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POLARIS BURMESE LIBRARY ( SINGAPORE )
Index: Polaris Burmese Library, LPK Library, Daw Aung San

Suu Kyi, Bo Than Shwe, Myanmar History, Myanmar Politics,
Myanmar Junta, Myanmar People, Myanmar Students, Insein
Prison, Prison in Myanmar, Political Prisoner in Myanmar,
Torture in Myanmar, Myanmar Army, Myanmar Affairs.


Naypyitaw Tha-byay Gone Shopping Strip
Naypyitaw City Hall

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 28, 2008
Why did Burma's leaders build a

new capital in Naypyidaw?
On Naypyidaw
ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research
Institute ● Singapore
Asia Research Institute
Working Paper Series No. 79
The Road to Naypyidaw:
Making Sense of the Myanmar Government's
Decision to Move its Capital
_________________________________________
Maung Aung Myoe
National University of Singapore
arimam@nus.edu.sg
November 2006
ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ●
Singapore
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ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore
The Road to Naypyidaw:

Making Sense of the Myanmar Government's Decision to Move its Capital
Maung Aung Myoe
Many people are curious about the rationale behind the Myanmar government's decision to
move its capital from Yangon to a new location in central Myanmar, now known as
Naypyidaw. It was first announced at a press conference held on 7 November 2005 by
Brigadier General Kyaw San, the Minister for Information, that government departments
would move to the new "administrative capital". In fact, the order to move had been issued to
all government departments a day earlier. In the official explanation, the relocation of
government departments to a new location near Pyinmana, about 240 miles north of Yangon,
was "to ensure more effective administration of nation-building activities." The minister
further explained: "With the expansion of the government's national development activities to
border regions and remote villages, it was necessary to move the government's administration
to a location which is more centrally located and placed strategically on major transportation
networks."1
Initially, the government did not disclose the name of the new administrative capital and
insisted that Yangon remained the national capital. Meanwhile, in accordance with one of
104 basic principles laid down at the on-going National Convention, Yangon would continue
to be the capital of Myanmar. However, in less than a month, at another press conference
held on 3 December 2005, Major General Khin Aung Myint, Director of Public Relations of
the Tatmadaw [Armed Forces], confirmed that a new military regional command named
"Naypyidaw Command" had been established at the new administrative capital.2 Only then
did people realize that the new administrative capital was named "Naypyidaw". On the same
occasion, the government press committee told the media that the capital of the nation would
continue to be in accordance with the new Constitution. Three months later, on 27 February
2006, the Myanmar government issued Order No. (3/2006) that appointed Colonel Thein
Nyunt, Minister for Progress of Border Areas and National Races and Development Affairs,
1 Myanmar Times (English), Vol. 15, No. 292 (14 November 2005)
2 Khit Myanmar, Vol. 3, No.12 (16 December 2005); Yangon Times, Vol. 1, No. 10 (8
December 2005)

concurrently as the Mayor of Naypyidaw.3 Naypyidaw was territorially organized upon three
townships under Pyinmana District: Pyinmana, Lewe, and Alar. Alar Airport, which had been
out of service for decades, was renovated and upgraded to become Naypyidaw Airport. Then
on 12 July 2006, for the first time, General Thura Shwe Mann stated that "Naypyidaw will
become the nation's capital in accordance with the new Constitution to be adopted."4 Now it
became clear that Naypyidaw would be the future capital of Myanmar; it was no longer
merely the administrative capital. Why Naypyidaw? Since Naypyidaw was the term used in
pre-colonial Myanmar to denote the royal capital or the palace site, it became clear that the
government wanted its new capital to be the "Royal Capital".
Map of Myanmar Showing the Location of Naypyidaw
Naypyidaw g
3 Myanmar Gazette, No. 10, 10 March 2006, Vol. 59, p. 1
4 Myanma Alin (13 July 2006)
WHY DID THE MYANMAR GOVERNMENT

DECIDE TO MOVE ITS CAPITAL?
THERE ARE SIX POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS.
(1) Information Security

The government, especially the Ministry of Defence, is aware of serious breaches of security
and leaking of information from various government departments. The military is particularly
concerned with the leak of military secrets or confidential information. That partly explains
why the Tatmadaw renamed its intelligence apparatus “Military Affairs Security”. Being in
Yangon, in the view of the Tatmadaw, the military establishment is practically under the
surveillance of "unfriendly forces", who could be in collaboration with "foreign agents". The
Tatmadaw even suspected that some diplomatic missions in Myanmar might be bugging its
communication links. Since employees of the ministries, especially the Ministry of Defence,
are living among the population in wards, they perceive a huge problem of leaking state
secrets and confidential information. Relocating government staff to a remote and isolated
location or into a cantonment could address this problem. Satellite communication also poses
another problem for information security since all hand-phone conversations could be
intercepted and eavesdropped upon. At the present, Myanmar is using the Thai Shin Satellite
for its wireless communication; and this provides ample opportunity for the Thai intelligence

community to eavesdrop at the gateway. Although the government could easily install mobile
communication facilities at Naypyidaw, it is not doing so for the sake of information security.
Only fiber-optic cable lines are allowed to be used for communication.
Concern for information security was also apparent in the way the military government
announced its decision to move its administrative capital. Although the news about moving
the Ministry of Defence [War Office], or a portion of it as an alternative command, had been
floating around in the country for about three to four years, nobody actually thought that the
capital would be moved. 5 Until the last moment, just before the announcement to move the
offices, ministries had only vaguely known about it. Many thought that only liaison teams for
the Ministry of Defence from various ministries would go there on a rotation basis. When it
was announced, most of the people were caught by surprise. Some ASEAN countries openly
5 In fact, there was a rumor about the separation of command between upper and lower
Myanmar and the
possible appointment of General Thura Shwe Mann as the army commander in Upper
Myanmar.
expressed their disappointment with the Myanmar government's decision for not consulting
with them; from the point of view of the present Myanmar leadership, it was a domestic affair
and consultation with any other country was not necessary. Now, in Naypyidaw, the military
leadership enjoys information security.
(2) Military-Strategic Factor

The decision could be motivated by a worst case scenario generated by the siege mentality
among the senior Tatmadaw leadership. The same rationale lay behind the Tatmadaw's
decision in early 2002 to move the Western Command HQ from Sittwe, a city on the Rakhine
coast, to Ann, an inward location. Yangon is too close to the coastline and is certainly
vulnerable to amphibious warfare. Although the Tatmadaw leadership realizes that a U.S.-led
invasion of Myanmar is rather remote in terms of likelihood, considering the fact that the U.S.
is occupied with the Middle East problem and its armed forces are bogged down in both
Afghanistan and Iraqi theatres, in addition to other more pressing situations such as North
Korea and Iran, it never underestimates this possibility nor gambles on the fate of the nation.
The military leadership has not forgotten that the U.S Navy [an aircraft carrier and four
warships] violated Myanmar territorial waters in September 1988 during the political chaos in
Myanmar. The military government is more concerned with a proxy war supported by the
U.S.. Thus the military government would not take anything lightly that could compromise or
endanger national security, which is always conflated with state security and regime security
in Myanmar security perspectives.
By looking at the articles in various publications by the Tatmadaw, one can glean that the

military leadership understands the modern war-fighting method of effect-based operations

and airpower in parallel attacks or inside-out attacks; but what it wants is more time to
prepare for resistance. In the age of asymmetric warfare, also known as 4th Generation War
(4GW), for the military leadership, the fundamental principle is what Mao Zedong called
"you fight your kind of war and I will fight mine [你打你的，我打我的 -- ni da ni de, wo
da wo de]." Senior military commanders are also familiar with the concept of "Unrestricted
Warfare" put forward by the People's Liberation Army of China. By moving the seat of the
government and military high command to about 240 miles north of the coast, the military
could buy more time for its defence against both air and ground attacks; thus it could provide
a defense-in-depth. From the Tatmadaw's point of view, it is the trading of space for time.
Being located in the vicinity of mountains and jungles in a spot that sits on major
communication links between upper and lower Myanmar, the Tatmadaw could mount
considerable resistance against an invasion force using a military strategy of protracted
people's guerrilla warfare of attrition. The Tatmadaw's training regime continues to
emphasize principles of guerrilla warfare, such as "if the enemy advances, we withdraw; if
the enemy rests, we harass; if the enemy tires, we attack; and if the enemy withdraws, we
pursue” [敵進我退，敵駐我擾，敵疲我打，敵退我追” -- Di jin wo tui; Di jiu wo rao; Di
pi wo da; Di tui wo jui]. In this context, the surrounding areas of Naypyidaw could be
considered as the heartland or base area where enemy should be "lured deep for
annihilation".
A major drawback of the new location of the military high command is that it has become a
solely military target with almost no likelihood of collateral damage.
(3) Gaining a Sense of Control
The location of Naypyidaw is very close to

the intersection of major highways linking
India to Thailand and China to Bangladesh.
Besides, it commands the major road links between
Upper and Lower Myanmar, on both sides of the Bago mountain range, and it controls both
the Ayerwaddy and Sitaung rivers; therefore, it is at the tip of the chokepoint. The centrality
of the location also serves the purpose of radiating state authority into the periphery,
particularly into the areas populated by non-Bamar ethnic nationalities. As the new capital is

physically closer to the Kachin, Kayah, Shan, and Kayin states, it could become
psychologically closer to these nationalities. In the official explanation, the new location "is
centrally located and has quick access to all parts of the country." 6 Moreover, it is much
better and more cost-effective to build a new city rather than renovate the old city of Yangon,
if there is proper urban planning. Yangon city is plagued with traffic congestion and drainage
problems. After all, capital cities nowadays are not necessarily on the sea coast. 7
6 "Seeing Stars over Myanmar's Capital shift, The Straits Times (12 November 2005), p. 26.
7 Canberra (Australia), Islamabad (Pakistan), New Delhi (India), and Beijing (China) are all
inland.
(4) Decolonization
In 1989, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) government decided to
change the English names of the country and capital from Burma to Myanmar and Rangoon
to Yangon; restoring the original names or their pronunciation in the Myanmar language.
Further, Bassein became Pathein and Tavoy became Dawei. Arakan State and Irrawaddy
Division are now written as Rakhine State and Ayeyarwady Division while the Salween River
has become known as the Thanlwin River. Maymyo [named after Colonel May] was renamed
Pyin Oo Lwin. Moreover, names of streets, blocks, avenues and islands named after British
colonial authorities, English names or the names of those considered as traitors who
collaborated with the British were replaced by the names of prominent figures in Myanmar
history or in the anti-colonial struggle. In this process, nearly 200 places were renamed. Thus,
Windsor Road became Shin Saw Pu Road, Dufferin Road became Sandaku Road, Maung
Htaw Lay Street became Bo Sun Pat Street and Maung Khine Street became Bo Ywe Street.
In the same light, as Rangoon [Yangon] was made the capital of Colonial Burma by the
British after the occupation of Mandalay and the deposition of the last Myanmar King, it
could be considered a symbol of humiliation for the Myanmar people. Perhaps, in the view of
the present leadership, the capital of Myanmar should not be a symbol of humiliation.
Therefore, in the process of decolonization, a new capital should be established.
(5) Isolating Civil Servants From The Larger Population

