MANUAL DISTANCE MEASURING IS ALWAYS DONE AT THE EXPENSE OF HUMAN
ERROR. PRECISE AND FIXED MEASUREMENT OF LOW RANGE DISTANCE, IS THE MAIN OBJECTIVE FOR THIS PROJECT. THIS DEVICE CAN MEASURE DISTANCE IN THE RANGE OF 2CM TO 100CM WITH THE ACCURACY OF1CM.THIS PROJECT IS USED TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BY USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS. IT WORKS BY TRANSMITTING AN ULTRASONIC WAVES AT 40 KH. THEN, THE TRANDUCERS WILL MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF TIME TAKEN FOR A PULSE OF SOUND TRAVEL TO A PARTICULAR SURFACES AND RETURN AS THE REFLECTED ECHO. AFTER THAT, THE CIRCUIT THAT HAS BEEN PROGRAMMED WITH MICROCONTROLLER WILL CALCULATE THE DISTANCE BASED ON THE TIME TAKEN BY THE ULTRASONIC SOUND WAVE SENT BY THE TRANSMITTER TO TRAVEL TO THE OBSTACLE AND RETURN BACK TO THE RECIEVER. THE DISTANCE THEN WILL BE DISPLAY ON A ! SEGMENT DISPLAY IN CENTIMETERS. INTRODUCTION NOWADAYS, WE HAVE SOME DIFFICULTIES IN OBTAINING THE DISTANCE THAT WE WANT TO MEASURE. EVENTHOUGH, WE HAVE A MEASURING TAPE, BUT THIS KIND OF TOOL WILL HAVE A LIMIT FOR US TO MEASURE A DISTANCE. BEFORE THIS, ENGINEERS HAVE TO PRODUCE A RANGE FINDER MODULE BUT IN THE END, THEY FOUND OUT THE MODULE HAS MANY DISADVANTAGES LIKE LIMITATION FOR DISTANCE, DIFFERENT RESULT FOR DIFFERENT COLOURED OBSTACLES, AND NEED A CALIBRATION EVERYTIME BEFORE MEASURING. OBJECTIVES FROM THE ISSUES THAT HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION, THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS PROJECT WERE SET OUT AS BELOW " 1. PRECISE AND FIXED MEASUREMENT OF LOW RANGE DISTANCE 2. TO MEASURE A DISTANCE AT ANY OBSTACLES. #. OPERATING RANGE OF 2CM UP TO 100CM WITH AN ACCURACY OF 1 CM. 4. DESIGN A SIMPLE CIRCUIT AND FIND A SUITABLE HARDWARE FOR THIS PROJECT.
ULTRASONIC RANGE FINDER USING 8051 A SIMPLE ULTRASONIC RANGE FINDER USING $0%1 MICROCONTROLLER IS PRESENTED IN THIS ARTICLE. THIS ULTRASONIC RANGEFINDER CAN MEASURE DISTANCES UP TO 1 METER WITH AN ACCURACY OF 1 CENTIMETER. AT$&S%1 MICROCONTROLLER AND THE ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER MODULE HC'SR04 FORMS THE BASIS OF THE CIRCUIT. THE ULTRASONIC MODULE SENDS AN ULTRASONIC WAVE TO THE OBJECT, THEN PICKS UP ITS ECHO AND OUTPUTS A WAVE FORM WHOSE TIME PERIOD IS PROPORTIONAL TO THIS DISTANCE. THE MICROCONTROLLER ACCEPTS THIS ECHO SIGNAL, PERFORMS NECESSARY PROCESSING AND DISPLAYS THE CORRESPONDING DISTANCE ON THE 2 DIGIT SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY. THIS CIRCUIT FINDS A LOT OF APPLICATION IN PROJECTS LIKE AUTOMOTIVE PARKING SENSORS, OBSTACLE WARNING SYSTEMS, TERRAIN MONITORING ROBOTS, INDUSTRIAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS ETC. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW OVERVIEW ALL MAJOR DVICES AND COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT ARE DISCUSSED AND EXPLAINED BELOW. ULTRASONIC WAVES THERE IS A REASON OF WHY WE USED ULTRASONIC WAVES INSTEAD OF OTHER WAVES. FIRST OF ALL, IT IS BECAUSE OF ITS SPEED. ULTRASONIC WAVES TRAVELLED AT SPEED OF SOUND WHICH IS, #4# M(S. THIS KIND OF SPEED IS NOT TOO FAST FOR MCU)S IN ATMEGA TO MEASURE ACCURATELY. SO, PRACTICALLY IT WILL TAKE ABOUT 20 NS * NANO SECOND + TO GO AND BOUNCE BACK FROM AN OBSTACLE WHICH IS 1 M AWAY. NEXT, ULTRASONIC WAVES TRAVELS MORE NARROW, LIKE BEAM THAN NORMAL SOUND WAVE. THIS ACTUALLY HELPS THE SENSOR DETECT THE OBSTACLES THAT ARE EXACTLY IN LINE WITH IT ONLY. BESIDES THAT, ULTRASONIC WAVES DO NOT DISTURB ANY HUMANS THAT IS NEARBY. HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC MODULE. HC'SR04 IS AN ULTRASONIC RANGING MODULE DESIGNED FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROJECTS LIKE THIS. IT HAS A RESOLUTION OF 0.#CM AND THE RANGING DISTANCE IS FROM 2CM TO 100CM. IT OPERATES ON A %V DC SUPPLY AND THE STANDBY CURRENT IS LESS THAN 2MA. THE MODULE TRANSMITS AN ULTRASONIC SIGNAL, PICKS UP ITS ECHO, MEASURES THE TIME ELAPSED BETWEEN THE TWO EVENTS AND OUTPUTS A WAVEFORM WHOSE HIGH TIME IS MODULATED BY THE MEASURED TIME WHICH IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTANCE. THE SUPPORTING CIRCUITS FABRICATED ON THE MODULE MAKES IT ALMOST STAND ALONE AND WHAT THE PROGRAMMER NEED TO DO IS TO SEND A TRIGGER SIGNAL TO IT FOR INITIATING TRANSMISSION AND RECEIVE THE ECHO SIGNAL FROM IT FOR DISTANCE CALCULATION. THE HR'SR04 HAS FOUR PINS NAMELY VCC, TRIGGER, ECHO, GND AND THEY ARE EXPLAINED IN DETAIL BELOW. 1+ VCC " %V DC SUPPLY VOLTAGE IS CONNECTED TO THIS PIN. 2+ TRIGGER" THE TRIGGER SIGNAL FOR STARTING THE TRANSMISSION IS GIVEN TO THIS PIN. THE TRIGGER SIGNAL MUST BE A PULSE WITH 10US HIGH TIME. WHEN THE MODULE RECEIVES A VALID TRIGGER SIGNAL IT ISSUES $ PULSES OF 40KH ULTRASONIC SOUND FROM THE TRANSMITTER. THE ECHO OF THIS SOUND IS PICKED BY THE RECEIVER. #+ECHO" AT THIS PIN, THE MODULE OUTPUTS A WAVEFORM WITH HIGH TIME PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTANCE. 4+ GND" GROUND IS CONNECTED TO THIS PIN. FROM THE ABOVE TIMING DIAGRAM, YOU CAN SEE THAT THE 40KH PULSE TRAIN IS TRANSMITTED JUST AFTER THE 10US TRIGGERING PULSE AND THE ECHO OUTPUT IS OBTAINED AFTER SOME MORE TIME. THE NEXT TRIGGERING PULSE CAN BE GIVEN ONLY AFTER THE ECHO IS FADED AWAY AND THIS TIME PERIOD IS CALLED CYCLE PERIOD. THE CYCLE PERIOD FOR HC'SR04 MUST NOT BE BELOW %0MS. ACCORDING TO DATASHEET, THE DISTANCE CAN BE CALCULATED FROM THE ECHO PULSE WIDTH USING THE FOLLOWING E,UATIONS. DISTANCE IN CM - ECHO PULSE WIDTH IN US(%$ AT89S51 MICROCONTROLLER THE MICROCONTROLLER IS USED TO GENERATE 40 KH SOUND PULSE. IT READS WHEN THE ECHO ARRIVES. IT FINDS THE TIME TAKEN IN MICROSECONDS FOR TO AND FROM TRAVEL OF SOUND WAVES. USING VELOCITY OF ##0 M(S, IT DOES THE CALCULATIONS AND SHOWS ON THE SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY AND DISPLAY THE DISTANCE IN