x
x0
sin 2 x
sin 3 x
1
= 6 lim
lim
lim
0
x
0
x
0
2 x
3 x
cos 3 x
= 6(1)(1)(1)
=6
19.
lim
x0
1
= (1)2 (1)(0)
4
=0
22.
7 x + 3x 7 x 3x
2 sin
sin
2
2
x2
2 sin 5 x sin 2 x
= lim
x 0
x2
sin 5 x sin 2 x
= 2 lim
10
x 0
2x
5x
1 cos x
3
x +x
cos 7 x cos 3 x
lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
x2
2 x
2 sin 2
= lim 2
x0 x ( x + 1)
sin
1
2
= ( 2) lim
4 x0 x
x 2 (1 + cos 3 x )
1
sin 3 x
= 9 lim
lim
x 0 3 x x 0 1 + cos 3 x
1
= 9(1) 2
2
9
=
2
=2
18.
1 cos 2 3 x
sin 2 3 x
9
= lim
2
x 0 (3 x )
1 + cos 3 x
sin 2 x
sin 2 x x
= lim
2 cos x
tan x x 0 2 x sin x
17.
x2
1 cos 3 x 1 + cos 3 x
= lim
x 0
1 + cos 3 x
x2
x 0
= 2(1) 2 (1)(0)
=0
lim
1 cos 3 x
= lim
x 2
sin
x x
= 2 lim 2 lim
lim
x 0 x x 0 sin x x 0 4
2
x 0
lim
x0
lim 1
x0 x + 1
sin 5 x
sin 2 x
= 20 lim
lim
x 0
x
0
5 x
2x
= 20(1)(1)
= 20
1
= (1)(1)
2
1
=
2
23.
17
6x + 4x 6x 4x
e(e x 1 1)
e(e u 1)
2 sin
sin
lim
= lim
cos 6 x cos 4 x
2
2
x 1
u 0
u

x 1
lim
= lim
2
2
u
x0
x
0
x
x
e 1
= e lim
2 sin 5 x sin x
u 0
u
= lim
2
= e(1)
x0
x
=e
sin 5 x sin x
= 2 lim
5
x0 5 x
x
u
sin 5 x
sin x
5. Let u = 2x, then x = .

= 10 lim
lim
2
x0 5 x x0 x
When x 0, u 0.
= 10(1)(1)
e 2 x 1
e u 1
lim
= lim
= 10
x 0
u 0
u
x
24. Let y = x , then x = y ,

2
sin x
sin( y )
e u 1
lim
= lim
=
2
lim
x x
y 0
y
u 0
u
sin y
=
2
(
1
)
= lim
y 0 y
= 2
=1
Exercise 7E (p. 7.36)

Level 1
6.
e x 1 1
e x 1
= lim
x 0
4x
4 x0 x
1
= (1)
4
1
=
4
lim
1.
2.
x 0
u
.
6
When x 0, u 0.
lim
x 0
Let u = x + 2, then x = u 2.
When x 2, u 0.
e x +2 1
e u 1
= lim
x 2
u 0
x +2
u
=1
e x +3 e 3
e 3 (e x 1)
= lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
e 1
= e 3 lim
x 0
x
3
= e (1)
lim
x
1
= lim u
u
0
e 1
e 1
u
6
1
1
= lim u
6 u0 e 1
u
1
1
=
6
eu 1
lim
u0
u
6x
1
= (1)
6
1
=
6
= e3
4.
x
1
= lim 6 x
x
0
e 1
e 1
x
6x
Let u = 6x, then x =
lim
3.
lim
7.
ex e
e(e x 1 1)
= lim
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
lim
Let u = x 1, then x = u + 1.
When x 1, u 0.
1 e3x
e 3 x 1
= lim
x 0
x 0
2x
2x
u
Let u = 3x, then x = .
3
lim
When x 0, u 0.
18
e x 1 2 x 1
e x 1
= lim

