1

LI M U
My pht ng trc hin nay c nghin cu v ng dng nhiu trn
tu thu. Qua kho st cho bit rng rt nhiu ch tu v nh my ng tu
trn th gii hon ton b thuyt phc bi nhng li ch trong vic s dng
mt my pht ng trc hn l vic ch b tr n l mt my chnh lai chn
vt. M hnh trm pht in s dng my chnh truyn ng cho my pht
in kt hp vi mt s t my pht in diesel phc v cho mc ch sn
xut in l mt m hnh c nh gi cao c v hai tnh nng k thut v
kinh t. Vi mt vng hot ng rng ln trn bin th cc my pht ng trc
lp t trong trm pht c s dng l c hiu qu rt ln.
Trong t thc tp tt nghip ny,em c thy gio Nguyn Trng
Thng hng dn thit k n tt nghip vi ti :Nghin cu h thng
pht in ng trc trn tu thy s dng my in d b ngun kp.
ti bao gm ni dung sau:
Chng 1: My pht ng trc - Nhng yu cu vn hnh v khai thc
ca my pht ng trc. Gii php kinh t, phn ny trnh by nhng nt c
bn nht ca my pht ng trc.
Chng 2: M hnh h thng my pht ng trc kinh in v h thng
my pht ng trc hin i.
Chng 3: Nghin cu my pht ng trc trn tu thy s dng loi
my d b ngun kp vi cc thit b hin i tham gia trong qu trnh iu
khin, iu chnh tn s v in p li in.
hon thnh tt n, em c s gip rt nhiu ca thy c
trong b mn in dn dng-cng nghip v c bit l thy gio hng dn
Nguyn Trng Thng. Sau 12 tun n hon thnh nhng cn nhiu
thiu st,em rt mong c s ch bo ca cc thy.

Em xin chn thnh cm n!
2
CHNG 1
MY PHT NG TRC TRN TU THU NHNG C
IM K THUT V GII PHP KINH T
1.1 S DNG MY PHT NG B MANG LI HIU QU KINH
T CAO
Mc in kh ho v t ng ho trn tu thu ngy cng pht trin
i i vi s gia tng v cng sut ca trm pht in.Trong qu trnh khai
thc, khi s dng my pht ng trc gi thnh 1KWh thp hn khong 50%
gi thnh so vi khi dng my pht c ng c truyn ng ring, iu ny
c th hin mt s l do sau:
Th nht l n nng cao hiu sut s dng my chnh so vi hiu sut
s dng my ph thng qua vic gim mc tiu hao nhin liu.
Th hai l my chnh thng c s dng loi du nng gi thnh r
hn nhiu so vi gi thnh du s dng cho my ph.
Th ba l lm gim mc tiu hao nhin liu bi trn cho my chnh.
Th t l trong thi gian hnh trnh trn bin my ph khng phi cng
tc nn gim ng k thi gian vn hnh, khai thc lm gim c gi thnh
sa cha v bo dng.
nh gi c li ch khi ng dng my pht ng trc trc ht
thy rng thi gian cng tc ca my chnh tc l thi gian hnh trnh trn
bin so vi thi gian bn l kh ngn, ngay c tu ch container c kh
nng quay vng rt cao th t l thi gian hnh trnh vi thi gian bn vn
lun thp hn. Khi c s tham gia ca my chnh lm nhim v my pht trn
hnh trnh di th thi gian khai thc cc my pht diesel- generator khc
trong trm s t i, v nh vy n s ko di c tui th ng k ca cc
my ph. Hn na gi thnh u t ban u thp, tit kim c khng gian
b tr di bung my.
3
Mt khc khi s dng my pht in ng trc, mi trng lm vic
ca thuyn vin di bung my cng c ci thin rt nhiu. Ngun gy
ra ting n c cng ln v gia tng nhit trn tu thu ch yu l ng
c diesel cao tc( Thng s dng lm ng c s cp cho cc my pht
in), trong qu trnh tu chy trn bin cc my pht ng trc lm vic nn
my ph c ngh v vy gim c nhim v ting n.
1.2 C IM K THUT CA MY PHT NG TRC
i vi cc ph ti tiu th in nng trn tu thu khng cho php s
thay i in p v tn s ca ngun cp trong phm vi rng. Nu xy ra s
dao ng ca hai yu t trn th cc h thng hot ng khng tin cy,
khng n nh v khng m bo cng sut. iu ny khng c li cho thit
b cng nh s an ton ca thuyn vin trn tu.
iu kin hot ng ca my pht ng trc khc nhiu so vi iu
kin hot ng ca my pht c truyn ng ring, v d nh trong cc ch
sau: Ch iu ng tu, ch tu hnh trnh qua knh, ch tu hnh
trnh trn bin trong iu kin thi tit sng to, gi ln... Qu trnh khai thc
my pht ng trc i hi h thng cng tc n nh trong gii hn thay i
tc quay chn vt t (60 100)% tc nh mc. Gii hn ny c lin
quan n s n nh in p v tn s ca li in. Vi bt k nguyn nhn
no dn n s thay i tc quay ca chn vt th vn phi m bo in p
v tn s ra vi chnh xc cho php theo yu cu ca ng kim. Do yu
cu v tin cy ca cc thit b in tu thu, c bit l thit b iu khin,
kim tra, thng tin lin lc, thit b dn hng s dng v tinh ... nn mc
ch n nh in p, tn s v cng tc song song c vi cc t hp my
pht khc trn tu thu ngi ta phi ng dng c hai chc nng l:
- C kh nng gi n nh in p.
- C kh nng gi n nh tn s.

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1.2.1. Ch tnh.
Khi cho my pht ng trc nhn ti t 0 n gi tr nh mc (I
m
)
mt cch t t hoc ct ti t gi tr nh mc v 0 vi cos
m
v vi gi thit
tc quay n
m
(n
m
: tc nh mc ca my pht) nm trong gii hn cho
php (sai s tc 5%) th sai s in p 2,5%U
m
(U
m
: in p nh mc
ca my pht). Nu h s cos thay i t 0,6 0,9 th dao ng in p nm
trong khong 3,5%U
m
. Thi gian qu ca trng thng nhn ti tnh t
q
=
5s.
1.2.2. Ch ng.
Khi cho my pht ng trc nhn (ct) ti t ngt t 0 n 50%, 100%
v ngc li, h s cng sut gim xung cos < 0,4 th qu iu chnh
20%U
m
. Thi gian qu ca trng thng nhn ti tnh t
q
= 5s.
Bng 1.1 trnh by tm tt quy phm m mt s hng ng kim quy
nh trong c ng kim Vit Nam.
Thng s
Sai lch cho php khi gi tr nh mc
Ti lu di Ti ngn hn
Gi tr (%) Gi tr (%) Thi gian (giy)
in p + 6 -10 20 1,5
Tn s 5 10 5
Bng 1.1 : Gii hn sai lch ca in p, tn s v thi gian tn ti
cc sai lch ca li in tu thu theo ng kim.





5
CHNG 2
M HNH H THNG MY PHT NG TRC
KINH IN V HIN I
2.1. T VN
Trong lch s pht trin ca trm pht in tu thu, ngun nng lng
s dng cho ng c s cp (ng c trc tip lai my pht in) rt a dng:
t ng c hi nc, cc loi tuc bin (hi, kh) ng c t trong v hin i
hn l dng nng lng nguyn t. Nhng nm gn y ng c t trong m
c bit l ng c diesel c dng rng ri nht. Diesel dng lm thit b
to lc y tu thy c nhiu tnh nng k thut thch hp vi i tng phc
v nh hiu sut c ch cao, kch thc gn nh, tnh c ng cao, khng tn
nhiu nng lng trong khi ng v dng, t nguy him, d vn hnh, c
bit l kh nng d t ng ho, t ng kim tra, iu khin t xa... tn
dng nng lng d tha ca diesel lai chn vt (Main engine: ME - my
chnh) trong ch hnh trnh ca tu thu, tit kim c gi thnh v hn
ch ti a khng gian bung my ngi ta ng dng mt my pht thng
qua t hp hp s, bnh rng. Trong phn ny s trnh by mt s cu trc
my pht ng trc (shaft generator (SG)) v ang c ng dng trong
thc t.
2.1.1. Cc trm pht vi h my pht ng trc th h u tin.
Hnh 2.1 c my pht in
mt chiu cung cp nng lng
cp cho ng c (M) lai
my pht ng b (G3 ) qua
ACB cp in nng ln li.
i vi tu thu khi c s dng
h thng ny c nhc im l

Hnh 2.1 : My pht ng trc l h 3
my in G-DC/MC- DC/G
3
6
cng mt lc s dng nhiu my
in, gi thnh s cao.
Hnh 2.2 S dng my pht ng trc l loi ng b ba pha. My
pht ny cung cp nng lng cho b chnh lu ba pha diod cng sut to
nn dng in mt chiu. Dng in mt chiu ny c b nghch lu cng
sut bin
i thnh dng in xoay chiu vi
in p v tn s c th iu chnh
c, ton b phn nng lng xoay
chiu ny c cp ln li in
thng qua ACB. iu khin b
nghch lu ngi ta s dng b iu
khin R
f
c tnh ton v ch trng
cho vn tn s. H thng ny cho
php lm vic trong di tc rng.

Hnh 2.2 : My pht ng trc l my
pht ng b
V vy trong nhng thp nin tm mi ca th k 20 cc my pht
vi m hnh ny c s dng kh rng ri v bn thn n so vi cc khc
cng thi c nhiu mt u im hn.
2.1.2. Cc h thng my pht ng trc th h th hai.
2.1.2.1. n nh tn s cho my pht thng qua n nh tc ng c mt
chiu.
y l b n nh tn s ng c- my pht nh hnh 2.3 . Nng lng
cung cp cho b bin i l nng lng dng mt chiu c to ra bng cc
phng php sau:
- My pht ng trc l my pht mt chiu.
- My pht ng trc l my pht xoay chiu c tn s v s pha khc vi
tn s v s pha cng nghip thng qua chnh lu dng ra dng mt chiu.
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- My pht ng trc xoay chiu 3 pha c tn s cng nghip thng qua
chnh lu ra dng mt chiu.

Hnh 2.3: My pht ng trc vi b n nh tn s my in
a/ My pht ng trc l my mt chiu.
b/ My pht ng trc l ng b.
1. ng c diezen; 2. Hp s; 3. My pht mt chiu; 4. My pht ng b; 5.
Cun lc; 6. ng c in mt chiu; 7. Chnh lu diot; 8. My pht ng b
cp in cho mng; 9. iu chnh in p; 10. iu chnh tn s
Hnh 2.3a : My pht ng trc (3) l my pht mt chiu c lai
bi my chnh(1) thng qua hp s (2). Nng lng dng mt chiu ca my
pht ng trc(3) cung cp cho ng c mt chiu (6) truyn ng cho
my pht xoay chiu c tn s, in p bng tn s in p ca mng in tu.
Vic iu chnh in p v tn s ca my pht (8) thng qua b iu chnh
in p v tn s (9). Vic iu chnh dng kch t ca my pht in mt
chiu (3) v ng c mt chiu (6) c ly t b iu chnh tn s (10). B
iu chnh (10) c iu chnh mt cch t ng mi khi c s thay i v
in p v tn s ca my pht (8).
8
Hnh 2.3 b : My pht ng trc (4) l my pht ng b ba pha
c lai bi my chnh(1) thng qua hp s (2). My pht ny cung cp nng
lng cho b chnh lu ba pha diode cng sut to nn dng in mt
chiu v c san phng bi cun lc (5) cp in cho ng c in mt
chiu (6) truyn ng cho my pht ng b (8) thng qua cc khp ni
Vic iu chnh in p v tn s ca my pht (8) thng qua b iu chnh
in p v tn s (9). Vic iu chnh dng kch t ca my pht in mt
chiu (3) v ng c mt chiu (6) c ly t b iu chnh tn s (10). B
iu chnh (10) c iu chnh mt cch t ng mi khi c s thay i v
in p v tn s ca my pht (8).
H thng my pht ng trc gii thiu hnh 2.3 c kh nng cng tc
c lp, ng thi c kh nng cng tc song song v c nhng u im c
bn sau:
- n nh in p v tn s rt d dng.
- Khng gy nhiu cho h thng nng lng v in p thc t l hnh sin.
Cn nhc im c bn l:
- Cng sut ca my pht in mt chiu b hn ch do c gp nn
khng nng cao c cng sut ca my pht ng trc.
- H thng c hiu sut thp ch t 85% do s dng qu nhiu my.
Trn hnh 2.3 th h thng hnh 2.3b c li hn so vi h thng hnh 2.3a v
loi tr c mt my in mt chiu. Gip cho h thng my pht ng
trc n gin hn, vn hnh d dng, yu cu v bung my c din tch nh,
chi ph vn hnh v sa cha t, tit kim v kinh t.
2.1.2.2. n nh tn s cho my pht thng qua n nh tc ng c
xoay chiu.
Trn hnh 2.4 my pht ng trc vi n nh tn s my in xoay
chiu
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M
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3
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R
n
4
5
R
f
u,f
f
0
J
6
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Hnh 2.4: My pht ng trc vi n nh tn s my in xoay chiu
1. My pht ng trc; 2. ng c d b dy qun; 3. My pht ng b cp
in cho mng; 4. B iu chnh in p; 5. B iu chnh tn s;
6. B bin i tn s tnh.
Trn hnh 2.4 my pht ng trc (1) c truyn ng thng qua
my chnh lai chn vt v hp s. My pht ng trc l my pht in ng
b ba pha cung cp in p trc tip cho ng c d b ba pha dy qun (2).
ng c (2) li truyn ng cho my pht in ng b ba pha (3). iu
chnh in p ra ca my pht s (3) ngi ta s dng b iu chnh in p
(4) trc khi cp in ln trn li in. Khi tn s ca my pht s cha t
n tn s nh mc th b iu chnh tn s (5) tc ng n b bin i tn
s tnh (6) v h thng kch t ca my pht s(1). Gip cho ng c (2) lm
vic vi tc n nh khi in p v tn s ca my pht (1) n nh. H
thng ny khng s dng cc my in mt chiu v vy lm cho h thng
n gin i, hiu sut v tin cy nng cao so vi cc h trc v gim gi
thnh ca h thng nng lng my pht ng trc.
2.1.2.3. My pht ng trc vi b n nh tn s tnh .
a. My pht ng trc vi b n nh tn s tnh.
Trn hnh 2.5 s khi h thng iu chnh in p v tn s my
pht in ng trc. B n nh tn s tnh l phng php n nh tn s cho
my pht ng trc mi c ng dng gn y nh s pht trin ca k
10
thut bn dn in p cao v trung bnh. B bin i bao gm cc linh kin
tnh l thiristor v h thng iu khin.
Trn hnh 2.5 my pht ng trc (3) c trang b b iu chnh
in p (4) c kh nng gi n nh in p vi tn s t 42Hz, cn khi tn s
nh hn 42Hz th h thng s iu chnh in p nh tuyn tnh vi tn s.
Vi tn s ln hn 42Hz, b nghch lu (7) cng tc vi gc m c nh t
trc t khi( 28) t trong b iu chnh.S iu chnh tn s c thc hin
bng s thay i dng ca b nghch lu (7) thng qua vic iu chnh gc
m. B iu chnh tn s do tn s in p rle t b bin i nghch lu (7)
nh khi bin i (23) so snh vi tn s chun cho trc t khi 34 v a
tn hiu n b iu chnh tn s (32) iu chnh dng ca cu chnh lu
thyristor (5).
11