CENTIMETRES. FEATURES OF 8051 MICRCONTROLLER THE $0%1 MICROCONTROLLER IS A VERY POPULAR $'BIT MICROCONTROLLER INTRODUCED BY INTEL IN THE YEAR 1&$1 AND IT HAS BECOME ALMOST THE ACADEMIC STANDARD NOW A DAYS. THE $0%1 IS BASED ON AN $'BIT CISC CORE WITH HARVARD ARCHITECTURE. ITS $'BIT ARCHITECTURE IS OPTIMIED FOR CONTROL APPLICATIONS WITH EXTENSIVE BOOLEAN PROCESSING. IT IS AVAILABLE AS A 40'PIN DIP CHIP AND WORKS AT /% VOLTS DC. THE SALIENT FEATURES OF $0%1 CONTROLLER ARE GIVEN BELOW. SALIANT FEATURES:THE SALIENT FEATURES OF $0%1 MICROCONTROLLER ARE I. 4 KB ON CHIP PROGRAM MEMORY *ROM OR EPROM++. II. 12$ BYTES ON CHIP DATA MEMORY *RAM+. III. $'BIT DATA BUS IV. 10'BIT ADDRESS BUS V. #2 GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS EACH OF $ BITS VI. TWO '10 BIT TIMERS T 0 AND T 1 VII. FIVE INTERRUPTS *# INTERNAL AND 2 EXTERNAL+. VIII. FOUR PARALLEL PORTS EACH OF $'BITS *PORT0, PORT1, PORT2, PORT#+ WITH A TOTAL OF #2 I(O LINES. IX. ONE 10'BIT PROGRAM COUNTER AND ONE 10'BIT DPTR * DATA POINTER+ X. ONE $'BIT STACK POINTER XI. ONE MICROSECOND INSTRUCTION CYCLE WITH 12 MH CRYSTAL. XII. ONE FULL DUPLEX SERIAL COMMUNICATION PORT. THE MICROCONTROLLER TOP VIEW. THERE IS A REASON WHY WE USE AT$&S%1 IN THIS PROJECT. FIRST OF ALL, AT$&S%1 IS A LOW'POWER, HIGH'PERFORMANCE CMOS $'BIT MICROCONTROLLER WITH 4K BYTES OF IN'SYSTEM PROGRAMMABLE FLASH MEMORY. THE DEVICE IS MANUFACTURED USING ATMEL)S HIGH DENSITY NONVOLATILE MEMORY TECHNOLOGY AND IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE INDUSTRY STANDARD $0C%1 INSTRUCTION SET AND PINOUT. THE ON'CHIP FLASH ALLOWS THE PROGRAM MEMORY TO BE REPROGRAMMED IN'SYSTEM OR BY A CONVENTIONAL NONVOLATILE MEMORY PRO'GRAMMER. BY COMBINING A VERSATILE $'BIT CPU WITH IN'SYSTEM PROGRAMMABLE FLASH ON A MONOLITHIC CHIP, THE ATMEL AT$&S%1 IS A POWERFUL MICROCONTROLLER WHICH PROVIDES A HIGHLY FLEXIBLE AND COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO MANY EMBEDDED CONTROL APPLICATIONS.
THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT$&S%1 MICROCONTROLLER SCOPE OF STUD DESIGNING COMPLETE MODEL OF ATMEGA ULTRASONIC RANGE FINDER IS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE FOR THIS PROJECT BECAUSE OF TIME CONSTRAINTS AND LIMITED RESOURCES. SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT IS NARROWED INTO FEW ITEMS AS FOLLOW" 1. TRANSMISSION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES. 11. ATMEGA PROGRAMMING FOR ARITHMETIC OPERATION. 111. MEASUREMENT OF A DISTANCE FROM ANY OBSTACLES. WITH THIS SMALLER SCOPE OF STUDY THE REALIATION OF THE PROJECT OBJECTIVE BECOME ACHIEVABLE. FLOWCHART OF THE PLAN FOLLOWED
FLOWCHART OF PLAN FOLLOWED BLOCK DIAGRAM FLOWCHART NO START SEND 10 MS TRIGGER INPUT TO SENSOR IS ECHO AVAILAB LE YES
A B START TIMER TO COUNT 59 MICROSECONDS INCREMENT RESISTER TO COUNT DISTANCE Is Echo availal !" DIVIDE DISTANCE OBTAINED B# SEND IT TO $IRST SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLA# SEND THE REMAINDER TO SECOND SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLA#
