Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc.

41 Monte de Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City

A Technical Report on
Differences in ANSI/IEEE and IEC
Short Circuit Calculations and Their Implications
___________________________________________________________________
Prepared by:
Institute of Integrated Electrical
Engineers, Inc. (IIEE) Standards Committee 2011
i
Differences in ANSI/IEEE and IEC
Short Circuit Calculations
and Their Implications
Prepared by:
IIEE Standards Committee
March 19, 2011
ii
Disclaimer
It is not the intention of this paper to endorse over another the compared short-circuit
calculations and standards.
All discussions in this report are based on the featured system one line diagram only. The
same parameters were considered for the American National Standards Institute/Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ANSI/IEEE) and the International Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) calculations for result comparison. The values of these parameters,
however, may vary from every project in terms of available utility short circuit levels, power
system configuration, wiring method and all applicable factors to consider.
IIEE and this Committee will not be responsible for any disputes that may arise out of
referencing from this paper.
iii
Preface
This technical report focuses on two of the most widely used short circuit calculation
methods and standards/guidelines namely: American National Standards Institute/Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ANSI/C37/IEEE std 551) and the International Electro-
technical Commission (IEC 60909). To fully understand the analytical techniques of short
circuit current analysis in industrial and commercial power system using both methods, a
representative network model was exemplified and a comprehensive comparison between the
two calculation methods was presented. For expediency, a short circuit calculating software
was employed and the results were presented and evaluated at the end of the analysis.
This technical report provides information and inculcates awareness to electrical practitioners
in the country on the difference in the procedure of short circuit calculations and its
implication between the standards cited. It is not intended to show the detailed short circuit
current calculation for both methods. The reader is still recommended to consult technical
books for reference on a complete and accurate calculation procedure.
This paper starts off with a brief introduction on the current scenario in the Philippines and
the importance of short circuit calculation in Chapter I and expounds on its basic principle in
Chapter II. The equivalent short circuit schematic diagram is also available for analysis in
simple calculation.
Chapter III discusses the asymmetry current application focusing on the importance of
determining the total available short circuit current in the design of electrical equipment such
as circuit breakers, switches, transformers and fuses that are subjected to fault current.
Chapter IV shows the different components in determining the short circuit calculation based
on the two standard/guidelines, the ANSI/IEEE and the IEC. This is followed by Chapter V
presenting the comparative matrix on both standards Calculation Method and Multiplying
Factors with reference to the X/R ratio.
Chapter VI clearly tabulates a comparison between the standards parameters particularly the
device type, device capability and the calculated short circuit duty.
In Chapter VII, an illustration of a sample network was configured consisting of two power
transformers connected to a 13.2 kV bus wherein two different results from the ANSI/IEEE
and IEC calculations were generated with the aid of short circuit calculating software.
Chapter VIII presents the protective devices selection and evaluation focusing on the X/R
ratio for breaker evaluation and on the short circuit test parameters while Chapter IX
discusses the findings and results of the ETAP Total Bus Fault Short Circuit Study. The
tables on the short circuit calculation clearly show the difference in values for the same
parameters between ANSI/IEEE and IEC.
This technical report was developed through the initiative of the IIEE Standards Committee.
Any concern or contention as to its applicability, accuracy and completeness shall be
addressed to the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. for further
validation and interpretation.
iv
Participants
The following are the working group members of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the
Philippines, Inc. (IIEE) under the Standards Committee:
Chairman:
Gem J. Tan
Fuji-Haya Audit Inspection and Maintenance Corporation
Members:
Arjun G. Ansay
Technological University of the Philippines Manila
Arturo M. Zabala
AC-DC-KV and Associates
Edwin V. Pangilinan
Total Power Box Solution, Inc.
Frumencio T. Tan
Safety Consultant
Genesis A. Ramos
Department of Energy
Gideon S. Tan
Yu Eng Kao Electrical Supply and Hardware, Inc.
Jaime S. Jimenez
Meralco
Jesus C. Santos
JC Santos and Associates
Marites R. Pangilinan
LJ Industrial Fabrication, Inc.
Roderick T. Khu
Airnergy and Renewables, Inc.
Samson D. Paden
Department of Trade and Industry-
Bureau of Product Standards
Vincent E. Jimenez
Delta Power Engineering and Consulting
Wilson T. Yu
Standards Committee Member
Advisers:
Arthur A. Lopez
Private Consultant
IIEE former president - year 2000
Willington K.K.C. Tan
Columbia Wire and Cable Corporation
IIEE former president - year 1990
Approved by the members of the IIEE Board of Governors on March 19, 2011:
Armando R. Diaz, President
Jules S. Alcantara, VP- Internal Affairs
Gregorio R. Cayetano, VP- External Affairs
Alex C. Cabugao, VP- Technical Affairs
Ma. Sheila C. Cabaraban, Secretary
Larry C. Cruz, Treasurer
Florigo, C. Varona, Auditor
Francis R. Calanio, Region I
Virgilio S. Luzares, Region II
Roselyn C. Rocio, Region IV
Ronaldo D. Ebrada, Region V
Marlon T. Marcuelo, Region VI
Lelanie T. Mirambel, Region VII
