Y9)lEPAHY J E)lHE~Uli~J 13MA

Kpejr K. Mxapa
(Craig K. Ihara)
ilOHeKa):( ce TBp.n;Hna je nauH<PHcTa oaaj KOjH Bepyje)la je MO-
panHo HeHcnpaBHo sa 6IillO xora na ynoTPe6H carry y 6IillO KaKBHM
OKoJ IHOCTYIMa. ilpo<pecop J aH HapBecoH, aa npYlMep, Y CBOMl.{J 1aHKY
"ilaUYI<pYl3aM: jenna <pIil1030<pCKaaHanH3a" xasce na je TOjensa ,,<p
H
-
J I030<p
CKH
HHTepeCaHTHa" Bep3Hja naUH<pH3Ma, a 3aTHM!!~a
)1Ql@)Ke_!<3
K
..9 j~_oHa caMonpOTHBpe
1
ma
i
. 11 nopen Tora UITO cMaTPaM
na HY!HepBeCOH a HY!6IillO KO .n;pyTHl}Ylje noxasao caMonpOTYIBpet.l-
HOCTOBeBep3Y1jenaUYI<pH3Ma,OHaje anax CTaHOBYlurrexoje 6Y1Mano
KOnpHXBaniO, nourro H3 a.era C,[le.n;H_)1a HHKOHHK~na 'laK l}H BQI'I
HeOnpaB~) He MO~ ~Op~O on?~::::P)1-
6pa!iH Ce?e~ J a by cana~YJ :l:la~ ~a~-
6paHEM je.n;HY~-,.!-<PHEg~~cI.0~.epecalf!1IY" B~p3Hj.)'.naUH<p
H
-
~OB~~~nO~J Ie~H_uY. -.
AnYi npe Hero urro nO'lHeM )!(eJ Ieo 6HX na HarJ IaCHM )1a by pex
"HaCHJ be" KOPHCTH6e3 )1albH>er paJ jalllH>elha, HaKOje )10BOJ bHOO'lH-
rne)1HO na nOTPe6a sa THM pa3jallilhelheM nOCTojH. Hanaa ce na Moje
Yl3J 1aralhenehe rryao H3ry6Y1THua BaThaHOCTHaKOTY reuncohy OB)1e
3a06Y1ljeM.
Cana 6HX y rpy6HM uprava orracao aexa 0)1 BepOBaH>a~-
~or n~~C!S OHaKOKaKO ra ja 3aMHllIJ baM. 1) Ilpe csera, OH He
Bepyje aaje<HaHJ beYBeK 11sa ~KoraHeY!cnpaBHo. 2) OH BepYJ ~
~J 1aBHOM ~ce crry)!{e HaCHn.eMI1pl10.n;6!aJ II1c~-
6~IillH )1pymx, aKOJ e TOHeonxo.n;HO. 3) MH raxohe Be~H-
..-...--~ ~-
BetH )!{HBOTOM6~ HaCHJ haY MOP!0!10M norneny l1~e; na je
I J an Narveson, "Pacifism: A Philosophical Analysis", Ethics 75 (1965): 259-
88. npewTa"maHO y J ames Rachels, Moral problems (New York: Harper & Row,
1971), str. 252.
237
-,
I
6oJ he, rj, ~~:aH~j~ )j<HJ ;,l1'H TaKOHero )!(HBOTOMnpocexao MOpaJ lHOr
xoaexa. ill'TasHwe, OHsepyje na, H<t~le,_~.s!p~!!Q Hcnpa..!lI:l~a6pa-
THna ce )!(HBHK~Onam@HcTa, H~ HeMOpaJ lHOHH.He~:aKO.
. Hapasao aa he ceoHahH erirsapa KOjH he npHrOBOpHTH aa 3) na
je, npeva ~M e:..~~_~HjaMa, xao UJ TOcy peUHMO O,llpeljeHH
06m1UH YTHJ IHTapH3Ma,HeMo.!]'ne-.ll.a 6Y,lle ,ll06po ytiHHHTH HellITO, a
na ':fHje nO!]leWHO He HHH~ UJ TOje, y cxnazry C HeKHM eTH4-
KHMreopajava, 40BeK 06aBe3aH ,lla YBeK ypazra, H na My je aafiparse-
HOna ypana 6HJ IOUITOnpyro". Osaj nparosop Ba)!(H cave YKOJ lHKO
HMaMOjax pasnor na OBaKBeTe~pHje npHXBaTHMO. AJ rI1 OHeHac sozre
na avcYB,llH~r_~a!$J P"y4Ka,lla J e MOPaJ lHO3aXTe.B.aTIL)!(pTBYKaa ron TO
}lOHOCI1- l,ulle_.DQ.~oJ iotuer: J . O. Urrnson yxasyje na TO xazra
TBpnl1 }la OBaKBereopnje H~IllFbaBajy aa anexaaras Hat{HH )I,eJ Ia
3 ---- -\-
cseraua H~. He 06jaIllFbaBajY)HH, xao WTO TO Feinberg aano-
M~Mane J by6aJ HOCTH, ycrryre, H3J lHBeBeJ IHKo.llYIllHOCTHHTn. J .-lJ
THXpaanora reopaje CJ IH'l'HOrrxna MH H3rJ lenajy caCBHMHeYBepJ hH-
Be, t;aK H aKOce He yaasrajy y 063HP aexe npyre onpasnaae npHMe,ll-
6e KojHMa OHenozineacy.