x 0 sin 2 x
x 0
sin 2 x 2
x
1 e3x
e u 1
= lim
x 0
u 0
2u
2x
3
3
eu 1
= lim
2 u 0 u
3
= (1)
2
3
=
2
lim
8.
lim
10.
1
(1)(1)
2
1
=
2
=
e x ex
e x (e 2 x 1)
lim
= lim
x 0
x
x 0
x
u
.
2
lim
x 0
e3x 1
=
lim
x
3
x
e 1 x 0 3x
e 1
e3 x 1
e 3 x 1
x
= 3 lim
lim
x 0 3 x x 0 e x 1
= 3(1)(1)
11.
When x 0, u 0.
e x (e 2 x 1)
e
lim
= lim
x0
x
u0
u
2 (e u
=3
1)
u
2
e 2 x 1 x
e 2 x 1
= lim
2
x 0 sin x
x 0
2
x
sin
x
lim

e u 1
= 2 lim e 2 lim
u0
u 0 u
= 2(1)(1)
=2
e 2 x + e 2 x 2
(e x e x ) 2
= lim
2
x 0
x 0
x
x2
e x e x
= lim
x 0
x
e 2 x 1
x
lim
= 2 lim
x 0
x
0
2 x
sin x
= 2(1)(1)
=2
12.
e2x 1
e2x 1
3x 2
= lim
cos 3x

x 0 tan 3 x
x0
sin 3x 3
2x
lim
9.
1
e x 1
2x
lim
lim
2 x0 x x 0 sin 2 x
lim
2
e x (e 2 x 1)
= lim
x
x0
u
.
2
13.
2
2
e2x 1
3x
lim
lim cos 3x lim
0
3 x0 2 x x0
sin
3x
2
(1)(1)(1)
3
2
=
3
=
When x 0, u 0.
lim
x 0
e 2 x + e 2 x
x2
2
= lim e 2
x 0
e u 1
ulim
0 u

e u 1
= (1) 2 lim
u 0 u
14. Let y = 1 +
3
, then ln y = x ln1 + .
x
x
Let u = ln1 +
ln y =
3
3
, then x = u
.
x
e 1
3u
u
e 1
When x +, y +and u 0 .
= ( 2) 2
=4
Level 2
19
lim ln 1 +
x +
3
= lim ln y
x y +
3u
= lim u
u 0 e 1
1
= 3 lim
u 0 eu 1
1
= 3
u
lim e 1
u 0 u
=3
lim
x0
(b) (i)
lim 1 + = e3
x +
x
Let u = ln
1 +
x sin x
ln(1 + x sin x )
= lim
x0
x sin x
sin x
1
1
, then y =
.
m(eu 1)
my
1
ln(1 + x sin x )
x
ln(1 + x sin x )
= lim
x0
x sin x
(ii) lim
x 0
When x 0, y +, z + and u 0 .
lim
x 0
ln(1 + x sin x )
sin x 2
= lim

lim
x sin x
x 0
x 0 x
= (1)(1)
=1
y
1
x x
1 .
15. Let y =
, then
1
+
1 + =
x
m
my
1
ln z = y ln
Let z =
1 + my
1 + my
, then
ln(1 + x)
y
= lim y
x
y 0 e 1
1
= lim
y 0 e y 1
=1
ln(1 + x + x 2 )
1 + x + x 2 1
x x
1
lim 1 + = lim
1+
x 0
m
y +
my
ln(1 + x + x 2 )
1 + x + x 2 +1
= lim
2
2
x0
1 + x + x 1 1 + x + x +1
ln(1 + x + x 2 )
= lim
1 + x + x 2 +1
2
x0
x+x
ln(1 + x + x 2 )
2
= lim
lim 1 + x + x +1
2
x
0
x
x+x
1
= lim ln z
lim ln 1 +
y +
my z +
1
= lim
u 0 m(eu 1)
1
1
= lim
u
m u 0 e 1
1
1
=
u
m
lim e 1
u 0 u
1
=
m
1
x
lim 1 +
x 0
m
= (1)(2)
=2
Exercise 7F (p. 7.42)

Level 1
dy
=2(3)3 4(3) 5
1. (a) dx
x =3
=37
f (2) =
(b)
dy
dx
x = 2
= 2(2) 3 4(2) 5
1
=e m
= 13
16. (a) Let y = ln(1 + x ) , then x =e y 1 .