Rey G. Paduganan, Region VIII
Victorianito E. Teofilo, Region IX
Gregorio Y. Guevarra, Immediate former President
v
Table of Contents
Chapter
Title Page
I. Introduction 1
II. Basic Short-Circuit Discussion 1
Figure 1 : Current Model for Asymmetry 1
Figure 2 : Maximum Peak Asymmetrical Short Circuit Current 2
III. Asymmetry Current Application 2
IV. Short-Circuit Current Calculation Standard/Guideline 3
V. Calculation Comparison 3
Table 1 : Comparison Matrix of ANSI/IEEE and IEC 4
VI. Comparison of Device Duty Rating and Short-Circuit Duty 5
Table 2 : ANSI/IEEE Parameter 5
Table 3 : IEC Parameter 5
Table 4 : ANSI/IEEE vs. IEC Parameter 5
VII. Sample Calculation using ANSI/IEEE and IEC 6
Figure 3 : Single Line Diagram of the Sample Network 6
Figure 4 : Single Line Diagram to consider IEC SC Result 7
Figure 5 : Single Line Diagram to consider ANSI SC Result 16
Figure 6 : Impedance Diagram for ANSI/IEEE SC Method 23
VIII. Protective Devices Selection and Evaluation 26
Table 5 : Circuit Breakers Short Circuit Breaking Capacity 26
Table 6 : Circuit Breakers Interrupting Capacity 27
IX. Findings and Results 27
Table 7 : IEC Short Circuit Calculation 27
Table 8 : ANSI Short Circuit Calculation 27
X. Conclusion and Recommendation 28
XI. References 29
Appendix
ABB MCB S200 Technical Features 30
1
I. Introduction
In the emerging world market place, Electrical Engineers should be familiar with the basic differences between the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) with
regards to short circuit current calculation procedures. Both the ANSI and the IEC Standards developed these
procedures to provide rating for electrical equipment. These two standards are currently being applied by the
electrical practitioners in the Philippines and it is important to determine the differences between these standards
so that a more logical evaluation and breaker rating selection can be appropriated. IEC procedure requires
significantly more detailed modeling of the power system short circuit contribution than ANSI.
A short circuit calculation is an important task undertaken by a professional in power systems planning and
operation. Circuit breaker and switchgear selection, protection settings and coordination require a comprehensive,
detailed and accurate short-circuit calculation. The report focuses on the guidelines found in the following short-
circuit standards: the North American ANSI/IEEE standard and its European counterpart, IEC.
II. Basic Short Circuit Discussion
To come up with a precise short circuit calculation requires a very complex computation. What is important is that
whatever the short circuit calculation method used, it should be compared with the assigned (tested) fault current
rating of the protective devices.
The final equivalent short circuit schematic diagram is shown below.
Figure 1: Current Model for Asymmetry
The circuit constitutes a series of resistance, inductance, and a switch connected to an ideal sinusoidal voltage
source. The fault is simulated by closing the switch and the magnitude of the rms symmetrical short circuit
current, I, is determined by the equation below.
Z
E
I =
where:
I = short circuit current (rms symmetrical)
E = driving voltage (rms)
Z = Thevenins equivalent system impedance from the fault point back to and including
the source or sources of short-circuit currents for the distribution system.
The duration and magnitude of the asymmetrical current depends on the following parameters:
a) The X/R ratio of the faulted circuit
b) The phase angle of the voltage waveform at the time the short circuit occur
R
L
2 Esin(t + )
i(t)
~
2
The asymmetrical fault current decay time is longer when X/R ratio is greater at the fault point. For specific X/R
ratio, the angle of the applied voltage at the time of short-circuits initiation determines the degree of fault current
asymmetry that will exist for that X/R ratio. The maximum asymmetrical short-circuit current occurs at the fault
inception when the voltage sine wave is at zero point and not necessarily at the highest dc component.
Figure 2: Maximum Peak Asymmetrical Short Circuit Current
III. Asymmetry Current Application
From the equipment design and application point of view, the phase with the largest fault peak current should be
of major interest. This current subjects the equipment to the most severe magnetic force. The maximum magnetic
force produced on a circuit element, such as a breaker, occurs at the instant the fault current through the circuit
element is at a maximum. The largest fault peak typically occurs in the first cycle when the initiation of the short -
circuit current is near or coincident with the applied voltage passing through zero. This condition is called the
condition of maximum asymmetry.
Electrical equipment such as circuit breakers, switches, transformers and fuses that are subjected to carry fault
current, the total available short circuit current must be determined. For correct equipment application, knowledge
of the minimum test X/R ratio or maximum power factor of the applied fault current used in the acceptance test by
ANSI, NEMA, UL and IEC is also required. Knowledge of peak fault current magnitudes are significant for some
devices, such as low voltage breakers, while asymmetrical rms current magnitudes are equally significant for high
voltage circuit breakers. This leads to the need to develop an X/R ratio dependent short circuit calculation for
proper comparison to the equipment being applied. To determine the maximum peak or rms current magnitude
that can occur in a circuit, every fault current calculation must consider the symmetrical ac component and the
transient dc component of the calculated fault current. When the calculated fault X/R ratio is greater than the
equipment X/R ratio, the higher X/R ratio must also be considered when evaluating or selecting the equipment.
3
IV. Short Circuit Calculation Standard / Guideline
ANSI C37/IEEE Std. 551
The ANSI/IEEE method calls for determining the momentary network fault impedance which makes it possible to
