KH TRNG:

Mc ch:
_ Nc cp cho sinh hot: nhm ngn nga cc bnh dch do vi khun v vi t!ng
g"# a $t%& '(& th)ng hn*+,
_ Nc cp cho c-ng nghip: nhm kh. sch cc 'oi vi sinh v/t 01 ngn nga s2
k3t bm 454 '6n thnh 7ng d8n nc cc thi3t b 'm 'nh gi%m kh% nng
tu#9n nhit v g"# t:n tht th;# '2c,
Phn loi:
<h)ng php v/t '= <h)ng php h>a h?c
<h)ng php nhit @ng A'o v hBp cht c;a c'o
Cia c2c tDm $E4+ @ng iod
<h)ng php si6u "m @ng ion kim 'oi
<h)ng php '?c @ng oFon
Phng php vt l:
Phng php nhi!t:
Ga s7 454 b ti6u dit H nhit 0I JKKLA,
MIt s7 'oi 454 khi nhit 0I tng N chu#1n sang dng bo t. vi 'p b%o v vOng chPc
N kh-ng b ti6u dit khi 0un s-i JQ R SK phTt, G1 ti6u dit nh>m vi khun bo t. n#:
Gun nc H JSKLA,
Gun s-i H 0i9u kin thUng JQ R SK phTt N 01 nguIi 03n VWQLA N giO
tong Sh cho bo t. pht ti1n tH 'i N 0un s-i nc J 'Xn nOa,
<h)ng php n# 0)n gi%n nhng t7n nhi9u nng 'Bng v chY p dZng [u# m- nh\,
Phng php "h# t$%ng &'ng ti( )*:
Cia c2c tDm $E4+ ' tia b]c ^ 0in t c> bc s>ng kho%ng _ R _KKnm,
`h-ng 'm tha# 0:i tDnh cht h>a h?c v '= h?c c;a nc
Cha# 0:i aNb c;a t3 bo vi khun,
`h% nng dit khun cao nht H bc s>ng SQ_nm,
cu 0i1m: diu sut kh. t!ng cao 07i vi nc c> 0I 0Zc thp,
NhBc 0i1m:
GI 0Zc c;a nc v cht nhUn bm v 0en ngn c%n tia c2c tDm tc dZng vo vi khun N
hiu [u% kh. t!ng thp
Ahi phD v/n hnh cao,
+,ng -./t ti0. th 1 "h# t$%ng n2c
[ R A-ng sut nc 0i [ua thi3t b $m
W
fh+
g h d s7 hp thZ tia c2c tDm c;a nc $cm
hJ
+
G7i vi nc ngXm gi3ng s"u kh-ng ph%i ^. '= v sau khi ^. '= sPt 0t
ti6u chun nc n u7ng g i K&J
Nc su7i& gi3ng thm g i K&JQ
Nc s-ng& hj sau ^. '= g i K&W
` R d s7 khng c;a vi t!ng 0Ung uIt M`k i SQKKsfcm
S

< R chY s7 co'i c;a nc tc khi kh. t!ng $confl+
<o R AhY s7 co'i c;a nc sau kh. t!ng& <o Vi Wconfl

J
R d s7 s. dZng dmng tia&
J
i K&n

S
R d s7 s. dZng dmng tia 01 kh. t!ng&
S
i K&n

Phng php -i0. 3:
AUng 0I dmng si6u "m oi Skfcm
S
tong Q phTt c> th1 ti6u dit ton bI vi sinh v/t tong
nc,
Phng php l4c:
loi 0Bc 0a s7 454 tong nc $t si6u vi t!ng+ kDch thc J R S pm [ua 'p '?c c>
kDch thc khq rng V Jpm,
Phng php h5( h4c:
5. dZng cht o^# h>a mnh 01 o^# h>a mqn c;a t3 bo vi sinh v ti6u dit chTng,