When x 0, y 0 .
2.
20
(a)
g (3) =6e 3 (3 +2)

=30e 3
(b)
dy
dx
dy
2( x + x)2 + ( x + x) 4 (2 x 2 + x 4)
= lim
dx x 0
x
2 x 2 + 4 x ( x ) + 2( x ) 2 + x +
2
x 4 2 x x + 4
= lim
x 0
x
= g (0)
x =0
= 6e 0 (0 + 2)
= 12
3.
Slope of curve C at x = 3
dy
dx
x =3
3
[ 4(3) 7] 2
3
=
25
=
4.
4 x ( x ) + 2( x ) 2 + x
= lim
x 0
x
= lim [4 x + 2( x) + 1]
Slope of curve C at x = k
dy
=
dx x =k
dy
dx
=
x= k
x 0
= 4x + 1
8
(2k + 3) 2
8
1
=
2 (2k + 3) 2
8.
4k 2 + 12k 7 = 0
dy
( x + x)2 + 4( x + x) 3 ( x 2 + 4 x 3)
= lim
dx x 0
x
x 2 2 x( x) ( x) 2 + 4 x +
2
4( x) 3 + x 4 x + 3
= lim
x 0
x
7
1
k = or
2
2
5.
dy
3 4( x + x) (3 4 x)
= lim
0
dx
x
3 4 x 4x 3 + 4 x
= lim
x 0
x
= lim ( 4)
x 0
2 x ( x ) ( x ) 2 + 4( x )
= lim
x 0
x
= lim ( 2 x x + 4)
= 4
dy
5 ( x + x ) 2 (5 x 2 )
= lim
dx x0
x
6.
5 x 2 2 x( x ) ( x) 2 5 + x 2
x0
x
= lim ( 2 x x )
x 0
= lim
= 2x + 4
x0
= 2x
7.
9.
21
1
1
dy
= lim x + x + 5 x + 5
dx x0
x
x + 5 ( x + x + 5)
= lim
x0 x( x + x + 5)( x + 5)
1
= lim
x0 ( x + x + 5)( x + 5)
1
=
( x + 5)2
1
2
dy
( x + x)
= lim
dx x0
x
= lim
x 0
= lim
10.
x 0
= lim
1
x
( x + x) 1 x 1
dy
= lim
dx x0
x
= lim
x 2 ( x + x) 2
x0
x( x 2 )( x + x) 2
= lim
x0
x 2 x 2 2 x( x) (x) 2
x( x 2 )( x + x) 2
2 x x
= lim
x0
x 2 ( x + x) 2
2x
x 0
x2 ( x2 )
2
= 3
x
x + x 1 x 1
x + x 1 + x 1
x + x 1 + x 1
x + x 1 ( x 1)
x ( x + x 1 + x 1 )
1
x + x 1 + x 1
1
2 x 1
5( x + x) 2 5 x 2
x 0
x
2
5 x + 10 x( x) + 5( x) 2 5 x 2
= lim
x 0
x
= lim [10 x + 5(x)]
f ' ( x) = lim
13. (a)
x 0
= 10 x
(b) Slope of the tangent to the curve at x = 1
= f ' (1)
=10(1)
=10
14. (a)
11.
4( x + x)2 5( x + x) (4 x 2 5 x)
g ' ( x) = lim
x 0
x
4 x 2 + 8 x( x) + 4( x)2
2
5 x 5( x) 4 x + 5 x
= lim
x 0
x
2( x + x) 2 x
dy
= lim
dx x0
x
2( x + x) 2 x
2( x + x ) + 2 x
= lim
x0
x
2
(
x
+
x
)
+
2
x
2( x + x x )
= lim
x0 x[ 2( x + x ) + 2 x ]
= lim
x0
=
=
2
2( x + x) + 2 x
8 x( x) + 4( x)2 5( x)
= lim
x 0
x
= lim [8 x + 4( x) 5]
2 2x
1
2x
x 0
12.
= 8x 5
=g ' ( 2)
=8( 2) 5
=11
15.
22
1
3
dy
( x + x)
= lim
dx x0
x
1
x
(b)
x3 ( x + x)3
= lim
x( x + x)3 x3
x 0
x3 [ x3 + 3x 2 (x) + 3x(x) 2 + (x)3 ]
= lim
x( x + x)3 x3
x 0
3 x 2 (x) 3 x(x) 2 (x)3
= lim
19. (a)
x( x + x) x
3 x 3 x(x) (x) 2
= lim
x 4 )
(b)
x6
3
d 1
( x + x 4) 2 ( x 4)
= lim
dx x 4 x 0
x
Level 2
16. The tangent to C at x = k is parallel to the x-axis.
Slope of the tangent at x = k is 0.
= lim
1
2
( x 4) 2 ( x + x 4) 2
1
x 0
x( x 4) ( x + x 4) 2
x
= lim
1
1
x 0
x( x 4) 2 ( x + x 4) 2
1
1
( x 4) 2 + ( x + x 4) 2