AJ rI1xax H aKOnpeTnOCTaBHMOzra OBaL'!:!i.fIp~u.!i_ct>.I:tCTeMO)!(e zra
sacryna 11zra 3aHCTasacryna OHa TpH CTaBaxoja caM rope aaseo, TO
ra anax HY)!(HO~}l~aja O,ll np~o.. MO.p_a.!lliHX.ll?Y.1UL
Ko
jH, -aKOce
6aw H He 6H CJ IO)!(HJ I ca FbHM, oana TO He 611-Y4HHHJ IH BepOBaTHO
3?Or oxor non 3). AJ rH 'IHFbeHHua na ce aa OHe Koje-cBH CMaTpaMO
C~THM_~}lHMa, xao WTO cy arrp. ~,llH, [OTaMa, ~~~a, HXPHC~--
06H~ MH<:fl...lL.ll.a cy naUH<jmCIl1, jour a-HllIe onpaszrasa npernocras-
Ke'3aTBpnFbe zrace MH CJ Ia)!(eMOca na 3) _
HCTOKaQ,H O_K~_.l.l...!i..l). )lpyrHM pe'IHMa, 4HFbeHHuazraMH OHexa KO-
je rnenavo xao sa OJ IH4eFbeBpJ IHHe HCTOBpeMeHOCMaTpaMO11naun-
<pI1CTI1Manoxasyje na ce MH BeAAHOMCJ l8)!(eMOy BepOBaFbYzraje BO-
nHTI1)!(HBOT6e3 HaCHJ ha~ero )!(HBenl )!(HBOTOM
------- -
npoce-nso MOpaJ lHej'e,llHHKe.-ITHTaFbeMnaJ lI16HCMO11nocne na)!(J 1,H-
sor pasaarpaa,a acrpajana y OBOMysepeay osne ce aehy 6asHTH.
AJ rI1aKOHe nocTojH paJ J lHKa Y XBepeH>yno KOjOj 6HCMOO,llBOjH-
J IH naUH<pHCTeon OCTaJ J HX'IHja nena MOPaJ lHOspemryjevo, urra IQf_
2 Pexao 61-1Xna 360r oaor Hepaecoa He 61-1HI-IWTanparoaopao OHOMeWTOja
npennaxeu Y caojoj KlhH3H"Morality and Utility" OHHenocpeliHo norsphyje na no-
CTOjenOCTynW1 "KojH_npeBa3Hna3e KaTerOpHjy AYlKHOCTH". '
3 J . O. Unnson, "Saints and Heroes", H3Essays In Moral Philosophy, ed. A. 1.
Melden (Seattle University of Washington Press 1958).
J oel Feinberg, "Supererogation and Rules", Ethics 71 (1961): 276-88. Ilpe-
WTaMnaHO y Dworkin and Thomason, eds, Ethics (N. York: Harper & Row, 1978),
str. 392.
238
OHlIa ]?aJ J IH,liYje? Hsrnezra MY! zraOHOUJ TOje !0>Y'lli0 y onpehaaaa.y
re Pa3J lHK~Hje paJ J IHKa y sepoaaa.y, Ben paJ J IHKa y aHra)f{MalcQ{HJ II1
nOCBeneHOCTH.Xohy aa Ka)!(eM zraje pa3J IHKa H3MeDY naU.I1<p.I1CTe 11
npOCe'IHO MOpaJ lHOr nenaren,a HCTaxao H OHaH3Meljy <pH.llaHTpOna11
Q6Ht1HOr 40BeKa aa YJ IHUH. Ta ce pasnaxa He cacrojn y secnaraa-y
OKOrora zraJ IHje <pHJ IaHTpOnHjanofipa HJ IHHHje, Ben y 'iHFbeHHU.I1na
ce <pHJ IaHTpOnnpesra 40BeKOJ hy6J hLO~~oc~pyra'Il:!.i:.. ot: zrpyrax.
HnI1, nax, TOje xao paJ J IHKa H3Meljy jezraor 06H'l'HOr HCKpeHOpeJ IH-
rl103HOr 'IOBeKa .11jezrnor MOHaxa. OHH ce He PaJ J IHKYjy no CBOjOj pe-
J IHrH03HOCTH,....Ben. no TOMellITO je MOHax nOCBeT.I10csoj )!(HBOI TOMe
aa ,llQyra~;;jH--Ha'iHH on jezraorofiavaor BepHHKa. Pexao 6HX na je,
CJ J HlfHOTOMe, naUH<pHCTaoaaj KOje, xao MOPaJ J HOnO)!(eJ hHHjl1Ha'I.I1H
I
)!(HBOTa, !IDl:!XBafl:!Q ~HBOT 6e3 HaClUba. OH je raj KOjH_aenacarsy
npHGU'IIa !ia Ha4HH na KOj.l1Mii OCTaJ J l1TOHe lfHHHMO.
