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[a, b]
f (xi )xi
(1)
i=1
lim
f (xi )xi
(2)
i=1
b
f (x)dx
a
(3)
Analogy
xi f (xi )xi
i=1
1 xi f (xi )
xi xi
lim
xi f (xi )xi
i=1
x f (x)dx
a
y = f (x) 1
1
x i
i=1
[a, b] b a
b
dx = b a
(4)
2
dx x dx b a
b a
S
s1
S=
ds
(5)
s0
4 x dx x
b ads diential
arc
5
5
ds dx
x
x = 1 x = 10
x = 1 x = 10
1
f (x)
2
1
s1
S=
ds
s0
ds
ds
ds dx
x y
ds =
dx2 + dy2
dx
ds =
dy
1+
dx
)2
dx
y = f (x) x = a x = b
( )2
x=b
b
dy
S=
ds =
1+
dx
dx
x=a
a
y = x 2 x = 1 x = 4
dy 3 1
= x2
dx 2
3 1
1 + x2
2
)2
dx =
1
9
1 + x dx
4
9
u = 1 + x
4
y =
ex + ex
x = 0 x = ln(3)
2
dy ex ex
=
dx
2
5
ln(3)
0
ln(3)
ex ex
1+
2
1+
ln(3)
=
ln(3)
)2
dx
e2x 2 + e2x
dx
4
e2x + 2 + e2x
dx
4
(
)
ex + ex 2
dx
2
ex + ex
dx
2
0
ex ex ln(3) 3
=
=
2 0
2
ln(3)
1
3
dy 2 1
2
y = x 3
= x 3 x = 1 x = 8
dx 3
8
4 2
1 + x 3 dx
9
1
2 1
x 3 = tan()
3
ds =
dx
dx2 + dy2
ds =
dy
1+
dx
)2
dx
dy
( )2
dx
ds =
+ 1 dy
dy
6
y y = x 3
3
x = y 2 x = 1 y = 1 x = 8 y = 4
4
1
3 1
1 + y2
2
)2
dy
x = g(y) y = c y = d
( )2
y=d
d
dx
S=
ds =
1+
dy
dy
y=c
c
y = f (x) or x = g(y) x = ay = c x = by = d
S=
a
=
c
)2
dy
dx
1+
dx
( )2
dx
1+
dy
dy
(
x = ln(sec(y)) y = 0 y =
x = g(y) y
dx
= tan(y)
dy
7
1 + tan2 (y) dy
sec2 (y) dy
sec(y) dy
0
) 3
= ln sec(y) + tan(y)
0
= ln( 2 + 3 )
(
y
dt
ds = dx2 + dy2 =
dx
dt
)2
dy
+
dt
)2
dt
)2
dy
S=
1+
dx
dx
a
( )2
d
dx
1+
dy
=
dy
c
t 2 ( )2 ( )2
dy
dx
=
+
dt
dt
dt
t1
ds =
dx2 + dy2
x = r cos(t),y = r sin(t)
dx
= r sin(t)
dt
dy
= r cos(t)
dt
0
2
r2 dt
0
2
r dt = 2r
=
0
x y