d>a cht thUng d!ng: c'o& bom& iod& A's
S
& dA's v mu7i c;a n>& oFon& `Mns
_
&
d
S
s
S
,,,
diu sut cao N 0Bc s. dZng Ing ti H m?i [u# m-,
l= thu#3t c;a [u tunh kh. t!ng bng A'o:
d>a h?c c;a [u tunh:
`hi cho khD A'o vo nc sv ^%# a ph%n ]ng:
A'
S
w d
S
s 1 dsA' w d
w
w A'
h

4i ` i xdA'syxd
w
yxA'
h
yfxA'
S
y i _&KQ zJK
h_
$H SQ
K
A+
$k+
a!ng Aa$sA'+
S
'm cht kh. t!ng:
Aa$sA'+
S
wSd
S
s 1 SdsA' w Aa$sd+
S

SdsA' 1 Sd
w
w SsA'
h

<h%n ]ng vi hBp cht nit) to thnh cc ch'oaminq:
Nd
W
w dsA' 1 Nd
S
A' $monoch'oaminq+ w d
S
s
Nd
S
A' w dsA' 1 NdA'
S
$dich'oaminq+ w d
S
s
NdA'
S
w dsA' 1 NA'
W
$nitogqn tich'oidq+ w d
S
s
N3u d c'o& tong nc ^%# a [u tunh o^# h>a ch'oaminq bng acid h#poc'oic:
Nd
S
A' w NdA'
S
w dsA' 1 N
S
s w _dA'
NdA'
S
w dsA' 1 NA'
W
w d
S
s
NdA'
S
w d
S
s 1 Nd$sd+A' w dA'
Nd$sd+A' w SdsA' 1 dNs
W
w WdA'
{nh hHng c;a pd 03n kh. t!ng A'o:
pd V | ch; #3u ' dA's,
pd o } ch; #3u ' A's
h
pd i |&Q thu xdA'sy i xA's
h
y,
pd tng 1 njng 0I dsA' gi%m 1 hiu [u% kh. t!ng gi%m $hunh },S+
49 hiu [u% thqo thUi gian $hunh },W+& 01 dit nn~ ,Ao'i tong nc bng K&Jmgfl c'o t2
do& thUi gian cXn thi3t tng t phTt H pd i 03n J}K phTt H pd i JJ
`h% nng dit t!ng c;a monoc'oamin thp h)n dic'oamin W R Q 'Xn, `h% nng
dit t!ng c;a dic'oamin thp h)n c'o SK R SQ 'Xn
A'o k3t hBp vi amoniac thnh c'oamin g?i ' c'o k3t hBp& t:ng hm 'Bng c'o t2
do& A'
S
& dsA'& sA'
h
v c'o k3t hBp g?i ' c'o hot tDnh,
G1 [u tunh kh. t!ng 0t 0Bc hon ton& sau khi kh. t!ng cXn giO 'i tong nc
mIt 'Bng c'o thDch hBp, 4i cc h th7ng cp nc sinh hot thUng '# K&S R
K&Wmgfl c'o t2 do,
+lo h5( n2c v2i li6. l7ng c(o:
_ dm 'Bng A'o oi JKmgf' 01 kh. t!ng nc nhim bn nng& ch]a vi t!ng c>
s]c 09 khng cao vi cc cht o^# h>a ha# cXn kh. mu& m!i& v c;a nc
_ 5au khi kh. t!ng cXn kh. bt c'o d 01 h ^u7ng 03n ti6u chun K,W R K,Qmgf'
sao cho 03n cu7i 7ng cmn K&KQmgf',
+lo h5( n2c "8t h7p v2i (33oni(c h5(:
<h%n ]ng:
dsA' w Nd
W
1 Nd
S
A' w d
S
s
Nd
S
A' w d
S
s 1 Nd_
w
w sA'
h

u tunh ph"n '# c;a c'oamin din a ch/m 1 tc dZng kh. t!ng tong thUi gian 0Xu
thp& nhng thUi gian c> tc dZng kh. t!ng di,
C ' giOa 'i9u 'Bng c'o v ammoniac 0Bc '2a ch?n bng th2c nghim thUng 'Bng