Hnh 2.5: S khi h thng iu chnh in p v tn s my pht
in ng trc
Vic n nh in p trn thanh ci trong thi gian my pht ng trc
cng tc c m bo my b 9 cng tc vi b iu chnh in p (10).
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m bo cng tc song song tt gia my pht ng trc v cc my pht
khc trong b iu chnh tn s c trang b khi iu chnh c tnh cng sut
tc dng bao gm b bin i cng sut tc dng khi (20) v khi t trc
(33), khi ny cho php iu chnh c nghing ca c tnh f = f(P) ca
my pht ng trc nh nghing ca c tnh my pht khc c truyn
ng ring. Hot ng ca h thng nh sau:
Trong trng hp ng thm ti ln thanh ci, s gy nn gim tn s
ca mng in. iu dn n tng cng iu khin khi (32) theo chiu
tng dng cng sut tc dng ca khi chnh lu (5), lm tng cng sut tc
dng cp cho h thng thanh ci v dn n tng tn s n tr s chun t
trc t khi (34). Trong trng hp ct bt ti th qu trnh hat ng ca h
thng xy ra ngc li. Khi tn s my pht ng trc nh hn 42Hz, phn t
iu khin c tnh (29) bt u hot ng a tn hiu iu khin gc m d
tr ca b bin i nghch lu (7) theo hng tng gc d tr gim cng
sut tc dng cp ra mng. Trong ch ngn mch trn trm pht ngun ca
dng ngn mch l my b ng b (9) c kh nng cp dng cho cc thit
b bo v hot ng. Trong thi gian ngn mch b bin i nghch lu khng
cp nng lng cho mng. Hn ch nng lng i n mch c gin tip
thc hin qua vic a tn hiu kho ton b Thyristor trong b chnh lu (5).
Sau khi loi tr ngn mch h thng t ng tr li cng tc bnh thng.
Ton b vic bo v h thng cho my pht ng trc trong thi gian ngn
mch c iu khin bng h thng bo v bng in t khi (35).
b. My pht ng trc vi b n nh tn s tnh khi my pht ng trc
c lp t i din vi chn vt ngay trn my chnh .
Trn hnh 2.6 biu din my pht ng trc vi b n nh tn s tnh
c s khi ca h thng c gii thiu nh sau:
13
1. My pht ng trc; 2. Chnh lu thiristor; 3. Cun cm mch trung gian;
4. B bin i nghch lu; 5. Cun cm li in; 6. My b cng sut phn
khng; 8. Block iu khin nghch lu v chnh lu; 9. Bin p

1
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3~
5
4
3
2
3~
_
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_

Hnh 2.6: My pht ng trc vi b n nh tn s tnh.
Dng xoay chiu t my pht ng trc (1) c chnh lu ra dng mt
chiu bng b chnh lu thiristor (2). Sau dng mt chiu li c bin i
ra dng xoay chiu 3 pha c tn s n nh nh b bin i nghch lu (4).
Ni gia b chnh lu thiristor (2) v b bin i nghch lu (4) l cun cm
khng mch trung gian (3). Nng lng dng xoay chiu 3 pha c tn s n
nh c qua cun cm li in (5) n ACB trc khi n li in.
Vi h thng n nh tn s trn khng th cung cp cho mng cng
sut phn khng. M h thng nng lng th cn cng sut phn khng
cp cho cc ph ti. V vy cp cng sut phn khng cho mng thc t
gii quyt bng 2 phng php.
- ng dng cc linh kin tnh nh t in. Phng php ny khng c
ng dng cho in tu thy.
14
- ng dng my pht b ng b c kch t tha. Phng php ny c
ng dng s trn. My b ng b(6) c khi ng bng ng c d
b ly in trc tip t mng.
Cc chc nng chnh ca my b ng b l:
- Sa cha li in p ra ca b bin i nghch lu (4) ging hnh sin hn.
- Cung cp cng sut phn khng cho b bin i nghch lu v cho li in.
- Lm tng gi tr dng ngn mch cc thit b bo v hot ng chc
chn tin cy.
Trong trng hp ngn mch cn c nhng bo v sau:
+ Cu chnh lu l cc thiristor trng hp ngn mch pha xoay chiu ca
my pht ng trc th cc thiristor s b kha li.
+ My pht ng trc l my ng b khng c cun n nh nn dng ngn
mch c gi tr nh.
u im ca h thng s dng b n nh tn s tnh nh sau:
- C kh nng n nh tn s mc d tc quay ca chn vt thay i
trong gii hn t 100 70% v c th ni rng n 40% tc nh mc.
- Trong h thng c t my in nn gi thnh h v cng sut bo dng t.
- Ha ng b d dng v c th cng tc song song vi cc my pht khc.
- Hiu sut cao t ti 91%
- Khng chim nhiu din tch trong bung my.
Nhng nhc im c bn:
- Dng in p ra khng hon ton sin nn cha nhiu thnh phn bc cao
do gy nn gia tng tn hao trong cc ph ti v gy nhiu lon trong iu
khin.
- Vn u t tng i cao
- Ring b n nh tn s c hiu sut thp, ch t ti thiu 81%
15
Mc d c nhng nhc im trn nhng h thng c s dng rt rng
ri v n mang tnh hin i v gi thnh r hn so vi cc h thng n nh
tn s bng my in.
c. My pht ng trc vi b n nh tn s tnh khi my pht ng trc
c truyn ng qua hp s cng pha vi chn vt .
Trn hnh 2.7 gii thiu cc thit b trong h thng bao gm:
ng c diesel quay chn vt s (1) l ng c truyn ng cho my pht
ng trc s (3) thng qua hp s tng tc (2). My pht ng trc l my
pht khng chi than c trang b h thng iu chnh in p s(4), h
thng ny c kh nng gi n nh in p trong phm vi thay i tc quay
t (80 110) % n
m
. (n
m
l tc quay nh mc ca my rto my pht).
My pht (3) thng qua ptmt AT7 cp in p c tn s thay i cho cu
chnh lu dng thyristor (5). in p mt chiu (DC) c san qua cun
khng (6) v a n b nghch lu (7). in p xoay chiu 3 pha thng qua
cun khng (8) v AT2 cp ln thanh ci.
B bin i nghch lu ch cp cho mng cng sut tc dng, cng sut
phn khng c cp bi my b ng b 9 (my b ng b l my khng
chi than). My b ng b c trang b h thng iu chnh in p (12),
n c khi ng bng ng c khng ng b rto lng sc 11 v ng c
ny c ly in t thanh ci thng qua aptmat AT6.
gim bt cc thnh phn dao ng bc (5) h thng s dng cun cm
(13) v t (14) thng qua aptmt AT1. Vic gi n nh in p trn thanh
ci c m bo nh b iu chnh in p (10) ca my b ng b, cn
vic n nh tn s c m bo nh b iu chnh tn s (12). H thng
iu chnh tn s iu khin cu chnh lu thyristor (5) v b bin i nghch
lu thyristor (7), n c cp ngun t thanh ci qua aptmt AT5 in p 3
x 400V - 50Hz v ngun cquy vi in p 24V thng qua aptmt AT4.
Trong mch ng lc ca my pht (3) c th c u cp trc AT7 n
16
aptmt AT3 cp in p trc tip ln thanh ci khng thng qua cc b bin
i khi tn s ca my pht nm trong gii hn t (47,5 52,5)Hz c th lm
vic song song vi 3 pht pht ng b c truyn ng ring nhm mc
ch nng cao hiu sut s dng ca trm pht. Khi cp trc tip ngun
thng qua AT3 cho mng th hiu sut t 92,5%, cn thng qua cc b bin
i th hiu sut ch t 84%.
iu chnh tn s my pht bao gm hai h thng iu chnh:
- iu chnh gc m ca b bin i nghch lu gm tp hp cc khi 22,
26, 27, 28.
- iu chnh dng ca chnh lu l thnh phn iu chnh tn s gm tp hp
cc khi 24, 30, 31.


17
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m
f
R
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
3
1
4
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
0
9
1
2
1
1
A
T
1
3
2
6
U
0
1
F
F
2
f
0
A
T
A
T
A
T
A
T
5
4
A
T
u
A
T
7
1
a
c
b
a
c
b
2
a
c
b
3

Hnh 2.7: Gii thiu nguyn l hot ng h thng iu chnh tn s
my pht ng trc
2.1.3. Cc h thng my pht ng trc th h th ba.
2.1.3.1. H thng my pht ng trc vi my pht in ng b .
Hnh 2.8. S trm pht in ng trc vi my b ng b c
lai bi ng c in xoay chiu th hin nh sau:
18

Hnh 2.8: S trm pht in ng trc vi my b ng b c lai bi
ng c in xoay chiu
1: My pht ng trc; 2: B bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu;
3: B nghch lu chuyn i in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu; 4:
Cun khng; 5: My b cng sut phn khng;
6: Bin p kch t; 7: B bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu cho
cun kch t ca my pht; 8: Cun kch t ; 9 : My pht in c lai bi
diesel.
Khi my chnh hot ng lai chn vt v truyn ng cho my pht ng trc.
Nng lng c pht ra bi my pht (1) thng qua b bin i in p xoay
chiu thnh mt chiu(2) sau qua b nghch lu (3) chuyn i in p
mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu. Qua cun cm khng (4) qua ACB1 a
ln li in. My b cng sut phn khng (5) c lai bi ng c khng
ng b ba pha(M) b cng sut phn khng.
H thng kch t c cp ngun t li in thng qua ACB2cp cho bin
p kch t (6) h ngun in xung ngun in ph hp vi cun kch t.
19
Thng qua b bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu cho cun kch t
ca my pht (8) kch t cho my pht in ng trc.
My pht ng trc c th cng tc song song vi cc my pht in
diesel hoc c th cng tc c lp.
Vi h thng n nh tn s trn khng th cung cp cho mng cng sut
phn tc dng. M h thng nng lng th cn cng sut phn tc dng
cp cho cc ph ti. V vy cung cp cng sut phn tc dng cho mng
thc t gii quyt bng phng php l s dng my pht b ng b.
Phng php ny c ng dng s trn, my b ng b (5) c khi
ng bng ng c d b ly in trc tip t mng. My b ng b pht ra
cng sut phn khng cho li in nng cao h s cos tng in p n
tr s cn thit. Lc ny my b ng b ng vai tr nh mt b t in. Khi
ti xung thp, in p ca li tng cao, my b ng b s lm vic ch
thiu kch t, tiu th cng sut phn khng cho li in, tng in p ri
trn li in hoc gim in p trn li in.Vi s trn my b ng b
(5) c th ni vi my pht ng trc pha sau ACB3 hoc n c th u trc
tip ln li thng qua mt CB1.
20

Hnh 2.9: S trm pht in ng trc vi my b ng b c lai bi
ng c in mt chiu
1: My pht ng trc; 2: B chuyn i bin i in p xoay chiu thnh
mt chiu; 3: B nghch lu chuyn i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt
chiu; 4: Cun khng; 5: My b cng sut phn khng;
6: Bin p kch t; 7: B chuyn i bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt
chiu cho cun kch t ca my; 8: Cun kch t ;9 : My pht in c lai
bi ng c diesel lai chn vt.
Trn hnh 2.9 biu din m hnh my pht in ng trc. My chnh
lai chn vt c nh ng thi lai my in ng b ba pha c cun kch t
c lp. Nng lng in xoay chiu ca my pht ng trc c chnh lu
qua b chnh lu cng sut cng sut to thnh dng in mt chiu. Nng
lng in mt chiu c lc nhiu nh b lc san phng sau c
nghch lu thnh dng in xoay chiu nh b nghch lu. Nng lng in
xoay chiu qua cun khng lc dng v qua ACB1 a nng lng ln
21
li. V my pht ng trc khi to ra nng lng qua b bin tn khng to
ra cng sut phn khng cho li in. Do m hnh trn ngi ta s
dng my b cng sut phn khng. My b y chnh l ng c ng b
chy khng ti c kch t ph hp. My b c lai bi ng c mt chiu c
ngun in c ly t pha li in thng qua cu chnh lu chuyn i
dng xoay chiu t pha li in cp cho ng c in mt chiu lai my b.
Cng ging vi s trn h thng my pht ng trc ny cng s dng h
thng kch t c lp. Nng lng in xoay chiu c ly t trn li in
qua ACB2 thng qua my bin p chuyn i thnh ngun in xoay chiu
ph hp vi cun kch t. Nng lng in xoay chiu c ly t pha cun
th cp ca bin p c chuyn i thnh nng lng in mt chiu cp
cho cun kch t kch t cho my pht ng trc.
Thc t hin nay, b bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu v b
nghch lu chuyn i in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c s
dng bng cc van bn dn cng sut ln nh Diode, Thyrytor, IGBT. Trong
IGBT l loi van cng sut kt hp cng ngh MOSFET v BIPOLOR
TRANSISTOR. IGBT l loi c ng dng di cng sut ln v tn s
cao, n c kh nng chu c dng ln v in p ngc.
Mt khc h thng my pht ng trc hin nay c mt im i mi
l h thng kch t c lp. Ngun nng lng cp cho cun kch t ca
my pht c lp vi ngun nng lng in pht ra ca my pht ng trc.
y l phng php kch t m h thng kch t c ngun in kch t
khng ph thuc vo my pht ng trc. H thng ny lun lun ch ng
trong vn kch t cho my pht ng trc m khng th ng nh cc h
thng my pht ng trc kinh in c phng php kch t l t kch.
My pht ng trc c th cng tc song song vi cc my pht in
diesel hoc c th cng tc c lp.
22
Xu hng ca cng ngh hin nay khi ch to cc b t ng iu
chnh in p, cc b bin tn t ng iu chnh in p v tn s ca
my pht l to cc b khin bng k thut s, tin cy cao, tnh nng k
thut tt, tin li trong vn hnh v bo dng d dng. H thng iu khin
l h iu khin k thut s s dng vi iu khin vi cc chng trnh iu
khin thi gian thc, m bo cc chc nng cng ngh ca h iu khin
hin c, ng thi b xung thm cc chc nng, thay i tham s iu khin
bng phn mm, d dng ghp ni vi h iu khin my tnh trung tm, hin
th tham s v trng thi lm vic ca h thng trn mn hnh my tnh, qun
l v lu gi thng s h thng lu di v tin cy.
2.1.3.2. My pht ng trc s dng my pht khng chi than hin nay.
a. Cu trc ca my pht ng trc s dng my pht khng chi
than hin nay .
Gn y my pht in ng b khng chi than c s dng rng
ri, loi my pht ny, my pht chnh v my pht kch t c t chung
trong mt v my c trc v r to chung.