Centre
In the 1988 uprising civil servants, including some troops, particularly from the navy and air
force, were involved in anti-government demonstrations, and in the view of the present
leadership this was mostly due to their residence in the wards, rather than the cantonment or
in government quarters. This situation resulted in the government machinery being
completely paralyzed during the 1988 uprising. Therefore, in this context, keeping key civil
servants and military personnel away from population centres could create a better space for

managing state affairs in any contingency.

Map Showing the Locations of Ministries at Naypyidaw
(6) Traditional Myanmar World View

Although some may be quizzical about this explanation, one cannot dismiss outright the role
of fortune-tellers or soothsayers in the decision. Father Sangermano once unsympathetically
described Myanmar as a nation so given to superstition that not only do people practise
judicial astrology, and divination, and put faith in dreams, but also they have an infinity of
foolish and superstitious customs. 8 After all, as Rudyard Kipling claimed: "This is Burma,
and it will be quite unlike any land you know about." No one could deny the fact that the
occult and superstition play a role in a traditional society like Myanmar. People in Myanmar
have grown accustomed to the very notion that there is a parallel between the Macrocosm
and
the Microcosm, and between the universe and the world of men, and humanity is constantly
influenced by forces emanating from the movements of stars and planets. 9 Besides, it is
believed that other supernatural forces also influence human life. Therefore, consultation with
prognosticators, such as astrologers, palm-readers, and even clairvoyants, is quite common in
Myanmar society.
8 Father Sangermano, A Description of the Burmese Empire (New York: Augustus M. Kelly,
1969), p. 141
9 Robert Heine-Geldern, Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia, p. 1.
MINISTRIES
RESIDENCE
DEFENCE
AIRPORT
In the traditional Myanmar pattern of authority, it is believed that a person can rise to
prominence through the combination of three factors: Phon (glory), Hnalone (wisdom) and
Letyone (physical prowess). The combination of these three elements will produce one with
Azwa (influence) and Ahna (power or authority). Perhaps the most important concept in the
traditional idea of power and authority is Phon, without which one cannot become a leader.
In traditional Myanmar belief, Phon is conceptually linked to Kamma, which is a result of
one's Kutho (merits) in the previous life and present existence. The accumulation of more
merit can lead to more Phon; thus, patronizing religious order [Sangha] is important, with
actions such as building pagodas and monasteries and performing good deeds for both
monks

and laymen. In this context, "although Phon is intrinsic to the inner force of an individual,
there are ways to tap external forces to sustain and reinforce one's Phon, and one way of
enhancing one's Phon is by performing rituals such as coronations and acquiring objects of
magical potency such as Buddha images, relics, white elephants, amulets, and other
objects."10 Also because of the Phon of the king, these objects, such as a white elephant,
could come into his possession. Therefore, the possession of white elephants was greatly
desirable in the pre-colonial Myanmar polity as it indicated the possession of great Phon, by
extension a symbol of a Cakkavattin [world conqueror].
When one relies heavily on Phon alone [because of weakness in Hnalone and Letyone], then
the enhancing of Phon becomes more important. Although one's Phon cannot be easily
contested, when Phon becomes weak one cannot escape from a downturn in life and that
person will face a challenge from aspirants with superior Kamma. Thus, enhancing Phon is
important, and it can be done through accumulating merit and performing rituals. Acquiring
magical potency, through Letphwe [amulets], Gartar [incantations], Mantan [mantras],
Piyasae [philters] and Inn [cabalistic diagrams], helps protect oneself or cushion, if not
enhance, one's own Kamma. Besides, Myanmar people look for omens and prophetic sayings
in order to avoid misfortune and to decide whether to take or not to take a particular action.
Several different practices come under these two broad categories. 11
10 Myo Myint, Pattern of Authorities in Pre-Colonial Myanmar, unpublished paper, p. 14.
11 For detail, see Maung Than Swe (Dewai), "Myanmar Doei Lawki Pyinnya [Myanmar
Occults]", Atwe Amyin,
Issue 178, July 2006, pp. 162-167; Saw Lu, "Tabaung Shepye Laelarchet [Preliminary Survey
of Prophetic
Saying]", Ngwe Taryi Magazine, Issue 429, April 1996, pp. 26-35.
Where there is a bad omen or prophecy,

in addition to the above-mentioned practices, one
can avoid misfortune by performing a Yadaya. The noun “Yadaya” is defined in the
Myanmar-English Dictionary as "something done in keeping with an astrologer's advice to
avert impending misfortune or to realize what one wishes. 12 The verb form "Yadaya-che"
means to follow an astrologer's advice on what one must do to avert an impending event or to
achieve what one desires. 13 In the "Myanma Min Okchokpon Sadan" (Treatise on the
Administration of the Myanmar King), U Maung Maung Tin described Yadaya in the
following terms: "Treatises of Yadaya were based on the belief that whatever circumstances
arose could be managed by performing a certain act or ritual so that one can either avert
misfortunes or fulfil desires. Our renowned scholars used to claim that this practice began
with Ari monks in the Bagan period."14 Nevertheless, Yadaya is very commonly practised in

present-day Myanmar. 15 In this context, there are some people who think the moving of the
capital is performing a particular Yadaya; it is difficult to substantiate, but the possibility is
there. The shape of the ministry buildings, which look just like scorpions, however, is
interesting to note. According to some believers, it is a Yadaya in the form of Katkin
[preventive measure to ward off any impending ill fate].16
12 Department of Myanmar Language Commission, Myanmar-English Dictionary, sixth
printing (Yangon:
DMLC, 2001), p. 382.
13 ibid.
14 U Maung Maung Tin, Myanma Min Okchokpon Sadan" [Royal Administration of Myanmar],
Vol. 4 (Yangon:
Baho Press, 1971), p. 197.
15 One recent example, according to some rumours or hearsay, is the building of a pagoda in
a city with two
Wednesday letters of the Myanmar alphabet as a Yadaya; thus, a pagoda was built in Lashio
as both "La" and
"Ya" in the name of the city are Wednesday letters. Consequently, a hillock in Lashio was
named "Vijaya-
Bumi Maha-Aungmye Mingalar Kone-daw" (literally Victory-land, Great Victory-land, and
Auspicious Hill)
and the pagoda named "Yan-Taing-Aung" [Victory in Every Strife] was built.
16 There were scorpion statues at the Aungzeya Hillock in Maesai, Thailand, which is just
across the Myanmar
town of Tachilake. According to the oral history, these statues were built by the Myanmar King
Alaungpaya,
also known as U Aungzeya, during his Yodaya [Ayutthaya] campaign in the 1750s. The Thai
called their
capital "Ayutthaya" which meant "the city that could not be conquered by the fighting or war".
But to reverse
it, Myanmar called it "Yutthaya" so that "the city that could be conquered by the fighting or
war", and it
eventually became "Yodaya". In the same fashion, King Alaungpaya built scorpion statues
and issued a curse
that the Thai could never conquer Myanmar. [Naung (Correspondent), "Consequences of
Turning the
Scorpion in Thailand towards Myanmar", Natkhetta Yaungchi (No. 179, June 2001), pp. 9-12.

In Southeast Asian history, rulers have

often moved their capitals
or seats of government to make symbolic statements at the start of new dynasties and to
propitiate spirits. Myanmar
history is full of examples of kings building new royal capitals, especially at the start of a
new dynasty.
How did Myanmar kings build their new royal capitals in pre-colonial days? Myanmar
chronicles provide examples of the significance of Tabaung in building new royal capitals in
Myanmar. Tabaung, which offers prophecies in the form of verses in rhyme, was one of the
most common forms of prophecy in Myanmar.17 According to the Myanmar chronicles, King
Thihathu (1309-1322) built his royal capital at Pinya because he heard a Tabaung that
discouraged him building the capital at Myinsaing and recommended a move to the south
without delay. Likewise, King Thado Minpya (1364-1368) built a new royal capital at Innwa
after hearing Tabaungs that preferred Innwa over Sagaing.18 Similarly, King Mindon (1852-
1878) also built Yadanabon (Mandalay) after hearing Tabaung.19 There is no clear evidence
to support the theory that the recent moving of the capital to Naypyidaw was in accordance
17 Even in the early Second World War period, in 1941, Aung San named Colonel Suzuki, the
leader of the
Japanese Army's secret organization known as Minamikikan, as Bo Mogyo [Thunderbolt] in
line with a
Tabaung that was popular in late 1930s, which said that thunderbolt would strike the Htiyoe
[umbrella stem],
an implicit reference to the British in Myanmar.
18 U Kala, Mahayazawingyi, Vol. 1 (Yangon: Yarpyae Sarpay, 2006), pp, 259; 273-274
19 U Maung Maung Tin, Konebaungset Mahayazawin, Vol. 3 (Yangon: Yarpyae Sarpay,
2005), pp. 171-172
with or because of Tabaung.20 Nevertheless, the moving of the capital indicates the beginning
of a new rule, if not a new dynasty. However, based on rumours that the Senior General Than
Shwe and his family have been behaving like royalty, the Irrawaddy Magazine in Chiang
Mai produced an image of the Senior General in the traditional dress of a Myanmar king with
regalia.
What would kings do after founding a new royal capital [Naypyidaw]? Having announced the
arrival of a new dynasty, Myanmar kings usually built a palace and a pagoda in the new royal
capital, since the capital stands for the whole country. These represent Cakkavattin Mandaing