%AIT
RESE A B YES NO C!"#$!% &!'("') ASSEMBL LEVEL PROGRAM ORG 00H (( ORIGIN MOV DPTR,2LUT (( MOVES THE ADDRESS OF LUT TO DPTR MOV P2,200000000B (( SETS P2 AS OUTPUT PORT MOV P0,200000000B (( SETS P0 AS OUTPUT PORT CLR P#.0 (( SETS P#.0 AS OUTPUT FOR SENDING TRIGGER SETB P#.1 (( SETS P#.1 AS INPUT FOR RECEIVING ECHO MOV TMOD,200100000B (( SETS TIMER1 AS MODE 2 AUTO RELOAD TIMER MAIN" MOV TL1,220!D (( LOADS THE INITIAL VALUE TO START COUNTING MOV TH1,220!D (( LOADS THE RELOAD VALUE MOV A,200000000B (( CLEARS ACCUMULATOR SETB P#.0 (( STARTS THE TRIGGER PULSE ACALL DELAY1 (( GIVES 103S WIDTH FOR THE TRIGGER PULSE CLR P#.0 (( ENDS THE TRIGGER PULSE HERE" JNB P#.1,HERE (( LOOPS HERE UNTIL ECHO IS RECEIVED BACK" SETB TR1 (( STARTS THE TIMER1 HERE1" JNB TF1,HERE1 (( LOOPS HERE UNTIL TIMER OVERFLOWS*4$ COUNTS+ CLR TR1 (( STOPS THE TIMER CLR TF1 (( CLEARS TIMER FLAG 1 INC A (( INCREMENTS A FOR EVERY TIMER1 OVERFLOW JB P#.1,BACK (( JUMPS TO BACK IF ECHO IS STILL AVAILABLE MOV R4,A (( SAVES THE VALUE OF A TO R4 ACALL DLOOP (( CALLS THE DISPLAY LOOP SJMP MAIN (( JUMPS TO MAIN LOOP DELAY1" MOV R0,22D (( 103S DELAY LABEL1" DJN R0,LABEL1 RET DLOOP" MOV R%,2100D (( LOADS R% WITH 100D BACK1" MOV A,R4 (( LOADS THE VALUE IN R4 TO A MOV B,210D (( LOADS B WITH 10D DIV AB (( ISOLATES THE FIRST DIGIT ACALL DISPLAY (( CALLS DISPLAY SUBROUTINE MOV P0,A (( MOVES THE DRIVE PATTERN FOR 1ST DIGIT TO P0 ACALL DELAY (( 1US DELAY ACALL DELAY MOV A,B (( MOVES THE REMAINDER OF DIVISION TO A ACALL DISPLAY MOV P2,A (( MOVES THE DRIVE PATTERN FOR 2ND DIGIT TO P2 ACALL DELAY ACALL DELAY DJN R%,BACK1 (( REPEATS THE DISPLAY LOOP 100 TIMES RET DELAY" MOV R!,22%0D (( 13S DELAY LABEL2" DJN R!,LABEL2 RET DISPLAY" MOVC A,4A/DPTR (( GETS THE SEVEN SEGMENT DIGIT DRIVE ((PATTERN RET LUT" DB C0H (( LOOK UP TABLE *LUT+ STARTS HERE DB F&H DB A4H DB B0H DB &&H DB &2H DB $2H DB F$H DB $0H DB &$H END CONCLUSION THE ULTRASONIC RANGE FINDER USING AT$&S%1 HAS ACHIEVED THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT IS CALCULATING ACCURATE DISTANCE FROM ANY OBSTACLE THAT WE WANT TO MEASURE. THE DEVICE CAN BE USED IN MANY DIFFERENT FIELDS AND CATEGORIES LIKE DISTANCE CALCULATION IN CONSTRUCTION FIELD, ROBOTS, CAR SENSOR TO AVOID OBSTACLES AND MANY OTHER APPLICATIONS. THE BUILDING PROCESS OF THE DEVICE WAS BASED ON USING AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE FROM THE COURSES TAKEN IN THE UNIVERSITY, LIKE MICRO PROCESSOR, BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, MULTIMEDIA AND SYSTEMS AND ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND ALSO PRACTICAL WORK IN THE LABORATORIES. REFERENCES 1. HTTPS"((WWW.GOOGLE.CO.IN( 2. HTTP"((WWW.CIRCUITSTODAY.COM( #. THE $0%1 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 5BY MUHAMMAD ALI MAIDI, JANICE GILLISPIE MAIDI, ROLIN D.MCKINLAY.