ammoniac bng JK R SQ~ 'Bng c'o,
+c 98. t: ;nh h<ng 8n "h# t$%ng clo:
(= pH: u#3t 0nh hiu [u% c;a kh. t!ng bng c'o, pd tng N hiu [u% kh. t!ng
gi%m
>;ng ?=@ ABGK C @?DE: Lng clo d ti thiu dit trng hon ton
i t pd
lBng c'o d t7i thi1u $mgfl+
A'o t2 do sau JK ti3p ^Tc
A'o hot tDnh dng
A'oamin sau K ti3p
^Tc
R | K&S J&K
| R } K&S J&Q
} R n K&_ J&}
n R JK K&} h
oJK oJ h
&= Nhi!t F
Nhit 0I nc tng N 0I nht gi%m N chu#1n 0Ing nhit tng N
khu3ch tn cht kh. t!ng [ua v\ t3 bo 454 tng,
4i c'oamin& nhit 0I %nh hHng 'n h)n so vi c'o t2 do,
<h)ng tunh bi1u din %nh hHng nhit 0I 03n t7c 0I kh. t!ng:
t
J
& t
S
R ChUi gian ti3p ^Tc $phTt+ cXn 01 gi%m 'Bng vi t!ng tong nc
03n m]c #6u cXu t)ng ]ng vi nhit 0I nc C
J
v C
S
$
K
`+
R Nng 'Bng hot h>a c;a cht kh. t!ng
R dng s7 khD& J&nn`ca'f
K
`
c= NGng F: Njng 0I cht kh. t!ng tng N thUi gian tc dZng gi%m
+
n
t H K
A R Njng 0I cht kh. t!ng
t R ChUi gian cXn thi3t 01 dit 'Bng vi t!ng nht 0nh
n R AhY s7 m& n i K&Q J&Q
` R dng s7
Kh# clo I c5 t$ong n2c:
<h)ng php h>a h?c:
`h. bng 5s
S
: A'
S
w 5s
S
w Sd
S
s N SdA' w d
S
5s
_

`h. h3t J mg c'o d cXn K&n mg 5s
S
`h. bng Na
S
5s
W
: A'
S
w Na
S
5s
W
w d
S
s N SdA' w Na
S
5s
_
`h. J mg A'o d cXn W&KQ mg Na
S
5s
W
tinh th1,
<h)ng php v/t '=:
Chan hot tDnh: hp phZ c'o d& '?c nc [ua 'p than hot tDnh d# S R S&Qmm& t7c
0I '?c SK h WKmfh, i%i hp phZ than bng dung dch ki9m n>ng hoc Aa$sA'+
S
lm thong: kh. mIt phXn c'o hma tan& vu h#poc'oit kh-ng ba# h)i, Gt hiu [u%
cao khi pd VQ,
+c h5( ch/t "h# t$%ng g:c clo:
Thi8t &J ph( ch8 clo vK h7p ch/t clo vKo n2c:
d>a cht
Nati h#poc'oit Aan^i h#poc'oit A'oua v-i A'o 0io^it
+lo$(to$
<ha ch3 0nh 'Bng c'o h)i vo nc,
Ngu#6n tPc hot 0Ing:
+lo$(to$ l. l7ng "h,ng Li : lu-n cho 'Bng kh-ng 0:i khD c'o vo nc
+lo$(to$ l. l7ng th(9 Li: lu 'Bng khD c'o tha# 0:i t)ng ]ng 'Bng nc ^. '=
A'oato p '2c:
`hD c'o hma vo nc di p '2c 'n h)n p '2c khD [u#1n v p '2c nc tong 7ng d8n
da# m Y h)i c'o ngu# hi1m cho ngUi v thi3t b
A'oato ch"n kh-ng :
p '2c khD c'o hma tan vo nc thp h)n p '2c khD [u#1n= A'oat) ch"n kh-ng hot
0Ing 'i6n tZc& c> van chn thi3t b '?c& van gi%mp 01 gi%mp sut ^u7ng K,S at& van 0i9u