"I 11. nopen acnprnror asnaraa.a a.eroae reopaje, nocrasn,a ce na-
j I raa,e KaKOne ce TaKaB nauHq)HCT~.o.ufip.aHHTI1O.ll,Haj.Q1.6J UhHHjeKPH-
M T.I1,:!K~3mii~e~6e na je, HaHM~ HeHaCHJ heMoparrHO Hegc!:!paBH~ y
Mr.l.QQ!~LCJ J Y4ajeBHMa y xojava 6.11-naUHij)HcTa OCTaO aeaacnnaa.
ITp~f'!I? ITa, TO~!!HOM HHCY CJ IY'IajeBH Ka,lla ce HaClUbeJ !e KO-
PHCTHna 6.11ce aexora 3aUJ THTHJ IOon aeonpasnanor Hana,lla~~llIKo
,lla Hepsecoa HJ II16HJ IOKOztpyra TB2.lI.11.lI,a_40~~LH!"1:a_9P_a}IH)'06a-
Be3Y na ce6paHH(Tj. aa je- TaKaB nporrycr MOp_aJ l~Oseacnpgsaa). 3a-
HCTa, "OKpeHYTI1 npyra 06paJ ", "He orrynapara ce srry", y30pH cy
He06H'IHO [1J IeMeH.I1THXnocrynaxa.
MeHH ce, MeIjYTHM, 'iHHI1 ,lla cy n2.n~M~TH!ilULCBI1 OHI1CJ J Y'fa-
jesa Y KojHMa ce HaCHJ J ;>e He ynOTpeOJ b~Ba K~~i~!!y)!(HO .lI.ace 6p!-
'>-/' -t ~l-!' KaKO onzta OBa]THn natil1<pHCTeM'2.~e,lla OWOB~ aa ocy-
:.., ,..:~r'.z:(e~Koj~aje 3~f!>..~ra MOp~HO HeHCnp~O~)!(I{rH ce HaCH-
j .( ..,-, . J beMy CJ 1)"l,ajy~C~J hY.1llia Henp~~e,llHO HaHOCI13;10. 3aHcTa'~I1-
HHJ Ioo~f ce na je MO] naUl-fij)HCTariocefiao Y HeBOJ hH,jep OHaKOKaKO
caM:-ra npaxasao, o~~l'je na fIO npaBHJ Iyn;y.ll,H H~~BO zta
6paHe ce6e l1,llpyre 11360r Tora _i{H]e ~o~e~:IH~~E~I:I~~!laCH-
~tli..0,ll seonpasnaaor nanana.
Hapasao, MOry na Ka)!(eMcnenebe, 11TOY HellITO ourrpajea 06-
J J I1Ky:aaura je,llHHa cTporo O,llpeljeHa 06aBe3a npeMa ,ll~yrHMa, nopen
OHHX xoje nacrajy npeva yrosopava, jecre ,lla ce Y3!p)!(HMO on no-
.!peDHB~IDT!1X. TBp.lI,HTI1.lI,~6116~0 MOPaJ lHOH pas - yno-
Tpe6HTI1J iaCHJ he xana je aeonxozmo o~ paHHTH.lill.Xr.e,-l;!~,ll11 Ha 3.:.
l<J by~aKtia'CBl!f(06.l1, I:I.aClfMa_BeKY Bpcry_~0_3HTHBHe ,llY2KfiOCTI4-il,a
novorae -.lI,pyrHMaYHeBOJ hH. rre~)!(HO CT.I1Mna naUH<pI1CTa
H~oKoJ iPYrl1 xpura MopaJ J ny 06aBe3Y Ka,uaOMYlfl1 na He 6pa-
HI1,llpyre HaClUbeM--lIJ lHna 6HJ IOKOYHnpyr Ha'IHH.
-=
239
I
/
Ml1cJ IHM na TaKBOrJ Ie)lHIUTe aaeC)'EHWe )laJ J eKO. To j~ CynPOT-
HOon oaora IUTOsehaaa J hYJ IHsepyje TBp.ll.eIiHzra nama )ly)KHOCTna
ce novorae .lI.pynlM8- y HeBOJ hHyonnrre He nocroja, Ilfraaame, TO6H
I1CKPHBHJ IOCJ IHK)'_()!!lu!.H<PJ iCTH,jep 6H OH BepOBaTHO BHIUe Hero Be-
ftHHa ztpyrax MHCHcmpao aa aauroj .lI.)')KHOCTHzta ce nOM8)Ke npyra-
Ma, 'iaK 11xan onfiauyje HaCHJ he xao jenaa on HatfHHa zra ce TOyqHHI1.
YMeCTO npHXBaTafua OBesaourrpeae rese, H;H'~;; 'Ba csoja o.n
rora ~3aBH8ia ~npe~..2ra. II~e zraje naJ ..(HHCTa noge6~o Q~_
!aH )la H36eraB8HaQPbe, IUTOaa HenaJ ..(HHCry He Ba)J (H..:.~ je na
OH mlJ e MOPaJ J O'06aBe3aH )la ce CJ Iy)J (H HaCHJ heM xax HH'OH)la xana
~ ........ ~ - : = = t . __
611sa HenaJ ..(HHcry KOjH6H ce nanrao y CJ IH'iHOj cIrtyaUHjH 6~0 He-
acnpasao )la TaKOHe ,nocryml. .