[political Mandala] and Bodhi Mandaing [religious Mandala] respectively.21 By doing so, the
king declares himself not only a Cakkavattin [world conqueror] but also a Bodhisatta [future
Buddha], who resides on the continent of Jabudipa [paradise on earth]; therefore, in
Tambiah’s terms, the king is the "World Conqueror and World Renouncer".22 In the Buddhist
cosmology, Mount Meru forms the centre of the universe and there lie four continents known
20 There was a Tabaung before the fall of the BSPP regime. It was: "Kalapaya-Htitawtin;
Naymingyi-Laewin
[When the finial is hoisted on the Indian Pagoda; the Sun will set]". The Indian Pagoda is the
Mahavijiya
Pagoda enshrined with the Buddhist relics brought from Nepal and the Sun referred to
General Ne Win
["bright sun"]. Another Tabaung appeared in mid 1990s. It was: "Swaetaw-Hnitsu-Atutu;
Pyithu-Laemwe-
Tatlaekwe [The two Tooth-relic pagodas are similar; people would be impoverish and the
army would split]".
This could well be politically motivated. Anyway, the fissure between the infantry and
intelligence factions
within the Army was serious in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but it was overcome by the
elimination of the
intelligence faction by the infantry faction by 2004.
21 Mandala is generally considered as sphere of influence.
22 Stanley J. Tambiah, World Conqueror and World Renouncer (London: Cambridge
University Press, 1977).
as Mahadipas, one in each of the cardinal directions. The continent south of Mount Meru is
Jabudipa. This Jabudipa, considered the most auspicious continent, was the place where the
Buddhas were born, future Buddha will attain enlightenment, and the Cakkavattin [world
conqueror] will be born. At present, there is no evidence that the government is building
palace-style buildings; but some could argue that there is a possibility of sanctifying some
buildings as such, yet we will never know. However, recently, the Myanmar government
announced that it had begun building a pagoda in Naypyidaw of almost the same size and
shape as the Shwe Dagon Pagoda; and it is named "Uppatasanti" which means development
and stability.23 The stake-driving ceremony for the pagoda was held on 12 November 2006.
The invitation card for the ceremony opened with a phrase "Rajahtani Naypyidaw [the royal
capital where the king resides]".

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
In pre-colonial Myanmar, kings moved their capitals occasionally; but they remained mostly
in Central or Upper Myanmar. Bagan lasted for over three centuries, from the 11th to the 13th
century. Myainsaing became the centre of Myanmar authority for about a decade. Thihathu
built a new capital at Pinya in 1312, not far from the previous site, and it remained as capital
until 1364. Sagaing was a rival capital between 1322 and 1364. Then, Innwa became the
capital of ethnic Bamar in 1365 while Bago, also known as Hantharwaddy, was the capital of
the Mon in the south that controlled Ramanyadesa. This situation was described as "One
Basin, Two Poles" in Myanmar by Victor Lieberman.24 Innwa was attacked and destroyed by
Shans in 1526; and the Innwa throne passed into the hands of Shan rulers. By then, Taungoo
under Mingyinyo and Tabinshwehti rose to prominence and became the centre of Myanmar
authority.
Tabinshwehti decided to move his capital from Taungoo to Bago, further south. This was
perhaps primarily to take control of commercial ports which had increasingly become major
sources of maritime revenue. With the domination of the Shan in the north, especially after
the fall of Innwa in 1526, the revenue from overland trade with China had become less
23 Weekly Eleven, Vol. 1, No. 44 (16 August 2006), p. 9. The pagoda is just less than one foot
shorter than the
Shwe Dagon Pagoda. Uppatasanti is the name of a sutra, not part of the Tripitaka, but
prepared by a monk in
the early 16th century. It is to be recited in time of crisis especially in the face of foreign
invasion.
24 Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800 - 1830
(Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 85- 211
significant for the Myanmar polity in central or upper Myanmar. Moreover, it was a
geopolitically significant decision as remaining in Taungoo or moving to Innwa would invite
security challenges from either the Shan in the north or the Mon in the south. By taking firm
control over the Mon, through residence at the Mon capital and adoption of Mon customs,
Tabinshwehti could avoid a two-prong attack. Nevertheless, as indicated by Lieberman, it
was the first and only time in the precolonial history of Myanmar that a capital with authority
over most of the Ayerwaddy-Sitaung basin was located in the south, near the coast.25
Bayinnaung, despite his re-conquest of Innwa in 1555, called Bago his home and built a new
palace and held his coronation there. Thus, Bago served as the capital of Myanmar in the
period between 1539 and 1599. Bago was completely destroyed by Rakhine in 1599.
Meanwhile, in central Myanmar, Prince Nyaunagyan, governor of Yemathin and a son of

Bayinnaung, tried to restore the empire of his father and established the Nyaungyan dynasty
in 1597. He decided to move his power base from Yemathin to Innwa in 1598. Innwa
remained the official capital of the Nyaungyan dynasty until it was destroyed by the Mon in
1752. However, from 1623, King Anaukphetlun and his successor, Thalun, made Bago a
temporary residence and it was only in 1635 that Thalun decided to go back to his official
residence and the royal capital at Innwa. King Thalun's decision to return and make Innwa his
home has generated a scholarly debate among some historians on Myanmar. G. E. Harvey
remarked that Thalun's decision to abandon Tabinshwehti's dream of Mon-Bamar national
kingship resulted from the failure of the attempted coalescence with the Mon; thus, the
Myanmar court relapsed into its tribal homeland in Upper Myanmar. The decision pushed
Myanmar back into the past, according to Harvey, as its appropriate future lay on the
seacoast;
and it subsequently contributed to the isolation of Myanmar from international
developments.26 D. G. E. Hall went even further and wrote that the move of the Myanmar
capital from Bago to Innwa in 1635 was, without doubt, one of the cardinal events of
Myanmar history and it signalled the triumph of the more intransigent elements in Myanmar
character and government policy that contributed ultimately to the political ruin of the
country.27 But Maung Htin Aung, known for his nationalist perspective, disputed the long-
25 Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels, p. 151
26 G. E. Harvey, History of Burma: from the earliest times to 10 March 1824 (London: Frank
Cass & Co. Led,
1967), p. 193.
27 D. G. E. Hall, Early English Intercourse with Burma 1587-1743 (London: 1928) p. 11.
term significance of the move.28 In fact, Victor Lieberman has correctly pointed out that Bago
was never the official palace site between 1613 and 1635, and Innwa remained the official
capital of Myanmar.29 Both Anaukphetlun and Thalun treated Bago as a temporary residence
and stayed in Thakama Tetaw [hut] or Yaye Nantaw [temporary palace] as indicated in the
Myanmar chronicles. Bago, then, was like a command post for military or pacification
campaigns in the south. Hence, as stated in the chronicles, King Thalun returned to Innwa the
royal capital on 24 December 1634 and entered the Thetnge Nantaw [thatched palace] on 14
January 1635.30 Then the king built a new palace and consecrated it on 24 May 1635. With
regard to the decision to move the capital from Lower to Upper Myanmar, Victor Lieberman
explained:
Although the north obviously lacked direct access to maritime trade, it profited
from commerce with Yunnan, while a series of provincial reforms preserved
direct control over the invaluable ports. In the event of rebellion, an interior
capital always made sense: one could go downriver up to seven times more
quickly than one could ascend the Irrawaddy. Most critical, with refugees
streaming up the Irrawaddy and with Upper Burma prospering from 80 years
of more or less continuous peace, population in the north again rose markedly.
Reinforced by deportations, in 1635 the dry zone contained over three times
more people, hence potential soldiers, than Lower Burma. To control some
4,000 villages spread throughout this zone was a far more critical task,
requiring on-site royal supervision, than to control a far smaller number of
villages and two or three ports in the south. Unfavorable climate later in the
17th century may have hit Upper Burma harder than the coast, but of course,
when the decision to change capitals was finalized in 1635, this problem lay
well in the future. In any case, famines around the Bay of Bengal from 1630-
1635 slammed Lower Burma no less savagely than the interior.31
28 Maung Htin Aung, A History of Burma (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), pp.
143-146
29 Victor Lieberman, "The Transfer of the Burmese Capital from Pegu to Ava", Journal of the
Royal Asiatic
Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1980; no.1), p. 64.
30 Ukala III, p. 192.
31 Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels, p. 159.
When Alaungpaya established the Konbaung dynasty on 17 April 1752, he made Shwebo his
capital. Perhaps, the Konbaung dynasty was the only dynasty in pre-colonial Myanmar to
move its capital five times. Alungpaya gave Shwebo, his capital, the name "Yadana Theinga"
on 21 June 1753. His son, Sinbyushin, the third king of Konbaung, moved the capital from
Shwebo to Innwa on 20 March 1766. Then his brother, Bodawpaya, the 6th Konbaung king,
moved the capital from Innwa to Amarapura on 9 January 1783. Bodawpaya's grandson,
Bagyidaw, the 7th king of Konbaung, moved the capital back again to Innwa on 3 March
1824. Twenty seven years later, Amarapura was made capital again on 9 July 1841 during the
reign of Thayarwaddy. Finally, on 16 July 1858 Mindon moved his capital from Amarapura
to Mandalay. After the last king of Konbaung, Thibaw, was dethroned on 27 November 1885,
Mandalay ceased to exist as the capital of Myanmar. Yangon then became the capital of both
colonial and post-colonial Myanmar until late 2005.
With regard to Mindon's decision to move his capital, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab from
Thailand, during his journey in Myanmar in 1935, remarked:
Judging from the history of the period, there were other factors in the
construction of Mandalay, although the annals did not point them out. From
the time that the Burmese lost their first war with the British, the Burmese
kings became somewhat deranged, and three of them in succession had to be