chYnh& 'u 'Bng k3& thi3t b tIn bng th;# tinh& qqctq,
G7i vi cc tm ^. 'D nc c-ng sut 'n& ngUi ta thUng p dZng A'oat) ch"n kh-ng
c-ng sut SK QK kgfh vi thi3t b 0nh 'Bng t2 0Ing,
(= MNOcto$
l thi3t b 01 0nh 'Bng h>a cht& ' c-ng cZ 0)n gi%n 01 hTt khD A'o cho [u tunh
-^# h>a tong ^. '= nc khi kh-ng cXn 'm thong,
&= Pp lQc vK l. l7ng n2c cho ONOcto$
c= >Rnh chS( clo lTng:
G1 tin cho vic v/n chu#1n v b%o [u%n& khD c'o 0Bc nn thnh th1 '\ng tong
cc bunh ch]a& p '2c nn SK,K R SQ,K kfcm
S
, Chqo dung tDch cc bunh 0Bc ph"n
thnh 'oi nh\ ch]a t WQ R }Kl c'o '\ng v 'oi 'n c> dung tDch }KK R SKKKl d!ng
cho cc nh m# nc ti6u thZ c'o }kgfng#,
I= T$3 clo$(to$:
C: hBp cc thi3t b gjm bunh 02ng c'o& c"n& 7ng v c'oato 0Bc 'Pp p thnh
h th7ng 0t tong mIt hoc hai phmng 01 0nh 'Bng c'o vo nc g?i ' tm c'o, ao
tDnh 0Ic hi c;a h)i c'o& tm ph%i 0Bc cch '# vi ^ung [uang bng cc c.a kDnh v
c> h th7ng th-ng gi> i6ng, Cong tm c> c'oato& 0Ung d8n c'o& bunh c'o '\ng 0t
t6n c"n bn, ain tDch tm c'oato tDnh thqo ti6u chun Wm
S
cho J c'oato v _m
S
cho J c"n bn, `hi c-ng sut tm b)m 'n h)n SQKkg c'o mIt ng# ph%i chia tm
thnh cc gian i6ng bit& mIt gian 0t c'oato v mIt gian 0t bunh c'o '\ng, cc gian
09u c> c.a thot d2 phmng i6ng, Cm ph%i 0Bc th-ng gi> thUng ^u#6n bng [ut
vi tXn sut JS 'Xn tuXn hon tong Jh, kh-ng khD 0Bc hTt H 0i1m thp st mt sn v
^% a H 0i1m cao h)n Sm so vi n>c nh cao nht H gXn tm, tong nh m# nc&
tm ph%i 0Bc b7 tD H cu7i hng gi>, N3u nm 'i9n tong cZm h>a cht& tm
c'oato 0Bc ngn cch vi bI ph/n khc bng mIt bujng tung gian& H 0"# c> tang
b ph)ng tin phmng hI v cc thi3t b v/n hnh& h th7ng b%o hi1m& thi3t b bo njng
A-ng sut
Ma^ $gfh+
A'
S
lu 'Bng nc
$'fh+
p '2c nc cXn thi3t phZ thuIc vo p '2c
0Xu a $ba+
p '2c 0Xu vo
qqcto $ba+
p '2c nc H
0Xu a qqcto $ba+
QKK
JKKK
SKKK
_KKK
KKK
}KKK
JKKKK
|QK R J_QK
JSKK R SWKK
S}KK R _KKK
WWKK R _KK
_QKK R KKK
_QKK R KKK
QKKK h |QKKK
_ R J
_ R J
_ R J
_ R }
_ R }
_ R }
_ R }
K,Q R ,Q
K,Q R ,Q
K,Q R ,Q
K,Q R W,K
K,Q R W,K
K,Q R W,K
K,Q R W,K
0I h)i c'o tong bujng c-ng tc, 57 'Bng c'oato tong tm '# kh-ng Dt h)n hai& h
s7 d2 phmng '# QK~ s7 c'oato hot 0Ing, lBng c'o d2 tO tong tm thUng ^u#6n