1
=
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
( x 4) ( x 4) ( x 4) + ( x + 4) 2
h ( k ) = 0
2k (k 3) 2 = 0
k = 0 or 3
17. (a) Slope of C at the point P(3, 11)
dy
=
dx x =3
=3(3) 2 6(3) 2
=7
dy
=7
dx
(b)
x +x 4) +
= x
3x 2
x +x 4 x 4 )(
= x + x 4 x +4
( x + x)3 x3
x 0
x + x
x
d x
x
+
x
+
1
x
+1
= lim
dx x + 1 x 0
x
1
= lim
x 0 ( x + x + 1)( x + 1)
1
=
( x +1) 2
3 3
x 0
3x2 6 x 2 = 7
x2 2x 3 = 0
1
( x 4) 2
2
(c) Slope of the curve at x = 8
( x + 1)( x 3) = 0
x = 1 or 3 (rejected)
When x = 1,
dy
dx
x =8
3
1
= (8 4) 2
2
1
=
16
y = ( 1)3 3( 1) 2 2( 1) 5
= 7
The coordinates of Q are (1, 7).
18. (a)
20.
x + x
x
( x + x )( x + 1) x( x + x + 1)
=
x + x + 1 x + 1
( x + x + 1)( x + 1)
x 2 + x + x( x) + x x 2 x(x) x
( x + x + 1)( x + 1)
x
=
( x + x + 1)( x + 1)
=
23

x + x
x
dy
= lim 2 x + 2x 1 2 x 1
dx x 0
x
( 2 x 1)( x + x ) x ( 2 x + 2x 1)
= lim
x 0
x( 2 x 1)(2 x + 2x 1)
dy
dx
=1
=2
(c) Slope of the tangent to the curve at x = k is 2.
dy
dx
2
dy
( x + x ) + 1
= lim
dx x0
x
( x + 1)
x ( x 2 + 1)[( x + x ) 2 + 1]
2 x x
x0
= lim
x0 ( x 2
1
2
+ 1)[( x + x) 2 + 1]
2x
( x + x ) x + x x x
x 0
x
x 0 x[( x + x)
1
2
x0
22.
x0
24.
3 x + 3 x ( x ) + ( x ) 2
x 0 ( x + x )
1
+ (1 x 2 ) 2
3x
x + x + x x ]
= lim
2 x x
1
[1 ( x + x) 2 ] 2
3 x ( x ) + 3 x ( x ) 2 + ( x )3
x 0 x[( x + x)
1
+ (1 x 2 ) 2 ]
x + x + x x ]
= lim
1 x 2 2 x ( x ) ( x ) 2 1 + x 2
1
x[(1 ( x + x) 2 ] 2
( x + x )3 x 3
= lim
dy
[1 ( x + x) ] (1 x 2 ) 2
= lim
dx x0
x
= lim
= lim
( x + 1) 2
1
= 2
k2
1
=4
k2
1
k2 =
4
1
k =
2
3
dy 2
( x + x ) 2 x 2
x
=
lim
dx x0
x

= lim
= 2
x =k
( x 2 + 1) [( x + x ) 2 + 1]
= lim
21.
12
=1
2 x 2 + 2 x ( x) x x 2 x 2 2 x ( x ) + x
x 0
x ( 2 x 1)(2 x + 2x 1)
1
= lim
x 0 ( 2 x 1)( 2 x + 2 x 1)
1
=
( 2 x 1) 2
= lim
x + x + x x
2x x
3 x
2
1 x2
Revision Exercise 7 (p. 7.46)
Level 1
1. (a) f ( x ) = 3 x 2 +1
23. (a)
1
1
2x
dy
( x + x )
x
= lim
0
dx
x
2 x + 2( x) 2 x
x x x
= lim
+
x 0
x
( x )( x + x )
2( x + x ) +
2 f ( 1) 3 f ( 2) = 2[3( 1) 2 +1] 3[3( 2) 2 +1]

= 2( 4) 3(13)
= 31
(b)
1
= lim 2
x 0
x ( x + x)
1
=2 2
x
f ( 4 +a ) f ( 4) =3( 4 +a ) 2 +1 [3( 4) 2 +1]