removed from the throne. This situation must have been regarded as
inauspicious for the former capital.
The most important reason, however, must have been the arrival of European
steam-powered trading ships. During the reign of King Min-don, steamers
began to come up to Ava and Amarapura. Since both towns were on the bank
of the Irrawaddy, it would have been possible for the Europeans to bring
artillery pieces up-river aboard the trading ships and to shell the capital. The
Burmese therefore thought the capital should be moved some distance from
the river, beyond the range of enemy fire. Although this must have been the
original reason, King Min-don was sensitive about being accused of fearing
the Europeans. And so, pointing to his portentous dream and the prophesy of
the Lord Buddha, he instructed his chief minister to discuss his view with the
Heir Apparent, senior princes, ministers, royal councillors, ecclesiastical

chiefs and court Brahmins. Most of them accepted the king's idea.32
Nevertheless, the Myanmar kings' decision to move their capitals, especially during the
Konbaung period, did indicate their desire to make a fresh start. This was apparently the case
as they moved back and forth between Innwa and Amarapura. Mindon's decision would have
been partly influenced by the military-strategic factors; yet it was certainly a symbolic
gesture of a fresh start after losing two wars to the British in 1824 and 1852, from Innwa and
Amarapura respectively; both cities could be considered as inauspicious.
With regard to the Myanmar government's decision to move the capital in late 2005, Michael
Aung-Thwin said that the recent move of capital to the dry zone of Upper Myanmar has
nothing to do with soothsayers, but was based on historical, cultural and strategic
considerations. "It is where the capital of the first classical state of Burma, Pagan, and where
all subsequent capitals of its dynasties except one have been centred. It is the ancestral home
of the Burmese people and is very much part of their psyche, unlike Rangoon which has been
a reminder of the country's colonial experience." said Aung-Thwin. 33
Some people have argued that the recent decision to move the capital from Yangon to
Naypyidaw might be somewhat influenced by the birthplaces of the top two leaders. They
pointed out that Senior General Than Shwe and Vice Senior General Maung Aye were
natives of Kyaukse and Kantbalu, respectively, in Upper Myanmar. [However, former prime
minister General Khin Nyunt was from Kyauktan, near Yangon, while General Thura Shwe
Mann is a native of Kanyuntkwin, between Bago and Taungoo.] This could not be the case.
Many people are concerned with the economic impact [cost] of building a new capital which
could take at least another four years. 34 It is reported that the Naypyidaw now has about
80,000 migrant workers and the labour costs alone total over four billion kyat a month.35
32 H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, Journey Through Burma in 1936 (Bangkok: River
Books, 1991), pp.
78-79.
33 Bangkok Post (26 November 2005).
34 Living Color (No. 137, December 2006), p. 62.
35 Ibid.
CONCLUSION
The Myanmar government's decision to move its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw does
reveal certain aspects of its security and strategic perspectives and the leadership's worldview
as well. It is now certain that the military government will make a change in the
National Convention to endorse Naypyidaw as the national capital. However, whether
Myanmar with its new capital, Naypyidaw [the royal capital], will ever represent the Jabudipa
[Paradise on Earth] remains to be seen.