ph%i 0; cho ba ng# ti6u thZ,
O= Kho IQ t$U clo:
C!# thqo c2 '# v/n chu#1n t n)i s%n ^ut 03n nh m# nc m [u#3t 0nh
'Bng c'o d2 tO, lBng d2 tO ph%i 0; cho t JQ ng# 03n nK ng# s. dZng, tong kho
d2 tO c'o cng ph%i th2c hin cc bin php b%o hi1m v an ton 'ao 0Ing nh H tm
c'oato,
<ha ch3 c'oua v-i v can^i h#poc'oit: thUng s. dZng tong cc nh m# nc
c> c-ng sut b h)n JKKKKm
W
fng#, Ac h>a cht 0Bc b%o [u%n H dng bIt& tc khi
cho vo nc ph%i pha thnh dung dch c> njng 0I J R S~, GXu ti6n h>a cht 0Bc
hma tan tong th!ng pha 03n njng 0I JK~ 01 'Png tch cn bn v tp cht& sau 0> cho
vo th!ng ti6u thZ pha 'otng 03n njng 0I S~, Ch1 tDch cc th!ng ^c 0nh thqo c-ng
th]c:
ki &m
W
R 'u 'Bng nc ^. '=& m
W
fh
t R thUi gian s. dZng cho J 'Xn pha& h
a R 'i9u 'Bng thu7c kh. t!ng tDnh thqo c'o hot tDnh& gfm
W
c R hm 'Bng c'o hot tDnh tong h>a cht& ~
b R njng 0I dung dch pha& ~
V= Wi6. ch8 n2c X(vOn:
4i cc tm cp nc nh\& nht ' v!ng vqn bi1n khi kh-ng c> 0i9u kin cung
cp c'o v cc h>a cht khc n6n ^"# d2ng tm 0in gi%i 01 0i9u ch3 nc avqn,
Cm gjm b1 d2 tO mu7i t c> cu to nh kho phen t& cc b1 pha v b1 ti6u thZ,
@1 d2 tO mu7i t thUng tDnh cho 'Bng ti6u thZ t WK 03n _Q ng#& 'Bng nc 01
pha tDnh thqo t ' Jm
W
cho J tn mu7i, 0I hma tan v t t?ng dung dch mu7i '# thqo
b%ng
Nhi!t
F
WF hY( t(n cZ( N(+l T[ t$4ng I.ng IJch N(+l < @\
\
+
JK S&WQ WJ&|K Q QJ&|K J&KW_Q
SK S&_W WJ|&SK JK JK|&JK J&K|K|
WK S&Q WJ|&K JQ J&WK J&JK}|
Kh# t$%ng n2c &'ng ]oI
od ' cht o^# h>a mnh v thUng 0Bc s. dZng 01 kh. nc H cc b1 b)i, l
cht kh> hma tan n6n od 0Bc d!ng H dng dung dch bto hma, GI hma tan c;a iod phZ
thuIc nhit 0I nc, H KLA 0I hma tan ' JKKmgfl, H SKLA ' WKK mgfl, khi 0I pd c;a
nc nh\ h)n |& 'i9u 'Bng iod s. dZng '# t K,W 03n Jmgfl, n3u s. dZng 'i9u 'Bng
'n h)n J,S mgfl sv 'm nc c> m!i v iod,
Kh# t$%ng n2c &'ng ion cZ( cc "i3 loi n^ng
4i njng 0I t nh\ c;a ion `lN c> th1 ti6u dit 0Bc cc 454 v 6u t%o
s7ng tong nc
`im 'oi
Njng 0I cXn $mlfl+ 01 ti6u dit
4i t!ng co'i 6u t%o
@c R bg K,K_ K,KQ
Gjng R Au K,K} K,JQ
Aadimi R Ad K,JQ K,JK
Aom R A K,| K,|K
`vm R n J,_ J,_
`h. t!ng bng ion `lN 0mi h\i thUi gian ti3p ^Tc 'n, vD dZ vi bc khi s.
