1

CHINA

2
Post-Classical China(1000B.C.E-500c.e)

Politics

Shang - decentralized Zhou(1029-258 B.C.E)

Middle kingdom (Yangtze to Huang)-ethnocentrism No central govt instead alliances with regional princes

Qin(221-202 B.C.E)

Shi-huangdi~centralized govt, Great wall, Mandate of Heaven, strong unification & expansion south

Han(202 B.C.E- 220 C.E.)

power=Mandate of Heaven, Civil service exams, Wu Ti- Golden age, kept Huns out, expansion

Economy
Large differences between high and low class
Three main groups:

Landowning aristocracy & Bureaucrats Laboring peasants and artisans

mean people unskilled labor jobs

Rice, silk, wheat and trade with India + spice islands Merchants had low standing

5
Religion

Confucianism, Daoism, legalism, Buddhism Confucianism= mutual respect and eventually became the foundation of bureaucracy
-HAN Dynasty somewhat ZHOU

Daoism- balance with nature founded by Laozi Legalism- Qin dynasty & best govt = by force

Culture

Technological advances like calendar, astronomy and seismographs ART- pottery/calligraphy Social structure- aristocratic and merit Patriarchy High knowledge of science Mandarin language

Interaction
Silk road ~ India, Mesopotamia, Greece
Little allances Spread of Buddhism due to trade with India Huns Ethnocentrism~ all non-Chinese= Barbarians

Comparison with the outside

China

India

Differences

Differences

Emphasis on Govt
Confucianism Locked up and small market econ

Emphasis on religion
Mainly Hinduism/Buddhism Huge market/trade econ

Similarities

Similarities

Rigid social structure No slaves

Rigid social structure

No slaves

9
Post Classical time(600c.e.-1450)

POLITICS

After Han, China= three kingdoms: Northern Zhou, Chen, and The Northern Qi Wendi~ Sui -married daughter to zhou empire Yangdi~(son of Wendi) milder legal codes, Confucianism, civil service exam~luxury=decline TANG~ Li Yuan revived bureaucracy, civil service exams Hereditary aristocracy declined Tang & Song-Scholar-gentry increased

10

Economic

Grand Canal by Yangdi Tang promoted Chinese, Buddhist, and Islamic exchange Merchants traded Junks Flying money or credit vouchers Inventions like wheelbarrow helped plowing, planting, etc

11

Religion
Buddhism strong especially Chan or Zen

Wide-spread conversions and monasteries

Empress Wu= attempt commission Buddhism as state religion Envy of Confucius/ Daoist

Mid-9th Cent. Emperor Wuzong= persecution of Buddhism

Confucianism flourished in Tang and Song

Culture

12

Neo-Confucianism-women=homemakers

Confinement of women, chastity for wives Like India widows cant remarry

Foot-binding

Song & Tang technology, art &literature

Gunpowder, chairs, calculator(abascus) & compass~ Song

Scholar-gentry~ artistic and literary creativety

13

Interactions
Reopening of Silk road
Increased interaction with India, Persia, and Central Asia

Imports: Horses, Persian rugs, tapestries

Exports: silk, textiles, porcelain, paper

Merchants traded with other countries and transported it to China

14

Continuites and Changes

Continuites

Change

There were multiple continuities like Confucianism based civil service exams and Bureaucracy. Women also continued to have a subordinate role.

Buddhism became popular during this time period whereas before it was unknown to China The merchant class role became more important to that of Chinese economy.

15
Early modern Times(14501750c.e)

Song dynasty fell to Mongol invasion leading to the Yuan dynasty in 1271 by Kublai Khan Kublai discontinued civil service exams but surrounded by Confucius, Buddhist, and Taoist scholars Wife Chabi = promotion of Buddhism

16

Political
Ming dynasty(1368-1644)

Founded: Zhu Yuan Zhang revolted against Yuan He eradicated all Mongol evidence like dress(skirts and leather), names Bureaucracy and Confucianism revived Emperor Hongwu=power for himself eradicated ministery

Anyone corrupt= public beating

Decline of Ming due to political inbalance

17

Economy
Zhenghe(1405-1423)~ third Ming emperor

7 huge expeditions throughout world: Persia, Arabia, East indies, and East/south of Africa Huge fleets(six times larger than European) Isolation after due to Ethnocentrism, too much money in that it can be used to fix internal problems