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jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;eJ@r[mausmif;om;
ppf t m%m&S i f a wG [ m om;oH k ; om;xJ u ausmif ; om;awG u k d b ,f v k d
tòid;}uD;}uD;eJ@ ESyd u f yG wf ,f/ ausmif;om;awGua&m a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif
b,fvt dk pGr;f tpawG&w dS ,f qdw k mudk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyoGm;ygrh ,f?ausmif;om;qdw k m[m
yGiv hf if;±d;k om;+y;D zdEydS rf /_ rw&m;r_ukd róuu d w f hJ obm0&Syd gw,f? acwfynmwwfjzpf+y;D
EdkifiHwumeJ@,SOfum tjrifus,f tod^m%fºuG,f0olawGvnf; jzpf=uygw,f? e,fcsJ@
udkvdkeDvufatmufu vGwfajrmufzdk@ óud;pm;cJhwJh jrefrmEdkifiHudk u,fwifcJhwJh
“tmZmenf ol&aJ umif;” awG[m ausmif;om;awGu jzpfvmwmr[kwyf gvm;cifAsm;?
ausmif;om;awG[m olwdk@&JŒ i,f&G,fEkysdKwJh b0awGudk paw;+yD; toufay;ae=uwm
awG[m &mxl;tm%mudk vdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;qkdwmudk vlwkdif;od=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh
&mxl;tm%mudk rw&m;vkcd siw f hJ ppftyk pf [k m ausmif;om;awGukd a=umuf&ŒHG +yD;t=urf;
zuf ESyd u f yG cf w
hJ mbJ jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~e@J ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awG[m EdkifiHa&;
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; avmif;&dyfawGatmufu uif;vGwf+yD; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh trsdK;om;
EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pk}uD;wpf&yftjzpf ay:xGufcJhygw,f?'ghtjyif jynfolvlxk&JŒ ,Hk=unf
pdwcf sre_ @J tm;ud;k tm;xm;ðyr_ukd &&S+d yD; ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm;wJh pdw"f mwf
eJ@ tepfemcHwJ@pdwf"mwfawG[mvnf; tHhrcef;jzpfcJh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~eJ@
ausmif;om;awG[m jynfov l xl ek @J yl;aygi;f vufw+JG yD; }uD;rm;wJh trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;vrf;
a=umif;ay:rSm &yfwnfcJh=uwm awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?
acwf(5)acwfjzpfwJh udkvdkeDacwfeJ@ vGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_acwf/ ygvDref 'Drdk
ua&pDacwf/ rqvppftm%m&Sifacwf/ e0wppftm%m&Sifacwf/ etzppftm%m&Sif
acwfawGrmS ausmif;om;or*~e@J ausmif;om;awG[m vGwv f yfa&;&&Srd j_ y\em/jynfwiG ;f
ppf&yfpJa&; jy\em/ 'Drdkua&pDe@J vl@tcGifhta&;jy\em/ trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf
a&; jy\em pwmawGudk t}udwfte,f ajz&Sif;awmif;qdkcJh=uygw,f?
udkvkdeDacwf vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm wjynfvHk;rSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;
r_awGudk pnf;±Hk;acgif;aqmifEdkifzdk@ (All Burma Student Union) A.B.S.U vdk@ac:wJh Arm
Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ukd 1936ckEpS f arv(8)&ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;Edik cf hJ
ygw,f? OuUÏ[m rpPwm&m&Spfjzpf+yD; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;uawmh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;bJ jzpfygw,f? 1938ckESpf ukefydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m OuUÏ jzpfvm
cJhygw,f?vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdef ygvDrefacwfjzpfwJh 1951=o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm Arm
15
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~&ŒJ yxrt}urd f nDvmcH}u;D udk ac:,lusi;f ycJyh gw,f?
tJ'n D v D mcH}uD;rS A.B.S.U udk zsuo f rd ;f +yD; ( All Burma Federation of Student Union)
vd@k ac:wJh A.B.F.S.U udk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru kdf a&pDa&;eJ@
trsdK;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;wkd@udk csrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f? 1953ckESpf rwfvrSm
ausmif;wpfvydwfta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufcJh&m zqyvtpdk;&u oydwfukd ypfcwfòzdcGJcJh
ygw,f// 1956 atmufwdkbmvrSm zqyvtpdk;&[m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;udk tpkd;&
txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm rzGJ@pnf;zdk@ trdef@xkwfjyefcJhygw,f// 'ghtjyif ausmif;wGif;
pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk rðyvky&f efvnf; n¸e=f um;vm&m xdt k rde@f xw k jf yefcsut f ay:wGif
ausmif;om;rsm;u qef@usifuef@uGuf=u+yD; jrefrmwjynfvHk;oydwfwdkufyGJ ysH@ESH@qifE$JcJh
=uygw,f// ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif(50)ausmf tzrf;cH&+yD; (200)ausmf ausmif;xkwcf cH hJ
&ygw,f? zqyv tpkd;&[m txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tpm;
ausmif;aumifprD sm;om zG@J pnf;zd@k n¸e=f um;cJyh gw,f? 1956ckEpS rf mS A.B.F.S.U ArmEdik if H
vHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ pwkwˆt}udrf uGef*&ufudkvnf;aumif;/ 1958
ckESpfrSm yOPrt}udrfuGef*&ufudkvnf;aumif; atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhygw,f?
1958 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrSm ppftpd;k &[m tdraf pmift h pd;k &tjzpf wufvmwJh
tcg 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J ausmif;om;or*~rsm;[m wjynfv;kH udk pnf;±H;k v_@H aqmf+y;D
Oya'abmiftwGi;f uef@uu G q
f ENjycJ=h uygw,f?tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m wuUov kd af usmif;om;
or*~acgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ udck ifarmift;kH eJ@ zd;k omat;wd@k ukd udu k ;kd u|e;f od@k y@kd c&hJ mrS tpðy+y;D
ausmif;om;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sif pwif xdyfwdkufawG@cJh=uygw,f?
1960 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvrSm A.B.F.S.U &JŒqÏrt}udraf jrmuf uGe*f &uf
udk qufvufusi;f yEdik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gt h jyif KMT w±kwjf zLrsm; jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f aemuf
qHk;t}urd f usL;ausm0f ifa&mufc&hJ m “w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf e_ @J e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;aumfrwD”
udk zG@J pnf;um ausmif;om;or*~rsm;u OD;pD;+yD; tar&duefo±H ;kH rSm qENjyuef@uu G cf =hJ u
ygw,f?
ygvDrefacwfumvrSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xuf Oya'twGif; 'Drdk
ua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;cJhygw,f? Oya'twGif; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m wkdufyGJ
trsdK;tpm; (3) rsdK;&Sdygw,f? yxr trsdK;tpm;uawmh b0wdkufyGJvdk@ ac:wJh pD;yGm;a&;
usyfwnf;r_ wkdufyGJjzpf+yD; tvkyform;/ pma&;/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ pm;0wfaea&;
twGuf Oya'/ ausmif;pnf;urf;eJ@uek af ps;E_e;f / vpmwd;k jri‡ ahf &; pwmawGukd awmif;qdw k hJ
16
wkud yf GJ jzpfygw,f/ 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;uawmh 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@tcGithf a&;wdu
k yf JG jzpfygw,f?
wwd, trsdK;tpm;uawmh EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJvdk@ac:wJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ppftm%m
&Sifpepf qef@usifðywfusa&;wdkufyJG jzpfygw,f? Oya'twGif; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m
jynfov l x
l yk g0ifrt
_ m;udk vH;k 0tm;ðy&wJh wdu k yf jJG zpfovdk ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_e@J ausmif;om;
or*~awG[m vlxw k u
kd yf aJG wG&ŒJ a&S@ “vHo
S mG ;xdy”f uae yg0ifcw hJ mawG@&ygw,f?
jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefup+yD; acwfopf
jrefrmjynf&JŒ ordkif;ausm±dk;jzpfaeovdk jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf
qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJawG[mvnf; acwf&JŒawmif;qkdr_jzpfwJh 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@
Adkvfae0if; tm%modrf;&mup+yD; pOfqufrjywfjzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f?
qJAif;*sLvkdif ed'gef;
1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@rmS Adv k af e0if; tm%modr;f +yD;wJt h cg ppftm%m&Sif
pepfukd yxrOD;qHk; qef@usifuef@uGufol[m ausmif;om;rsm; jzpf=uygw,f? tm%m
odrf;+yD;+yD;csif; rwfv (3) &ufae@rSm ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
(Auo)/ &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo)eJ@ &efuek cf ±kid af usmif;om;rsm;
or*~ (&uo) wd@k yl;wG+J y;D a=unmcsuw f pfapmifxw k jf yefum ppfwyfu tm%modr;f jcif;udk
uef@uu G v f u dk =f uygw,f? zqyv/ yrnw pwJh Edik if aH &;ygw}D u;D awGu apmif=h unfzh @kd qHk;
jzwfxm;wJt h csed rf mS ausmif;om;awGu jywfjywfom;om; uef@uu G cf =hJ uvd@k Adv
k af e0if;
[m ausmif;om;or*~awGtay:rSm “tmCmw” w&m;xm;cJhw,fvdk@ od&SdcJh&ygw,f?
wuUokdvf&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@pDrHcef@cJGa&;udk ynma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu wdkuf±dkuf
udkifwG,fjcif;rðy&ef awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu arv(9)&ufae@rSm a=unmcsufxkwfjyef
vkdufygw,f? wuUodkvftufOya'rSmygwJh vkyfydkifcGifhtm;vHk;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDu usifhoHk;oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif;eJ@ ausmif;om;awGukd EdSyfuGyfcsKyfcs,fwJh ausmif;
aqmifpnf;urf; (22) csuu f v kd nf; owfrw S v
f u
kd jf yefygw,f? tJ'aD emuf arv (10)&uf
ae@rmS Advk af e0if;[m wuUov kd af umifp0D ifawGukd '*H&k yd o f mrSm ac:,lawG@q+kH y;D wuUodkvf
aumifpu D kd zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k w f thJ a=umif;ajym&m ausmif;om;xktwGi;f rSm rauseyfr_ ydrk kd
rsm;jym;vmygw,f?
arv(27)&ufae@rmS wuUov dk af umifpu D kd awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ a=unmcsuf
trde@f (30) e@J xkwjf yefwt hJ cg wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;ryg0ifbJ ppftm%m&Sif t&m&Sd
17
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
}uD;rsm;eJ@om yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;vdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;taeeJ@ ydkrdk rausreyf jzpfcJh=u jyefyg
w,f? arv(31)&ufae@rmS ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ajyvnfr&_ w dS hJ &efuek w
f uUov kd f ygarmuQcsKyf
a'gufwmomvSudk &mxl;uz,f&Sm;vdkuf+yD; Adkvfae0if;[m ol@&JŒq&m ocsmFygarmuQ
OD;umudk tpm;xkd; cef@tyfvkdufjcif;jzifh tm%m&SiftðytrlZmwd ay:vmygawmhw,f?
trSefrSm wuUodkvftufOya't& ygarmuQcsKyf&mxl; vpfvyf&if ygarmuQawGxJu
,SOfòydifta&G;cHcGifh&Sd+yD; wuUokdvfbJG@&toif;0ifawG v#dK@0SufrJay;wJhpepfeJ@ a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡muf&rSmjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawGxkwfjyefwJh ynma&;pnf;urf;opfrSm
vnf; vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmuf&ma&mufwJh tcsuftvufawG rsm;pGmyg&Sd+yD; ausmif;
om;awGu axmufjyuef@uGufr_ ðyvkyfvm=uygw,f? wuotzGJ@rS ygarmuQcsKyf±Hk;odk@
w&m;0ifpm ay;ydk@cJhaomfvnf; jyef=um;r_wpfckrSr&&SdcJhvdk@ tkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;eJ@
