1

1. Finding Height Of Tide At Time Between High And Low Water

The table is based on assumption of a simple harmonic type for the tidal curve.
This table will not be reliable for the places where the tide is diurnal or the
shallow water effect is considerable.
Finding the height of the tide at specified interval before and after the time of low
water, by adding a correction to its predicted height at low water.
Can be used for finding the height of the tide at a specified interval before or after
the time of high water, by subtracting a correction from its predicted height at
high water.

2. Conversion Table From Metres To Feet

3. The Depths on River Bars In Sarawak
The tide predictions include the effects of normal variations in mean level.
The depth of the bar below chart datum is almost impossible to predict and to give
general warnings of such changes in time.

4. The Lists of Standard Port

Hourly Height Prediction Daily Prediction
Pulau Lakei
Kuala Mukah
Pelabuhan Bintulu
Miri
Kuala Baram
Victoria Harbor, Labuan
Kuala Lundu
Kuala Santubong
Pulau Lakei
Pending
Sri Aman
Kanowit
National Hydrographic Centre, Royal Malaysian Navy
2

Muara Harbor, Brunei
Kota Kinabalu
Sibu
Leba An
Sarikei
Tangjung Manis
Kuala Paloh
Muara Kut
Kuala Igan
Kuala Mukah
Kuala Balingan
Kuala Tatau
Pelabuhan Bintulu
Miri
Kuala Baram
Kuala Limbang
Kuala Lawas
Victoria Harbor, Labuan
Muara Harbor, Brunei
Kota Kinabalu
Kadat
Sandakan
Lahad Datu
Semporna
Tawau


Figure 1: Location of The Standart Port

3

5. Chart Datum At Standart Ports
Gives information about the height of each port from Beach Mark (BM).

6. Predictions Hourly Height High And Low Water
Example of predictions table



7. Extra Tides
Give information about the tides in Sri Aman, Sarawak from January to August
2007.


4

8. Time Differences For High And Low Water
Give approximate times of high and low water at the Secondary Port.
The variation is relatively small mean time differences are given, under the
heading M.H.W and M.L.W.
The high water as H.H.W and low water as L.L.W.


9. Tidal Levels At Standart Ports
Shows the simplified formulae of tidal level used for semi-diurnal ports which are
Mean High Water Spring (MHWS), Mean High Water Neap (MHWN), Mean
Low Water Spring (MLWN), and Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS).
Shows the simplified formulae of tidal used for diurnal ports which are Mean
Higher High Water (MHHW), Mean Lower High Water (MLHW), Mean Higher
Low Water (MHLW), and Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).

10. Instruction for Use of Tables At Standart Ports
Give the explanation for the prediction of times of high or low water at Secondary
Ports.
Average levels at Springs or Neaps or at Higher High Water.













5





1. Introduction
The tide table is made annually.
Tidal predictions are prepared for 22 tide stations using 60 tidal constituents.
The datum level that has been used for tidal predictions is the Indian Spring Low
Water (ISLW).
Provided the information on each Tide Station which are :
- Harmonic Constant





Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia
6

- Table of Hourly Height


- Table of Times and Height of High and Low Water

7

- Tidal Marigram


2. The Explanation About The Content of Tide Tables
The Malaysian Standard Time used for prediction is 8 hours east of Greenwich.
All heights are in centimeters (cm) above Datum Level.
The explanation about the meaning of Sping Rise, Neap Rise, Spring Range,
Tropic Rise, Equatorial Rise, Tropic Range and Mean High Water Interval.

3. The Tide Stations
Give the position of tide station in Latitude and Longitude.
Datum Level.
Type of Tide.
Standard deviation of predicted time and predicted height.
8



Figure 2: Location of Tide Station








9





1. Table Conversion from Metres to Feet.

2. Introduction
Published by Sarawak Marine Department.
Datum for all predictions is Chart Datum
Accuracy of Prediction
- Used the tidal constituents.
- Basically the observations should be 18.6 years or more.
- The user of these tables should use more caution with the predictions based less than
one years observation.
Mean Level
- Observed levels at coastal ports can vary by 0.2 metres from the predicted values for
a month or more.

3. Predicted Ports

Sarawak Sabah
Sematan
Pasar Luncu
Kuala Santubong
Pending
Muara Tebas
Pulau Lakei
Sri Aman
Kuala Rajang
Tanjung Manis
Sarikei
Bintangor
Kota Kinabalu
Kudat
Sandakan
Lahad Datu
Tawau







Marine Department, Sarawak
10















Figure 3: The Standart Ports

4. Chart and Tidal Datums at Predicted Ports.
Gives information about the height of each port from Beach Mark (BM).
Leba AN (Tanjung Ensurai)
Sibu
Kanowit
Kuala Paloh
Kuala Igan
Kuala Mukah
Kuala Balingian
Kuala Tatau
Kuala Kemena
Bintulu Port
Miri
Kuala Baram
Miri Port
Kuala Limbang
Kuala Lawas
Labuan







11

5. Tidal Levels at Standard Ports.
Shows the height of water for Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT), Mean Lower
Water (MLM), Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW), Mean Sea Level (MSL),
Mean Lower Height Water (MLHW), Mean Higher Height Water (MHHW), and
Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) for each port.
Also show the period and year for observation.