Trade allowed in Macao and Canton

Trade=high Europeans loved silk and spices Also architecture became huge

Religion

18

Buddhism rose due to the rise in completion

Morality books with lots of merits points for good deeds Hand in hand with Confucianism

Daoism

Supported by emperor

Christianity by Italian Jesuits 1583 Michael Ruggerius & Matteo ricci w/ knowledge of math and Science

Culture

19

Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang promoted art work

Bureaucracy= lots of Scholar-gentry w/ free time pursued art careers Time of peace meant more display opportunities Confucianism impacted culture~ sayings, art,etc Buddhism and Taoism had little impact for not as popular as Confucianism

20

Interaction
Zenghes Expedition With huge fleets
Isolationism Europeans with Christianity flowing into China Ethnocentrism made Chinese despise foreign rule

Hatred towards Christian converts

21

Continuites and Changes

Continuites

Changes

Confucianism continued to be major belief in China and continued to be the base for civil service examinations.

China went from subtly open country to completely isolated country due to the idea of Ethnocentrism.

22

Modern Period(1750-1914)

23

Politics
Qing Dynasty (or Manchu Dynasty)

Last dynasty of China People unhappy since foreign rule Qing= Chinese ideas

The Scholar-gentry still in power but Manchus were the main power
Mandate of Heaven

24

Politics continued
Qing fall

Corrupted Exam system and bribery started it all Wealthy were put into power again Confucius value waned

Poor were neglected so lots of robbery

Qing= last dynasty because deprived of needed change, barbarians, and crops brought population growth Lin Zexu enforced laws on opium

Economy

25

Opium

Chinese got hooked & officials had no money for infrastructure Lin Zexu enforces laws against opium so British angry

Opium war won by british & Chinese ports forced open Taiping Rebellion= Christian prophet Hong Xiuquan Social order, rights to Women, question Confucianism

Boxer rebellion = Cixi oust Europe, Japan and America Failed

26

Religion
Confucianism is still there but weakening due to corruption
Christianity brought into China

Chinese despised foreign influence Converts looked down upon Barely excepted after two Italian Christians brought it over

27

Culture
Women treated horribly

Infanticide Males marry lower class women to keep woman under control

Mandate of heaven Art and architecture

28

Interactions
Lots of Foreign interaction
Europeans This

made them realize they are not at the top was easy level low so conquering

Technology

New religions brought over to China

29

Continuites and Changes

Continuites

Change

Although there was foreign rule in China, Confucianism still continued to be the main belief that everyone followed.

China was forced out of the isolation that had once been in action and had to trade with Europeans without their consent.

30

Opium war

31
Industrial

age(20th centpresent)

Present-day Hong kong pictured on the right.

Politics

32

Beginning= End of Puyi the last of the Qing China in Chaos Students and Teachers factor in China

Japan= constant threat~ Revolutionary alliance but failed

Japan took German land May 4th= Liberal Democracy movement but students = radical communist

1921 communist party born

MAO ZEDONG communist leader considered a hero and ideas of moving forward and cultural revolution
DENG XIAOPING promoted economic reform and opened China to the world

33

Mao Zedong

34

Economic
Technological developments only some
Plants used in factories Productivity growth by 1949

Match by the growing population of China

Foreign trade involvement rose

35

Religion
Confucianism is the most popular still throughout China
Buddhism and Islam in China of the Hui and Uyghur Freedom of religion Buddhism widely influential throughout China Taoist about 300 Taoist temples spread across China Others are Ancestor soul existence and the Chinese astrology is popular

36

Religion
Buddhism Taoist

37

Culture
Chinese new year a huge parade
Clothing and ornaments like Dragon robe

Folk art

Chinese zodiac

New year market selling fireworks, clothing and usually decorated with lots of lanterns

38

Culture

Chinese new year

Chinese Zodiac

39

Interactions
Foreign trade
Ministry of Foreign affairs like other nations U.S. used Mainland China as counter to the Soviet Union China and U.S. are rivals in many areas today including economy U.S. China trade largest in the world

40

Continuities and Changes

Continuites

Changes

Even through the modern times, Confucianism stays strong as the major belief of most Chinese population today.

The govt went from a single ruler with Mandate of Heaven to slowly developing Communist govt.