ausmif;om;rsm;t=um;rSm wif;rmr_ jyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfae0if;[m q&m}uD;
OD;umudk ausmif;om;rsm; tvdrk vdu k &f ef zdtm;ay;cJyh gw,f? wuUov kd f taqmifwcH g;
rsm;udk n(8)em&Dydwfr,f/ b,folrS t0iftxGufrvkyf&vdk@ wif;usyfpGm wm;jrpfvdkuf
jyef&m ausmif;om;awG[m a'goxGufukef=uygw,f? Zlvdkifv(4) &ufae@ n (9)em&D
rSmawmh taqmifaeausmif;om;awG[m aºuG;a=umfuef@uGuf qENjy=uygawmhw,f?
Zlvikd vf (5) &ufae@rmS ausmif;om;awG[m ygarmuQcsKyfEiS hf awG@ciG ahf y;zd@k yef=um;ayr,fh
awG@ciG rhf &wma=umifh ydq k ;kd vm+yD; taqmifwcH g;udk vltiftm;eJ@ wGe;f zGiv hf u kd u
f m vrf;r
ay:xGufvm=uygw,f? Zlvdkifv (6) &ufae@rSm wuUodkvfe,fajrudk yk'rf (144) trde@f
xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? Zlvikd v f (7) &ufae@ eHeuf (11) em&DrmS ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;
usif;y+yD; yk'fr (144) udk qef@usifuef@uGufjcif;/ rw&m;xkwfjyefxm;wJh pnf;urf;csuf
(22) csuu f kd zsuo
f rd ;f ay;&efawmif;qdjk cif;ESihf wuUov kd yf &0k%t f wGi;f pDwef;vSnv hf nf
jcif; ðyvky=f uygw,f? xdpk Of tpnf;ta0;cef;rtwGi;f ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; (2)OD; ausmif;om;
ta,mifaqmif0ifvmwmudk ausmif;om;rsm; zrf;qD;&rdaomfvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGm
jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;awG qENjyyGJ+yD;qHk;csdefrSm vSnf;wef;*gwfwJu &Jum;wef;wpfck
¶kwjf cnf; 0ifa&mufvm+yD; tiftm; (200) cef@o;kH um udAk aqGav;eJ@ udo k uftygt0if
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd zrf;qD;ac:aqmifomG ;ygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ &JawG[m
t"dywdvrf;ay:rSm xdyw f u kd &f ifqidk af wG@q+kH yD; &JawGu rsu&f nf,Akd ;Hk rsm;eJ@ypfjcif;/ eHygwf
18
wkwrf sm;eJ@¶u kd jf cif;wd@k a=umifh ausmif;om;awGuvnf; &&mcJrsm;eJ@ ypfaygu&f mrS¶ek ;f &if;
qefcwf jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f?
aoG;oH&J&JeJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk awG@&wJhtcgrSm ausmif;om;xk[m ydkrdk em
usn;f vm+y;D awmifial qmif/ '*Hak qmif/ rEœav;aqmif pwJh ausmif;om;awG[m tiftm;
}uD;rm;pGm jyefvnfwek @f jyef=u&mrS wdu k yf jJG yif;xefvm+yD; aemufyikd ;f rSm &JawGu qkwcf mG
ay;vdkuf=u&w,f? 'gayr,fh ppftm%m&SifawG[m t0dkif;av;rSwfwdkifteD;rSm qGt J m;
aumif;wJh toHzrf;pufe@J v_y&f mS ;r_reS o f r#ukd zrf;,l+y;D awmh jrefrmhtoHuyG u f rJ ¶_ ;kH udk pOfquf
rjywf owif;ydk@aeygw,f? olwdk@&JŒ teD;uyfuGyfuJr_ae&muawmh jrefrmhtoHrSmbJ
jzpfygw,f? A[dv k òkH cHa&;aumifrwDOuUÏ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;ausmpf ;kd / Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;
oef;pdef/ Adkvfrª;}uD;armifvGif/ Adkvfrª;}uD;bOD;/ &JcsKyfOD;bat;/ ygarmuQcsKyf OD;umwdk@
&Sdae=u+yD; teD;uyfuGyfuJr_tzGJ@rSm oeu (4)wyf&if;rª; 'kwd,Adkvfrª;}uD;pdefvGif/
ppftif*sief , D mwyfr;ª 'kw, d Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vSjrif/h vufaxmuf &Jrif;}uD; OD;vSaiGw@kd yg0ifwhJ
tzGJ@u tajctaeudk rjywfapmifh=unfhaeygw,f? 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;vnf; v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmaeygw,f? naeydkif;rSmawmh ppfum;rsm;
a&muf&Sdvmum *smr%DEdkifiHvkyf B.A(63)G3. BA(64)G4 armif;jyef¶dkifz,frsm;udkif
aqmif+yD; wuUodkvf0if;pmwdkufrSpum t"dywdvrf;wav#mufESifh rEœav;aqmif0if;
bufukd rsuEf mS rlI ppfom;rsm;[m toD;oD; ae&m,lxm;vdu k =f uygw,f? pmwdu k 0f if; +cH
pnf;¶d;k teD;rSm 'kAv kd rf ;ª }u;D pdev
f iG u
f kd ausmif;om;wpfcsKd @u awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ&h m ausmif;om;
awGu Adkvfrª;wdk@wyfawG urm¶Gwf*gwfwJtxd qkwfcGmay;&ef avajyxkd;Iajym&m
txuftrdef@t& vmjcif;jzpfvdk@ qkwfray;Edkif[k jyefvnfajymqdkcJha=umif; od&Sd&
ygw,f? AdkvfpdefvGifu vlpkcGJ&efESifh oli,fcsif;awGudk ukd,fhtaqmifudk,f jyef0ifcdkif;&ef
om ausmif;om;awGukd jyefvnfajymqdck yhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;xJrS wcsKd @[m ‚if;wd@k twGuf
r&yfwnfwJh ygarmuQcsKyfOD;um&JŒ um;eHygwf (p-659)eJ@ ausmif;ydkifum; (p-6203)wdk@
udk vrf;ray:rSm rD;¶d_@vdkuf&m wif;rmr_ txGÉftxdyfudk a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? xdkpOf
wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;ay: pmwdkufteD;udk zD;,ufum;wpfpD; a&muf&Sdvmum Adkvfpdef
vGit f m; pmwpfapmifay;vdu k yf gw,f? 'Dpmuawmh ausmif;om;awGukd &uf&ufpufpuf
ypfcwfzdk@ ‘‘ypfrdef@’’ ay;wJhpmbJjzpfygw,f?
19
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
&efukefwuUodkvf
&efukefwuUodkvf[m ausmif;om;awGtwGuf &efusefwuUodkvfjzpfcJhyHkukd
qufvufwifjyoGm;ygr,f? AdkvfpdefvGif[m wyfrª;awGudk ac:,l+yD; ypf&ef!ïef=um;yg
awmhw,f/ tJ'Daemuf G3, G4 armif;jyef¶kdifz,fawGeJ@ wuUodkvf0if;twGif;rSm&SdwJh
ausmif;om;awGudk (3)rdepfypf/ (2) rdepfem;pepfeJ@ pwifypfcwfygawmhw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ
&ufpufpmG ypfcwfra_ =umifh '%f&m& aoqH;k ol (100) 0ef;usi&f cdS +hJ y;D wuUov kd ef ,fajrrSm
ausmif;om;awGtwGuf O'gef;ra=up&m ‘‘aoG;aºuG;’’ wifcJh&ygw,f? tm%m&Sif
ppfbv D ;l [m tm;r&ao;bJ 1962 Zlvikd v f 8 &uf eHeuf (4)em&D 0ef;usirf mS ppftif*sif
eD,mwyfu Adkvfrª;xGef;&DOD;pD;+yD; wuUodkvfor*~ taqmuftOD;}uD;udk 'dkif;erdkufeJ@
azmufcGJ zsufqD;vdkufygw,f? (7) em&DrSm Adkvfae0if;[m jrefrmhtoHrS ‘‘"m;"m;csif;/
vSHvSHcsif;’’ pdefac:wJhrdef@cGef;udk em;cg;p&m ajym=um;cJhygw,f?
'DjzpfpOfeJ@ pyfvsOf;+yD; Adkvfae0if;eJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@u ‘‘tdkau’’ qdkwJh
pum;vHk;eJ@ olvkyfw,f/ igvkyfw,fvdk@ aemufydkif;rSm tjyeftvSef pGyfpGJajymqdk=uyg
w,f? Adkvfae0if;[m A[kd uGyfuJr_OuUÏ Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmfpdk;ukd or*~taqmuf
ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD
20
tOD;xJrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;
awGudkxGufvmbdk@/ toHcsJ@
pufe@J ajym=um;&ef/ rxGuv f m
&if &DuKdG iv
f uf vufeuf}uD;eJ@
ypfzrf;r,fvdk@ xnfhoGif;ajym
=um;&ef/ naeydkif;rarSmifcif
vkyf&efESifh vdktyf&if vuf
euf } uD ; oH k ; zd k @ trd e f @ ay;cJ h
w,fvdk@od&ygw,f? &DuGdKif
vufvufeuf}uD;[m ayguf
uGrJ _ jyif;xefveG ;f wJh pGr;f tm; ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD AkH;cGJcH&+yD;aemuf
&Sd&m ‚if;vufeuf}uD;eJ@ypf wESpjf ynft
h crf;tem; Adv k af tmifausm*f Al rd mefab;wGif
v#if taqmuftOD;rcHEdkifbJ
yGifhxGufum rdkif;azmufcGJjcif;ESifh pGrf;tm;twlwlbJjzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;u qifa0S@
&efa&Smif&iS ;f &mrSm Adv k v
f [ S efe@J twl OD;ae0if;xH or*~taqmuftOD; AH;k cGrJ ,fu h pd /P wm;
qD;zdk@oGm;a&mufa=umif;ajymygw,f? jzpfpOftrSefu AHk;cGJ&ef uGyfuJr_tzGJ@u qHk;jzwf
wmudk ‚if;u OD;ae0if;xH twnfðyay;&ef oGm;a&mufwifjyjcif;omjzpf+yD; ‚if;udpPtm;
‘‘tdkau’’ qufvkyfyg[k OD;ae0if; oabmwlcJh+yD; OD;atmif}uD;u uGyfuJr_tzGJ@odk@ !ïef
=um;ajymqdkjcif;omjzpfygw,f?
or*~ taqmuftOD;twGi;f rSm em;cdak e=uwJh 'g%&f m&ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;
awG[m taqmuftOD;}uD;eJ@twl aysmufu, G of mG ;cJyh [
kH m &ifeifph &m aumif;vSygw,f?
e,fcsJ@awGudk awmfvSefzdk@ zGJ@pnf;cJhwJhwyfrawmf[m ausmif;om;t¶G,f vli,fuav;
awGudk okwfoifacsr_ef;aewmu ydk+yD; &ifeifhp&maumif;ygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG
taeeJ@ wuUodkvfaumifpDwGif yg0if=u&mrSm ausmif;om;awG&JŒ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifheJ@
ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;awGukd em;vnf ud, k cf si;f pmempdwrf xm;bJ csKd ;ESrd u f ikd w
f ,G rf [_ m
rSm;,Gif;r_wpfckjzpfygw,f? aemufxyf rSm;,Gif;r_wpfckuawmh ausmif;om;awG pDwef;
vSnf@vnf+yD;qHk;csdefrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk &JawGu ae@cif;a=umifawmif
tcsdef ausmif;0if;twGif; twif;0ifa&muf zrf;qD;jcif;bJjzpfygw,f? uGyfuJr_vkyfaewJh
ppft&m&Sd}uD;awGuvnf; tajctaeawGudk xdef;odrf;zdk@/ pDrHcef@cGJzdk@eJ@ EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,f
21
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
aygif;pyfn‡dEd_if;a&; nHhzsif;+yD; ESdyfuGyfzdk@udkbJ wmplaea=umif;udkvnf; awG@&Sd&ygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;xHu ypfrdef@pmr&cif ausmif;om;rsm; AdkvfpdefvGifESifhn‡dEd_if;pOf ygarmuQcsKyf
OD;um/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfausmfpdk;wdk@taeeJ@ tjrefvma&muf n‡dEd_if;xdef;odrf;oifh
ygw,f?
1963 Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh qJAif;*sLvdkif (1) ESpfajrmuftcrf;tem;udk
ðyvkyfcJh=u&m ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; rsuf&nfus 0rf;enf;*k%f,l}u+yD; usqHk;olrsm;
twGuf vGr;f ol@yef;acGcsc=hJ uygw,f? rlvae&mrSm ,m,D ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuf
tOD;udk zGifhyGJðyvkyfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ausmif;om;wdkif;&JŒ&ifxJ/ ESvHk;om;xJ
rSm ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;udk qHk;jzwfcsufcdkifrmpGmeJ@ tjrpfwG,f udef;0yfvmcJhyg
w,f? ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ EkysKd opfviG w f hJ &,farmoHawGe@J pnfum;cJw h hJ &efuek w
f uUov kd f
y&d0% k [f m ,ae@q&kd if ajcmufaoG@ww d q f wd af ecJ+h yjD zpfygonf? wuUov kd af wGudk jyefrzGifh
&Javmufatmif ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ owWu d kd a=umuf¶@G H wkev f y_ cf hJ
&+yDjzpfygw,f?
q,fpEk pS rf sm;cs+D yD; =umjrifch +hJ yDjzpfayr,fh 'D*sLvdik f (7) &ufae@ta&;tcif;udkrrSD
vdu k wf hJ rsKd ;qufopf ausmif;om;vli,fwikd ;f [m vufqifu h rf; wul;wu ay;a0iSv@kd r[kwf
bJ ESvHk;om;todavhvmr_a=umifh udk,fpD/ udk,fpD ppftm%m&Siftm; qef@usif&r,f
qdkwJh cH,lcsuf tvdkvdk aygufzGm;vmcJh=uygw,f? wyfrawmfrSm Adkvfavmif; tywfpOf
(29) wufa&mufcw hJ hJ xdyyf ikd ;f tqifu h ppft&m&S}d uD;wcsKd @[m *sLvdik f (7)&ufae@ ta&;
tcif;udk rSDvdkuf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh ausmif;aebufoil ,fcsi;f awG&ŒJ jzpfpOftay:rSm
oem;*¶k%moufae=ua=umif; Adv k af e0if;u &dypf m;rdv@kd ta&;tcif;rDvu kd o
f al wGukd owd
eJ@ pDppf+yD; apmifh=unfhcdkif;cJha=umif; od&Sd&ygw,f?
1963 jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG}J uD; jzpfvmwJt h cgrmS vnf; ausmif;om;
or*~0if ausmif;om;awG[m Oya'twGif;&Sd 'Drdkua&pDygwD toif;tzGJ@awGeJ@ yl;aygif;
zG@J pnf;xm;wJh jynfo@l aumfrwDrmS wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? 1963 Ed0k ifbmv
(10) &ufae@rmS vnf; &efuek òf rdŒawmfcef;ra&S@ (6)c¶dik +f idr;f csr;f a&; qENjyyGrJ mS ausmif;om;
or*~rsm; acgi;f aqmif+yD; ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfv;kH aomif;csD yg0ifc=hJ u&m vlxt k iftm;
oH;k aomif;ausmf yg0if wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? 1963 Ed0k ifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS jynfwiG ;f
