THEORY OF ELASCITY

• NEED: to understand the propagation of wave

• It is a property of material .
• ELASTIC BEHAVIOR: when a force is applied
to a material it deforms, when removed it
returns to it’s original shape .
• there are three types of material
elastic , anelastic , plastic
Hooke’s law
• Hooke’s law states that : (∆ h/h)
is proportional to (F/A) .
• when area is infinitesimally small, force per
unit area (F/A) is called STRESS ( σ ).
• When h is infinitesimally small, fractional
change in dimension (∆ h/h) is called
STRAIN (ε )
Stress- strain relation
 Stress matrix
. σ xx, σ yy , σ zz : are normal stresses &
• σ xy , σ yz , σ zx :are shear stresses..
∀σ ij :denotes the i th component of the force acting on the surface whose
outward normal points in the j th direction .

σ xx σ xy σ xz

σ = σ yx σ yy σ yz

σ zx σ zy σ zz
The stress matrix
 Strain matrix
Strains produced in a body can also
expressed by a 3x3 matrix.
• Longitudinal strain : fractional change
in the length , in the direction of force
is called longitudinal strain.
ε xx= δ u/δ x
 One dimensional case

• x x+dx

(x+u), x+∆ x+
(u+∆ u)
 Shear strain
• shear component of stress produce
shear strain.
• Shear strain in the x-y plane ( ε xy) is
defined as half of the total angular
distortion .
∀ ε xy = 1/2( δ u/δ x + δ v /δ y)
Strain matrix
• Longitudinal &shear strain define the
symmetric 3x3 strain matrix.
• Having six independent components.
ε xx ε xy ε xz
ε = ε yx ε yy ε zy
ε zx ε zy ε zz
Dilatation
The dilatation is defined as fraction change
in volume when its surface area decrease
to zero.
θ = ε xx +ε yy + ε zz
 Elastic constants
• Young modulus –
longitudinal strains is proportional to
corresponding stress components,
σ xx = E ε xx
The constant of proportionality E , is the
young modulus.
Rigidity modulus or shear modulus
• Shear strain is proportional to
corresponding shear stress
σ xy = µ ε xy
the proportionality constant µ ,is the
rigidity modulus
Bulk modulus
• Bulk modulus is the ratio of hydrostatic
pressure to the dilation.
p= -Kθ
• Inverse of bulk modulus K , is called
compressibility.
 Poisson’s ratio
• Ratio of transverse to the longitudinal
strain.
ν = −ε yy /ε xx.