= 48 +24a +3a 2 +1 49
=3a 2 +24a
(c) Domain : (, +)
24
g ( f ( x)) = 0
g (3x 2) = 0
Range : [1, +)
2.
(a)
f ( x ) = 2 x +3
2(3x 2) 2 5(3x 2) = 0
f (11) = 2(11) +3
18 x 2 39 x + 18 = 0
6.
=5
6 x 2 13x + 6 = 0
f ( f (11)) = f (5)
(3x 2)(2 x 3) = 0
2
x=
3
= 2(5) + 3
= 13
(b) Domain : , +
2
Range : [0, +)
3.
7.
f (0) = 4
(d) P(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of

x.
f ( 2) = 4
a ( 2) 2 + 3( 2) 4 = 4
4a =14
a=
(a) F(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.
(c) H(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.
a (0) 2 +3(0) +b = 4
b = 4
3
2
(b) G(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of

x because it is discontinuous at x = 0.
f(x) = ax2 + 3x + b
or
lim 3 x 3 = 3 lim x 3
7
2
8.
x 1
x 1
= 3( 1) 3
= 3
lim [( x 2 + x )( x 3)]
4.
(a) A = x(8 x)
9.
(b) A = x(8 x) > 0

0<x<8
The domain of A is all positive numbers less
than 8.
5.
x
2
=[( 2) 2 +( 2)](2 3)
=10
10. lim
x 2
6 x 2 5 x + 2 = 6( 2) 2 5( 2) + 2
=4
4x 3
= f
2
5
(a) f(g(x)) =
4x 3
3 2
2
5
=
6 4x
5
= g
3 2x
5
3
(b) g(f(x)) 4
3 2x
=
2
6 x + 11
=
6 4x
25

3
lim
x 1
3
2(1) 10
2 x 10
=
2
x +3
(1) 2 + 3
16.
=2
x 5
17.
6 + 52 +11
5 +5
6
=
5
18.
x 0
15.
=
=
8 +
6
3
+4
2
6 3x + 4 x 2
x
lim
= lim x
x +
x +
5
5x 6x2
6
x
19.
0 0 + 4
=
0 6
2
=
3
3x 2
x+4
x
x
sin
3
3
lim
= lim
x 0 tan 2 x x 0 sin 2 x
cos 2 x
sin
3 x +1 1
3 x +1 1
= lim
x
0
2x
2 x ( 3 x +1 +1)
= lim
5
x
4
7
x
8 + 0
=
7 0
8
=
7
8x + 5
lim
= lim
x + 7 x 4
x +
1
3 2
2
=
1
+4
2
1
=
9
x 0
(6 + x 2 +11 )
x 5
5+x
= lim
=
1
x
2
6 x 2 +11
( x 5)( 6 + x 2 +11 )
x 5
36 x 2 11
= lim
( x 5)( 6 + x 2 +11 )
x 5
(5 + x )(5 x )
6x 7x + 2
(3 x 2)(2 x 1)
= lim
2
1
2 x + 7 x 4 x ( 2 x 1)( x + 4)
= lim
x 5
= lim
lim
( x 3)( x 2 +1)
x 2 1
= 3 2 +1
x 2 3x 4
( x +1)( x 4)
lim 2
= lim
x 4 x 6 x + 8
x 4 ( x 2)( x 4)
x +1
= lim
x 4 x 2
13.
4 +1
=
4 2
5
=
2
14.
x 3
x 3
3x + 6
3( x + 2)
lim
= lim
x 2 2 x 2 8
x 2 2( x 2 4)
3( x + 2)
= lim
x 2 2( x + 2)( x 2)
3
12.
= lim
x 2 2( x 2)
3
=
2(2 2)
3
=
8
1
x
2
= lim
= lim( x 2 +1)
lim
lim
x 2 1
x 3
8
4
1
=
2
11.
x 3
lim
20.
3
2( 3 x +1 +1)
3
sin
2
x
1
3
= lim
cos 2 x
x 0 x
sin 2 x
6
1
= (1)(1)(1)
6
1
=
6
2( 3(0) +1 +1)
3
4
26
1 cos 2 x
2 sin 2 x
= lim
x 0
x 0 x sin x
x sin x
lim
lim
sin(e 2 x 1)
1 e
x 0
2 sin x
= lim
x 0
x
= 2(1)
21.
sin(e 2 x 1) e 2 x 1
= lim
x 0 e 2 x 1
1 e x
sin(e 2 x 1) (e x + 1)(e x 1)
= lim
x 0 e 2 x 1
1 ex
=2
sin(e 2 x 1) x
= lim
(e + 1)
2
x
x 0 e 1
22.
= (1)(e 0 + 1)
=2
sin 3 x
x
sin 3x
x
lim
+
= lim
+
x 0 tan x
sin 3x x 0 sin x sin 3 x
cos x
x
sin 3x
cos x
3+
sin x
3x
= lim
x 0
3x 1
sin
3
x
3
26. After a very long time, we have:
C = lim
t +
9
12 8e 0.8t
9
12 0
3
=
4
=
The concentration of the insecticide in the soil after a