+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;cJh+yD;aemuf ppftm%m&SifawG[m tpkvdkuf t+yHKvdkuf
22
ausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if vlaygif; oHk;axmifcef@udk zrf;qD;axmifcscJhygw,f? tzrf;
rcH csiw f hJ ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif udAk aqGav;/ udo k uf/ udwk ifxeG ;f / udpk ;kd / ud^k m%f0if;/
udkapm[ife&D ponfwdk@[m vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rSm yg0ifoGm;cJhygawmhw,f?
1963 rwfvrSm trsdK;om;nDnGwfr_Oya'jyÏmef;um EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awGudk
ppftm%m&SifawGu zsufodrf;cJh+yD; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk wqifh
wd;k zdEydS cf &hJ mrS ausmif;om;or*~}uD; (3)cke@J vkyif ef;wm0efawG[mvnf; 1967 {+yDvrSm
acwW &yfqikd ;f cJ&h ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;awG[m tcGio hf m&ifomovdk ppftm%m&Sif
qef@usifa&; qufvufv_yf&Sm;cJh&m tvkyform;oydwf/ OD;oef@ESifh rd_if;&mjynfhta&;
tcif;awGrSm ordkif;urŠnf; xdk;avmufatmif qufvufpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f?
ESdyfuGyfr_=um;u qufwdkufv_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ }uH@cdkifwJhpdwf"mwfESifh jrifhjrwfwJhtawG;tac:awGa=umifh
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ausmif;om;awGudk ESdyfuGyfzdk@ tpDtrHawGudk pepfwus csrSwf
aqmif¶u G v f mygw,f? ausmif;0ifciG ehf @J pmar;yGyJ pkH aH wGukd ajymif;vJypfovdk ausmif;pnf;
urf;rsKd ;pHu
k kd jyÏmef;jcif;/ oif¶;kd !ïe;f wrf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k tvdu k s r=umc% ðyjyifajymif;vJ
jcif;/ t*Fvdyfbmomudk (5)wef;rS pwifoif=um;apjcif;/ (8)wef;ESifh (10) wef;udk
ausmif;ppfrS tpdk;&ppfodk@ ajymif;vJjcif; ponfwdk@udk trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tm¶Hkajymif;&efvkyf
aqmifcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ zdESdyfcJh=uygw,f?
1967 rSmawmh jrefrmhordik ;f rSm wpfcgrrS }uHKzl;wJh qef&mS ;yg;r_jy\em jzpfvm
cJ&h m ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m w¶kw-f jrefrm ta&;tcif;tjzpf vrf;a=umif;v$Jypfvdkufjyefyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh rEœav;wuUodkvfeJ@ rEœav; GTI wdk@u w¶kwfqef@usiaf &;tpm; ppf
tm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &;acgi;f pOf ajymif;vdu
k &f m ppftm%m&Siaf wGtidu k rf o
d mG ;+y;D ausmif;om;
awGudk rD;ukef/ ,rf;ukef zrf;qD;jyefygw,f? 1967 Zlvdkifv (8) &ufae@rSm rEœav;
eef;wGi;f xJu axmifukd um;awGe@J ausmif;om;rsm;tm; w&pyfy@kd oiG ;f aew,fv@kd =um;
odc&hJ ygw,f? 1967 =o*kwv f rSm &cdik jf ynfe,frmS qefvyk }JG uD;rm;pGm jzpfymG ;cJ&h m &cdkif
ausmif;om;rsm;udk ppftm%m&SifawGu t=urf;zuf ESdrfeif;cJhjyefygw,f? wcg 1969
u|ef;qG,ftm;upm;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;zdEydS rf e_ @J
ausmif;om;awGukd ESyd u f yG xf m;r_rsm;tm; tm&Strd ef ;D csi;f rsm;odatmif ausmif;om;awGu
23
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
azmfxkwfjyEdkifcJhw,f? 1970 ckrSmvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m &efukefwuUodkvf a¶$&wk
txdr;f trSwf taeeJ@ v_y&f mS ;aqmif¶u G &f if; aemifawmfausmif;om;awG&ŒJ ajc&mudk eif;Edik cf hJ
ygw,f?
1974 arvrSm ordkif;csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf¶HkeJ@ qifrvdkufoabFmusif;rS
tvkyo f rm;rsm; yg0ifaom tvkyo f rm;oydw}f uD; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? ordik ;f csnrf #iEf iS hf
txnfpuf¶Hk&JŒ oydwfpum;ajympOfjrifhay:rSm &efukef pufr_wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;
udwk ifat;=uLu w&m;a[mcJ&h m tvkyo f rm;xk ESv;kH om;udk ¶du k cf wfomG ;apcJyh gw,f?
ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf OD;oef@[m urBmEh ikd if rH sm;u av;pm;=uwJyh *k Kd~ v}f u;D
jzpfovdk jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf *k%, f pl &m ordik ;f wif&r,fh Edik if &H ŒJ om;aumif;&wemjzpfyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh Adv k af e0if;[m OD;oef@ukd OD;Ek&ŒJ twGi;f 0efjzpfczhJ ;l vd@k r,H=k unf/ rav;pm;wJh
tjyif OD;oef@&ŒJ atmifjrifausm=f um;r_/ xl;c|ex f ufjrufru _ vkd nf; remvdrk ¶_prd hf jzpfaeyg
w,f? urBm@Eidk if aH wGe@J &ifabmifwef;Edik w f hJ OD;oef@ukd Edik if aH wmfpsmyetjzpf crf;crf;em;em;
*k%ðf yvdw k hJ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ wu,fEh idk if cH sppf w d /f rsKd ;csppf w d af wGa=umifh OD;oef@ ta&;
tcif;}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfae0if;[m OD;oef@psmyeudpPudk 0wfauswe;faus
avmufom OD;oef@&JŒtpfudk OD;cef@tm; v$Jtyfwm0efay;cJhygw,f? 1974 'DZifbm (5)
&uf ae@wGif &efukefòrdŒ usdKuUqHuGif;rSm xm;&SdwJh OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf&Sd&mudk ausmif;om;
rsm;eJ@ &[ef;oHCmawmfawGyl;aygif;+yD; a&muf&Sdvmum psmyeaumfrwD ta[mif;udk
zsufodrf;I jynfol@psmyeaumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufygw,f? OD;oef@tavmif;ukdvnf;
&efuek w f uUov kd 0f if;xJukd ,laqmifomG ;cJ&h m wuUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;wav#mufrmS vlvid_ ;f
}u;D wvdyv f yd w
f ufvmwmudk awG@c&hJ ygw,f? bG@J EiS ;f obif cef;ra&S@rSw&m;a[myGJpifrSm
tpd;k &&JŒ rw&m;r_/ 'Dru kd a&pD qdwof Ok ;f r_/ vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufra_ wGukd ausmif;om;
awGu ajymjy&if; Zlvdkifv(7)&uf emusnf;r_awG jyefvnfatmufarhzG,f jzpfcJh=u&yg
w,f?wuotvH/ ouFef;tvHeJ@ ukvor*~tvH zHk;tkyfxm;wJh OD;oef@tavmif;[m
atmifjrifre_ rd w d u f kd azmfjyaeovdk usuo f a&r*Fvmwpfyg; jzpfae&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif
awG&JŒ ESdyfuGyfr_=um;xJu jynfolvlxk}uD;[m ausmif;om;awGudk &J&Jawmuf wuf
a&muf tm;ay;ae=uyHk[m =uufoD;ar$;n‡if;rsm; xavmufatmif tm;&p&m aumif;
vSygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m OD;oef@tkwf*ludk uefawmfrifyef;+cHrSmjzpfjzpf/ q&m}uD;
ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f tkw*f al b;rSmjzpfjzpf jr‡KyfEzHS @kd awmif;qd=k uygw,f? awmif;qdck suu f kd
rvdkufavsm&if jrufcif;jyifrSmbJ *loGif;r,fvdk@ awmif;qdk=uygw,f? tcsdefrSD jyef=um;
24
csurf &&Sw d t hJ wGuf 1974ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@rmS &efuek pf ufrw _ uUov kd rf S ausmif;
om;awGu yHpk 'H ZD ikd ;f a&;qG+J y;D or*~jrufcif;rSm OD;oef@±yk t f avmif;udk *loiG ;f vdu k =f uygw,f?
rqv ppftm%m&SifawG[m &efukefwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;r–;udk tm%mukefv$JtyfI
yk'fr (144)xkwfjyefapum ESdyfuGyf&efjyifqif+y;D tqdyk gta&;tcif;udv k nf; C.I.A &JŒ
ya&m*vd@k tajctjrpfr&Sb d J pGypf cJG yhJ gw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawG[m 'DZifbmv(11)&ufae@ reufapmapm (3)em&Dcef@
tcsdefwGif xkd;ppfqif+yD; wdkufckdufvmygawmhw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk rsuf&nf,kdAHk;
oH;k +y;D vlpck yJG gw,f?ausmif;om;awG tjrwfwEd;k vkyx f m;wJh OD;oef@*u
l vkd nf; bl'Zkd m}u;D eJ@
wku d zf su+f y;D tavmif;udk u&de;f eJ@rcscD yhJ gw,f//ausmif;om;awG[m vufcsi;f csw d +f y;D awmh
tkwf*ludkywf+yD; umuG,fydwfqdk@xm;wJh=um;u vk,loGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tkwf*ludk
apmifh=uyfaewJ@ tm*owdW ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ppfbDvl;awG[m ±kef;&if;qefcwfeJ@
ausmif;0if;twGif;rSm i&JyGufaeygawmhw,f? rdk;vif;vmvdk@ &efukefòrdŒwGif;u ausmif;
om;awG a&muf&SdvmwJhtcg tavmif;udk vk,ufoGm;wJhowif;=um;+yD; ausmif;om;
rsm;tm;vH;k yl;aygi;f um tpd;k &taqmuftOD;rsm;/ rD;yGKd if/h ±ky&f iS ±f Hk pwmawGukd wku d cf u
kd f
cJh=uygw,f?ausmif;awGudk &uftuef@towfr&Sd ydwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Daemuf &efukef
rSm ae@ausmif;om;eJ@ taqmifaeausmif;om;awGudk ppftm%m&SifawGu 'v=urf;
zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f?ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;[m vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qifEaJ$ e
wJh jynfcspyf gwu D kd 0ifa&mufomG ;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh OD;oef@*u l dk ocifu, kd af wmf
r_id ;f *lab;rSm xm;&Sday;vdk@ ausmif;om;awG atmifjrifcJhw,fvdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;[m AsL[majymif;+yD; ynma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmcifarmif0if;eJ@
usef;rma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmvS[efwdk@udk 1975 ckESpf ZGefv (5) &ufae@eJ@ (6) &ufae@
awGrmS wdarG;ukwuUov kd ef @J &efuek pf ufrw _ uUov
kd af wGukd apv$w+f yD; ausmif;om;awG
eJ@ aqG;aEG;cdkif;ygw,f?ausmif;om;awGu “jrefrmjynf&JŒ vuf&Sdtajctae wd;k wuf
zd@k q&dk mrSm pDru H ed ;f wpfck ratmifjrif&if/ t±_;H ay:&if oufqidk &f m0ef}u;D E_wfxGuf ay;zdk@eJ@
wjynfvHk;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk wkd;wufatmifrvkyfEdkif&if tpdk;&tzG@J E_wx f u G af y;zd@k ”
awmif ; qd k = uygw,f ? tJ ' D t cgrS m Ad k v f a e0if ; [m ,rf ; yH k r D ; us a'gol y k e f x+yD ;
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkawGudkòzdcGJzdk@ usef;rma&;0ef}uD;eJ@ ynma&;0ef}uD;udk pDrHcsuf
wifapygawmhw,f?tJ'pD rD cH sut f & ausmif;om; awG[m (10) wef;atmif&ifwuUov kd f
rwuf&bJ “a'oaumvdyf” qdk+yD;awmh (2) ESpf xyfrH wufapygw,f? (10)wef;
25
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
atmifrSwf&,f/ a'oaumvdyf(2)ESpfatmifrSwf&,f aygif;+yD;awmhrS aq;wuUodkvf/
pufrw _ uUov kd f pojzifh vkid ;f cGJ wufa&mufapygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m a'oaum
vdyrf mS xyfróH ud;pm;&vd@k Edik if aH &;rSm tm;enf;apcJyh gw,f? tiftm;aumif;vSwhJ &efuek f
0dZ…meJ@ odyH`wuUodkvf&JŒ ausmif;om;tiftm;xkudk òzdcGJxm;ovdk a'oaumvdyfawGeJ@
xdrf;csKyfxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? wpfenf;ajym&&if a'oaumvdyf(16)ck xm;&Sd+yD; ausmif;
om;awGukd vlpck x JG m;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ od@k aomfvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m 1976 azazmf0g&D
v ausmif;awG jyefzGifhwJhtcgrSm “q&m}uD;ocifudkf,fawmfr_dif;” &JŒ &mjynfhyGJudk vkyfzdk@
pdik ;f jyif;vmjyefygw,f?1976 rwfv (23) &ufae@rmS awmh q&m}uD;ocif ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f
tkw*f u l kd tav;ðyzd@k ausmif;om;awG csw D ufygawmhw,f? *lrmS tav;ðyaewJh ausmif;om;
awGeJ@ 0dkif;xm;wJh ppfwyf[m rajyrvnfjzpf+yD; ausmif;om;awGu tm%m&Sif
qef@usifa&;oydwfudk pwifvdkufjyefygw,f//rqvppftpdk;&[m ausmif;om;awGudk
zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;/ ausmif;xkwfjcif;/ ausmif;rsm;udkydwfjcif; pojzifh qufwdkuf
vkyfjyefygw,f?om;oHk;om;xJrSm ppftm%m&Sifta=umufqHk; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ
thHrcef;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk qufvufzwf±_=uygcifAsm;?
1988 ta&;tcif;tp ausmif;om;u