calculate the close and latch rating of the breaker. It also calls for identifying the interrupting network fault
impedance which makes it possible to calculate the interrupting duty of the breaker. The interrupting network fault
impedance value differs from the momentary network in that the impedance increases from the sub-transient to
transient level. The IEEE standard permits the exclusion of 3 phase induction motors below 50 hp and all single
phase motors. Hence no reactance adjustment is required for these sizes of motors. For detailed calculation
requirements please refer to the applicable standards.
IEC60909
The IEC method calls for the adjusted network impedance in calculating the symmetrical three phase fault (I
k
) at
a voltage higher than the nominal rating by a factor (c). The result is further manipulated to calculate peak current
i
p
which is then compared to the breakers making capacity (I
cm
). Also, further manipulation of the calculated
three-phase fault current I
k
will result to the interrupting rating requirement that is compared to the selected
breakers interrupting capacity (I
b
). For detailed calculation requirements please refer to the applicable standards.
V. Calculation Comparison
Table 1 presents a brief comparison of the ANSI/IEEE and IEC with regards to short circuit current calculation
method and multiplying factors.
4
Table 1: Comparison of ANSI/IEEE and IEC
ANSI/IEEE IEC
Standard North America Europe Predominant
Calculation Method 1. Voltage Source is equivalent
to the pre-fault voltage at the
location
2. Machines are represented by
their internal impedances
3. Line capacitance and static
loads are neglected
4. Bolted Fault is assumed hence
arc resistance is neglected
5. System impedances are
assumed balanced 3-phase
6. Uses symmetrical components
for unbalanced fault
calculations
7. Momentary calculates through
sub-transient impedance
network at half cycle
8. Interrupting calculates through
transient impedance network
at 1.5 4 cycles
9. Steady-State calculates
through steady-state
impedance network at and
beyond 30 cycles
1. Pre-fault voltage is automatically
adjusted by a factor ( c )
2. Machines are represented by their
internal impedances
3. Line capacitance of transmission
lines and static loads are considered
for unbalanced ground faults
following a Shunt Admittance Model
4. System impedances are assumed
balanced 3-phase
5. Uses symmetrical components for
unbalanced fault calculations
6. (I
k
) Initial RMS Symmetrical SCC
calculates through adjusted
impedance network of synchronous
machine Z
k
7. (i
p
) Peak Short circuit current =
k1*sqrt 2* I
k
where k is determined
by Method A, B or C
8. (I
b
) Symmetrical Short-Circuit
Breaking Current = I
k
for near
generator faults and = u*I
k
for synch
machines = u*q*I
k
for asynch.
machines
9. Asymmetrical SC Breaking Current =
I
k
+ I
dc
component current
10.Steady State SC current (I
k
)
accounts for power grid, generator and
synch machine contributions
(i
p
) Peak Short circuit current = k1*sqrt.
2 * I
k
Multiplying Factors
1. MF(m) Momentary
multiplying factor I mom.
rms asym = I mom. rms sym *
MF(m)
2. MF(p) Peak multiplying factor
I mom. peak = I mom. rms.
Sym * MF(p)
1. C pre-fault voltage factor (taken
from IEC)
2. k factors determined by IEC
method A, B or C
5
VI. Comparison of Device Duty Rating and Short-Circuit Duty
The tables below show the different parameters used in evaluating a protective device in terms of calculated short
circuit duty of the ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards.
Table 2: ANSI/IEEE Parameter
DEVICE TYPE DEVICE CAPABILITY
CALCULATED SHORT-
CIRCUIT DUTY
(Momentary Duty)
HV BUS BRACING
Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms
Symm. KA rms Symm. KA rms
LV BUS BRACING
Symm. KA rms Symm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms
HVCB
C and L Capability KA rms Asymm. KA rms
C and L Capability KA Crest Asymm. KA Crest
Interrupting KA Adjusted KA
LVCB Rated Interrupting KA Adjusted KA
Table 3: IEC Parameter
DEVICE TYPE DEVICE CAPABILITY
CALCULATED
SHORT-CIRCUIT
DUTY (Momentary
Duty)
MVCB
Making
i
p
AC Breaking
I
b
,symm
LVCB
Making
i
p
Breaking
I
b
,symm
Fuse Breaking
I
b
,symm
Table 4: The ANSI/IEEE vs. IEC
DEVICE TYPE DEVICE CAPABILITY CALCULATED SHORT
CIRCUIT DUTY
ANSI IEC ANSI IEC ANSI IEC
HVCB MVCB C and L cap. KA rms
Making (i
p
)
Asymm. KA
rms
i
p
C and L cap. KA rest n/a
Asymm. KA
rest
Interrupting KA
AC breaking (I
sc
)
Adjusted KA
I
b
symm
I
b
asymm I
b
asymm
I
dc
I
ohm
I
sh
LVCB LVCB Rated interrupting KA
Breaking (I
b
symm)
ICU
I
b
symm
or I
k
Making peak (I
CM
) i
p
I
b
asymm I
b
asymm
I
sh
I
sh
6
VII. Sample Calculation using ANSI/IEEE and IEC
Description of Sample network
The sample network consists of two power transformers connected to a 13.2 KV bus. One of the transformers feeds
a bus at a nominal voltage of 240 V, while the other transformer feeds a bus at a nominal voltage of 2.3 KV. The
data of the transformer and other equipment and their principal characteristics are presented in Fig. 3. For the
purpose of presenting a discussion on fault calculation, points B
l
and B
2
are selected to have experienced a 3
phase bolted fault.
Figure 3: Single Line Diagram of the Sample Network
7
A. IEC SHORT CIRCUIT RESULT
Figure 4: Single Line Diagram to consider IEC SC Result
8
Location:
Engineer:
Study Case: SC
6.0.0C
Page: 1
SN: FUJIHAYAPH
Filename: sample
Project:
ETAP
Contract:
Date: 10-19-2010
Revision: Base
Config.: Normal
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
IEC 60909 Standard
3-Phase Fault Currents
Short-Circuit Analysis
Maximum Short-Circuit Current
Total
Number of Buses:
Swing V-Control Load Total
Number of
Branches:
XFMR2 Reactor Line/Cable Impedance Tie PD XFMR3 Total
Number of
Machines:
Generator Motor Machines
Synchronous Synchronous Induction
Load
Lumped
1 0 7
2 0 0 0 0 5
0 0 5 1 1
8
7
7
Power
Grid
System Frequency: 60 Hz
Unit System: English
Project Filename: sample
Output Filename: D:\Etap6.0 Projects\SC sample attachments_2010_10_18\Untitled.SI1