Hnh 2.11: S nguyn l ca my pht in ng b t kch
23
khng chi than
Phn ng ca my pht kch t l cun dy ba pha c t r to
cung cp dng in cho cun kch t my pht chnh qua b chnh lu cu ba
pha, cc diode lp ngay trn r to.
u nhc im.
+ u im, l do khng c vng trt v chi nn lm vic tin cy hn,
khng c tia la in chi than v vng trt nn c dng rng ri v c
bit quan trng i vi cc tu du, bo qun, bo dng v khai thc vn
hnh d dng hn.
+ Nhc im, kh cho vic sa cha nu chnh lu trong r to b
hng.
b. Cc h thng t ng iu chnh in p hin nay .
H thng t ng iu chnh in p c thit k theo cc nguyn tc
iu khin c bn. n nay c nhng nguyn l hin i nhng vi t
ng iu chnh in p th nguyn l kinh in vn cn giu nguyn gi tr
v h thng p ng nhng yu cu v cht lng cao, trong iu chnh cc
nh thit k nghin cu pht trin h thng ngy cng tr nn hon ho
hn. Du hiu chnh c trng cho cho mt nguyn tc iu khin l thng tin
cn thit to nn tc ng iu khin v cu trc ng truyn tn hiu
trong h thng, nhn bit cc du hiu ny l nhn bit ra h thng vi nhng
c im ring trong nguyn l xy dng.
Nguyn l iu khin theo sai lch.
Khi xy dng h thng theo nguyn l sai lch, tc ng iu khin
c thit lp da trn sai lch gia i lng c iu chnh vi gi tr
t:
DO DAT
U U t) ( (2.1)
trn c s h thng s tc ng theo xu hng trit sai lch ) (t nt c
trng nhn thy nht ca nguyn l l h thng bao gi cng s dng mch
24
phn hi vi cc thit b o v bin i (nu cn ), tn hiu phn hi c a
v so snh vi tn hiu to nn tn hiu iu khin: u im ca nguyn l
sai lch l c th iu khin c nhng i tng, khng n nh, kh b tt
c cc loi nhiu, iu ny hon ton d hiu v thng tin dng to tn hiu
iu khin ch da hu qu nn sai lch m khng k n nguyn nhn gy sai
lch. Vi nguyn l ny, cu trc h thng n gin, khng phi dng nhiu
thit b quan st, o c. Tuy vy vi nguyn l ny cng kh c th to nn
mt h thng va c chnh xc cao, n nh tt v tc ng nhanh.
H thng s lun tn ti sai s v
sai lch l c s to nn tn hiu
iu khin.
Hnh 2.12 trnh by h thng t iu
chnh in p xy dng theo nguyn
l lch, trong : G. my ng b,
: b o bin i (nu cn ), C: B
to tn hiu chun, S:khu so snh, K:
khu khuych i, KT: cun dy kch
t.

U F

C
G
KT
K
S

Hnh 2.12: H thng t iu chnh
in p xy dng theo nguyn l
lch

Nguyn l iu khin theo nhiu.
Nguyn l iu khin theo b tr nhiu l nguyn l c xy dng
trong tc ng iu khin c thnh lp theo kt qu o nhiu tc ng
vo i tng. Cc h thng khi c xy dng theo nguyn l ny lm vic
vi mch h, khng c mi lin h ngc (phn hi) v cu trc h thng
thng c thit k c thit b b to tn hiu tc ng ngc vi du ca
nhiu tc ng nn i tng. u im ca nguyn l ny l h thng tc
ng nhanh v tc ng gy nn sai lch c o trc tip, nhc im ca
25
nguyn l ny l khng c kh nng, c o trc tip, nhc im ca
nguyn l ny l khng c kh nng kh c tt c cc loi nhiu v lm nh
vy phn t o rt nhiu , to ra h thng qu phc tp.

U F
Z
t
I
u
.
R
e
I
kt
KT
G
CI
I
i
.

Hnh2.13:H thng t ng iu
chnh in p xy dng theo nguyn
l b tr nhiu
U
.
i
.
i
.
i
KT
U


Hnh 2.14: th vector ca h thng
iu chnh theo nguyn l b nhiu
Hnh 2.13 trnh by h thng t ng iu chnh in p xy dng theo
nguyn l b tr nhiu trong ;
G: - My ng b
Z
t
: - Cun khng
CT: - Bin dng, R
e
- B chnh lu
KT: Cun dy kch t
V nguyn tc, b t iu chnh in p xy dng theo nguyn l b
nhiu lm vic vi thut iu khin:
i U KT
I I I ( 2.2)
Phng trnh 2.2 vit pha xoay chiu trong I
1
chnh l dng ti
cn dng I
u
l dng in do in p pht my ri trn cun khng Zt l thun
cm nn dng in Iu bao gio cng chm sau in p U mt gc 90
0
in
th h thng vector h thng nh hnh 2.14. Trc y cng vi nguyn l
26
ny mt s hng thc hin thut ton thng qua bin p phc hp, phng
trnh vector sc t ng vit nh sau.
1
F F F
u KT
(2.3)
Trong F l vector sc t ng ca cc cun dy bin p phc hp.
Nguyn l ca h thng trnh by trn hnh 2.15. Trong : Tr l bin p phc
hp ca cun dy W
u
mang tn hiu in p di dng dng thng qua cun
khng Z
t
, cun dy W
t
ly tn hiu dng ti t bin dng CT cun dy tng
hp W
KT
l cun dy th cp. th vector cng trn hnh 2.16 lc cc
vector dng in c thay th bi cc vector ST F v cng v ST nn
hng s thi gian ln hn so vi phng n cng v in, cc qu trnh qu
di hn v cu to phc tp li va tn km. Chnh v cc nhc im ,
cc phng n ny dn c thay th bng phng n cng trc tip v in
nh trn hnh 2.13 trnh by.
U F
CI
I
KT
G
.
i
I
.
u
Z
t
W
i
I
kt
R
e
Tr
W
kt

Hnh 2.15: H thng t ng iu
chnh in p dng bin p phc hp
U
.
F F
F
KT
U
i

Hnh 2.16: th vector ca h
thng thc hin bng bin p phc
hp

Nguyn l iu khin kt hp.
y l cc h thng c xy dng da trn kt qu lin hp gia hai
phng php iu chnh theo lch v b tr nhiu. Thc hin lin hp
to nn mt h thng c tt c cc u im ca hai h thng v khc phc
27
c nhng khuyt im, ca c hai tc l trnh c nhng vng ti trong
iu khin. c im ca nguyn l kt hp l bn cnh cc vng kn nn tn
hiu phn hi m, cn c cc mch b tr tc ng theo nhiu thng l tn
hiu ngc b du vi nhiu to nn cc hng iu chnh ngc li
hng tc ng ca nhiu hay cc mch ph b tr sai s tc ng t tn hiu
gy nn.
c. Bin tn gin tip lm vic trong trm pht in tu thu .
B bin tn dng 3 pha Diode - I gbt :
Trn hnh 2.18 biu din b bin tn gin tip 3 pha iu chnh rng
xung PWM dng diode - igbt. S gm 6 diode D
1
,D
2
,D
3
,D
4
,D
5
,D
6
v
cc transisto IGBT: T
1
, T
2
, T
3
, T
4
, T
5
, T
6
ni theo s cu.
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
2
D
4
D
6
A
B
C
X
L
C
D
1
T
1
D
3
T
3
D
5
T
5
D
2
T
2 D
4
T
4
D
6
T
6
A'
B'
C'

Hnh2.18: S nguyn l b bin tn gin tip diod igbt
Trong cu chnh lu diode ba pha diode D
1
mc vo pha A, D
2
mc
vo pha B, D
3
mc vo pha C cn cc diode D
4
, D
5
, D
6
mc vo pha m ca
cc pha A, pha B, pha C. Trong s mi thi im ( Nu b qua trng dn)
lun c hai diode hai pha khc nhau cng lm vic. Mi diode dn 120
o

nhng 60
o
n dn chung vi diode pha ny cn 60
0
li dn chung vi diode
pha khc. Trn hnh 2.19 biu din khong dn ca cc van. Qua s ny
ta thy D
1
dn chung vi D
5
trong 60
0
, sau dn chung vi D
6
trong khong
60
0
. Vic chuyn dn t diode pha ny sang pha khc da trn c s sau:
28
Ti mi thi im in th trn cc anot ca 2 diod bng nhau th diode c
in th tng s dn cn diode c in th gim th ngng dn. Trong s
cu trong thi im 1 diode ang dn n s dn chung vi diode no mc
pha c in th m hn. Trn c s in p chnh lu biu din bng biu
thc sau:
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
6
D
5
D
4

Hnh 2.19: Biu din cc khong dn ca cc van thuc cc pha khc nhau

U
d
= U
A
D
1
D
6
+ U
A
D
1
D
5
+ U
B
D
2
D
4
+ U
B
D
2
D
5
+ U
c
D
3
D
4
+ U
c
D
3
D
6
-
U
A
D
4
D
2
- U
A
D
4
D
3
- U
B
D
1
D
5
- U
B
D
5
D
3
- U
c
D
6
D
1
- U
c
D
6
D
2
( 2.4)
Hoc U
d
= U
A
D
1
( D
6
+ D
5
) + U
B
D
2
( D
4
+ D
6
) + U
C
D
3
( D
4
+ D
5
) - U
A
D
4
(
D
2
+ D
3
) - U
B
D
5
( D
1
+ D
3
) - U
C
D
6
( D
1
+ D
2
). ( 2.5)
Mc khc ta thy in p t ln ti l in p dy trn c 2 diode mc ni
tip vi nhau, chng cng lm vic ti 1 thi im vy c th vit:
U
d
= U
AB
D
1
D
5
+ U
BC
D
2
D
6
+ U
CA
D
3
D
4
+ U
BA
D
2
D
4
+ U
CB
D
3
D
5
( 2.6)

+ U
AC
D
1
D
6

Trong cu nghch lu mi IGBT c ni thm mt diode. Do cc transisto
khng c kh nng chu c in p m nn ta dng diode mc song song
vi cc transisto bo v transisto khi in p ngc. Trong s cc
transisto T
1
, T
3
, T
5
mc chung cc colect pha dng v cc transisto T
2
,
T
4
, T
6
mc chung cc emit v pha m ca ngun in mt chiu U
d
. V b
29
bin tn gin tip PWM dng transisto IGBT nn in p ra trn ti lp li
in p iu khin trn cc ca transisto, c nghi l in p ra trn ti ca b
bin tn cng c dng xung hnh ch nht vi nhng rng khc nhau ging
nh in p iu khin.
B bin tn dng 3 pha Diode - Thyrisitor :
Trn hnh 2.20 biu din s b bin tn ngun dng 3 pha. H
thng gm cu chnh lu diode v cu nghch lu thyristor.
Trong cu chnh lu diod ba pha diode D
1
mc vo pha A, D
2
mc vo pha B,
D
3
mc vo pha C cn cc diode D
4
, D
5
, D
6
mc vo pha m ca cc pha A,
pha B, pha C. Trong s mi thi im ( Nu b qua trng dn) lun c hai
diode hai pha khc nhau cng lm vic. Mi diode dn 120
o
nhng 60
o
n
dn chung vi diode pha ny cn 60
0
li dn chung vi diode pha khc.
Trong cu nghch lu mi thyristo c ni thm mt diode. Trong mi na
cu c 3 t in dng chuyn mch cc thyristo.
I
d
L
I
d
T
1
T
3
T
5
T
4
T
6
T
2
C
1
C
3
C
5
C
4
C
6
C
2
D
4
D
6
D
2
D
5
D
1
D
3
+
(-)
(-)
(+)
+
(-)
(-)
(+)
A'
B'
C'
L
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
4
D
6
D
2
A
B
C

Hnh 2.20: B bin tn ngun in p.
Hot ng ca h thng nh sau: Gi thit rng cho ti khi m T
3
, T
1

v D
1
nhm ant v T
2,
, D
2
nhm katt ang dn. Dng ti I
d
chy qua
pha A v pha C; cc t in chuyn mch C
1
, C
2
, C
3
c cc tnh nh hnh v,
trong in p C
1
, C
3
ln hn bin s cm ng trong pha ca ti. Mch
chuyn mch dng in trn bn v k hiu l ng m. Ti thi im t
1