IIpBH npezmor BeOMaje_CJ IJ :I'ialL.oHoj Bep3HjH naJ ..(HH3Ma xojy
HepBe-coi'! TaKO OJ IaKO 0)l6aJ ..(yje HanO'ieTKy'=-CBora' .maRRa. -TOje,
ynpoillneHo peseao, MHlliJ heIne na 6H 6HJ IO IJ orpeWHO sa naJ ..(HHcry
..!la,ce_~eM ::IaiH Ka)la TaKBO nOHawa!i-e ~a_Lg?~e He'6H
6l1J J 0 onpasnaao. J enas o.u:-MoryhHX Ha'iHHa pa3YMeBaIna naJ ..(HH-
"'---------- .,.-.
CTOB~TBpJ IIne zta OH HMa 0~Be3y RoiyMY u.anw4'WJ 2)LH8{I.ffi?Ke,jecre
raj zra OH!!QAJ 1e)J (e.Q)')KllQCTHnpeKO ~Ielfe..nrierXQlIHe paUIne. Ha npa-
Mep, Moryh je, Ma)la, HapaBHO, He 6arn H mnH'iaH, cnysaj sexor sro-
sexa KOjH CBOjOj YMHpynoj MajI..{Hofiehasa )laHHKa,[IfuBHwe nehe zra-
--------.:...:
nH pyxy na csor opraxa. OH MO)J (ena npHMH aa ce6e TaKBO06ehaIne
ynpaso 3aTO WTOje )J (HBenK nperxozrao xao cl-illeUHja crexao CI<J J OHO-
CTHxa HaCHJ hY sa xojy 6H InerOBa MajKa zcenena na jeOHcasnana.
:~.;~ H~~:~~.:~a c~.np~BaTH CJ IHtfHa 0aBe3a jec.,!,~,He,~~~pCTa
3<tJ lna...._, ,=3.~e, ROJ aje HOrrXO)lHa)la 6H ce ynino y HeRO npy-
lUTEOHJ IHopraaxaainrjy, anp . .n:PYIUTBOOHHX KOjH'irourryjy npHHJ ..(H-
ne HeHaCHJ ha. Taxo je, peuaao, o.n: OHHX KOjH cy )J (eJ IeJ IH na cnezre
Tanzmja 3aXTeBaHO zranonosce 'laKDeTBYY-W:~:-'O~OMe-'Cy
"tmH'me 3aI<J J eTBeMoHaxaKo]HMa CeOHH ofiaaesyjy na HenpO'iHOCT H
CkPOMHOCT, npernocraan.ajyhr, na je TaKaB )J (HBOT Eory yrozran.
Csiarpa ce na je TaKBO3aKJ IHInaIne aanpano o6ehaIne Eory na he ce
TaKO H TaKO nocrynara, l1J J H nax zra je 3aKJ IeTBa yrryhena )lpyrHM
t{]J aHOBHMarpyne. MO)J (e ce xax TBp.n:HTHna 6e3 Meljyco6Hor ofieha-
a.a, na H Y o.n:cYCTBYnpyrzx, oMYKa HJ IH3aI<J J eTBaaa HeHaCHJ he l1J J H
CKPOMHOCTHT.n:.cTBapA_l>:!s:>paJ J HY06aBe3Y xoja ofijaunsaaa 3aWTO je
aa J hY.rIeKOjH cY ce na osaj Ha;m,I-f--3aIVJ eJ IHHeHcnpaBHo na ce nona-
uiajy rra Ha'iHH KOjHje HHa'ie sa OCTaJ J e npI1XBaTJ hHB. Hapasao, OBa
nocnezrrsa cyrecrnja )lOHeI<J J eje np06J IeMaTI1'iHa.
Moj .n:rrr
H
npeMor y Be311ca 0.n:6paHOM osor rxna naJ ..(HH3Ma
on oITTy)J (5e- a'e-t:leCTo HeMO e no CHJ I ace novor-
He i:tpyrl1Ma rJ IaCH na naUHqmcTa BepOBaTHO He~amf}' J IY)J (HOCI
----- . -------
240
na Y'iH~KO HenITO. To rsphea,e 3ByqH ancypzrao aKO HaM HH]eJ a-
C~O 0 'ieMY je pes. He TBP)lH ce, HaHMe, na MJ :! HHKaD HHCMO)ly)KHH zta
novoraeuo .rIpyrOMe)~apaBHo zta ocofia xoja xraopame nnax zrerera
KOjeCe nasa, H He )f(eJ IH na MY npY)J (H PYKY zta 6H ra c~aCJ Ia, 3a~pe-
Ijyje MOPaJ J HY Ka3HY. HCTo TaKO J hY)lH K.OjHM~..E~J e rnenajyha
KaKOHeKH nananas nospehyje H sax y611]a CBOJ Y)J (pTBY (KaKOy CJ Iy-
xajy K.it!Y.G~.Il~se) HH~H3BpUJ l1J J H CBOjy MOPaJ J H)' 06aae3y. Bpen-
HOje, MeljyrHM, npl1MeTHTH na ce OBa.uy)J (HOCTnOMaraIna~pyrHMa y
HeBOJ hH yrJ Ia~HOM H.E.... CMaTpa TOJ IHKOCTporOM ~ )ly)KHOCT zra MH
caMH COnCTBeHHMzrenarsev He nOBpeIjyjeHo .!illvre. Ha npavep, HaKO