very long time is
1
= (1)(1)(1)(3) + (1)
3
10
=
3
x
x
e 2 1 1
e 2 1
lim
= lim

x 0
x 0
x
x
2
23.
1
= (1)
2
1
=
2
3
g/m2.
4
27. After a very long time, we have:
5000 + 4400t
t +
1 + 5t
5000
+ 4400
t
= lim
t +
1
+5
t
0 + 4400
=
0 +5
= 880
P = lim
e 2 +x e 2
e 2 (e x 1)
= lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
e
1
24.
= e 2 lim
x 0
x
2
= e (1)
lim
The price of the camera is $880 after a very long

time.
3
3
d 3
2( x + x) 2 x
= lim
dx 2 x x0
x
6 x 6 x 6x
= lim
28.
x0 x ( 2 x )( 2 x + 2x )
3
= lim
x0 x ( 2 x + 2x )
3
= 2
2x
= e2
25.
29. (a) y = 2x2 5x
27
dy
2( x + x) 2 5( x + x) 2 x 2 + 5 x
= lim
dx x0
x
( x + x 1)(2 x + 2 x + 1) ( x 1)(2 x + 1)
x 0
x
2 x 2 + 2 x ( x ) + x + 2 x ( x ) + 2( x ) 2 + x
2
2 x 2 x 1 2 x + x + 1
= lim
x 0
x
f ' ( x) = lim
2 x 2 4 x( x) + 2( x) 2 5 x 5x 2 x 2 + 5 x
x0
x
= lim ( 2x + 4 x 5)
= lim
x0
= 4x 5
(b) The tangent to C at P is parallel to the x-axis.
dy
=0
dx
4x 5 = 0
i.e.
5
x=
4
By substituting x =
2( x ) 2 + 4 x ( x ) x
= lim
x 0
x
= lim (2 x + 4 x 1)
5
into y = 2x2 5x,
4
x 0
= 4x 1
5
5
y = 2 5
4
4
25
=
8