30
(hnh 2.20) m t
3
, trong thi gian rt ngn t
2
-t
3
dng in c chuyn t t
1

sang mch ca t
3
v C
1
v C
3
t p ngc ln t
1
.
Ti thi im t
2
dng I
d
(trong qu trnh chuyn mch c th coi khng
i) t mch 1 chiu chy qua t
3
t C
1
diode D
1
ti pha A ca ti. trong thi
gian ny it D
3
khng dn dng in v n b phn cc ngc bi in p
cc t in v in p dy U
AB
. Vi cu trc ny ca mch, dng in I
d
, cc
t C
1
, C
3
s c chuyn np hay np in bng dng I
d
. ti thi im t
3
t C
1

phng in, iu c ngha l kt thc qu trnh ngt ca t
1
. Diode D
3
v
D
5
cn cha dn dng, in p trn t in tip tc bin i tuyn tnh (I
d
=
const). Ti thi im t
4
, phn cc diode D
3
i, n bt u dn in, mch
chuyn mch by gi cha t in tng ng (1,5C) diod D
1
, D
3
v pha ti
A, B. Mch ny ni tip C, L, R (1,5C, 2L, 2R) l mt mch dao ng. Bt
u giai on chuyn mch th 2 trong dng chuyn mch i
k
b cng bc
bi mch dao ng chy qua diode D
1
theo hng ngc li vi hng dng
i
d
.
i,u
i,u
i,u
i,u
i,u
o
o
o
o
o
t
t
t
t
t
U
T1 i
T1
U
T3
i
T3
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
i
D1
U
D1
i
D3
U
D3

Hnh 2.21: Gin c tnh thi gian in p v dng in khi chuyn mch
31
CHNG 3
MY PHT NG TRC TRN TU THY S DNG
MY IN D B NGUN KP
3.1. T VN
T phn tch cc loi my my pht ng trc chng hai t kinh
in n cc th h my pht hin i hin nay thy rng mi mt h thng
u c nhng u nhc im ring. Cng v sau, cc h thng cng c c
nhiu mt tch cc v kh nng ng dng cao hn l iu hon ton logic.
Tuy vy khi nghin cu li my pht d b ca GS.TSKH Nguyn Phng
Quang trc y. Nht l khi cng ngh iu khin vi x l v in t cng
sut ngy nay p ng y cc yu cu trong iu khin my pht in
ng trc th phng php s dng my pht ng trc (my in d b ngun
kp) cng c c s chng ta c kh nng ng dng trong trm pht tu
thu vi chc nng my pht ng trc.
u im ca phng php :
- Khng s dng my b ng b so vi phng php s dng my pht
ng trc ng b.
- Cht lng in p v tn s pht ra l tt khng c xung nhiu, sng hi
tn s cao so vi phng php s dng nghch lu.
- Vic thc hin phn chia ti tc dng, ti phn khng, n nh in p, n
nh tn s ch thc hin trong phn iu khin.
- Kt cu n gin, gi thnh r..
Tuy nhin cho my pht in ng trc d b ngun kp hot ng th
ban u phi c in p mt chiu trung gian v sau khi my pht pht in
ng trc d b ngun kp hot ng th ngun in p mt chiu ny c
32
th ly trc tip t sau ngun in p ba pha ca my pht cung cp tr
li.Vn ny c thc hin bng hai phng n :
- Ly ngun in mt chiu t c quy
- Ly ngun in mt chiu sau chnh lu t li in
Trong phng n th hai l hon ton thch hp vi yu cu ca tu
thy. iu c din gii nh sau: Trong thc t my pht ng trc
khng hot ng ch iu ng v hn ch cng tc song song vi my
pht diezel c lp trong qu trnh iu ng lung lch. Qu trnh hot
ng ca my pht ng trc nh sau: Ban u khi tu ch iu ng th
ton b nng lng ca tu c cp bi my pht diesel c lp cho cc ph
ti. Khi tu chuyn sang ch hnh trnh lc tc my chnh tng
i n nh th my pht ng trc mi bt u c a vo hot ng
cp in ln li (Nn lc ny li in c ngun trc khi my pht
ng trc c ng ln li). Sau mi tin hnh ha thm my pht ng
trc vo li v chuyn ti t my pht diesel sang my pht ng trc. Khi
ton b ti c chuyn sang my pht ng trc th my pht diesel c
lp c ngt ra khi li. T thc tin hot ng ca cc con tu Vinashin
Orient, tu Din hng, tu 700teu ta thy rng ch khi tu ang hnh trnh
trn bin trong iu kin thi tit thun li th ngi ta mi a my pht in
ng trc vo hot ng song song vi my pht diesel c lp pht in
trn li in. Khi my ng trc c a vo cng tc song song th
trong thi gian rt ngn bt buc my pht diesel c lp phi c ngt ra
khi li in. Nu khng sau 30 giy ptomat s t ng ngt ngt my
pht diesel c lp ra khi li in .
T s phn tch trn tc gi a ra cu trc ca my pht ng trc d
b ngun kp. Vi gii hn ca ti l iu chnh in p v tn s ca my
pht ng trc d b ngun kp khi tc ca my chnh l n nh v trn
li in c ngun in.
33
MDDBNK
ACB
CK
NLPMP NLPN
CK i,u
BIN TN
B IU KHIN
K ACB
G1 G2
~
~ =
=


Hnh 3.1 : Biu din cu trc ca my pht ng trc d b ngun kp
Trn hnh 3.1 m t s cu trc mt h thng my pht in ng trc
s dng my in d b ngun kp (MPTSDMDBNK). H thng trn bao
gm mt my in d b ngun kp c cun dy stator c ni trc tip vi
in ba pha. Cun dy pha rotor c ni vi h thng bin tn (dng van
bn dn) c kh nng iu khin dng nng lng i theo hai chiu. Vi loi
my pht ny c th ng dng trong phm vi rng t vi chc KW n vi
MW. Vi l do rt n gin: iu khin v iu chnh cng sut qua my
pht, ta ch s dng bin tn c cng sut c bng 1/3 cng sut my pht tc
ng trc tip qua h thng vo vnh gp rto. My pht ng trc s dng
my d b ngun kp c kh nng hot ng vi h s trt trong mt phm
vi kh rng, cho php tn dng tt hn ngun nng lng c lai bi my
chnh. Mt khc nh kh nng c cp nng lng t pha rto cho nn
MPTSDMDBNK hot ng hon ton c lp vi tc quay ca ng c
lai l my chnh. N c th hot ng mt di rng l lm vic hai ch
trn hoc di ng b (Ch ng b quy nh tc nh mc ca
my pht ng trc my pht ra in p hoc tn s nh mc). hai ch
34
my u cung cp nng lng ln li pha stato. pha rto, my
ly nng lng t li ch di ng b v hon nng lng tr li li
ch trn ng b.
H thng bin tn bao gm hai cm: Cm nghch lu pha li
(NLPL)v cm nghch lu pha my pht (NLPMP) v ngc li. Hai cm
c ni vi nhau thng qua mch in mt chiu trung gian.
Cm iu khin nghch lu pha my pht c nhim v l iu khin
cng sut tc dng (thng qua momen quay ca my pht) v cng sut phn
khng ln li mt cch c lp vi nhau, thng qua iu khin cc thnh
phn dng in rotor, vi vic p dng k thut iu khin vector. ng thi
m nhn vic ho ng b vi li cng nh iu chnh tch my pht ra
khi li khi cn thit.
Cm iu khin nghch lu pha li dng duy tr tr s in p mt
chiu trung gian khng i theo gi tr t ca n, ph hp vi b bin i
nghch lu pha my pht v iu khin hng, tr s cng sut phn khng
ln li. Cm iu khin nghch lu pha li trn thc t khng ch c nhim
v chnh lu theo ngha thng thng ly nng lng t li v, cm cn c
kh nng thc hin nhim v hon tr nng lng t mch mt chiu trung
gian tr li li. V vy, v cu trc mch in t cng sut, cm iu khin
nghch lu pha li hon ton ging nh cm iu khin nghch lu pha
my pht. Cm iu khin nghch lu pha li c nhim v iu chnh n
nh in p mch mt chiu trung gian sao cho khng ph thuc vo ln
cng nh chiu ca dng nng lng chy qua rotor, ng thi iu chnh
cos pha li v qua c th gi vai tr b cng sut phn khng. Aptmt
dng ng m a in ln trn li in c iu khin t b iu khin
tc ng n b bin tn. Cc van bn dn ca thit b iu khin nghch lu
pha my pht v iu khin nghch lu pha li c iu khin ng m
theo nguyn l iu ch vector khng gian.
35
Vi mc ch ca lun vn l s dng my d b ngun kp thng qua
vic p dng gii php iu khin thch hp cho b iu khin nghch lu
pha my pht v pha li cho my pht ng trc tu thu.
Vi h thng s dng aptomat, khi s c dng qu rotor vt qu
mc cho php ca b bin i, b chuyn mch in t cng sut thyristor
pha stator s ngt my pht ra khi li, tuy nhin vn duy tr iu khin pha
rotor iu khin ti ho ng b my pht vo li khi bin dng qu
gim di mc an ton ca b bin i v vic pht cng sut tc dng,
phn khng ln li c khi phc tr li.
Ngoi ra vic thc hin bo v my pht ng trc v iu khin aptomat
cn c thc hin theo yu cu ca ng kim cho tu thu.
3.2. M HNH MY PHT NG TRC S DNG MY PHT
IN D B NGUN KP
3.2.1. M hnh ton hc pha my pht ng trc d b ngun kp v
pha li in.
3.2.1.1. Biu din vector khng gian ca i lng 3 pha.
Theo l thuyt iu khin vector, trn mt phng c hc (mt ct
ngang) ca my in, vector khng gian dng in stator ca my d b
ngun kp c nh ngha nh sau :
t jw
s
j
sw
J
sv su s
s
e i e t i e t i t i t i
0 0
240 120
) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
) ( (3.1)
Trong i
su
, i
sv
, i
sw
l cc dng in hnh sin, cng bin , cng tn s,
lch nhau 120
0
in chy trong ba pha dy qun stator u, v, w.
Nh vy ) (t i
s
l vect dng in stator ca my d b ngun kp quay
vi tc gc
s s
f 2 so vi stator, vi f
s
l tn s mch stator.
i vi cc i lng khc ca mch stator, nh in p stator, t
thng stator ta u c th xy dng cc vector khng gian tng ng tng t
nh i vi dng in stator k trn.
36
Vi my d b ngun kp, trn rotor cng c cun dy ba pha r, s, t
trong ba dng in i
rr
, i
rs
, i
rt
tn s gc
r
, vector khng gian dng in
rotor cng c nh ngha nh sau :
t jw
r
j
rt
J
rs rr r
r
e i e t i e t i t i t i
0 0
240 120
) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
) ( (3.2)
Vector ) (t i
r
l vector khng gian dng in rotor quay vi vn tc gc
r
so vi rotor, v rotor quay vi vn tc gc so vi stato, nn ) (t i
r
cng
quay vi tc
r s
so vi stator.
i vi cc loi i lng khc ca mch rotor, nh in p rotor, t
thng rotor ra u c th xy dng cc vector khng gian tng t nh i
vi dng in rotor k trn.


Hnh 3.2: Biu din vector dng, in p, t thng stator trn h ta
v dq.
By gi trn mt phng c hc (mt phng ct ngang ca my in), ta
xy dng mt h to c nh c trc trng vi trc cun dy pha u,
v mt h to quay d, q c trc thc d trng vi vetor in p li
) (
N s
u u ngha l h to d, q ny quay vi tc
s s
f 2 , so vi stator (hnh
37
3.3). Cc thnh phn ca vector dng stator trn trc to l
s s
i i , v
trn trc to d, q l
sq sd
i i , ta c mi lin h gia cc thnh phn ca dng
in stator trn cc h trc to v cc dng in pha stator nh sau :

) 2 (
3
1
sv su s
su s
i i i
i i
(3.3)
) 3 ( 5 , 0
) 3 ( 5 , 0
s s sw
s s sv
su s
i i i
i i i
i i
(3.4)

s s s s
s s s s
i i sq
i i sd
i
i
sin sin
sin cos
(3.5)
s sq s s
s s s sd
i i s
i i s
i
i
sin sin
sin cos
(3.6)
Cc cng thc bin i cho vector dng stator trn cng ng vi cc
vector khc vector in stator, dng rotor, t thng stator, t thng rotor.
3.2.1.2. M hnh trng thi lin tc pha my pht .
M hnh trng thi lin tc pha my pht, thc cht l m hnh trng
thi lin tc i tng my d b ngun kp. C s xy dng m hnh
trng thi lin tc ca my d b ngun kp l cc phng trnh in p stator,
rotor trn h thng cun dy stator, rotor.
Phng trnh in p stator :
dt
d
i R u
s
s
s
s s
s
s
(3.7)
Phng trnh in p rotor :
dt
d
i R u
r
r
r
r r
r
r
(3.8)
Do my c cu trc cn xng v mt c hc, ta c th b qua cc ch s ph
nh trong (3.7),(3.8), nu ta biu din cc vct t thng trn cng mt h to

Phng trnh thng s stator v rotor :

r r m r
r
m r s s
s
L i L i
L i L i
(3.9)
Phng trnh momen : ) (
2
3
) (
2
3
r
r
p s
s
p G
i z i z m (3.10)
38
Sau khi chuyn (3.5), (3.6), (3.7) sang biu din trn h to dq l h to
quay vi vn tc gc
s
so vi h to c nh ta thu c h phng trnh
sau :
r
f
r m
f
r
f
r
m
f
r s
f
s
f
s
f
r
r
f
r
f
r r
f
r
f
s
s
f
s
f
s s
f
s
L i L i
L i L i
j
dt
d
i R u
j
dt
d
i R u
(3.11 a, b, c, d)
Vi
r s

Ch s pha trn bn phi f ch h to quay dq. V ta iu khin
my d b ngun kp trn c s phng php ta theo in p li (tc l h
to quay dq) nn t nay v sau, cho thun tin, nu khng gy nhm
ln, ta quy c cc i lng trn h to dq s khng cn vit ch s f
pha trn bn phi na.
Do stator ca my d b ngun kp c ni mch vi li nn tn s
mch stator chnh l tn s li, in p ri trn in tr R
s
c th b qua
c so vi tng in p ri trn in cm stator L
m
v in cm L
s
.
Phng trnh (3.7) c th vit li gn ng nh sau:
dt
d
u
s
s
s
s
hoc
s
s s
j u . (3.12)
Phng trnh (3.12) cho thy t thng stator lun chm pha so vi in
p stator mt gc chng 90
0
, hoc din t cch khc: vector t thng stator
lun ng vung gc vi vector in p stator, rt thun li cho vic m hnh
ho.
Mt khc, thit b iu khin c t pha rotor v ta c c hi s
dng dng rotor lm bin iu khin trng thi ca i tng my d b
ngun kp. V vy ta s tm cch thng qua 2 phng trnh t thng (3.11c,d)
39
kh dng stator
s
i v t thng rotor
r
, gi li dng rotor
r
i v t thng
stator
s
, ri thay vo 2 phng trnh (3.9a,b) v bin i ta c :

s
m
s
s
s
r
s
s
s
m
r
r
s
s s
r r r
s r
r
u
L
j
T
i
T dt
d
u
L
u
L
j
T T
i j i
T T dt
i d
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
'
'
'
(3.13)
Vit (3.13) di dng thnh phn ta s thu c m hnh in ton phn
ca my d b ngun kp nh
sq
m
sq
s
sq
s rq
s
sq
sd
m
sq
s
sd
s
rd
s
sd
sq
m
rq
r
sq
s
sd
rq
s r
rd r
rq
sd
m
rd
r
sq
s
rq r rd
s r
rd
u
L T
i
T dt
d
u
L T
i
T dt
d
u
L
u
L T
i
T T
i
dt
di
u
L
u
L T
i i
T T dt
di
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
' '
'
' '
'
' '
'
(3.14)
3.2.1.3. M hnh ton hc pha li in.
a. M hnh trng thi lin tc pha li in.
Hnh 3.3 m t s nguyn l pha li in sau khi tch ra t m
hnh tng th ton h thng.

Hnh 3.3: S nguyn l pha li
Mch in pha li bao gm 1 b bin i, khu lc RC lc xung in
p b bm, cun cm lc dng. Khi my pht hot ng ch trn ng
b, b bin i ng vai tr khu nghch lu, chuyn nng lng t mch mt
40
chiu trung gian ln li. Khi my pht hot ng ch di ng b, b
bin i ng vai tr khu chnh lu, chuyn nng lng t li sang mch
mt chiu trung gian.
phn tch tm ra cc bin iu khin pha li, trc ht ta bc vo
xy dng v phn tch m hnh ton hc ca h thng pha li in trn h
ta ta hng vec t in p li.
Hnh 3.4 m t s tng qut mch in pha li. Cun cm lc
dng c cm khng L
D
, in tr cun dy l R
D
, khu lc RC bao gm in
tr R
F
v t in c in dung C
F
.
3~
=
~
E
N
I
N
R
N
R
D
L
D
U
N
U
DC
CL
C
N
I
N
I
N

Hnh 3.4: S tng qut mch in pha li
3~
=
I
N
R
N U
N
U
DC
C
N
I
N
3~
L- i in
R
D
L
D
CL

Hnh 3.5: S thay th trong in p li c thay bi ngun e
N

cng vi in cm ca li L
N

Phng trnh nh lut Kirchoff vit cho mch u ra ca khu chnh
lu pha li nhn c t hnh 3.7.
N
N
D N D N
e
dt
i d
L i R u (3.15)
Chuyn phng trnh (3.15) sang h ta ta hng vec t in p
li ta c
41
N N D N
N
D N D N
e i L j
dt
i d
L i R u (3.16)

Hnh 3.6: S ti gin mch in pha li
Vit (3.16) di dng thnh phn trn hai trc ta dq ta hng vec
t in p li ta c h phng trnh trng thi m t h thng pha li.
) (
1 1
) (
1 1
Nd Nq
D
Nq
D
Nd N
Nq
Nd Nd
D
Nq N Nd
D
Nd
e u
L
i
T
i
dt
di
e u
L
i i
T dt
di
(3.17)
H phng trnh (3.17) c th vit di dng m hnh trng thi nh
sau:
Bu Ax
dt
x d
(3.18)
Trong :
N
D
T A
1

D
N
T
1
l ma trn h thng
0
1
D
L B
D
L
1
0
l ma trn u vo.
Nq
Nd
i
i
x l vector trng thi;
nq Nq
Nd Nd
e u
e u
u l vector u vo. (3.19)
Qua m hnh trng thi h thng pha li, ta thy, i lng iu khin
l in p ra ca khu chnh lu v vector trng thi l hai thnh phn dng
in i
Nq Nd
i , . V vy khu iu khin chnh vng trong s l khu iu chnh
dng.
42
Trong m hnh ny,
N
e l i lng nhiu u vo gy ra bi in p
li. Tuy nhin ta c th nhn thy rng, i lng nhiu ny l nhiu c
nh. V vy n c th c trit tiu nh hng nh khu b nhiu tch hp
trong khu iu chnh dng.
b. M hnh trng thi gin on pha li in.
T m hnh trng thi lin tc thu c mc trn ta c nhn xt.
Bl ma trn hng, tn s gc ca li
N
hu nh l c nh nn ma
trn A s tha mn gi thit l hng trong mt chu k trch mu T. Khi ta
c th tm c nghim ca (3.23)
(3.20a)

Ta co:
k i
N
(( +1)T)=
AT
e
N
i (kT)+ ) (
) 1 (
) (
kT u B d e
T k
kT
T A
(3.20b)
t:
AT
N
e k) ( ; H
N
(k)=B d e B d e
T k
kT
A
T k
kT
T A
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) (
(3.21a,b)


Hnh 3.7 a: M hnh gin on pha li
Sau khi khai trin (3.21a,b) thnh chui v ct ui sau phn t tuyn
tnh ta thu c m hnh dng gin on pha li nh sau:
) ( ) ( ) ) 1 ((
) 1 (
) (
kT Bu e kT i e T k i
T k
kT
T A
N
AT
N
43
) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( k e H k u H k i k i
N N N N N
N
N
(3.22)
Vi:
T
T
T
N
D
N
1

D
N
T
T
T
1
(3.23)
N
H =
0
D
L
T

D
L
T
0
(3.24)
Theo [22,23] khi chu k trch mu ca khu iu chnh nh (di
400 s ) vic ct ui sau phn t tuyn tnh i vi
N
v
N
H l chnh xc.
Khu iu chnh dng pha li s c thit k da trn m hnh trng thi
gin on (3.24). M hnh (3.24) cng c th hin mt cch trc quan trn
hnh 3.7
3.2.2. Phng php iu khin my in d b ngun kp lm my pht
ng trc.
3.2.2.1. Vn iu khin.
Vi my d b ngun kp, ln ca mmen in m
G
do my pht sinh
ra c trng cho ln ca cng sut tc dng P (pht ra ch my pht
v ly t li vo ch ng c). Vic iu chnh cng sut tc dng phi
tin hnh c lp vi cng sut phn khng Q t trc cho thit b.
gii quyt, ta phi tm cc i lng c th iu chnh trc tip nh hng ti
m
G
v cng sut phn khng Q tm tm cch p t gi tr mong mun.
Cc cng thc (3.9) v (3.10) cho php ta tnh mmen in ca my d b
ngun kp.V my chu s tc ng iu chnh t pha rotor ln mt cng
thc tnh c cha dng rotor s l hu ch. T (3.9) v (3.10) ta rt ra cng
thc sau cho mmen.
m
G
= -
2
3
i z rd
sq
p
L
L
s
m
= -
2
3
i z rd p
sq
,
1
(3.25)
Trong phng trnh (3.25),
'
sq
l mt i lng ch ph thuc vo in
p li nh c ch ra trong phng trnh (3.14). Chnh v vy, i
rd
gi vai
44
tr l i lng quyt nh to ra mmen v t pha rotor ta c th dng i
rd

iu chnh mmen my d b ngun kp mt cch rt thun li.
Theo [16,17,18] ta c cng sut biu kin ca my pht.
S = P + jQ = 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3
sq sd sd sq sq sq sd sd s s
i u i u j i u i u i u (3.26)
Trn h ta ta theo in p li, u
sq
=0, do (3.26) tr thnh:
S= P + jQ = 3u
sd
i
sd
; (3.27) Q = -3u
sd
i
sq
(3.28)
Ta bit rng
s
gn nh khng i v ch ph thuc in p li.
Trn tinh thn nhn xt , ta vit li h phng trnh (3.9) nh sau, trong
cc phng trnh trong h c vit di dng thnh phn trn h ta ta
hng vec t in p li:
' '
'
0
s rq sq
m
s
sq
rd sd
m
s
sd
i i
L
L
i i
L
L
(3.29a,b).
T (3.29) ta rt ra :
) (
'
rq sq
s
m
sq
rd
s
m
sd
i
L
L
i
i
L
L
i
(3.30a,b)
Thay (3.30) vo (3.25) v (3.26) ta c:
P = -3 rd sd
s
m
i u
L
L
(3.31); Q = - 3
) (
'
rq sq sd
s
m
i u
L
L
(3.32)
T (3.29) ta rt ra nhn xt: dng i
rq
chnh l i lng to cng sut
phn khng Q. Nh vy, nu thnh cng trong vic p t nhanh v chnh xc
dng i
rq
, u ra ca khu iu chnh cng sut phn khng Q c th c s
dng cung cp gi tr ch o cho dng i
rq
.
45

Hnh 3.7b: th vector dng, p, t thng ca my d b ngun kp.
T cc phn tch trn, ta c th xy dng s cu trc iu khin
pha my pht nh hnh 3.8
PLL
GTT
TSP
CVTKG MP
L- i in
NL
Khu CMM
Khu CD
Khu CQ
T mch mt chiu
trung gian ti
m
G
m
G
Q
*
-
*
-
Q
'
sq r
i
sq
'
sq
i
sd
u
sd
i
rd
*
i
rq
*
u
rd
e
j
u
rq
r
u
ra
u
rb
t
r
t
s
t
t
r
S
t
3~
u v w
IE
r
i
rd
i
rq
e
j
r
e
j
r
N
i
s
i
sb
i
rr
irs
i
sd
i
sq
2
3
2
3
i
s
i
s
N
u
Nu
u
Nv
r
Q
m
G
r
'
sq
u
S
u
Nd
=


Hnh 3.8: Cu trc h thng iu ca my pht ng trc s dng my in
d b ngun kp
46

Nh chng ta bit, nhim v ca h thng iu khin pha li l ly
nng lng t li cung cp cho mch mt chiu ch di ng b
hoc hon nng lng t mch mt chiu ln li ch trn ng b.
Trong c hai qu trnh , in p mt chiu trung gian u
DC
phi c gi n
nh khng i.


Hnh 3.9: Biu din vecto khng gian dng in pha li trn h ta dq
Quan st dng
Nq Nd N
ji i i (3.33)
Cng sut biu kin ca b bin i pha li.
S ) ( 3 ) ( 3 3
Nq Nd Nd Nq Nq Nq Nd Nd N N N N N
i u i u j i u i u i u jQ P (3.34)
Trn h ta ta theo in p li, u 0
Nq
, do (3.28 ) tr thnh.
S
Nq Nd Nd Nd N N N
i u j i u jQ P 3 3 (3.35)
T (3.27) ta c: P
N
= 3u
Nd
i
Nd
(3.36a) Q
N
= -3u
Nd
i
Nq
(3.36b)
Ta xt trng hp t trung gian khng ni vi ti, b qua tn hao trong b
bin i, ta c:
P
N DC DC Nd Nd
i U i u 3 (3.37)
Trong : i
dt
dU
C
DC
DC
(3.38)
47
T (3.37) v (3.38) ta thy, i
Nd
c tc dng sn sinh cng sut tc dng
v bng vic iu chnh thnh phn i
Nd
ta s thay i c gi tr in p mt
chiu trung gian U
DC

T (3.36) ta cng rt ra nhn xt, thnh phn i
Nq
c tc dng sn sinh
cng sut phn khng.
T cc phn tch trn, ta c th xy dng cu trc iu khin pha li
in nh hnh 3.10

i
Nd
i
Nq
u
N
u
N
t
w
CVTKG
NL
t
w
tw
u
Nd
u
Nq
u
N
TINHQ
u
Nd
i
Nd
i
Nq
i
N
i
N
i
Nu
iNi
e
j
N
e
j
N
u
DC
-
Q
*
u
DC
Q
-
2
3
u v w
L- i in
Ti my pht
MN
Khu CMM
Khu CD
Khu CQ



Hnh 3.10: Cu trc h thng iu khin pha li ca my pht ng trc s
dng my in d b ngun kp
48
Theo s phn tch trn, ta c th xy dng c ton b cu trc
iu khin ca my pht ng trc s dng my d b ngun kp nh hnh
3.11
MN
Khu CMM
Khu CD
Khu CQ
TSP
CVTKG
MN
NL
Khu CMM
Khu CD
Khu CU
PLL
GTT
i
Nd
i
Nq
u
N
u
N
tw
CVTKG
NL
t
w
tw
u
Nd
u
Nq
u
N
TINHQ
u
Nd
i
Nd
i
Nq
i
N
i
N
i
Nu
iNi
e
j
N
e
j
N
N
*
u
DC
-
Q
*
u
DC
Q
-
m
G
-
m
G
-
Q
Q
DCDPT
i
rq
i
rd
i
rq
i
rd
i
*
*
rg
e
j
N
e
j
N
e
j
N
u
sd sd
u
rd
u
rq
u
ra
u
rb
tr
tS
tt
MP
3~
IE
r
S
t
2
3
2
3
2
3
i
rd
i
rq
i
ra
i
rb
irr
irs
i
sd
i
sq
i
s
i
s
i
su
i
sv
N
u
Nu
u
Nv
u
N
u
Nd
=
Q
m
G
i
r
rq
r
u v w
L- i in

Hnh 3.11: S cu trc iu khin pha my pht v pha li h thng
my pht ng trc s dng my d b ngun kp
49
3.3.2.2. p dng phng php tch knh trc tip trong thit k iu khin
pha my pht ng trc s dng my d b ngun kp.
Do tnh phi tuyn ca h phi tuyn nn vic xy dng b iu khin
cho h phi tuyn rt kh khn v lin quan n nhiu vn khc nhau kh c
th gii quyt c. Chnh v vy vi phng php tuyn tnh ho nhm a
h phi tuyn thnh h tuyn tnh (tho mn nguyn l xp chng). Da vo
phng php kho st, phn tch v tng hp i vi h tuyn tnh ta c th
xy dng c cc b iu chnh tuyn tnh ph hp vi yu cu cht lng
h thng.Vi tng chnh l thc hin vic chuyn to cho m hnh trng
thi ca i tng phi tuyn thng qua kh nng thit k b iu khin phn
hi trng thi hoc phn hi tn hiu ra ca i tng phi tuyn sao cho h kn
tr thnh tuyn tnh trong ton b khng gian trng thi mi. Ta phi bin i
sao cho h thng c cu trc tch knh, mi u ra ch ph thuc duy nht vo
mt u vo chnh v th phng php tuyn tnh ha chnh xc p dng cho
my in cn c gi l tch knh trc tip.
T m hnh dng ca my d b ngun kp kt hp vi hai phng
trnh t thng stator trn h trc dq ta c h phng trnh nh sau:
m
sq
sq
s
sd s
s
rq sq
m
sd
sd s
s
sd
s
rd sd
sq
m
rq
r
sq sd
s
rd
s r
rd r
rQ
sd
m
rd
r
sq sd
s
rd r rd
s r
rd
L
u
T T
i
dt
d
L
u
T T
i
dt
d
u
L
u
L T
i
T T
i
dt
di
u
L
u
L T
i i
T T dt
di
' '
'
'
' '
' '
' '
1
1 1
)
1
(
1
)
1 1
(
1 1
)
1
(
1
)
1 1
(
(3.39)
Ta c th vit li:
50
r
r
sq rq sd sd rd rd r
sd rd sd sd rd r rd
rd
dt
s
du cu e b ai i
dt
diq
du cu b e i ai
dt
di
' '
' '
(3.40)
Trong
T T s r
a
1 1

1
b ;
Tr
c
1
;
Ls
d
1
;
Ts
a
1

Ta t x = [ x
1
x
2
x
3
]
T
= [ i
rd
i
rq

r
]
T

3
2
1
u
u
u
u =
r
rq
sd sd
rd
sd
sd
cu e b
cu b e
' '
' '
(3.41a)
y = [ y
1
y
2
y
3
]
T
=
[ x
1
x
2
x
3
]
T

(3.42b)

H phng trnh trn vit di dng ma trn nh sau:
0
2
1
3
2
1
ax
ax
x
x
x

3 1
2
2 1
1 0
1
0
0
0
1
u x
x
u u (3.43)
3
2
1
3
2
1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
x
x
x
y
y
y

Ta vit li thnh dng tng qut nh sau:
) (
) ( ) (
x g y
u x H x f x
(3.44)
By gi ta s tin hnh kho st v kim tra cc iu kin p dng
phng php tch knh trc tip cho m hnh dng ca my d b ngun kp
51
trn y. Trc tin ta c cc biu thc tnh ton kim tra bc th nht
nh sau bng cch thc hin cc o hm Lie:
0 1 0 0 1 ) (
) (
) (
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ) (
) (
) (
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 ) ( ) (
2 1 2 3
1
1 3
2
1
1 2
1
1
1 1
x x x x h
x
x g
x g L
x h
x
x g
x g L
x h
x
x g
x g L
T
h
T
h
T
h
(3.45)
Suy ra: r
1
=1 (3.46)
Tng t ta c:

0 1 0 1 0 ) (
) (
) (
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 ) (
) (
) (
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 ) ( ) (
1 1 2 3
2
2 3
2
2
2 2
1
2
2 1
x x x x h
x
x g
x g L
x h
x
x g
x g L
x h
x
x g
x g L
T
h
T
h
T
h
(3.47)
Suy ra: r
2
= 1 (3.48)
Tng t ta c:
0 1 1 1 0 0 ) ( ) (
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 ) ( ) (
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ) ( ) (
1 2 3
3
3 3
2
3
3 2
1
3
3 1
T
h
T
h
T
h
x x x h
x
g
x g L
x h
x
g
x g L
x h
x
g
x g L
(3.49)
Suy ra: r
3
= 1 (3.50)
Vy ta c:
1 0 0
1 0
0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ... ) (
) ( ... ) (
) (
1
2
3 3 3 2 3 1
2 3 2 2 2 1
1 3 1 2 1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
x
x
x g L x g L x h L
x g L x g L x h L
x g L x g L x h L
x g L L x g L L
x g L L x g L L
x L
h h h
h h h
h h h
m
rm
f hm m
rm
f h
r
f hm
r
f h

(3.51)
Suy ra: det(L(x)) = 1 0, x (3.52)
52
ng thi ta li c biu thc:
r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
= 3 = n (3.53)
Nh vy m hnh ton ca my d b ngun kp m ta chn
tha mn cc iu kin tch knh trc tip. Do cng vic tip theo l ta i
tm b iu khin phn hi trng thi. Trong h trc ta mi ta c biu
thc ca bin trng thi mi:
z =
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
x
x
x
x g
x g
x g
x m
x m
x m
z
z
z
(3.54)
Suy ra:
1 3 2 1 1
1
1 w u x u ax
dt
dz
x (3.55)
3 3 1 2 2
2
2 w u x u ax
dt
dz
x (3.56a)
3 3
3
3 w u
dt
dz
x (3.56b)
Vy ta c mi lin h gia tn hiu vo mi v tn hiu vo c trong b
iu khin phn hi trng thi nh sau:
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1 0 0
1 0
0 1
0
u
u
u
x
x
ax
ax
w
w
w
(3.57)
T cc m hnh trn ta c hnh v sau
53

Hnh 3.12:Cu trc b iu khin phn hi trng thi
Ta vit li:
w = p(x) + L(x)u (3.58)
Suy ra: u = - L
-1
(x)p(x) + L
-1
(x)w (3.59)
L(x) =
1 0 0
1 0
0 1
) (
1 0 0
1 0
0 1
1
2
1
1
2
x
x
x L x
x
(3.60)
u = w x
x
ax
ax
1 0 0
1 0
0 1
0
1
2
2
1
3 3
3 1 2 2
3 2 1 1 1
w u
w x w ax u
w x w ax u
(3.61)
w y w z z
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
(3.62)
y=z
54
Y(s) = ) (
1
0 0
0
1
0
0 0
1
s W
s
s
s
(3.63)
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 0
0 1
0
x
x
x
y
y
y
u
u
u
x
x
ax
ax
x
x
x
(3.64)
3
2 2 1 3
1 2 3
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
u
u ax x u
u x u ax
x
x
x
y
y
y
(3.65)
w =
3
2
1
w
w
w
=
3
2 2 1 3
1 2 3 1
u
u ax x u
u x u ax
(3.66)

0 1 0 0
1 0
0 1
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
ax
ax
w
w
w
x
x
u
u
u
(3.67)
Ta c phng trnh lin h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo mi nh sau:
w y (3.68)
Nhn xt
- Tch knh vo/ra
55
Quan st (3.56) chng ta thy h thng c cu trc tch knh, mi
u ra ch ph thuc duy nht vo mt u vo. Vi c im ny th chng ta
c th thit k cc b iu khin tch bit cho cc trc d v q.
- Thc hin n gin
T (3.60) chng ta thy lut iu khin phn hi trng thi ch yu cu
bin i i s. Khng tn ti php tch phn hoc vi phn.
- M hnh hm truyn n gin
H thng ch l nhng khu tch phn. V vy, ch cn b iu iu
khin kiu t l P cng c th c s dng trong vng iu khin dng ca
i
rd
v i
rq
.
- Vn tr phn hi trng thi
T phng trnh (3.56) ta thy hm truyn ca h thng ch l khu tch
phn, v vy c th ri rc ho m hnh ny mt cch d dng. S dng
phng php Forward Euler, G(s) = 1/s c xp x nh sau:
1 z
T
) s ( G
Trong d T l thi gian trch mu ca h thng iu khin s. Thc t,
cc thnh phn dng in rotor l l cc bin u ra ca m hnh mi, chng
ta c:
w
z
T
i
r
1

C th vit li di dng gin on nh sau:
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
2
1
k Tw k i k i
k Tw k i k i
rq rq
rd rd
(3.69)
chu k th k, cc thnh phn i
r
(k) tng ng vi cc gi tr o tht
ca dng rotor li l gi tr tr t chu k trc. Do , bng vic s dng
(3.93) th gi tr dng in rotor c d bo trong vng lp phn hi trng
thi c th khc phc c s tr phn hi trng thi. S chuyn trc to
theo phng trnh (3.34) cho m hnh dng trong Matlab/Simulink c
56
ch ra trn hnh 3.13. Nhim v tip theo l ta tin hnh thit k cc b iu
chnh dng rotor trn c s m hnh mi ca my pht.

Hnh 3.13 S chuyn trc to cho m hnh dng trong Matlab/Simulink
- Hm mc tiu ca h c iu chnh dng
Thng qua hm mc tiu, ta t ra tnh nng cn t c ca i
tng sau khi c tc ng iu chnh. Trong trng hp iu chnh dng rotor
ca my d b ngun kp, hm mc tiu phi bao gm cc tnh cht c din
t bng li nh sau:
- Tnh ng cn t c.Tnh ng c th hin qua tc p
ng sau khi c tc ng iu chnh.
- Kh nng cch ly tc ng qua li gia hai thnh phn dng kch t v
dng to mmen quay. Trn h to dq, hai i lng i
rd
v i
rq
c tc ng
qua li ln nhau tng t l vi tn s mch stator
r
. Kh nng cch ly phi
c m c qu trnh qu ln ch xc lp ca h, c bit khi in p
DC i vo gii hn.
c tnh ng hc l tng th hin qua kh nng p ng tc thi ca
h, ngha l: gi tr thc cn phi theo kp gi tr t (gi tr ch o) ch sau
mt chu k trch mu. Nu xt k, ta cn phi cng thm mt chu k trch
57
mu tr do bn thn hardware (vi iu khin + thit b bin i) gy ra. Vy
i hi c th din t li: gi tr thc cn phi theo kp gi tr t sau hai chu
k trch mu. Khi xy dng h thng vi chu k trch mu rt b, v d: T =
100 s, thi gian xc lp cn t 2x100 s c th l qu nh, c th to
nng lng y dng t c bc nhy ln. Khi y, nu thi gian xc lp
c chn l 3x100 s hoc 4x100 s (din t thnh li: sau ba hoc bn nhp
tnh) s c li hn cho n nh ca h. c tnh ng hc truyn ng s
khng v th m km i, bi v khong thi gian xc lp 300 - 400 s (di
1ms) vn l gi tr thi gian rt tt. Ta gi h c c im ng hc l h
c tc p ng hu hn FRT. Vy mt khu iu chnh to cho h c
im ng hc: dn dt gi tr thc t ti gi tr t sau ng n chu k tnh
ton v khng h gy nn qu iu chnh gi l khu diu chnh thit k theo
phng thc FRT.
-Thit k b iu khin FRT cho khu iu chnh dng rotor
Theo [22,23] ta c hm truyn t trn min nh z ca b iu chnh
FRT c dng sau y:
FRT ca:
) z ( i z z z
3
1
) z ( i T 4
) z ( i z z
2
1
) z ( i T 3
) z ( i z ) z ( i T 2
* 4 3 2
* 3 2
* 2
(3.70)
Vng iu chnh dng rotor vi b iu khin FRT c phng trnh:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 *
z i z G z z R z i z i
r r r
(3.71)
Trong :
R(z) l b iu khin FRT, vic thm z
-1
sau b iu khin l do tr bn thn
ca hardware, G(z) l hm truyn dng tch phn ca m hnh dng. Kt hp
vi s dng hm truyn gia gi tr t ) (
*
z i
r
v gi tr thc ) (z i
r
trn chng
ta c b iu chnh dng rotor FRT cho c trc d v trc q nh sau:
58
Vi phn ng:
4 3 2
2 1 1
4
3 2
1 1
3
2
1
2
3
1 1
) ( 4
2
1 1
) ( 3
1
1 1
) ( 2
z z z
z z
T
z
z R T
z z
z
T
z
z R T
z T
z
z R T
T
T
T
(3.72)

Tng qut li vi n > 2 ta c:
n
j
j
n
i
i
nT
z n
z
T
z
z R
2
2
0
1
) 1 (
1
) (
(3.73)
Ta c b iu khin FRT 4T hnh 3.18


Hnh 3.14 S cu trc b iu khin FRT 4T trong Matlab/Simulink

3.3. CC B IU CHNH CHO CC MCH VNG I CHNH
MOOMEN V CNG SUT V CNG PHA MY PHT

Hnh 3.15: S cu trc b iu khin PI c anti-windup
59
Theo [23, 32,33], cc b iu chnh vi c tnh PI dng iu chnh
m
G
v iu chnh cng sut v cng u l b iu khin PI s, c k n hin
tng i lng u ra i vo vng ho c cng thc tng qut sau:
1
1
1
1
) (
z
Dz
V z R (3.74)
Gi x
w
l sai lch iu chnh v y l u ra ca b iu chnh PI. Khu PI
s vit c di dng phng trnh sai phn sau:
) 1 ( ) ( ( ) 1 ( ) ( k Dx k x V k y k y
w w
(3.75)
Hay:
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( k Dx k x V k y k y
w w
(3.76)
Ta bit rng, i lng u ra y ca b iu chnh lun c gii hn.
ngn nga dao ng h thng khi ra khi gii hn, ra s dng phng php
hiu chnh ngc tr li i vi sai s iu chnh
Gi s chu k tnh th (k-1), i lng ra y i bo bo ho, tc l thay v
y(k-1), b iu khin PI ch cung cp c y
r
(k-1). Khi (3.76) c vit
li.
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( k Dx k x V k y k y
w wr r
(3.77)
vi x
wr
l sai lch qua hiu chnh
Ly (3.77) tr i (3.76), ta s nhn c sai lch iu chnh c hiu
chnh:
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
k y k y V k x k x
r w w
(3.78)
Trong , x
w
(k-1) c xc nh theo (3.78)
3.4. TNG HP B IU CHNH DNG V CC B IU CHNH
VNG NGOI PHA DI
Trn c s m hnh gin on pha li, cc bin iu khin pha li
phn tch mc trc, phn ny s tng hp b iu chnh dng cho pha li
theo phng php tuyn tnh deadbeat thng thng pha li c ch ra
hnh 3.16 v vic tnh u
N
(k) c chia lm hai bc.
60
Bc 1: Tnh y
N
(k)
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( k y k x k x k y
N
N N N
N
(3.79)

Hnh 3.16 : S cu trc b iu chnh dng pha li
Vit di dng cc thnh phn trn h to ta theo in p li, ta c:
) 2 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) ( ) (
k y k x
T
T
k Tx k k x k y
k y k Tx k x
T
T
k x k y
Nq Nq
D
Nq N Nq Nq
Nd Nq N Nd
D
Nd Nd
(3.80)
Trong :
Nq Nd
N
Nq
Nq
Nq Nd
Nd
Nd Nq Nd N
jy y y
i i x i i x jx x x
* *
; ;
(3.81a,b,c,d)
Bc 2: Sau khi tnh ) (k y
N
ta tip tc tnh in p ) (k u
N
nh sau:
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
k e
L
T
k y
T
L
k U
k e
L
T
k y
T
L
k U
Nq
D
Nq
D
Nq
Nd
D
Nd
D
Nd
(3.82)
Biu thc (3.77) cho php ta tnh d bo vector in p u
N
trc 1 nhp
tnh nn khc phc c hn ch tr 1 nhp tnh do vi x l gy nn.
Cng tng t nh khi thit k b iu chnh dng pha my pht, vn
in p b bin i i vo vng gii hn v hiu chnh ngc sai lch iu
chnh cng c cp n b iu chnh dng pha li. Sau khi gii hn
61
in p ra, v hiu chnh ngc tr li sai lch iu chnh, ta c phng
trnh ca b iu chnh dng c xc nh theo (3.74) v (3.77), trong cc
gi tr x
N
(k-1),
y
N
(k-2) trong (3.74) c tnh theo (3.78) v (3.71).
)] ( ) ( [ ) 1 ( ) 1 ( k u k u H k x k x
Nr N N N Nr
x (3.83)
Vit di dng hai thnh phn trn trc dq:
)] ( ) ( [ ) 1 ( ) 1 (
)] ( ) ( [ ) 1 ( ) 1 (
k u k u
L
T
k x k x
k u k u
L
T
k x k x
Nqr Nq
D
Nq Nqr
Ndr Nd
D
Nd Ndr
(3.84)
Trong :
Nr
x - Sai lch iu chnh qua hiu chnh.
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( k e H k H k u H k y
N N Nr Nr N
Nr
(3.85)
Vit di dng hai thnh phn trn h trc to dq:
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
k e
L
T
k u
L
T
k y
k e
L
T
k u
L
T
k y
Nq
D
Nqr
D
Nqr
Nd
D
Ndr
D
Ndr
(3.86)
Sau khi xy dng xong b iu chnh dng m bo cch ly hai thnh
phn dng i
Nd
v i
Nq
cc b iu chnh CU
DC
v CQ ch cn dng b iu
khin PI thng thng nh ch ra trong hnh 3.15. Vic thit k cc b iu
khin ny cng hon ton tng t nh thit k cc b iu khin m men,
iu khin Q pha my pht. Cc khu chuyn to , PLL thc hin nh h
thng iu khin pha my pht.
3.5. S DNG NNG LNG SG CHO LI IN TU THY
3.5.1. Lm vic song song ca cc my pht ng trc s dng my d b
ngun kp vi cc my pht c truyn ng bng diesel.
Trn mi con tu, trm pht in c thit k c lp. Vi mt con tu
trng ti ln hin nay, tng cng sut ca trm pht khng vt qu vi MW,
vi cng sut ny ngi ta c th trang b duy nht mt my pht l . Tuy
62
vy do tnh c th ca con tu hot ng trn bin, th ti lun thay i
mi ch khai thc, cng sut trong mi ch c s chnh lch nhau rt
ln. ch ny my pht ng trc c th chy ti nhng ch khc
my pht ng trc c th chy non ti v c nhng ch gn nh khng ti.
V kinh t my pht ng trc hot ng hiu qu nht l lc nng lng tiu
th t t 75% 85% cng sut nh mc. Chnh nhng l do ny nn trm
pht tu thu c tnh ton la chn gm nhiu my pht nh hn tng cng
sut, chng c th lm vic c lp khi ti nh v nu yu cu, chng hon
ton c kh nng cung cp y cng sut tiu th trong cc ch khai
thc khc nhau khi cho h thng cc my pht lm vic song song.
Lm vic song song gia my pht ng trc vi my pht diesel c
nhng u im ni bt l c th thm vo hoc ct bt cc my pht ra khi
li trong nhng trng hp cn thit. Hon ton ch ng trong vic khi
ng (m my) nhng ng c c cng sut ln thm ch cng sut ng c
c th xp x cng sut ca mt my pht. Khi lm vic song song, in p
trn li c thi gian phc hi nhanh (t
q
nh) gi cho li c cht lng
cung cp in tt. ng thi, kh nng cung cp ngun cho cc ph ti trong
qu trnh lm vic c lin tc khng b gin on khi cn thay i my.
Mt u im na l gim c trng lng, kch thc ca cc phn t, thit
b phn phi cung cp.
Khi lm vic song song gia my pht ng trc vi my pht diesel,
nhng nhc im khng th trnh l phi trang b cc thit b vn hnh
song song, cc thit b a my pht vo v ct my pht ra cng nh cc
thit b iu khin, iu chnh trong qu trnh hot ng. My DBNK vi cu
trc ca mnh th vic phn chia ti gia my pht ng trc vi my pht
diesel c lp c thc hin bng cch ta ci t trc tip vo gi tr t
trong b iu chnh pha my pht ng trc thng qua i lng l cng sut
P, Q. B iu chnh duy tr cng sut bng gi tr t ny m bo c s
63
phn chia ti ca n. im khc bit ca n so vi my pht c diesel c lp
lai l i vi my pht diesel c lp phn chia ti ngi ta thng nng h
c tnh ngoi ca c t hp b iu tc - diesel. Trong khi c tnh ny c
nghing nht nh. My pht ng trc s dng my in d b ngun kp
c kh nng hot ng vi h s trt trong mt phm vi kh rng, cho php
tn dng tt hn ngun nng lng c lai bi my chnh. Mt khc nh kh
nng c cp nng lng t pha rto cho nn MPTSDMDBNK hot ng
hon ton c lp vi tc quay ca ng c lai l my chnh. N c th
hot ng mt di rng l lm vic hai ch trn hoc di ng
b(Ch ng b quy nh tc nh mc ca my pht ng trc my
pht ra in p hoc tn s nh mc). hai ch my u cung cp
nng lng ln li pha stato. pha rto, my ly nng lng t li
ch di ng b v hon tr nng lng tr li li ch trn ng
b.
Vic phn chia u ti cho cc my pht theo t l cng sut thng gp
kh khn, nht l khi ng c s cp c nghing c tnh khc nhau, hoc
c tnh ban u ging nhau nhng b thi gian khai thc lm thay i (vi
ng c diesel th iu ny rt r). Vi mt trm pht c thit k cho cc
my pht ng trc lm vic song song bao gi cng c cu trc phc tp
hn, vn hnh khai thc kh khn hn, i hi ngi phc v phi c trnh
hoc hiu bit su v h thng hn v nu nhn t quan im khai thc th h
thng cng phc tp hn, cng nhiu phn t tin cy s cng thp. Trong
trm pht in lm vic song song khi xy ra ngn mch, dng in ngn
mch bao gi cng tng ln hn, nh vy cc thit b bo v phi c la
chn phc tp hn, tin cy hn.
Lm vic song song vi cc my pht ng trc l i hi kh nng chnh
xc, tin cy ca h thng cao v mun chnh xc, tin cy cao th chng phi
tho mn mt s yu cu nht nh. V li in ni chung, khi cng tc song
64
song phi p ng y cc ch tiu cht lng, c bit l cc i lng v
thng s quan trng. Trong thc t khi tu ang hnh trnh trn bin trong
iu kin thi tit thun li th ngi ta mi a my pht in ng trc vo
hot ng song song vi my pht diesel pht in trn li in. Khi my
cng tc song song th trong thi gian rt ngn bt buc my pht diesel
phi c ngt ra khi li in. Nu khng sau 30 giy ptomat s t ng
ngt ngt my pht ra khi li in .
Cc my pht ng trc mun lm vic song song vi nhau th phi tho
mn cc iu kin (K) sau y :
K1: Tn s my pht cn ho phi bng tn s li .
K2: Gc pha ban u ca in p my pht cn ho trng vi gc pha
ca ban u ca in p cng tn ca li in.
K3: in p my pht cn ho phi bng in p li.
K4: Th t pha ca my pht cn ho phi trng vi thc t pha ca
li.
Trn c s b iu chnh dng pha my pht thc hin vic ho ng
b my pht vo li, ta ch cn tnh chn cc gi tr t cho cc thnh phn
dng in rotor, xc nh gc chuyn i ph hp thc hin cc iu kin
ho ng b. V vy phn ny s phn tch v xc nh cc gi tr t ca
dng in rotor v gc chuyn i cho b iu chnh dng pha rotor thc
hin ho ng b.
3.5.2. Phn tch cc iu kin ha ng b.
3.5.2.1 . Tn s my pht cn ho phi bng tn s li.
Vi gc chuyn i:
l r
(3.87)
Trong :
l
- l gc quay ca vc t khng gian in p li.
- l gc quay ca rotor (gc in)
Ta c cc in p thnh phn trn h to c nh gn vi rotor (quay
cng vi rotor vi gc quay l ) nh sau:
65
r rq rd r
r rq r rd r
u u u
u u u
cos sin
sin cos
(3.88)
Cc thnh phn in p ba pha rotor trn h to c nh vi rotor s l:
rv ru rw
r r rv
r ru
u u u
u u u
u u
2
1
2
3
(3.89)
Thay (3.88) vo (3.89) ta c:
r rd rq r rd rq rv
r rd rq r rq rd rv
r rq r rd ru
u u u u u
u u u u u
u u u
cos ) 3 (
2
1
sin ) 3 (
2
1
cos ) 3 (
2
1
sin ) 3 (
2
1
sin cos
(3.90)
T (3.89), ta thy r rng, tn s gc ca in p mch rotor l:
l
l r
r
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
(3.91)
Trong :
dt
d
l
l
- l tn s gc ca in p li.

dt
d
l
l
- l tn s gc in ca rotor
Do , t trng quay do dng in rotor sinh ra s quay vi tc
r

so vi rotor, m rotor li quay vi tc so vi stator, do t trng
quay rotor s quay vi tc
l r
so vi stator, v s cm ng ra y
qun stator sc in ng (in p) c tn s gc l
l
, tc c cng tn s vi
in p li.
Tm li, vi gc chuyn i
r
a vo b bin tn, ta m bo c
iu kin, in p pht ra ca my pht v in p li c cng tn s.
3.5.2.2. Gc pha ban u ca in p my pht cn ho trng vi gc pha
ca ban u ca in p cng tn ca li in.
66
Khi m bo c iu kin cng tn s, th iu kin trng pha s c
thc hin thng thc hin thng qua iu khin cc thnh phn dng rotor
rq rd
i i , c gi tr s v du mt cch thch hp.
Theo quan h in t trong my in, t thng
m r s
L i so dng in
trong mch rotor
r
i sinh ra s trng pha vi dng in rotor (nu b qua tn
hao t tr), t thng ny s cm ng ra sc in ng
dt
d
e
s
s
trong dy
qun stator, chm pha so vi t thng mt gc 90
0
, trng pha vi in p
li, th
s
e phi ngc pha vi
l
u v nh vy
r
i s chm sau
l
u mt gc 90
0
.
V khi thit k khu iu chnh ho ng b, ta thc hin trn c s ta theo
vector in p li, nn ta d dng nhn thy, in p my pht v li
trng pha nhau th phi thc hin iu khin sao cho 0 , 0
rq rd
i i
3.5.2.3. in p my pht cn ho phi bng in p li .
m bo iu kin cng tr s in p, ta tm mi lin h v tr s
gia dng in i
rq
v tr s bin in p pht ra u cc my pht u
sm
. T
phng trnh.
s s
s
s
j
dt
d
u (3.92)

m r s
L i (3.93)
Ta suy ra:
m r s s
L i j u (3.94)
Vit di dng cc thnh phn, ta c:
0
m rd s sq
m rq s sd
L i u
L i u
(3.95 a,b)
T (3.95 a,b), ta suy ra ,
m rq s sd sm
L i u u v
m s
sm
rq
L
u
i
in p my pht v in p li c cng tr s, tc l
lm sm
u u , th
m f
lm
m s
lm
rq
L pif
u
L
u
i
2
(3.96)
67
Trong : f
s
: l tn s ca li in