dZng K,KWmgf' kh. t!ng nc c> pd i |,Q H JQLA& thUi gian cXn 01 kh. nn~ vi t!ng
' J|| phTt, Cu# nhi6n kh-ng th1 n"ng cao njng 0I ion `lN 01 gi%m thUi gian dit
t!ng vu %nh hHng 03n s]c kh\q c;a con ngUi,
Kh# t$%ng &'ng o_onO
sFonq c> c-ng th]c h>a h?c ' s
W
& H 0k bunh thUng& oFonq ' cht kh-ng b9n
vOng v b ph"n h;# t nhanh thnh khD o^# dng b9n vOng s
S
, @Hi vu oFonq ' cht
kh-ng b9n vOng v kh-n th1 'u giO '"u tong bunh ch]a n6n ph%i d!ng m# s%n ^ut
oFonq nga# ti n)i s. dZng,
sFonq 0Bc s%n ^ut bng cch cho o^# hoc kh-ng khD 0i [ua thi3t b ph>ng
tia '.a 0in& nh hin tBng ta v8n th# tong thi6n nhi6n sau tia chp c;a gi-ng bto&
kh-ng khD tH n6n sch v mt h)n ' do tc dZng 'm sch kh-ng khD c;a oFonq, G1
cp 0; 'Bng oFonq kh. t!ng cho nh m# ^. '= nc& d!ng m# pht tia '.a 0in
gjm hai 0in c2c kim 'oi 0t cch nhau mIt kho%ng cho kh-ng khD ch# [ua,
Njng 0I oFonq tong hrn hBp khD 0i a kh\i m# pht t J R S~ tDnh thqo t?ng
'Bng 0Bc 0a thng vo b1 hma tan v ti3p ^Tc vi nc 01 kh. t!ng, diu [u% kh.
t!ng phZ thuIc vo cht 'Bng nc& cUng 0I khu# tIn v thUi gian ti3p ^Tc, a2a
vo thUi gian ti3p ^Tc cXn thi3t t _ R } phTt& thUng thi3t k3 W 'oi b1 hma tan v
khu# tIn oFonq vo nc:
_ Gi [ua 'p '?c n:i,
_ a!ng qqcto,
_ a!ng cnh khu# 01 hma tan khD,
u nhc im ca ozone:
u im:
_ `h-ng c> m!i,
_ lm gi%m nhu cXu o^# c;a nc& gi%m njng 0I cht hOu c)& gi%m njng
0I cc cht hot tDnh b9 mt,
_ `h. mu& phqno'& ^#anua,
_ Cng njng 0I o^# hma tan,
_ `h-ng c> s%n phm phZ g"# 0Ic hi,
_ Cng v/n t7c 'Png c;a cc ht ') '.ng,
Nhc im:
_ 47n 0Xu t ban 0Xu cao,
_ Ci6u t7n nng 'Bng 0in,
Kh nng kh trng ca ozone:
GI hma tan vo nc c;a oFonq gp JW 'Xn 0I hma tan c;a o^#, `hi va mi
cho oFonq vo nc& tc dZng tit t!ng ^%# a t Dt& khi oFonq 0t hma tan 0; 'i9u
'Bng& ]ng vi hm 'Bng 0; 01 o^# h>a cht hOu c) v vi khun c> tong nc& 'Tc
0> tc dZng kh. t!ng c;a oFonq mnh v nhanh gp WJKK 'Xn so vi c'o v thUi
gian kh. t!ng ^%# a tong kho%ng t W R } gi"#,
li9u 'Bng oFonq cXn 01 kh. t!ng nc t K,S R K,Q mgfl t!# thuIc vo
cht 'Bng nc 0t ^. '=, sFonq c> tac dZng ti6u dit viut t mnh khi thUi gian
ti3p ^Tc 0; di& kho%ng Q phTt,
Kh nng s dng oon! trong "u# tr$nh %& l' n(c:
_ sFonq c> kh% nng kh. cht Pn tong nc th- bng tc dZng o^# h>a
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