9
Adjustments
Tolerance
Apply
Adjustment
Individual
/Global
Percent
Transformer Impedance: Yes Individual
Reactor Impedance: Yes Individual
Overload Heater Resistance: No
Transmission Line Length: No
Cable Length: No
Temperature Correction
Apply
Adjustment
Individual
/Global
Degree C
Transformer Resistance: Yes Global 20
Cable Resistance: Yes Global 20
Bus Input Data
Bus Initial Voltage
ID Type Nom. kV Base kV Sub-sys %Mag. Ang.
B1 Load 0.240 0.240 1 100.00 0.00
B2 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus4 Load 0.240 0.240 1 100.00 0.00
Bus5 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus6 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus7 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus8 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
UB SWNG 13.200 13.200 1 100.00 0.00
8 Buses Total
All voltages reported by ETAP are in % of bus Nominal kV.
Base kV values of buses are calculated and used internally by ETAP
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer Rating Z Variation % Tap Setting Adjusted Phase Shift
ID MVA
Prim.
kV
Sec. kV %Z X/R +5% -5% %Tol. Prim. Sec. % Z Type Angle
T1 1.500 13.200 0.240 5.75 7.10 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. 0.0
T2 5.000 13.200 2.300 7.15 12.14 0 0 0 0 0 7.1500 Std Pos. Seq. 0.0
Branch Connections
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVAb
ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
T1 2W XFMR UB B1 51.58 366.13 369.74
T2 2W XFMR UB B2 11.76 142.82 143.31
CB6 Tie Breaker B1 Bus4
CB7 Tie Breaker B2 Bus5
CB8 Tie Breaker B2 Bus6
CB9 Tie Breaker B2 Bus7
CB10 Tie Breaker B2 Bus8
10
Induction Machine Input Data
Induction Machine Connected Bus Rating
% Impedance
(Motor Base)
mFact.
ID Type Qty ID HP/kW kVA kV Amp PF R X" R/X" MW/PP
M2 Motor 1 Bus5 500.00 440.28 2.300 110.52 90.82 2.96 15.41 0.19 0.19
M3 Motor 1 Bus6 500.00 440.28 2.300 110.52 90.82 2.96 15.41 0.19 0.19
M4 Motor 1 Bus7 500.00 440.28 2.300 110.52 90.82 2.96 15.41 0.19 0.19
M5 Motor 1 Bus8 500.00 440.28 2.300 110.52 90.82 2.96 15.41 0.19 0.19
M1 Motor 1 Bus4 125.00 110.12 0.240 264.91 91.51 4.62 16.01 0.29 0.05
Total Connected Induction Machines ( = 5 ): 1871.3 kVA
Lumped Load Input Data
Lumped Load Motor Loads
Lumped Load Connected Bus Rating % Load Loading
% Impedance
Machine Base
m Fact.
ID ID kVA kV Amp % PF MTR STAT kW kvar R X" R/X" MW/PP
L1 B1 1000.0 0.240 2405.63 85.00 60 40 510.0 316.1 6.46 15.37 0.42 0.51
Total Connected Lumped Loads ( = 1 ): 1000.0 kVA
Power Grid Input Data
Power Grid Connected Bus Rating
% Impedance 100
MVA Base
ID ID MVAsc kV R X" R/X
U1 UB 720.000 13.200 0.00014 13.88889 0.00
Total Connected Power Grids ( = 1 ): 720.000 MVA
11
SHORT - CIRCUIT REPORT
3-Phase fault at bus: B1
Nomimal kV = 0.240
Voltage c Factor = 1.10 (Maximum If)
Peak Value = 181.348 kA Method A
Steady State = 68.754 kA rms
Contribution Voltage and Initial Symmetrical Current (rms)
From Bus To Bus % V kA kA X/R kA
ID ID
From
Bus
Real Imaginary Ratio Magnitude
B1 Total 0.00 13.406 -78.631 5.9 79.766
UB B1 96.12 9.232 -68.170 7.4 68.792
L1 B1 100.00 3.690 -8.782 2.4 9.526
M1 Bus4 100.00 0.485 -1.680 3.5 1.748
Bus4 B1 0.00 0.485 -1.680 3.5 1.748
Breaking and DC Fault Current (kA)
Based on Total Bus Fault Current
TD (S) Ib sym Ib asym Idc
0.01 78.916 101.347 63.588
0.02 78.315 86.941 37.756
0.03 77.529 80.547 21.843
0.04 76.761 77.794 12.637
0.05 76.017 76.406 7.704
0.06 75.656 75.79 4.504
0.07 75.301 75.347 2.633
0.08 74.952 74.968 1.539
0.09 74.610 74.616 0.939
0.10 74.275 74.277 0.551
0.15 73.582 73.582 0.039
0.20 72.918 72.918 0.003
0.25 72.285 72.285 0.000
0.30 72.260 72.260 0.000
12
3-Phase fault at bus: B2
Nomimal kV = 2.300
Voltage c Factor = 1.10 (Maximum If)
Peak Value = 51.136 kA Method A
Steady State = 17.417 kA rms
Contribution Voltage and Initial Symmetrical Current (rms)
From Bus To Bus % V kA kA X/R kA
ID ID From Bus Real Imaginary Ratio Magnitude
B2 Total 0.00 1.882 -20.420 10.9 20.506
UB B2 90.44 1.297 -17.377 13.4 17.425
M5 Bus8 100.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
M4 Bus7 100.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
M3 Bus6 100.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
M2 Bus5 100.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
Bus5 B2 0.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
Bus6 B2 0.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
Bus7 B2 0.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
Bus8 B2 0.00 0.146 -0.761 5.2 0.775
Breaking and DC Fault Current (kA)
Based on Total Bus Fault Current
TD (S) Ib sym Ib asym Idc
0.01 20.014 28.877 20.816
0.02 19.722 25.04 15.429
0.03 19.441 22.464 11.254
0.04 19.174 20.857 8.208
0.05 18.921 19.955 6.342
0.06 18.799 19.373 4.679
0.07 18.681 18.997 3.453
0.08 18.566 18.74 2.548
0.09 18.456 18.564 2.001
0.10 18.349 18.409 1.486
0.15 18.145 18.148 0.336
0.20 17.954 17.954 0.076
0.25 17.775 17.775 0.017
0.30 17.769 17.769 0.004
13
3-Phase fault at bus: Bus4
Nomimal kV = 0.240
Voltage c Factor = 1.10 (Maximum If)
Peak Value = 181.348 kA Method A
Steady State = 68.754 kA rms
Contribution Voltage and Initial Symmetrical Current (rms)
From Bus To Bus % V kA kA X/R kA
ID ID From Bus Real Imaginary Ratio Magnitude
Bus4 Total 0.00 13.406 -78.631 5.9 79.766
M1 Bus4 100.00 0.485 -1.680 3.5 1.748
UB B1 96.12 9.232 -68.170 7.4 68.792
L1 B1 100.00 3.690 -8.782 2.4 9.526
B1 Bus4 0.00 12.921 -76.952 6.0 78.029
Breaking and DC Fault Current (kA)
Based on Total Bus Fault Current
TD (S) Ib sym Ib asym Idc
0.01 78.916 101.347 63.588
0.02 78.315 86.941 37.756
0.03 77.529 80.547 21.843
0.04 76.761 77.794 12.637
0.05 76.017 76.406 7.704
0.06 75.656 75.790 4.504
0.07 75.301 75.347 2.633
0.08 74.952 74.968 1.539
0.09 74.61 74.616 0.939
0.10 74.275 74.277 0.551
0.15 73.582 73.582 0.039
0.20 72.918 72.918 0.003
0.25 72.285 72.285 0.000
0.30 72.26 72.260 0.000
14
Breaking and DC Fault Current (kA)
Based on Total Bus Fault Current
TD
(S)
Ib sym Ib asym Idc
0.01 32.048 55.226 44.977
0.02 32.004 55.166 44.934
0.03 31.959 54.943 44.692