CBHrpe6a )la npyxaxo )lpyrHMa novoh Y HeBOJ hH, MHCJ IHMna 6H ce
sehana J hY)lH CJ Io)J (HJ Ia)la ra 06aBe3a MO?KeHeKaKO)la C~H3M~HH, HJ IH
xax He HCrryHJ 1,axe 6!iIneHO H~,~pUJ eInenpOY3pOK~BaJ J O~eKH r.:v..6H!aK
IDiH'iaK ,lJ ,OBenOHetiJ iiH )j(HBOTy naras,e. ,naI<J J e, jeztaa J e CT,!ap 6HTH
.uyi'aH)la ce errace .n:e~,Ks>je ce .n:~BH,axo je )lOBOJ hHOCaMOcarnyrn
ce, npY)J (HTH MY PYKY J 1H3BYli.Hra aanorse, a ~aCB~ W!,3apOHHTH
y Y36ypKaHO Mope na 6H ce nere cnacno. HCTo TaKO MH ce 'iHHH ,ua,
H"aKO-CMO06aBe3HH )la nOM8)J (eMO.n:pyrHMa Y HeBOJ hH, I:lli.CMO06aBe-
3H;;8: npH-.y.OMemleMO Y 6HJ I,OKaKBY Kpai~. Ha npHMep, rrpO)laT~
~e WTO 'lOBe!< HMa H CBe IUTOce sa TO .n:~6I1J e,lJ ,aTHCHpo~awHHMa
MO)J (ezrofipo ,lJ ,ohHOHHMaKojHMa je TOK?a]fhe neonxozmo, aJ J H MeHH
TO He asrnena xao MopaJ J Ha 06aB~3a. To je npe jenaa 'iH~~yneppo~- __
~J ..(H~,J Lq!iH ?B~H 3~TeBa 8Y)J (li~<. A oner, HCTHHaje na-aexn
yn:UIHTapHCTH (xao H HeKH necaronosa) TOM~,H~.6I:!-_MOfJ IH,u~n~,ua-
jy 6i1J iOKaKaBCM'Mqao. Ilocryrnra cynepeporauaje liaK? ~yAeJIa KOJ a
je )l06po 'iHH~H, aJ J H H~_H nor;oeUJ Ho .He 'iHHIITH, HHYJ I.fO[Xli.J 1HH-J '
jezraoi eTH'iKOM cHcTeM)' I~e je He'iH]a :J IaBH~}Q'?KHOCT1J9.~e 'iHH~
TaKBO ,ueJ IO xoje he HMaTH 60J he nocnezraue on 6HJ IO 'ie.!!,. )l12~or
UJ TO'iOBeKMO)!(e-,ria-Y:mHH. YTOJ IHKOrope, MHCJ II1M,no TaKBe CHCTe-
MCl1naK, aarsa npHMeTHTH )la TOUJ TOje peseso sa rraUHH3aM nper-
nOCTaBJ ha zta cy MHore Tpa)lHUJ 10HaJ J He reopaje norpeume.
B8)J (HO je 06paTHTH naacrsy aa O~KTepI1CTHKe Hawe ..n:y-
)J (~yr.HMa, [lOIUTOHaM TOnOM8)J (e na YBI1.n:HMO
na je OHa y MHoro he MY OrpaHH'i~a. IIaUH(fmCT MO)J (elIa TBpDIi.J Ia
npHXBaTaJ P,e OBe-.ll:J 0I<H! CTH ~_~'l:H lJ .~Be~...l.'i....QQa ,)0tHHHIH 6alY
gsK.?-J .<O- 6H IlPY_)J (!lO.J l,QMon,HHTH, KOHKpeTHHJ e, Tpe6a ,lJ ,ace KOPH-
CTMHaCI1J heM sa TaKO HeIIITO. Hecnaraaa H3Meljy nauarpacre H Inero-
BJ 1xKpHTH'iapa-M~)la He 6J :!J iJ illQ...9_K_Cl Tora !l~!IH IPe6a )la ce no-
MorHe zrpynoaa y HeBOJ hH, Ben OKOrora na J IH::.a_~~Mofi Mopa, y Be-
nHHH cnyxajesa, )la Y3Me06J IIiK HaCH.J ha.
Pa3MOTpHMO ~J ]e.nene xao n p TBp ,l J,Y TBpTUhe...,n,aHHje Ha~ ,uy-
)J (~! ,lJ ,ace KOPHCTHMOHaCHJ b~)la 6HCMO nOMOrJ IH )lPYrHMa. tre-
2:+1
CTOce y qH!J IMOBI1Ma, npauava 1IT.ll.jaan.ajy caryauzje y xojassa ~
ljiTeHI1K l!-fl11HeKI1 ,,6Q;l1(.jl1IoiOBeK"rrpl1cYCTByje '{Hii)' ,HaCl1J ba~oj 11
rpefia na ce 113BplIlI1. )],a 6H crrpexno rpex csenrreaax noxymasa zia
$TaH~e1jy nananaxa 11~)I(pTBe. 06Ht{HO 6y,ne ynapea I1J II1ra ce aa
HeKH npyra Ha'lI1H pewe, a na OH He ycne na crrace ocofiy xoja je y
orraCHOCTI1.HeKH J bY.llI1,BepOBaTHOMHOrl1, peKJ IH 611KaKOje OBaKaB
6e3y.cnewaH Harro'pI1J II1CMewaH, IDIH rpy6, I1J IH6ecKopHcT~, ana na
nH 6~ HKOoCY.llHOKao Mop~aH? MI1CnHM na~ 6H.