= f ' ( 1)
=4( 1) 1
=5
25
5
,
.
8
4
The coordinates of P are
31. (a)
y=
1
3x 2
1
1
dy
3( x + x ) 2 3 x 2
= lim
dx x0
x
(3 x 2) (3 x + 3x 2)
= lim
x0 x (3 x 2)(3 x + 3 2)
3
= lim
x0 (3 x 2)(3 x + 3x 2)
3
=
(3 x 2) 2
30. (a)
(b) The slope of the curve y =
1
at x = k is
3x 2
3
.
16
3
3
=
2
(3 x 2)
16
(3k 2) 2 = 16
3k 2 = 4
k = 2 or
2
3
Level 2
32.
28
f ( x) =
2
, g ( x) = 2 x 1
x +1
f ( g ( x)) = g ( f ( x))
1
x 2 3x + 2 x + 2
1
lim
2
= lim
x 2 x 2
x 3x + 2 x 2 ( x 2)( x 2 3x + 2)
2
2
= 2
1
( 2 x 1) +1
x +1
1
4 x 1
=
x
x +1
x +1 = 3 x x 2
( x 2) 2
x 2 ( x 2)( x 2 3 x + 2)
x2
= lim 2
x 2 x 3 x + 2
1
= lim
x 2 x 1
1
=
2 1
=1
= lim
x 2 2 x +1 = 0
( x 1) 2 = 0
x =1
37.
33. f(x) = e2x+1
f ( x + a)
=3
f ( x)
e 2 x +2 a +1
=3
e 2 x +1
lim
x 3
x +3
x + 2 x 2 9
= lim
( x + 3)( x 2 x 2 9 )
x 2 2 x 2 +9
= lim
x 2 x 2 9
3 x
x 3
x 3
e2a = 3
2a = ln 3
1
a = ln 3
2
3 2( 3) 2 9
3 ( 3)
= 1
5 x 2 20
5( x + 2)( x 2)
= lim
3
x 2
x
2
x 8
( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
5( x + 2)
= lim 2
x 2 x + 2 x + 4
34.
5( 2 + 2)
=
( 2 ) 2 + 2( 2 ) + 4
5
=
3
lim
38.
lim
x 16
x + 9 5
20 x 2
( x + 9 25)( 20 x + 2)
= lim
x 16
= lim
( x 16)( 20 x + 2 )
x 16
35.
x + 3x + 9
x 2 + 2 x +1
32 + 3( 3) + 9
= 2
3 + 2( 3) + 1
27
=
16
(16 x )( x + 9 + 5)
= lim
x 3 27
( x 3)( x 2 + 3x + 9)
lim 3
=
lim
x 3 x x 2 5 x 3
x 3 ( x 3)( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
= lim
( 20 x 4)( x + 9 + 5)
x 16
20 x + 2
x +9 +5
20 16 + 2
16 + 9 + 5
2
=
5
x 3
lim
x 4
39.
36.
2 x +1 3
2x 4 2
= lim
x 4
40.
29
( 2 x 8)( 2 x +1 + 3)
2( 4) 4 + 2
=
=
( 2 x 8)( 2 x 4 + 2)
2( 4) + 1 + 3
2
3
lim
x +
( 2 x 1)( x + 2)(3 x +1)

1
2
1
y
= lim 2 1 + 3 +
cos
x +
x
x
x
x3
cos x
2
lim
= lim
= ( 2 0)(1 + 0)( 3 + 0)
y 0
y
x 2 x
=6
2
y
sin
2
= lim
y 0
y
41.
x3
1
= lim
x ( 2 x 1)( x 2 4)
x
1
4
2 1 2
x
x
1
=
( 2 0)(1 0)
1
=
2
lim
42. Let y = 2 x , then x =

When
y
sin 1
2
= lim
y
y 0
2
2
y
.
2
lim
1
1 2
lim 1 +
1+
= lim
x +
y +
2
x
y
= lim
x 0 1 e
x + , y + .
x
2x
x0
= lim
x0
44.
(e x 1)
2
e x 1
( x )
=e 2
= e
lim
x 0
e x e x
x (e x + e x )
y
2
, y 0 .
2
= lim
x 0
46. (a)
x(e2 x + 1)
2( x + x) + 1 2 x + 1
dy
= lim
dx x0
x
[ 2( x + x) + 1] (2 x + 1)
= lim
x0 x ( 2 x + 2x + 1 + 2 x + 1)
= lim
x0 (
(b)
30
e2 x 1
e2 x 1
1
= lim
2x 2
x 0 2 x
e + 1
1
= (1) 2(0) (2)
e + 1
=1
45.
When x
2x
2
1
=2
y 2
= lim
1
+
y +
y

43. Let y = 2 x , then x =
1
2
2
2 x + 2x + 1 + 2 x + 1)
1
2x +1
= tan 45
2 a +1
2a +1 =1
a =0
1 + t + t 2 + + t n 1 =
47. (a)
lim
2( x + x) 1 2 x 1
dy
( x + x) + 3 x + 3
= lim
dx x 0
x
(2 x + 2 x 1)( x + 3) (2 x 1)( x + x + 3)
= lim
x 0
x( x + 3)( x + x + 3)
x 0
2.
(a)
1
n
f (0 +1) = f (0) f (1)

f (1) = f (0) f (1)
f (0) =1
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
x 0
x
f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x )
= lim
x 0
x
f ( x)[ f (x) 1]
= lim
x 0
x
f ( x ) 1
= lim f ( x) lim
x 0
x 0 x
f (0) = 2
f ( x) = lim
(b)
f (x ) 1
f (0) = lim f (0) lim