0.04 31.915 54.723 44.452
0.05 31.874 54.998 44.82
0.06 31.853 54.889 44.701
0.07 31.833 54.781 44.583
0.08 31.814 54.674 44.464
0.09 31.795 55.076 44.971
0.10 31.777 55.024 44.921
0.15 31.74 54.801 44.674
0.20 31.706 54.581 44.427
0.25 31.673 54.362 44.182
0.30 31.672 54.164 43.939
3-Phase fault at bus: UB
Nomimal kV = 13.200
Voltage c Factor = 1.10 (Maximum If)
Peak Value = 90.256 kA Method A
Steady State = 31.492 kA rms
Contribution Voltage and Initial Symmetrical Current (rms)
From Bus To Bus % V kA kA X/R kA
ID ID From Bus Real Imaginary Ratio Magnitude
UB Total 0.00 0.142 -32.117 226.5 32.117
B1 UB 13.64 0.060 -0.167 2.8 0.178
B2 UB 13.86 0.081 -0.458 5.7 0.465
U1 UB 100.00 0.000 -31.492 99999.0 31.492
15
ip is calculated using method A
Ib does not include decay of non-terminal faulted induction motors
Ik is the maximum steady state fault current
Idc is based on X/R from Method C and Ib as specified above
LV CB duty determined based on ultimate rating.
Total through current is used for device duty.
*Indicates a device with calculated duty exceeding the device capability.
# Indicates a device with calculated duty exceeding the device marginal limit ( 95 % times device capability)
Short Circuit Summary Report
3-Phase
Short-Circuit
Device Capacity Current
Bus ID Device ID 1thr (kA) Tkr (sec.) Ith (kA)
B1 CB2 100.000 1.00 75.613
B1 CB6 65.000 1.00 75.613*
Bus4 CB6 65.000 1.00 75.613*
1thr = Rated short-circuit withstand current
Tkr = Rated short-time
Ith = thermal equivalent short-time current
*Indicates a device with calculated duty exceeding the device capability.
# Indicates a device with calculated duty exceeding the device marginal limit ( 95 % times device capability )
Short Circuit Summary Report
3-Phase FaultCurrent
Bus Device
Device Capacity (kA)
Short-Circuit Current (kA)
Making
Peak
ID kV ID Type Ib sym Ib asym Idc I"k ip Ib sym Ib asym Idc Ik
B1 0.240 B1 Bus 79.766 181.348 68.754
0.240 CB2 CB 220.000 100.000 102.111 79.766 181.348 77.920 83.044 28.718
0.240 CB6 CB 176.000 80.000 80.426 79.766 181.348* 77.219 77.219 17.549
B2 2.300 B2 Bus 20.506 51.136 17.417
Bus4 0.240 Bus4 Bus 79.766 181.348 68.754
0.240 CB6 CB 176.000 80.000 80.426 79.766 181.348* 77.219 79.188 17.549
UB 13.200 UB Bus 32.117 90.256 31.492
16
B. ANSI SHORT CIRCUIT RESULT
FIGURE 5: Single Line Diagram to consider ANSI SC Result
17
Location:
Engineer:
Study Case: SC
6.0.0C
Page: 1
SN: FUJIHAYAPH
Filename: sample
Project: ANSI Calc Total Bus Fault Peak Current
ETAP
Contract:
Date: 10-19-2010
Revision: Ansi Breaker
Config.: Normal
Electrical Transient Analyzer
Program
ANSI Standard
3-Phase Fault Currents
Short-Circuit Analysis
Total
Number of Buses:
Swing V-Control Load Total
Number of
Branches:
XFMR2 Reactor Line/Cable Impedance Tie PD XFMR3 Total
Number of
Machines:
Generator Motor Machines Grid
Synchronous Synchronous Induction
Load
Lumped
1 0 7
2 0 0 0 0 5
0 0 5 1 1
8
7
7
Power
System Frequency: 60 Hz
Unit System: English
Project Filename: sample
Output Filename: D:\Etap6.0 Projects\SC sample attachments_2010_10_18\Untitled.SA1
18
Adjustments
Tolerance
Apply
Adjustment
Individual
/Global
Percent
Transformer Impedance: Yes Individual
Reactor Impedance: Yes Individual
Overload Heater Resistance: No
Transmission Line Length: No
Cable Length: No
Temperature Correction
Apply
Adjustment
Individual
/Global
Degree C
Transformer Resistance: Yes Global 20
Cable Resistance: Yes Global 20
Bus Input Data
Bus Initial Voltage
ID Type Nom. kV Base kV Sub-sys %Mag. Ang.
B1 Load 0.240 0.240 1 100.00 0.00
B2 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus4 Load 0.240 0.240 1 100.00 0.00
Bus5 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus6 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus7 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
Bus8 Load 2.300 2.300 1 100.00 0.00
UB SWNG 13.200 13.200 1 100.00 0.00
8 Buses Total
All voltages reported by ETAP are in % of bus Nominal kV.
Base kV values of buses are calculated and used internally by ETAP
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer Rating Z Variation % Tap Setting Adjusted Phase Shift
ID MVA
Prim.
kV
Sec. kV %Z X/R +5% -5% %Tol. Prim. Sec. % Z Type Angle
T1 1.500 13.200 0.240 5.75 7.10 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. 0.0
T2 5.000 13.200 2.300 7.15 12.14 0 0 0 0 0 7.1500 Std Pos. Seq. 0.0
19
Branch Connections
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVAb
ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
T1 2W XFMR UB B1 53.48 379.58 383.33
T2 2W XFMR UB B2 11.74 142.52 143.00
CB6 Tie Breaker B1 Bus4
CB7 Tie Breaker B2 Bus5
CB8 Tie Breaker B2 Bus6
CB9 Tie Breaker B2 Bus7
CB10 Tie Breaker B2 Bus8
Power Grid Input Data
Power Grid Connected Bus Rating
% Impedance
100 MVA Base
ID ID MVASC kV X/R R X
U1 UB 720.000 13.200 99999 0.00014 13.88889
Total Connected Power Grids ( = 1 ): 720.000 MVA
Induction Machine Input Data
Induction
Machine
Connected Bus Rating X/R Ratio
% Impedance
(Motor Base)
ID Qty ID HP/kW kVA kV RPM X"/R X'/R R X" X'
Motors
M2 1 Bus5 500.00 440.28 2.300 1800 10.89 10.89 2.21 24.05 36.08
M3 1 Bus6 500.00 440.28 2.300 1800 10.89 10.89 2.21 24.05 36.08
M4 1 Bus7 500.00 440.28 2.300 1800 10.89 10.89 2.21 24.05 36.08
M5 1 Bus8 500.00 440.28 2.300 1800 10.89 10.89 2.21 24.05 36.08
M1 1 Bus4 125.00 110.12 0.240 1800 8.71 8.71 2.30 20.00 50.00
Total Connected Induction Machines ( = 5 ): 1871.3 kVA
Lumped Load Input Data
Lumped Load Motor Loads Static Loads
Lumped Load Connected Bus Rating % Load Loading X/R Ratio % Imp. (Machine Base) Loading
ID ID kVA kV MTR STAT kW kvar X"/R X'/R R X" X' kW kvar
L1 B1 1000.0 0.240 60 40 510.00 316.1 2.38 2.38 8.403 20.00 50.00 340.00 210.71
Total Connected Lumped Loads ( = 1 ): 1000.0 kVA
20
SHORT - CIRCUIT REPORT
3-Phase fault at bus: B1
Prefault voltage = 0.240
= 100.00% of nominal bus kV ( 0.240
kV )
=
100.00% of base ( 0.240
kV )
Contribution 1/2 Cycle
From Bus To Bus % V kA kA Imag.
kA
Symm.
ID ID
From
Bus
Real Imaginary /Real Magnitude
B1 Total 0.00 10.893 -67.489 6.2 68.362