Ana TOje OHOWTO611CMOMH MOpa.n:Hna ypamoao aKOrrOCTOJ I106a-
sesa na ce Y Cnl1'lHI1MCJ J Y'lajeBI1Maynorpefia aacarse.
Osaj npioaep nehe 6IITH CBaKOMey6e,nJ bI1B. Hexo J OIl! yB~eJ ( .@.-
)l(e na TBp,nHna, a1\OC.e,J KI1BO:rnMory cxrypao Crra-;IITH y6I1ja~M,
c.. ~-~ --.__ -- -
onna je 'lOBeKOBa.ny)l(~HOC,-T .?~e, H zrara .ny)l(HOCT.Ba)f(H3a CBe,
yIUbY'iYjynH~HCTy. a 6H ce naUl1qlHcTa 0.ll6P~HO on OBe
onryxoe, Heonxo,nH0)!.Ea C_e~P1!J MQ1:plLI:Ll.aIllIQ.Ly_Q!p::1!!<._'i9_B~KOBor
)l(HBOT1!. I.YiH~HM..Q.BHl;I-; onpaB,na_B~)jeJ (.~raKO_He"J TOMa)f(e,np~-
Ma Y.-l!]BeCHHM npyuHKaMa. O.llrOBOpH 6H; 'lI1HH MH-C:~6He-:-.ll.a-MI1
~nI1MO )i8~8~ na npHMep, nR.Wa__H~~llQj-
~ WTO IhHXOBO)1(. '!"!!.9B~Ihe~'lI1HH cyn~ef)ora.:IlillliHM. Yrnasaoa,
--~ ~-...- . ~--"'.
~~J IHMQlI,~l_M.O.p.aIlH0C'F-3 0 aa
OCHOBYTOI:U!l_I.Q6H TO)2!1aIh.M..Q.nanby Y csery. --~ --.-
~
AKo je TOR!l3J J or36g~ K9~ MH ~aHO 06a8eJ Y na y.tII1HHMOCBe
WTO ce MO)l(e (aa npavep ,n~mry6HMo )l(I1BOT) na 6HCMOnOMOrJ J I1
npynesa y HeBOJ bI1,MOrnl1 611CMOna rnenauoaa naUl1qJ l1cTey cnene-
heM cserrry - CBaKK-_'lQ~~~-.H~~_~.9MOnpaBo Ha )l(I1BOT,ae~
ll~ ra )j(HBH~O~O J e c?-MJ Q~6pao, noonYCJ J OBOMna TIdMeHe n?.::_
Tl'payy.~pyre (xao WTO611TO6110)l(HBOTyfiaue). IIaUl1qll1CTaJ e t{o-
BeK xoja oMpa jenaa Ha'lI1H )l(I1BoTa,..oaaj 6e~l1J ba, xao Haj60J bH
33 a.era, l1.ibr J Kl1BOTKOjH ne 3a.llOBOJ bI1THH onpasnara IherOBO yse-
pea.e ,naje TaKaB )l(I1BOTMOpa.n:HOspeaaa. 3a a.era npaxsaraa.e ra-
xsor )l(I1BOTaHl1je caao CTBap yxyca, Ben HeWTO xpajise 03611J bHO,
HeWTOWTOce MO)l(e CMaTpaTHH~!,!~-
BOTaI1J II1I1MOB~HorH naUH<pHCTI1cy TaKBI1,cnpexa na )l(pTBY-
jy csoje )l(I1BOTe,ana He 11CBOj xnean. Y CKJ IaJ iyCTaKBHMrJ J e,naIheM
ua CTBapH,3~~TH O.llnaUI1<!!!1CTena ce nOHaWa~HaGH:J lH!1SKH I1CTO
je W!O H repern ra ll,a.-)f(E~TO J e 38 Iura waJ ,a:paroUeHl1J e11
QHO~ Y KpaJ IheM cnyxajy, HMa prima facie MOPMHO npaBo.
Pil.J MI1WJ bajynH~ oBaj Ha'lHJ :!.,- yomU:;:e Hl1je ot{HrJ J e,nHO-,gajeoonaw-
<pi1CTa.lly')I(aH.lla ynOTQe6H CWI)' KaKO 6H 0,n6paH110npyre, xax 11y
cJ lY'lajeBHMa xazi J J :pyrHMOry ,naHMajy TaKBY 06aBe3Y.
OBa rrpHMell,6a nporus nauadiacre ,n06Hja aa YBepJ bI1BOCTHKa-
na 06paTHMO n8)!(IhY aa WTeTy xoja MO)l(e3aJ J :eCIITHztpyre J bYJ J :eyKO-
242
nl1KO ce OH He nOCJ J Y)I(HHaCI1.J be. CMaTpaM .n.a6H crrysaj KOjH MY
nne y npanor, 6H-0MHoro PaJ YMJ hHBHjl1aKO 611CMOnama paavarpa-
H>aTaKOYCMepl1J I11.lla ce $:MTe I1rrpaBa caMor n~l1CLe.