=2
x 0
x 0
x
( x + 3) 2 = 49
x + 6 x 40 = 0
( x 4)( x + 10) = 0
x = 4 or 10
2
From (a), f(0) = 1
2 x 1
, we have
x +3
f ( x) 1
=2
x
f ( x) 1
f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim
x 0
x 0
x
f ( x ) = f ( x) 2
f ( x ) = 2 f ( x)
2( 4) 1
4 +3
=1
By substituting x = 10 into y =
lim
x 0
y=
2 x 1
, we have
x +3
2(10) 1
10 + 3
=3
Inquiry and Investigation (p. 7.51)
y=
Activity and Discovery

1. r
The required points are (4, 1) and (10, 3).
2.
(a) Radius of each semi-circular arc
2r
2n
r
=
n
Challenging Questions (p. 7.49)

1.
t 1 1 + t + t 2 + + t n 1
dy 1
=
dx 7
7
1
=
( x + 3)2 7
By substituting x = 4 into y =
1+ x 1
t1
= lim n
x
t 1 t 1
1
= lim n
t 1 t 1
t1
= lim
2 x 2 + 2 x( x) x + 6 x + 6 x
3 2 x 2 2 x( x) 6 x + x + x + 3
= lim
x 0
x( x + 3)( x + x + 3)
7
= lim
x 0 ( x + 3)( x + x + 3)
7
=
( x + 3)2
(b)
t n 1
t 1
Let t = n 1 + x , then x =t n 1 .
When x 0, t 1.
(b) Length of the curve

31
1
r
2 n
2
n
=r
=
(c) No
Further Questions
1.
2.
lim
n +
1
=0
n2
2
3
6
1
lim 2 + 2 + 2 = lim 2
n
+
n
n
n
n
=0
n +
3.
2
3
n
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
1
lim 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 = lim
n
+
n
n
n
n2
n
n(n + 1)
= lim
n +
2n 2
1
1
= lim 1 +
n
+
2
n
1
= (1 + 0)
2
1
=
2
n +
32

NSS M2V2 07 FS Eng

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7 Limits and Derivatives

7 Limits and Derivatives

(b) g(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x

Exploration 7.1 (p. 7.28)

Quick Practice 7.5 (p. 7.15)

lim 3x ( 2 x 1) = lim 3x lim ( 2 x 1)

lim[(e x ) ln x] = lim(e x ) lim ln x

Quick Practice 7.6 (p. 7.16)

Quick Practice 7.1 (p. 7.5)

Quick Practice 7.2 (p. 7.12)

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

Quick Practice 7.9 (p. 7.22)

Quick Practice 7.7 (p. 7.16)

lim 4 + 2 = lim 4 + lim

lim (4 3e 2 x ) = lim 4 lim 3e 2 x

7 Limits and Derivatives

lim (1 + sin x ) cos x

Quick Practice 7.12 (p. 7.30)

Quick Practice 7.13 (p. 7.31)

The concentration of the pollutants is 3 mg/L.

Quick Practice 7.11 (p. 7.28)

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

Quick Practice 7.14 (p.7.32)

= 2 lim cos 2 x lim

Quick Practice 7.16 (p. 7.39)

Quick Practice 7.15 (p. 7.36)

Quick Practice 7.17 (p. 7.41)

7 Limits and Derivatives

(a) All non-negative real numbers

(a) f(2) + f(2)

Quick Practice 7.18 (p. 7.42)

(c) f(a + 1) f(a)

(b) Slope of the curve at x = 0

f(x) = ax3 2x2

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have

(b) g(f(e)) =ln e 3

By substituting a = 5 into (1), we have

(b) Maximum value of r =

(1) (2), 5a =25

(d) g(f(x)) =ln x 3

15. (a) V = x(10 2x)2

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g(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.

h(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x

s(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x

lim(3 x 4)(2 x x 2) =[3( 2) 4][2( 2) 2 2]

lim ln(5 x 2 2) = ln[5(1) 2 2]

lim e x ln( x 2 +1) = e 0 ln(0 2 +1)

lim ln( x 3 x +1) = ln[(1) 3 ( 1) +1]

lim 4e3 x = 4e3(1)

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7 Limits and Derivatives

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NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

7 Limits and Derivatives

lim (6 x 2 ) = lim 6 lim

lim (5 + 2 x ) = lim 5 + lim

lim (6 4e 3 x ) = lim 6 4 lim e 3 x

Exercise 7C (p. 7.25)

lim 2 + = lim 2 + lim

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions