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Biology, 7e (Campbell)
Chapter 51: Behavioral Ecology


Chapter Questions

1) During a field trip, an instructor touched the body of a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings
to reveal large eye-spots on its hind wings. The instructor asked the class why the moth lifted its wings. One student
answered that certain sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of
certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best
describes the students' explanations?
A) The first response is correct, but the second is incorrect.
B) The first response answers a proximate question, whereas the second answers an ultimate question.
C) The first response is biological, whereas the second is philosophical.
D) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not.
E) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

Use the following information to answer the questions below.

When a female cat comes into heat, she urinates more frequently and in a large number of places. Male cats from
the neighborhood congregate near urine deposits and fight with each other.

2) Which of the following is a proximate cause of this behavior of increased urination?
A) It announces to the males that she is in heat.
B) Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males.
C) It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle.
D) The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats.
E) All of the above are ultimate causes of behavior.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

3) Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?
A) The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat.
B) By smelling the odor, various neurons in the males' brains were stimulated.
C) Male cats respond to the odor because it is a means of locating females in heat.
D) Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female.
E) The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

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4) Which of the following is a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?
A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain food.
B) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps it to improve its social position and find a mate.
C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day.
D) A goose squats and freezes motionless because that helps it to escape a predator.
E) A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

5) Which of the following is a behavioral pattern resulting from an ultimate cause?
A) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it resembles the breast of another male.
B) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it is spring and hormonal changes increase its aggression.
C) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because a part of its brain is stimulated by objects that are red.
D) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because several times in the past red tennis balls have been thrown at it,
and it has learned that they are dangerous.
E) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it confuses it with an encroaching male who will steal his territory.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

6) The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by
A) hormones.
B) evolution.
C) sexuality.
D) pheromones.
E) the nervous system.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

7) Which of the following groups of scientists is closely associated with ethology?
A) Watson, Crick, and Franklin
B) McClintock, Goodall, and Lyon
C) Fossey, Hershey, and Chase
D) von Frisch, Lorenz, and Tinbergen
E) Hardy, Weinberg, and Castle
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

8) In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by
functioning as
A) a pheromone.
B) a sign stimulus.
C) a fixed action pattern.
D) a search image.
E) an imprint stimulus.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

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9) Which of the following statements is (are) true of fixed action patterns?
A) They are highly stereotyped, instinctive behaviors.
B) They are triggered by sign stimuli in the environment and, once begun, are continued to completion.
C) An inappropriate stimulus can sometimes trigger them.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

10) A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female
mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and thrust their abdomens through the fabric of
the cage. Which of the following best describes the reason for this behavior?
A) The males learn to associate the sound with females.
B) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it.
C) The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting it.
D) The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with
anything that has even the slightest female characteristic.
E) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the
earphone with the normal response of copulation.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Application

11) What types of questions did Tinbergen study?
A) genetics, biochemistry, development, behavior
B) mechanism, development, evolution, fitness
C) communication, genetics, behavior
D) sexual selection, genetics, development, neurobiology
E) evolution, behavior, sexual selection, development
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

12) If mayflies lay eggs on roads instead of in water, this could involve which of the following?
A) a defective behavioral gene
B) trial-and-error learning
C) misdirected response to a sign stimulus
D) natural behavioral variation in the mayfly population
E) insecticide poisoning
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

13) The time during imprinting when specific behaviors can be learned is called the
A) window of imprinting.
B) major period.
C) sensitive period.
D) timing imprint.
E) significant window.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

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14) Which of the following is true about imprinting?
A) It may be triggered by visual or chemical stimuli.
B) It happens to many adult animals, but not to their young.
C) It is a type of learning that does not involve innate behavior.
D) It occurs only in birds.
E) It causes behaviors that last for only a short time (the critical period).
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

15) A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult
to modify through later experiences is called
A) insight.
B) imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) operant conditioning.
E) trial-and-error learning.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

16) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) fixed action pattern
B) pheromones
C) sign stimulus
D) hormones
E) optimal foraging
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

17) Sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas. This is an example of
A) taxis.
B) tropism.
C) kinesis.
D) cognition.
E) net reflex.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

18) You turn on a light and observe cockroaches scurrying to dark hiding places. What have you observed?
A) taxis
B) learned behavior
C) migration
D) visual communication
E) operant conditioning
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Application

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19) Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior
is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to
A) observe different genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits.
B) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do
this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior.
C) bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to
migrate.
D) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits.
Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe offspring migratory behavior.
E) All of the above are equally productive ways to approach the question.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.2
Skill: Application

20) Animal communication involves what type of sensory information?
A) visual
B) auditory
C) chemical
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.2
Skill: Comprehension

The following is a list of signal types that animals use for communication. Choose the one that best fits the criteria
in the following questions.

A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) tactile
E) electrical

21) A long-lasting signal that works at night.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.2
Skill: Comprehension

22) A brief signal that can work at night or among obstructions.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.2
Skill: Comprehension

23) A fast signal that requires daylight and no obstructions.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.2
Skill: Comprehension

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24) A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is
called
A) a marker.
B) an inducer.
C) a pheromone.
D) an imprinter.
E) an agonistic chemical.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.2
Skill: Knowledge

25) Which statement below about mating behavior is incorrect?
A) Some aspects of courtship behavior may have evolved from agonistic interactions.
B) Courtship interactions ensure that the participating individuals are nonthreatening and of the proper species, sex,
and physiological condition for mating.
C) The degree to which evolution affects mating relationships depends on the degree of prenatal and postnatal input
the parents are required to make.
D) The mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous, to ensure the reproductive success of the pair.
E) Polygamous relationships most often involve a single male and many females, but in some species this is
reversed.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.2
Skill: Comprehension

26) One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through an
experimental technique known as "cross fostering." Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald
mud rat in several ways, for example curly-whiskered rats are much more aggressive. How would you set up a
cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in this mud rat's aggression?
A) You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring.
B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, newborn bald mud rats with
curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then
compare the outcomes.
C) You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents and raise them
in the same environment.
D) You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression.
E) None of these schemes describes cross fostering.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

27) Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or not information is called
A) adapting.
B) spacing.
C) conditioning.
D) imprinting.
E) habituation.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Knowledge

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28) Which of the following would you classify as habituation?
A) You enter a room and hear a fan motor. After a period of time, you are no longer aware of the sound of the fan
motor.
B) You are driving your car and you hear a horn. You step on the brakes, but notice the sound came from a car on a
side street. You resume your previous speed.
C) One morning you are awoken to a beep-beep-beep from a garbage truck working on a new early morning
schedule. The next week the garbage truck arrives at the same time and makes the same noise, but does not wake
you up.
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

29) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) agonistic behavior
B) cognitive maps
C) dominance hierarchy
D) ritual
E) territory
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

30) Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign
stimulus is called
A) concept formation.
B) trial-and-error.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) habituation.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

31) Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks John
noticed that the fish would swim to the top of the tank as soon as he would enter the room. This is a good example
of
A) habituation.
B) imprinting.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) maturation.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

32) The type of learning that causes specially trained dogs to salivate when they hear bells is called
A) insight.
B) imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) classical conditioning.
E) trial-and-error learning.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Knowledge
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33) Which of the following statements about learning and behavior is incorrect?
A) Operant conditioning involves associating a behavior with a reward or punishment.
B) Associative learning involves linking one stimulus with another.
C) Classical conditioning involves trial-and-error learning.
D) Behavior can be modified by learning, but some apparent learning is due to maturation.
E) Imprinting is a learned behavior with an innate component acquired during a sensitive period.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

Use the following terms to answer the questions below. Match the term that best fits each of the following
descriptions of behavior. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. sign stimulus
B. habituation
C. imprinting
D. classical conditioning
E. operant conditioning

34) A type of bird similar to a chickadee learn to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps
and drink the cream from the top.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

35) Male insects attempt to mate with orchids but eventually stop responding to them.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

36) A salmon goes back to its home stream to spawn.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

37) A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

38) Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

39) A guinea pig loves the lettuce kept in the refrigerator and squeals each time the refrigerator door opens.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension

40) Sparrows are receptive to learning songs only during a sensitive period.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Comprehension
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41) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two forms of associative learning. They differ in that
A) classical conditioning takes longer.
B) operant conditioning usually involves more intelligence.
C) operant conditioning involves consequences for the animal's behavior.
D) classical conditioning is restricted to mammals and birds.
E) classical conditioning is much more useful for training domestic animals.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

42) Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the
following might you use to describe this behavior?
A) The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern.
B) The dog is performing a social behavior.
C) The dog is trying to protect its territory.
D) The dog has been classically conditioned.
E) The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Application

43) Among song birds, a "crystallized" song is one that
A) is high pitched.
B) is aimed at attracting mates.
C) extremely young chicks sing.
D) is the final song that some species produce.
E) warns of predators.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Knowledge

44) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) fixed action pattern
B) imprinting
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning
E) habituation
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Comprehension

45) Which of the following statements concerning the evolution of behavior is correct?
A) Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.
B) An animal may show behavior that maximizes reproductive fitness.
C) If a behavior is less than optimal, it is not yet completely evolved but will eventually become optimal.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.4
Skill: Comprehension

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46) Stevan Arnold discovered that coastal and inland garter snakes reacted differently to banana slug prey. What
probably accounts for such a difference?
A) Ancestors of coastal snakes that were able to eat the abundant slugs had increased fitness. No such selection
occurred inland, where slugs were absent.
B) Slugs are difficult to see, and inland snakes, which have poor vision compared with coastal snakes, are less able
to see them.
C) Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland snakes are less social, and this lowers prey
diversity.
D) Inland snakes overlap with distasteful slugs, and thus learn to avoid them. Coastal slugs are not distasteful.
E) Garter snakes are conditioned to eat what their mother eats. The mothers of Arnold's coastal snakes happened to
prefer slugs.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.4
Skill: Knowledge

47) Animals tend to maximize their energy intake-to-expenditure ratio. What is this behavior called?
A) agonistic behavior
B) optimal foraging
C) dominance hierarchies
D) animal cognition
E) territoriality
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Comprehension

48) Feeding behavior that has a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called
A) herbivory.
B) autotrophy.
C) heterotrophy.
D) search scavenging.
E) optimal foraging.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Knowledge

49) Modern behavioral concepts relate the cost of a behavior to its benefit. Under which relationship might a
behavior be performed?
A) cost is greater than the benefit
B) cost is less than the benefit
C) cost is equal to the benefit
D) A and C only
E) B and C only
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Comprehension

50) Which of the following is not a concept associated with sociobiology?
A) parental investment
B) inclusive fitness
C) associative learning
D) reciprocal altruism
E) kin selection
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Comprehension

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51) Optimal foraging involves all of the following except
A) maximizing energy gained by the forager.
B) minimizing energy expended by the forager.
C) securing essential nutrients for the forager.
D) minimizing the risk of predation on the forager.
E) maximizing the population size of the forager.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Comprehension

52) In the evolution of whelk-eating behavior in the crows studied by Reto Zach, which of the following was being
minimized by natural selection?
A) the average number of drops required to break the shell
B) the average height a bird flew to drop a shell
C) the average total energy used to break shells
D) the average size of the shells dropped by the birds
E) the average thickness of the shells dropped by the birds
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Comprehension

53) Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging?
A) risk of predation
B) prey size
C) prey defenses
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Comprehension

54) You discover a new bird species. It is quite rare, and you are not able to observe its mating behavior. You see
that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you would be fairly safe in
concluding that the bird is
A) polygamous.
B) monogamous.
C) polyandrous.
D) promiscuous.
E) agonistic.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Application

55) The evolution of mating systems is most likely affected by
A) population size.
B) care required by young.
C) certainty of paternity.
D) B and C only
E) A, B , and C
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Comprehension

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56) Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is courting a female. Fred grunts
as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. At
this, Joe rolls on the ground on his back, then gets up and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated several
times during the mating season. Choose the most specific behavior described by this example.
A) agonistic behavior
B) territorial behavior
C) learned behavior
D) social behavior
E) fixed action pattern
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.5
Skill: Application

57) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) altruism
B) polygamy
C) monogamy
D) polygyny
E) polyandry
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Comprehension

58) Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?
A) a father to his daughter
B) a mother to her son
C) an uncle to his nephew
D) a brother to his brother
E) a sister to her brother
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Comprehension

Match each phrase to a scientist from the following list.

A) Karl von Frisch
B) Niko Tinbergen
C) Konrad Lorenz
D) William Hamilton
E) Ivan Pavlov

59) determined that digger wasps used landmarks to locate nest entrances
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.3
Skill: Knowledge

60) devised a rule that predicts when natural selection should favor altruism
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Knowledge

61) studied imprinting of graylag geese
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

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62) Animals that help other animals of the same species are expected to
A) have excess energy reserves.
B) be bigger and stronger than the other animals.
C) be genetically related to the other animals.
D) be male.
E) have defective genes controlling their behavior.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Comprehension

63) The presence of altruistic behavior in animals is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that
A) aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals.
B) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes.
C) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other.
D) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural
selection.
E) natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to
resolve conflict without grave harm to participants.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Comprehension

64) In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What
is the likely reason for this distinction?
A) Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds.
B) Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive.
C) Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the calling females are warning kin.
D) The sex ratio is biased.
E) Males forage alone; therefore, alarm calls are useless.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Knowledge

65) Reconciliation behavior is likely to follow
A) conflict behavior between members of a permanent social group.
B) agonistic behavior between territorial males.
C) mating behavior between a male and a female.
D) ritualized behavior.
E) imprinting by young animals on a member of the wrong species.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Comprehension

66) The central concept of sociobiology is that
A) human behavior is rigidly predetermined.
B) the behavior of an individual cannot be modified.
C) our behavior consists mainly of fixed action patterns.
D) most aspects of our social behavior have an evolutionary basis.
E) the social behavior of humans is homologous to the social behavior of honeybees.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Comprehension

Match each of the phrases to a scientist from the following list.

A) E. O. Wilson
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B) Jane Goodall
C) B. S. Haldane
D) Niko Tinbergen
E) William Hamilton

67) formulated four questions that motivate modern behavioral biology
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 51.1
Skill: Knowledge

68) suggested that human social behavior may have a genetic basis
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Knowledge

69) developed the concept of inclusive fitness
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 51.6
Skill: Knowledge


Media Activity Question

70) The function of the waggle dance in bees is to
A) indicate the distance to a food source.
B) indicate the direction to a food source.
C) indicate both the direction and the distance to a food source.
D) attract mates.
E) depending on the season, attract mates or indicate the direction and distance of a food source.
Answer: C
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Honeybee Waggle Dance


Self-Quiz Questions

71) Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?
A) Genes have very little influence on the expression of innate behaviors.
B) Innate behaviors tend to vary considerably among members of a population.
C) Innate behaviors are limited to invertebrate animals.
D) Innate behaviors are expressed in most individuals in a population across a wide range of environmental
conditions.
E) Innate behaviors occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not in mammals.
Answer: D

72) Which of the following is an example of taxis?
A) a navigation of a sparrow during seasonal migration
B) pulling your hand away from a hot stove
C) a wasp locating its nest with landmarks
D) a fish orienting itself into the river
E) a crow dropping a whelk from a specific height
Answer: D

73) Which of the following statements provides an ultimate explanation for the observation that adult salmon return
from the ocean to spawn in the stream in which they hatched?
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A) Young salmon imprint on the chemical scent of their home stream.
B) Adult salmon use stellar navigation to relocate their home stream.
C) Salmon navigate to their home stream using their ability to detect Earth's magnetic field.
D) Spawning in the home stream results in higher survival of young salmon.
E) Oceanic currents aid salmon in their search for their home stream.
Answer: D

74) Researchers have found that a region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and then
regenerates when breeding season begins. This annual regrowth of brain tissue is probably associated with
A) the annual addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire.
B) the annual crystallization of subsong into adult songs.
C) the annual sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring.
D) the annual renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors.
E) the annual elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year.
Answer: A

75) Although many chimpanzee populations live in environments containing oil-palm nuts, members of only a few
populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The most likely explanation for this behavioral difference between
populations is that
A) the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations.
B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements.
C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations.
D) members of different populations differ in learning ability.
E) members of different populations differ in manual dexterity.
Answer: C

76) Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?
A) In each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes.
B) The behavior varies among individuals.
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed.
D) Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited.
E) An individual's genotype influences its behavioral phenotype.
Answer: A

77) Which of the following is not true of agonistic behavior?
A) It is most common among members of the same species.
B) It may be used to establish and defend territories.
C) It may be a basis for competition between individuals for mates.
D) It usually results in death or serious injury to one or both of the competitors.
E) It may be used to establish dominance over other individuals.
Answer: D

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78) Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and then, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the
male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain,
forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?
A) monogamy
B) polygyny
C) polyandry
D) promiscuity
E) certainty of paternity
Answer: C

79) According to the inequality known as Hamilton's rule (rB > C),
A) natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist.
B) natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the beneficiary, multiplied by the coefficient
of relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist.
C) natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that
benefits a sibling.
D) the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.
E) altruism is always reciprocal.
Answer: B

80) The core idea of sociobiolgy is that
A) human behavior is rigidly determined by inheritance.
B) humans cannot choose to change their social behavior.
C) much human behavior has evolved by natural selection.
D) the social behavior of humans has many similarities to that of social insects such as honeybees.
E) the environment plays a larger role than genes in shaping human behavior.
Answer: C