lm sm
u u , : tng ng l bin in p my pht v ca li
3.5.2.4. Th t pha ca my pht cn ho phi trng vi thc t pha ca
li.
Th t pha ca my pht phi ging th t pha ca li . Nu ta gi th
t pha ca my pht l U
F
, R
F
, W
F
th t pha ca li l U
L
, R
L
, W
L
, th pha
U
F
trng vi U
L
, pha R
F
trng vi R
L
, pha W
F
trng vi pha W
L
.
iu kin ny c thc hin trong qu trnh lp t my pht ln u
v phi ch kim tra khi sa cha nu tho my pht ra.
3.5.3. Cng tc song song ca my pht ng trc s dng my d b
ngun kp vo li in.
a my pht ng trc vo li in l qu trnh a mt my pht t
trng thi khng cng tc n trng thi cng cung cp nng lng cho thanh
ci ang c mt hay nhiu my pht c lai bi ng c diesel khc cng tc
(cng tc song song). Qu trnh ha ng b coi l thnh cng khi khng gy
ra xung dng ln v thi gian tn ti qu trnh ny phi ngn. iu l cn
thit, v s cng tc n nh ca h thng, nht l lc mt trong nhng my
pht khc ang lm vic b s c.
nghin cu c th v ch ha my pht in ng trc vi my pht
diesel v qu trnh lm vic song song trong trm pht in tu thy ta cn
ch n mt s c im sau:
3.5.3.1. My pht in ng trc lm vic vi li mm.
Vi tu thu, li in l "li mm" nn hai i lng in p v tn s
c bit c quan tm. Gi s my pht diesel ang hot ng l G1, my
pht ng trc chun b a ln li l G2. V ph ti ca tu thu c c
trng l thay i rt ln, cng sut dao ng trong phm vi rng nn vn hnh
cc my pht song song cn t c kh nng n nh cao, cc my pht
lun c kh nng nhn ti u nhau c bit l qu trnh qu trnh mt
68
my nhn ti nhanh thm ch c th qu ti, cn my khng nhn ti ti thi
im cn thit v my tr nn non ti, phi ch mt thi gian mi t t nhn
ti, khi nhn ti gy nn mt qu trnh dao ng trong ni b h thng, qu
trnh qu s ko di lm cht lng li in tr nn xu i. Mt yu cu
na cng cn phi nhc n l kh nng cung cp lin tc ngun in cho
li l rt quan trng v rt cn thit.
Trong khai thc v vn hnh th li in bao gi cng cn m bo cht
lng cao trong hai i lng in p v tn s l tiu ch phn u v
lun phi gi n nh. Cc my pht in diesel v my pht in ng trc
lm vic trong iu kin li in "mm" s thay i ra sao khi thay i tc
(cng sut c) v dng in vo rto pha sau bin tn iu chnh cng
sut tc dng v cng phn khng ca my pht ng trc cng nh vic thay
i tc v kch t ca my pht diesel, nh hng qua li ln nhau v nh
hng n cht lng li in nh th no l mt vn cn nghin cu.
Trn hnh 3.38 trm pht c hai my pht G
1
, G
2
lm vic song song vi nhau,
hai my c S
1
= S
2
(KVA). Ti thi im ban u coi nh hai my nhn ti
nh nhau, lc P
1
= P
2
v Q
1
= Q
2
. Hnh 3.18 a trnh by th vc t biu
din c tnh hai my pht ti thi im , im lm vic ca hai my l 1.
Mc ch t ra l chuyn ton b ti tc dng t my G1 sang my G2 nhng
phi m bo in p v tn s trn li in l khng thay i.
69

Hnh 3.18 : c tnh ca mt my pht lm vic vi li mm
a. th c tnh hai my pht nhn ti nh nhau
b. th c tnh chuyn ton b cng sut t my sang G1 my G2
c. th c tnh gi nguyn tc v thay i dng kch t
Vic iu chnh tn s khi lch khi tn s chun c thc hin t
ng bi b iu khin, khi ny ly tn hiu dng v p ca li in vi tn
hiu dng v p ca my pht in ng trc so snh vi nhau iu khin
s hot ng ca bin tn chnh l vic iu khin cng sut tc dng v cng
sut phn khng ca my pht ng trc. Hnh 3.18b trnh by th vc t
trong qu trnh ny, im lm vic ca my G
1
ti thi im l 2, lc
cng sut tc dng m my nhn cung cp cho ti l P
1
gim i mt lng
P, cn my G
2
lm vic ti im 3 c cng sut tc dng l P
2
v so vi
im lm vic 1 th my G
2
gim i (P
2
ti thi im ln hn P
1
mt lng
2 P). Vi my G
1
th gim lng nhin liu a vo ng c s cp, vi G
2

th vic iu khin rt phc tp(Vic iu khin thng qua iu chnh iu
khin bin tn cp dng I
rd
vo rto ca my pht ng trc). Nu c tip tc
nh vy th n mt lc no my hai s nhn ti hon ton v my mt s
70
chy khng ti, l thi im c th ct my mt ra khi li ch cn li
my hai vi an ton cao nht.
Trn hnh 3.18c trnh by th vc t trong trng hp gi nguyn tc
(cng sut) ng c lai m thay i dng kch t ca my pht G1 v dng
pha sau bin tn cp cho rto ca my pht G2(Vic iu khin thng qua
iu chnh iu khin bin tn cp dng I
rq
vo rto ca my pht ng trc).
Trn hnh v biu din vic tng dng pha sau bin tn cp cho rto ca my
pht G2 v gim dng kch t cho my G
1
, ti thi im ang xt, my G
1

lm vic ti im 2 vi sc in ng E
1
gim i nhiu ln cn my G
2
lm
vic ti im 3 nhn cng sut khng Q
2
ln.
3.5.3.2. My pht in ng trc lm vic vi li cng.
Nu my pht ng trc lm vic vi mng "li cng" th vn in
p v tn s lun phi ph thuc vo in p v tn s ca li ch. Nh vy,
vic a mt my pht ng trc vo lm vic song song vi "li cng" theo
l thuyt l hon ton c th. (Tt nhin l phi tho mn bn iu kin
nu trn) v trong trng hp ny, vic iu chnh dng in vo rto pha
sau bin tn v vng quay ca my chnh cng khng lm thay i c in
p cng nh tn s li in m ch lm thay i c kh nng nhn ti tc
dng v ti khng cho my m thi.
71
1 q
P
q
2
2
i , X
db
db
, X i
1
e1
2 e
u
i
2
1
i
p2
1 p
i
1
u
, X
1
i
db
1 e
e2
a b
q1
2 q
1
2

Hnh 3.19 : c tnh ca mt my pht lm vic vi li cng
a. th c tnh thay i dng kch t
b. th c tnh thay i cng sut ng c s cp
Hnh 3.19 trnh by th vc t ca mt my pht ng trc khi lm
vic vi "li cng" vi vic thay i dng in vo rto pha sau bin
tn.Trong hnh 3.19a ch n thun iu chnh dng in vo rto pha sau
bin tn ca my pht ng trc, cn cng sut ca my chnh c gi
nguyn, lc sc in ng phn ng thay i nhng v l "li cng" nn
in p trn li U = const, h s cos thay i v thc t gc lch pha ban
u thay i t
1
sang
2
. Cng sut phn khng thay i t Q
1
sang Q
2

cn cng sut tc dng P = const. Trong hnh 3.19b biu din thay i ch
cng tc ca my pht khi hot ng ch di ng b sang ch trn
ng b. Khi tng tc my pht, cng sut tc dng thay i t P
1
sang P
2
,
nu nh khng thay i dng in vo rto pha sau bin tn cho my pht
ng trc th mt ca vc t sc in ng s v theo cung trn v bn knh l
E
1
, gc lch pha s gim dn, vc t I s dn trng vi vc t U v nu tip
tc tng th gc lch pha s i du m my pht s pht cng sut mang tnh
cht dung khng cn thit. Nh vy my pht ng trc lm vic ch
72
bnh thng, ngi ta phi tng dng in vo rto pha sau bin tn ca my
pht ng trc cho sc in ng tng ln. Hnh 3.19 v trng hp gi
cho gc lch pha = const v dng in I
2
trng pha vi I
1.

3.5.4. Quy trnh a my pht ng trc s dng my d b ngun kp vo
li in.
Hnh 3.20 Gii thiu s my pht ng trc hin i s dng my d
b ngun kp

Hnh 3.20 : S my pht ng trc hin i s dng my d b ngun kp.

Trong qu trnh tu hnh trnh trn bin khi iu kin thi tit thun li
ngi ta mi a my pht ng trc vo hot ng.
Khi tc ca my chnh ng trc cha t n tc nh mc (Ch
di ng b). B chnh lu pha li ly nng lng t pha li in
73
c chnh lu thnh dng in mt chiu qua b lc v c nghch lu
thnh dng in xoay chiu ba pha i vo pha rto to ra t trng quay
trn u. T trng ny cm ng sang pha stato to ra in p vi tn s
f
s
= fw + f
d
[(2.1) ]. Trc b iu khin ly tn hiu dng v p t li
in c a vo iu khin s hot ng ca b bin tn. Khi tn s
my pht thp hn tn s chun (50 Hz), b iu khin bin tn sau khi ly tn
hiu dng v p ca my pht so snh vi tn hiu dng v p ca li in
cng vi tn hiu o tc my pht a v pht lnh iu khin b bin
tn cho my pht ra tn s t nh mc. Qua c cu o khi tn s v in p
ca my pht ng trc bng tn s v in p ca li in. B iu khin
bin tn a tn hiu iu khin ptmat ng ACB
3
a in p ln
li in my pht ng trc cng tc song song vi li in.
Khi tc ca my chnh ng trc ln hn tc nh mc(Ch trn
ng b). My pht ng trc va pht nng lng ln li in t pha stato
ng thi hon tr nng lng t pha rto. B nghch lu pha my pht
ng trc lc ny l b chnh lu ly nng lng t my pht tr li li in
qua b chnh lu pha li lc ny li l b nghch lu. Qua c cu o tc ,
tn hiu o tc my pht ng trc c a v b iu khin bin tn
cng vi tn hiu dng v tn hi p pht lnh iu khin b bin tn cho
my pht ra tn s f
s
= fw - f
d
[(2.1) ].
Khi my pht ng trc c a vo li in cng tc song song vi
cc my pht diesel c lp. Vic phn chia ti pha my pht ng trc
c thc hin mt cch t ng thng qua vic thay i im t gi tr cng
sut P, Q. Cn i vi my pht diesel c lp vic thay i ti c thc
hin thng qua thay i gi tr t tc quay diesel. Khi ton b ti t pha
my pht diesel chuyn sang my pht ng trc th tin hnh ngt ptmat
ca my pht diesel c lp ra khi li in, ton b thi gian ha ng b
khng c qu 30 giy .
74
KT LUN
n thc hin thnh cng, n mang tnh cht nghin cu ng dng
khoa hc, gii quyt c bi ton mang tnh cht thc tin m hin ti cn
rt t ti liu lin quan. Qua qu trnh nghin cu cho thy h thng my pht
ng trc s dng my in d b ngun kp hon ton p ng c cc yu
cu ca li in trn tu thu c th s dng n nh mt my pht c
truyn ng ring.
Tuy nhin, hn ch ca n l phn phn tch l thuyt cn cha thc
s su sc, v cha a ra c kt qu m phng khi my pht ng trc ho
vo li, mt khc do kinh ph nn cha xy dng c m hnh thc.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu ti em c nhiu c gng, nhng do thi
gian v trnh cn hn ch n s khng trnh c nhng thiu st. Rt
mong nhn c nhng gp b sung ca cc thy, c n hon thin
hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Hi Phng, ngy....thng....nm 2011
Sinh vin thc hin



Nguyn Hng Quang






75
Ti liu tham kho
1. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon, TS. Nguyn Tin Ban (2000), My pht
ng b khng chi than, Tp ch Giao thng Vn ti, s 6.
2. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon ,TS. Nguyn Tin Ban, (2001), M hnh
ton cc h thng kch t my pht in tu thu, Tp ch Giao thng
Vn ti, s 10.
3. Nguyn Bnh (1993), in t v cng sut, Nh xut bn i hc
Bch khoa H Ni.
4. TS. Nguyn Th Phong H (1996), iu khin t ng tp 1, tp 2,
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
5. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon (1991), in t cng sut ln, NXB Giao
thng vn ti.
6. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon (1998), M phng thit b in, i hc
Hng Hi, Hi Phng.
7. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon (2003), M hnh ho thit b in, Nh
xut bn Giao thng vn ti H Ni.
8. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon, TS Nguyn Tin Ban (2008), Trm pht
v li in tu thu, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
9. Nguyn Vn Lin, TS Nguyn Tin Ban (2001), M phng my pht
in tu thu, Tuyn tp cng trnh khoa hc 45 nm i hc Bch
khoa H Ni.
10. Nguyn Vn Lin, Nguyn Mnh Tin, on Quang Vinh, iu khin
ng c xoay chiu cp t bin tn bn dn, Nh xut bn Khoa hc
v K thut.
11. L Vit Lng (2000), L thuyt ng c diesel, Nh xut bn Gio
dc, H Ni.
12. Phm Cng Ng (1996), L thuyt iu khin t ng, Nh xut bn
Khoa hc v K thut.
76
13. TSKH .Nguyn Phng Quang (1996), iu khin t ng truyn ng
in xoay chiu ba pha, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni.
14. TSKH .Nguyn Phng Quang (2006), Matlab v Simulink, Nh xut
bn Khoa hc v K thut.
15. Bi Thanh Sn (2000), Trm pht in tu thu, Nh xut bn giao
thng vn ti H ni
16. Nguyn Phng Quang (1998), "My in d b ngun kp dng lm
my pht trong h thng pht in trong h thng pht in chy sc
gi: Cc thut ton iu chnh bo m phn ly gia mmen v h s
cng sut",
17. Nguyn Phng Quang (2004), MATLAB & SIMLINK dnh cho k s
iu khin t ng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
18. Nguyn Phng Quang (1998), iu khin t ng truyn ng in
xoay chiu ba pha (ti bn ln th 1), Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni.
19. Nguyn Don Phc (2002), L thuyt iu khin tuyn tnh, Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
20 Bi Thanh Sn - Trn Vit Tin "ng dng my pht ng trc trong
h thng nng lng tu thy"
21 Nguyn Don Phc, Phan Xun Minh, Hn Thnh Trung (2003), L
thuyt iu khin phi tuyn, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K Thut, H
Ni.







77
PH LC

1. Tham s ca my pht
- S i cc: z
p
= 2
- Cng sut nh mc:40KW
- in p nh mc stato: 230/400 V ( / )
- in p nh mc rto: 366 V
- Dng in nh mc rto: 27 A
- Tc nh mc :1440 v/ph
- in tr stato R
s
: 10,7
- in tr rto R
r
: 13,2
- in cm stato L s : 0,066 H
- in cm rto L r : 0,098 H
- H cm gia stato v rto L
m
: 0,1601H
- Tn s nh mc : 50 Hz
- Dng in nh mc stator : 152/88A ( / )
- Cos = 0,78
- M men qun tnh :0,32 kg.m
2

2. Tham s pha li in
- in cm cun lc: L
d
:0,0002H
- in tr cun lc : R
d
: 0,01
- in dung t in b lc RC : 400 F
- in tr ca b lc RC : R
f
: 0,2
- in dung ca t in mch mt chiu trung gian : C
dc
=1470 F