Meljyrl1M, H ll,aJ he ce MO)l(eMO mrrara na ,'111611yonnrre 611J I0
noryewHo aa nauifqlHcTy. na ce Y3,llp)l(aBa on ynorpefie aacarsa 'laK H
oH"",lla--~a,llaje TOje,llI1HI1 Hat{HH ,lla ce cnac:.~BI1HI1LJ by,llH.
IIpeTrrocTaBHMo, aa npasrep, zia ce naUJ 1Cpl1CTananasn Ha 6PlEt H30-
nOBaH en CBeTa sajezrao ca HeKI1M KO ce ynpaso cnpeva zra My.tI11H
y611ja CTOTlme (xnn.ane") HeBHHHXJ bY,llI1OH :::.e_ MO)J (eHH na noxynra
na ra onspara on rora, HHTH zta CBOjHMTertOM 3~llITHTH ztpyre, ann
MO)l(e na npHTI19ie lIVr!",te KOjHMhe YCMpTI1TI1Tor tJ OB~Ka.3ap He 6H
6HJ J Onorpenrso Y TaKBOMcrrysajy He ynoTpe6J ITH nacan,e? Mozena
611H 6HJ J O(Ma.n.aMOry na 3aMI1CnHMKaKOce HeKl1 C TI1MHe 611cno-
)l(l1nH) 11M())K,Qa6H~ caM Ta.J ..EaUl1cpHCTa CJ J O)l(HO,lla 611~ a.e-
ra 6HJ l.Q..J lOIPeIlIHo,lla He yno1pe6I1 l:@cl1J beEO~ TaKBI1M,npaCTWlHHM
11Hey0611'lajeHHM OKonHOCTHMa.
)].a rra je TOnopasan nocrynax? TaKO 6~ mrne,lla.n:o na npYI1 no-
rnen jep - sapHHCMOnauarpacry .llecpHHl1ca.n:11 xao aexora KOce no-
CBeT~O-)I(HBOTy6e3 nacarsa? H sap HHje OBO!herOBO onpenerserse
necnojaso ca OHI1MIllTO OHt{I1HH?
Ilpecyzrao rnrratse rnacn - ~Ta aa C060M nosnaxa rrpnapzce-
HOCT HeKO~~a,rry? Maora cy CMaTpa.n:H,lla TaKBa npHBp)l(eHOCT
H,llea.n:ysaxresa na ce H,nea.n: Mopa ~ y CBH~_CJ I)":!ajeBJ {Ma-yKO-
jl1Ma je TOMoryne 'lHHIITH. OBO MH ce t{l1HI1QeTe~Moo_11 TaKBHM.n.a
o.n. tJ OBeKa npaBI1 npaBor CI1THl1t{apa Kora He~Tpe6aJ J o Y3HMaTH
036HJ bHO. 3aMHCJ IHTetJ OBeKa..3!:!jH-j.fH4.n-eaIT ca~eHCTBO; TaKaB 611
Morao na ce He I13BeCTaH-i{at{HHJ J aKO[IOBeae no a~. )].a nl1 TaJ
'lOBeK nopy-ncyje, I1J II1nepe CBOj ayro sa Haj60J bl1 Hat{I1H? I1J m Y3MI1-
MO nauier nocseheaor cpl1J IaHTpona. Mopa na OH, KaKO 611ce I1CTI1H-
CKI1nOCBeTHOCBOM;iliea.n:y, YBeK 11y 6aw csaxoj Morynoj npHJ J HUH
nOKa311BaTl1CBOjy BeJ J HKo.n.ylllHOCT?qaK 11xana 611 ra BeJ J I1KO,llY-
lllHOCT sepoaarao snaxana oCHpoMallIeIhe npyrax?
,lleHH H3 OEOr! cnelIH ,lla ce TaKBe oco6e HI1:y n~CBeTHJ J eCB~
H.n.ea.n:yaKO ref He cne.n.ey CBI1M~ryhHM npannxaaa. Cl1ryp~o~.
Ibl1x6BO onpe~e!he j:.-..HCKpeHO, Ba)l(HO I1~pa::mI1KYJ e on- 'oo
npyrnx J by,n11no TOMe llITO OHI1CBOJ e11~~e cnene y 3Ha'lajHO jse-
neM 6pojy CI1TyaUl1ja 11no MHoro Beny ueHy~~ro ,llPlT
H
Y CJ J l1t{HHM
cl1ryauHjaMa. J acno je :Uaje :r:9~HO 360r 'lera !J lliPJ iCIa-o,u.6.Mj.8.....I;la.......
ynoTp611 HaCHJ bena 611ce 0.n.6paHHOon nenpaaeztnor nanana, 113a-
WTO-ce yazrpscasa na ynorpefiu uacarse .lla 6113aWTI1TI10.n.pyre~
ztox sa TO nocTojH 611J I0KaKBa ,llp~liOCT, na '"IaK Ii a~O_J ~Be-_
p'CiBaTe.oHa Hen~611TI1ecpl1K,:CHa
243
I
Cazra 6H naUHcPHCTHKOjH KaTerOplNKH rspne ,lla aacarse He
rpefia npHMefhHBaTH HHna KOMeH HI1Y KaKBI1MOKOJ 1HOCTI1Ma 6e3 113-
Y3eTKa MOrJ Il11~J 1eTJ 1na rspne KaKOcy Ha'iHHH onfipane xoje caM ja
aaseo y CTafby")J :aonpasnajy I:bm,WBO HeHaCJ 1J bey CBHMnpJ 1J 1HKaMa.