6. Predictions by Ports.
Give the information for tide station which are:
Position of the station: Latitude and Longitude.
Height in Metres.
Hourly Heights Prediction
- This tide table shows the level of the tides for every hour in one day and every
month in that year.
- From that, it shows the movement of the tide.
Times and Heights of High and Low Water.
- Only show the time and height of high and low water for every tidal station
during that year.













12

7. Tidal Level at Standard and Secondary Ports.
Example of tidal level




8. Hydrography Note and Hydrography Note for Port Information.

9. Speed-Time- Distance Table





13





1. Introduction
These tables provide daily predictions of the times and heights of tide at major
ports, naval bases and fishing harbor within Sultanate of Oman.
Predictions are derived using up to 64 tidal constituents.
All heights are shown in meters (m) and decimeters (dm) above local Chart
Datum.
Times are referred to local time is GMT +4 hours.
Chart Datum at each site is fixed.
Distance Table in Nautical Mile.

2. The description of tides
Nature of the tide in Sultanate Oman
- The nature of the tide in Oman is best treated as being diurnal in nature.
- Predictions are derived from up to 64 harmonic constants.
Tidal range and shallow water effects
- The predicted ranges from Lowest to Highest Astronomical Tide vary from 2
meters in the south and 3.5 meters in the north.
Seasonal changes in Mean Sea Level
Meteorological effects on Tidal Levels
Tidal Datum and Reference Benchmarks
- Vertical datum for all tides is Chart Datum (Lowest Astronomical Tide)
- Chart Datum has been established at over 40 sites along Omans Coast.
Permanent Tidal Station and the National Hydrographic Datum (Wudam)


Royal Navy Oman
14

Classification of Standard, Secondary and Minor Tidal Station

Standard Stations Secondary Stations Minor Stations

Port of Salalah
Masirah
Qalhat LNG
Terminal
Port Sultan
Qaboos
SBSNB Wudam
Port Sohar
Port Khasab

Dhalkut
Marbat
Al Hallaniyah
Lakbi
Ras Madrakah
Ad Duqm
Al Ashkharah
Sur
Qurrayat
Bandar al Khayran
Sidab
Khawr Muscat
Mina al Fahl
Shinas
Daba al Bayah
Lima
Khawr al Quway
Bukha


Ash Shuwaymiyah
Sarab
Mahawt
Rounders Bay
Khawr al Hajar
Barr AL Mukalla
Ras ash Shajar
Bimmah
Dibab
Daghmar
Bandar Jissah
Marsa al Murjan
Bait al Barakah
As Suwadi
Al Khaburah
Saham
Ras Dillah
Khawr Habalayn
Didamar
Khawr ash Shamm

Secondary ports
- Hourly height only
- Minor station : to apply Mean Higher High Water (MHHW), Mean Lower
High Water (MLHW), Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) and Mean Lower
Low Water (MLLW).
New and Full Moon
Prediction of Tides between existing Tidal Station

3. The description of Tidal Streams and Currrents
Tidal flow is generally less than 1 knot.
Tidal streams are more dominant.
15

4. Mean Ranges and Height and Time Differences
The information for every Reference Ports.
All heights in meters.

5. Principal Tidal Constituents
Harmonic constants can be used in tidal prediction.
Seasonal correction to Mean Sea Level is listed for the Standart Ports, secondary
and minor ports.

6. List of Radio Signals
Give all the information about the coast radio station and their services.
Radio aid to navigation.
Global maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS).
Vessel traffic services port operation and pilot station.

7. List of Light
The information on each light

8. National List of Wreck
Historic and protected wreck.
Information on each wreck.


16


Figure 4: The Location of Oman Ports.




17



Tide tables are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and heights of high
water and low water that usually for a particular location that is the uniform tidal system (semi
and diurnal). In a mixed system, it refers to higher high and lower high water and higher low and
lower low waters.
Tidal observations made over a period of time are used to calculate the average or mean
tide levels. Besides, the depth of coastal waters is important for navigation, therefore, an average
low-water reference is established. Water depths are measured from this level and recorded on
navigational charts. The low water reference point is usually established at the mean low-water
level, and a zero reference or tidal datum is established at this point. In mixed tidal areas, mean
low water is used as the tidal datum. Sometimes, the low-tide level may fall below the mean
value used as the tidal datum, producing a minus tide.
First and foremost, the need of the information shown in the Tide Tables is very
important for the navigation and hydrographic survey (Chart Datum). Navigating ships safely
through shallow water ports, intracoastal waterways, and estuaries requires knowledge of the
time and height of the tides as well as the speed and direction of the tidal currents. Besides,
Mariners need accurate data because the depths and widths of the channels along with increased
marine traffic leave very little room for error.
Last but not least, the Engineers also need data to monitor fluctuating tide levels for
harbor engineering projects such as the construction of bridges and docks. Projects involving the
construction, demolition, or movement of large structures must be scheduled far in advance if an
area experiences wide fluctuations in water levels during its tidal cycle. Habitat restoration
projects also require accurate knowledge of tide and current conditions. In addition, the
information of the tide tables such as tidal data and tidal currents are used for the fisherman in
order to help them improve their catches.
Discussion