UB B1 96.57 8.165 -60.047 7.4 60.600
L1 B1 100.00 2.577 -6.134 2.4 6.653
M1 Bus4 100.00 0.150 -1.307 8.7 1.316
*Bus4 B1 0.00 0.150 -1.307 8.7 1316
NACD Ratio = 1.00
# Indicates a fault current contribution from a three-winding transformer
* Indicates a fault current through a tie circuit breaker
If faulted bus is involved in loops formed by protection devices, the short-circuit contribution through these PDs will not be reported
3-Phase fault at bus: B2
Prefault voltage = 2.300 = 100.00% of nominal bus kV ( 2.300 kV )
= 100.00% of base ( 2.300 kV )
Contribution 1/2 Cycle 1.5 to 4 Cycle
From Bus To Bus % V kA kA Imag.
kA
Symm.
% V kA kA Imag.
kA
Symm.
ID ID
From
Bus
Real Imaginary /Real Magnitude From Bus Real Imaginary /Real Magnitude
B2 Total 0.00 1.368 -17.787 13.0 17.840 0.00 1.311 -17.177 13.1 17.227
UB B2 91.20 1.201 -15.965 13.3 16.010 91.19 1.199 -15.962 13.3 16.007
M5 Bus8 100.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 100.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
M4 Bus7 100.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 100.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
M3 Bus6 100.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 100.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
M2 Bus5 100.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 100.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
* Bus5 B2 0.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 0.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
* Bus6 B2 0.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 0.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
* Bus7 B2 0.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 0.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
* Bus8 B2 0.00 0.042 -0.456 10.9 0.458 0.00 0.028 -0.304 10.9 0.305
21
NACD Ratio = 1.00
# Indicates a fault current contribution from a three-winding transformer
* Indicates a fault current through a tie circuit breaker
If faulted bus is involved in loops formed by protection devices, the short-circuit contribution through these PDs will not be reported
3-Phase fault at bus: B4
Prefault voltage = 0.240 = 100.00% of nominal bus kV ( 0.240 kV )
= 100.00% of base ( 0.240 kV )
Contribution 1/2 Cycle
From Bus To Bus % V kA kA Imag. kA Symm.
ID ID From Bus Real Imaginary /Real Magnitude
Bus4 Total 0.00 10.893 -67.489 6.2 68.362
M1 Bus4 100.00 0.150 -1.307 8.7 1.316
UB B1 96.57 8.165 -60.047 7.4 60.6
L1 B1 100.00 2.577 -6.134 2.4 6.653
*B1 Bus4 0.00 10.743 -66.181 6.2 67.048
NACD Ratio = 1.00
# Indicates a fault current contribution from a three-winding transformer
* Indicates a fault current through a tie circuit breaker
If faulted bus is involved in loops formed by protection devices, the short-circuit contribution through these PDs will not be reported
3-Phase fault at bus: UB
Prefault voltage = 13.200 = 100.00% of nominal bus kV ( 13.200 kV )
= 100.00% of base ( 13.200 kV )
Contribution 1/2 Cycle 1.5 to 4 Cycle
From
Bus
To
Bus
% V kA kA Imag. kA Symm. % V kA kA Imag.
kA
Symm.
ID ID
From
Bus
Real Imaginary /Real Magnitude From Bus Real Imaginary /Real Magnitude
UB Total 0.00 0.068 -31.901 470.9 31.901 0.00 0.037 -31.742 863.6 31.742
B1 UB 11.24 0.041 -0.121 2.9 0.128 4.81 0.018 -0.052 2.8 0.055
B2
UB
9.44 0.026 -0.288 11.0 0.289 6.50 0.018 -0.198 11.0 0.199
U1
UB
100.00 0.000 -31.492 99999.0 31.492 100.00 0.000 -31.492 99999.0 31.492
NACD Ratio = 1.00
# Indicates a fault current contribution from a three-winding transformer
* Indicates a fault current through a tie circuit breaker
If faulted bus is involved in loops formed by protection devices, the short-circuit contribution through these PDs will not be reported
22
Momentary Duty Summary Report
3-Phase Fault Currents: (Prefault
Voltage = 100% of the Bus Nominal
Voltage
Bus Device Momentary Duty Device Capability
ID kV ID Type
Symm.
kA rms
X/R
Ratio
M.F.
Asymm
kA rms
Asymm.
kA Crest
Symm
kA
rms
Asymm.
kA rms
Asymm
kA
Crest
B1 0.240 B1 Bus 68.362 6.9 1.342 91.741 157.859
B2 2.300 B2 Bus 17.840 13.1 1.496 26.68 45.067
Bus4 0.240 Bus4 Bus 68.362 6.9 1.342 91.741 157.859
UB 13.200 UB Bus 31.901 999.9 1.728 55.139 90.088
Method : IEEE - X/R is calculated from separate R and X networks.
Protective device duty is calculated based on total fault current
* Indicates a device with momentary duty exceeding the device capability
Interrupting Duty Summary Report
3-Phase Fault Currents: (Prefault Voltage = 100% of the Bus Nominal Voltage
Bus Device Interrupting Duty Device Capability
CPT X/R Adj. Sym. Test Rated Adjusted
ID kV ID Type (Cy) Ratio M.F. kA rms kV PF Int. Int.
B1 0.240
CB6
Molded
Case
68.362 6.9 1.070 73.118 0.240 20.00 85.000 85.000
B2 2.300 17.227 13.1
Bus4 0.240
CB6
Molded
Case
68.362 6.9 1.070 73.118 0.240 20.00 85.000 85.000
UB 13.200 31.742 99184.7
Method: IEEE - X/R is calculated from separate R and X networks.
HV CB interrupting capability is adjusted based on bus nominal voltage
Short-Circuit multiplying factor for LV Molded Case and Insulated Case Circuit Breakers is calculated based on peak current.
Generator protective device duty is calculated based on maximum through fault current. Other protective device duty is calculated
based on total fault current.
* Indicates a device with interrupting duty exceeding the device capability.
23
C. ANSI/IEEE Short Circuit Method (for Manual Calculation)
Impedance Diagram Development @ 100 MVA base
Figure 6: Impedance Diagram
, ) , )
, ) , )
, ) , )
, ) , )
, ) , )
, ) , )
, )
, ) , )
, )
, ) , )
, ) , )
, ) , ) 91214 . 12 888 . 10 tan sin 24051 . 0
44 . 0
100
.
43227 . 54 888 . 10 tan sin 24051 . 0
44 . 0
100
.
73089 . 30 38 . 2 tan sin 2 . 0
6 . 0 0 . 1
100
.
91214 . 12 38 . 2 tan cos 2 . 0
6 . 0 0 . 1
100
.
63078 . 180 707 . 8 tan sin 2 . 0
11 . 0
100
.
74547 . 20 707 . 8 tan cos 2 . 0
11 . 0
100
.
42157 . 1 14 . 12 tan sin 0715 . 0
5
100
.
11739 . 0 14 . 12 tan cos 0715 . 0
5
100
.
79587 . 3 1 . 7 tan sin 575 . 0
5 . 1
100
.
53463 . 0 1 . 7 tan cos 575 . 0
5 . 1
100
.
13889 . 0
720
100
.
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =

M5 M2
M5 M2
L
L
M1
M1
T2
T2
T1
T1
U
R 11
X 10
X 9
R 8
X 7
R 6
X 5
R 4
X 3
R 2
X 1
j
j
j
j
j
j j
XU
RT1
XT1
XT2
RM1
XM1
RL
XL
RM2
XM2
RM3
XM3
RM4
XM4
RM5
XM5
RT2
B2 B1
HP(0.746)
(Eff)(pf)(100)
MOTOR (MVA) =
500(0.746)
(1000)(0.9325)(0.9082)
where:
M2 = 0.440 MVA
M2 =
24
Solving for cycle 3 phase fault at
, ) , ,
, ), )
kA 9 68
49062 3 240 3
10 x 100
I
72 80 49062 3 44496 j3 56271 0
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
6
T3
L M1 T1 U M5 M4 M3 M2 T2 T
1
B
1 B
.
.
. . . .
= =
Z = + =
+ + =

Solving for cycle, 3phase fault at

, ) , ,
, ), )
kA 85 17
40655 1 230 3
10 x 100
I
6 85 40655 1 40240 j1 10787 0
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
6
T3
T2 U T1 L M1 M5 M4 M3 M2 T
2
B
2 B
.
. 0
. . . .
= =
Z = + =
+ + =

IEC Short Circuit Calculation

, ), )
, )
, )
, )
, )
, )
, )
, )
, )
, )
, )
, ) 199 . 3 64 . 0 99929 . 4 .
837 . 34 64 . 0 43227 . 54 .
66 . 23 77 . 0 73089 . 30 .
942 . 9 77 . 0 91214 . 12 .
505 . 144 8 . 0 63078 . 180 .
596 . 16 8 . 0 74547 . 20 .
42517 . 1 0 . 1 42517 . 1 .
11739 . 0 0 . 1 11739 . 0 .
66301 . 3 965 . 0 79587 . 3 .
1 1 . 1
;
6 . 0 1
965 . 0
965 . 0
51592 . 0 965 . 0 53463 . 0 .
13889 . 0 .
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
=
+
=
=
= =
=

M5K M2K
M5K M2K
LK
LK
M1K
M1K
T2
T2K
T1K
max
T K
T
max
T1K
UK
R 11
X 10
X 9
R 8
X 7
R 6
X 5
R 4
X 3
0 60909 of Table C
K Z Z
X
C
K
formula IEC 60909 per as K
R 2
X 1
j
j j
j j
j j
j j
j
B1
B2
25
Solving for 3 phase fault at , I
"
K
, ) , ,
, )
, ), )
kA 80
27412 3 240 3
1 1 10 x 100
I
39 80 27412 3 22821 j3 54641 0
Z Z Z Z Z Z K Z Z Z Z
6
K
L M1K T1K UK M5K M4K M3 M2K T2K TK
1
B
1 B
= =
Z = + =
+ + =
.
.
"
. . . .
Solving for 3 phase fault at , I
"
K
, ) , ,
, )
, ), )
kA 85 17
32948 1 230 3
1 1 10 x 100
I
6 85 32948 1 32547 j1 10307 0
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
6
K
T2K UK T1K LK M1K M5K M4K M3K M2K TK
2
B
2 B
.
. 0
.
"
. . . .
= =
Z = + =
+ + =
* It is therefore the basic inclusion of factors C
m
and k that increases the calculated short-circuit of IEC
method when being compared to the result of the ANSI method.
B1
B2
26
VIII. Protective Devices Selection and evaluation
X/R Ratio for Breaker Evaluation
The fault point X/R ratio is a critical factor in the calculation of short circuit current when evaluating breakers.
The X/R ratio determines the amount of dc component in the short circuit current and in the application to the
circuit breaker withstands and interrupting time duties. ANSI/IEEE C37.010-1999 recommends a separate R and
jX network reduction to determine the fault point X/R ratio while IEC 61909 allows several methods to provide a
conservative X/R ratio.
The peak current calculation that yields a very close approximation to the exact peak current and is conservative
for most values of circuit X/R ratios greater than 0.81. The non-conservative errors for circuit X/R ratio around 10
are negligible. Please refer to equation below:
(

+ =
(

+ =
(

+ =
(

+ =

R X
R X
R X
R X
e
e
e
e
/
/
/
/
. .
. .
3
rms ac
3
peak ac
rms ac
peak ac
98 0 02 1 I 2
or 98 0 02 1 I cycle Half
1 I 2
or 1 I cycle Half