J a J 1lNHO, Mel)yrHM a, He 6HX xmao TaKOn8,D.eKO.HJ .fTHMI1je 6J 1J 1ana-
Mepa na cyrecrajava xoje caM nao CTJ .{rHeMno Tor excrpevaor .;3a-
lUh):'IKa. AJ IH MHCJ 1J .{Mna ce MOjJ 1Mcyrecrajana OTJ .{IllJ lOMHoro ziarse
y onpasnaa.y .TaBs.na naUHdll1CTI1~~aj~_6Ha MOpaJ IHanpaBaH
oaBe3e_y. l!e3H_c~pIllefbeM HaCHJ ha,'a xoje MH.QrH~11.pyrH MOPaJ IHH
nenaren-a HeMajy; J 1MO)f(na 6J 1DBa 6J 1J 1011.OBOJ hHO xao O,WOBOPaa
6pojHa KaKOreopnjcxa TaKO H npaicrnxna mrrarsa xoja cy 6J 1J 1ano-
CTaBJ beHay Be311CfbJ .{Ma.
CAHKU;I1J E - 113MEn Y BJ IA,nAB11HE l1PABA
11,nOMHHAU11J E
(. ..) YKOJ 1HKOje TeMeJ hHa npesoica Mel)YHapo11.HHxonaoca "KO
je jaxa raj H TJ 1a'iH", BJ 1a,n:aBHHa rtpasa je11.HoCTaBHOHHje MOryna jep
aenocrajy OCHOBHen.ene npernocraaxe: 06jeKTHBHOCT J 1jenaaxocr.
H3Mel)y I1MneparHBa MOnH H npaBHHX sasena ycnocrasn.ajy ce on
cirryauzje 11.0caryanaje O11.HOCH PlnJ 1H'lJ .fTOrcrenesa nonpeheaocra
J 1HeKOHceKBeHTHOCTJ 1.
BJ la11.aBHHanpasa H real politique TeIllKO MOry 11.aHJ J .Ysajenno.
HeMaM HHIllTa nporus npH3HBafba peanue iionuiiluxe, aJ IH TO 3Ha<tH
npHXBaTHTJ 1J 1peanuo upaeo, TOjeer, npOH3BOJ bHOCTH,He11.OCJ le11.HO-
CTJ 1,11.BOCTpYKe KpJ .fTepJ 1jYMexao a.eros caCTaBHHneo.
Mel)yrHM, YKOJ 1HKOce nOHCTaCJ IaBJ 1aaseno BJ 1a,n:aBHHenpasa,
rana ce He MO)Ke OCTaTHHeKpHTH'laH, paBHOJ J .YI1IaHyrrpaso npexsa
CBHM06J IHUHMa, npouecaxa, O,llHOCHMa,ancnrrynajaaa, axrepaxa
a.eroaor ocnopasaaa. He MOry ce KPHTHKoBaTH caao ysyrpa-
lllfbH/J lOKaJ IHH aKTepJ 1npaasor B0J 1YHTapJ 13Ma,a He H Mel)YHapo.n-
HwrJ Io6aJ IHH axrepa, J 1J 1H06PHyrO, a 11.ace ynpaso THMe cave aase-
J IOHe ,llJ 1CKp
e
11.H1)'je. AcpHpMaUHja BJ 1a11.aBHHe npasa 3aXTeBa 11.OCJ Ie11.-
HY KpHTHKY CBHX 06J 1HKa nOJ IHTH'lKOr BOJ IYHTapH3Ma,KaKO yayrap
npacase TaKOHy OJ l.HOCHMaH3Mel)y np)f(aBa.
Y CKJ 1an.yCTHM nOCTaBJ hace rnrratse na J 1Hcy canxnaje HCKJ hy-
<tHBOH3pa3/cpe,llCTBO BJ Ia.ll.aBHHe(Mel)YHap011.Hor) npasa, J 1J 1Hcy ce
CaHKlI,HjenOKa3aJ IeH xao HHCTpYMeHTnpOH3BOJ bHOCTHyresaen.en aa
npHHUHny .ll.OMHHall,Hje.
O.nrOBOpaa nOCTaBJ beHOrnrratse npyscajy He cavo npHMepH Ka-
na cy aHKlI,Hje ysenene npeva npeKpIllHOUHMa Mel)YHap011.
HHX
HOP-
MH, Ben H CJ IY'lajeBH xana OHe HI1CY npHMefbHBaHe a nocrojane cy
npasae OCHOBesa TO. Y XJ J a11.HopaTOBcKOMnepaozry H30CTaHaK yBO-
I)efba canxuaja MO)f(e ce 06jaCHJ .fTJ 1J IOrHKOM cyxofia 11.Baaenpaja-
245
244