Circuit Breaker Short Circuit Test Parameters

Based on IEC 60947-2, the circuit breakers short circuit breaking capacity, power factor and ratio, , between
short circuit making capacity and short circuit breaking capacity should be in accordance with Table 5.
Table 5: Circuit Breakers Short Circuit Breaking Capacity
Short circuit breaking
capacity,
I
b
, kA rms
Lagging
Power
factor X/R
Minimum value required for
Short-circuit making capacity
Short-circuit breaking capacity
4.5 I 6
6 < I 10
10 < I 20
20 < I 50
50 < I
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.25
0.2
1.02
1.73
3.18
3.87
4.9
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.2
Ratio between Short-circuit making capacity and Short-circuit breaking capacity and related power factor or X/R
ratio (for ac circuit breaker).
=
ANSI / IEEE
IEC 60909
27
Based on NEMA AB1/UL489, the circuit breakers interrupting capacity, lagging power factor should be in
accordance with Table 6.
Table 6: Circuit Breakers Interrupting Capacity
kA lagging pf X/R
MCCB and ICB I 10
10 < I 20
20 < I
0.45 0.5
0.25 0.30
0.15 0.20
1.98 1.73
3.87 3.17
6.59 4.90
Power Circuit Breaker (Unfuse) All 0.15 6.59
Power Circuit Breaker (Fuse) All 0.20 4.90
IX. Findings and Results
From the result of ETAP Total Bus Fault Short Circuit Study, the following results were found:
Table 7: IEC Short Circuit Calculation
Bus
ID
Device
Device Capacity (kA) Short Circuit Calculation Result (kA)
Making
Peak
I
b
sym I
b
asym I"
b
i
p
I
b
sym I
b
asym
B1 CB2 176 80 80.426 79.8 181.348* 77.219 79.188
Note: Method A, Total Bus Fault
From the data in Table 7, the calculated short circuit current level of 79.8kA (I
k
) is within the circuit breaker
capacity of 80 kA (I
b
sym), however, other parameters such as peak short circuit current (i
p
) is 181.348 kA
exceeded the circuit breaker rating equivalent to 176 kA (making peak) only. Therefore, the selected IEC rated
circuit breaker is not suitable for this particular application.
The reason for this difference is that the calculated X/R ratio at 3-phase fault at point B1 is 5.9, which is greater
than the device capacity X/R ratio of only 4.9 (see ETAP IEC method result above) applied during the testing of
circuit breaker interrupting capacity or the I
cu
rating of the circuit breaker.
Table 8: ANSI Short Circuit Calculation
Bus
ID
Device
Device Capacity (kA) Short Circuit Calculation Result (kA)
Rated Int. Adj. Int
Sym
rms
X/R ratio M.F
Adj. Sym
rms
B1 CB2 85.0 85.0 68.362 6.9 1.07 73.118
From the data in Table 8, the calculated symmetrical rms current of 68.362 kA needs to be adjusted by the
multiplying factor (MF) of 1.070 (see computation below) resulting to 73.118 kA. This is because the calculated
X/R ratio 6.9 is greater than the X/R ratio used in testing the circuit breaker interrupting capacity which is only 4.9
(Table 6). Comparing the adjusted symmetrical rms value of 73.118 kA against the selected NEMA rated device
interrupting capacity of 85kA, the selected circuit breaker is suitable for the particular application.
28
07 1
1
1
1
1
MF
T
C
T
C
9 4
1
9 6
1
X
R
X
R
.
.
.
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
|
.
|

'

|
.
|

'

|
.
|

'

|
.
|

'

e
e
e
e
Where:
T
X
R
|
|
.
|

'

- Break test R/X ratio

C
X
R
|
|
.
|

'

- Calculated R/X ratio at the point fault

MF - Multiplying factor
X. Conclusion and Recommendation
From the above short circuit calculation examples, IEC method shows a higher value of short circuit current as
compared to ANSI/IEEE calculation method. This is due to the differences in the consideration as mentioned
above. Both methods are being used and internationally acceptable.
In any electrical system, it is important to know the short circuit level of each of the protective equipment.
However, we should not forget to verify the X/R ratio of the faulted bus against the circuit breaker test power
factor or X/R ratio based on their product standard (e.g. UL/NEMA/ANSI or IEC). The example above
illustrates clearly the importance of X/R ratio in evaluating or selecting the circuit breaker. Understanding the
relationship between the product standards and electrical codes is of utmost importance.
It is up to the engineers/designers to decide which method of short circuit calculation they are more comfortable
with provided they have to take note of the different considerations in the selection of the protective equipment.
29
XI. References
1 IEEE Std 551-2006, IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit currents in
Industrial and Commercial Power System.
2 IEEE Papers, Simplifying IEEE/ANSI and IEC Fault Point X/R Ratio for Breaker Evaluation
by Ketut Dartawan and Conrad St. Pierre
3 IEC 60497-1:2009, Low-voltage switchgear and control gear - Part 1: General rules
4 IEC 60497-2:2009, Low-voltage switchgear and control gear - Part 2: Circuit-breakers
5 ANSI C37.5-1989, Calculation of Fault Currents for Application of Power Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Total Current Basis
6 UL 489-1986, Molded Case Circuit Breaker and Circuit Breakers Enclosure
7 IEC 60909-0, Corrigendum 1 - Short-circuit currents in three-phase A.C. systems - Part 0:
Calculation of currents
8 Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) Software version 6.0
30
Appendix
Courtesy of ABB Phil., Inc.
proM Compact Technical features S 200
of MCBs S 200 series
Series S 200 S 200 M S 200 P S 280
Characteristics B,C,D B,C,D B,C,D B,C,D B,C,D B,C
K,Z K,Z K,Z K,Z K,Z
Rated current [A] 0.5 ln 63 0.5 ln 63 0.2 ln 25 32 ln 40 50 ln 63 80 LN 100
Breaking capacity [kA]
Reference standard
Nr.
Poles Ue [V]
IEC 23-3/EN 60898 lcs 230 / 400 6 10 25 15 15 6
IEC/EN 60947 - 2 lcu
1, 1P +
N 133 20 25 40 25 25 15
Alternating current 230 10 15 25 15 15 6
2,3,4 230 20 25 40 25 25 10
400 10 15 25 15 15 6
2,3,4 500
690
lcs
1, 1P +
N 133 15 18.7 20 18.7 18.7 15
31
(continued )
230 7.5 11.2 12.5 11.2 7.5 6
2,3,4 230 15 18.7 20 18.7 18.7 10
400 7.5 11.2 12.5 11.2 7.5 6
2,3,4 500
690
IEC/EN 60497 - 2 lcu
1, 1P +
N 24 20
Direct current 60 10 10 15 10 10 10
T= lR 5ms for all 125
series 250
except S280 UC and 2 48 20
S800S-UC 125 10 10 15 10 10 10
where T = lR <15ms 250
500
600
800
3,4 375
500
750
1000
1200
lcs
1, 1P +
N 24 20
60 10 10 15 10 10 10
125
250
2 48 20
125 10 10 15 10 10 10
250
500
600
800
3,4 375
32
(continued )
500
750
1000
1200
UL 1077 / C22.2 lnt.
1, 1P +
N 120 10 10 10 10
No 235 cap. 277 6 10 10 10
Alternating current 2,3,4 240 10 10 10 10
480Y /
277 6 10 10 10
UL 1077 / C22.2 lnt.
1, 1P +
N 60 10
No 235 cap. 2,3,4 125 10
Direct current
UL 489/ C22.2 lnt. 1 240
No 5 cap. 277
Alternating current 2,3,4 240
480y /
277
IEC / EN 60947 - 3 lcw 2 800
3,4 1200
<50 A