ppftm%m&SifacwftqufqufrSm ausmif;om;awG[m rw&m;EdSyfuGyf
cH&ayr,fh “tmCmw” rxm;bJ trsKd ;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yfukd ,ae@wikd f toufay;
xrf;aqmifae=uygw,f? jrefrmjynfolvlxk&JŒ ESvHk;om;/ onf;yGwfyrm ausmif;om;
vli,fawG[m vludkwkdufaewmr[kwfbJ/ rludkwdkufaewm jzpfwJhtjyif rqvtpdk;&
ðywfusonftxd jynfov l x l ek @J vufw+JG yD;wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? bke;f armfta&;tcif;
jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;[m tm%m&Sipf epf ðywfusa&;twGuf wku d yf 0JG if&ef
a=unmvdkufyHkudk qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? 1978/ 1982ckESpfawGrSmvnf; rqv
ppftpdk;&[m vlaygif;(800)cef@udk U.G vdk@ pGyfpGJ+yD; axmifcscJhygw,f? 1987 ckESpf/
pufwifbmv (5)&ufae@rmS awmh rqvtm%m&Si[ f m aiGpuULawGukd w&m;r0if &yfpcJ hJ
ygw,f? 'Dvyk &f yf[m tpd;k &&JŒodumQ r,fw h hJ vky&f yfjzpfv@dk ausmif;om;awG qlyrl j_ zpfymG ;
cJyh gw,f? tpd;k &qef@usiw f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGrmS xdyq f ;kH u t+rv J v
kd kd yg0ifcw
hJ hJ ausmif;om;awGukd
a=umuf&GHŒ+yD; xHk;pHtwdkif; tpkd;&[m ausmif;awGudk ydwfvdkufjyefyg w,f? 1987 ckESpf/
26
atmufwb dk mv (26) &ufae@rmS ausmif;awG jyef vnfziG v hf pS af y;vdu
k w
f meJ@ &cdik jf ynfe,f
ppfawG a'oaumvdyu f ausmif;om;awG[m Ed0fk ifbmv(2)&uf ae@e@J (3)&ufae@awGrmS
quf wdkufqENjycJh+yD; Edk0ifbmv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh a&Zif;pdkufysdK;a&; wuUodkvf/
wd&pd m> efarG;jrLa&;eJ@ aq;ukoa&; wuUodkvfawGu ausmif;om;awG[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ
±kyfyHkawGudk rD;&d_@um qENjycJh=uygw,f?
1962 ckEpS f Advk af e0if; tm%modr;f +y;D wJt h csed u f p+y;D jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ tajctae[m
wpxufwp qdk;0g;vmcJh+yD; cg;oD;wJh wpfygwDpepfqdk;&JŒ'%fudk jynfolvlxkawG vnf
pif;+y;D cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? 1988 rwfv (12) &uf paeae@naerSm &efuek f pufrw _ uUov kd f
ausmif;om; udk0if;jrifheJ@ ukdausmfpH0if; tygt0if ausmif;om;(4)OD;[m &efukefòrdŒ
taemufóud@ukef;rSm&SdwJh pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqdkifudk a&mufvmcJhygw,f? olwdk@[m
vufzuf&nfqikd rf mS pdik ;f xD;qkid o f cD si;f zGiahf y;zd@k awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? qdik &f ŒJ twGi;f bufrmS
xdkifaewJh &yfuGufaumifpDOuUÏ&JŒ om;jzpfol[m t&ufrl;ae+yD; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ
oDcsif;awmif;qdkr_udk rausreyfjzpfum xkdifcHkudk aumufudkif&if; udk0if;jrifh&JŒacgif;udk
±dkufvkdufygw,f? acgif;uGJoGm;vdk@ ausmif;om;(3)OD;vnf; &Jpcef;ukd oGm;a&muf
ta=umif;=um;&m aumifpOD uUÏ&JŒ om;udk zrf;qD;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh wpHw k &mrajym
qdkbJ aemufwpfae@reufrSm ±dkufESufcJholudk jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f?'ga=umihf pufr_
wuUov kd f ausmif;om;(20)cef@ jynfo@l aumifp±D ;kH od@k oGm;a&mufum uef@uu G cf =hJ uygw,f?
aumifpOD uUÏu *±krpdu k /f em;raxmifvakd =umif; jiif;y,fvu dk I f ausmif;om;rsm; a'goyl ek x f
um aumifpD±Hk;udk cJrsm;eJ@ypfayguf=uygw,f?
&yfuGufaumifpDOuUÏ&JŒ om;tygt0if óudŒukef;taemufydkif;om;awGeJ@
ausmif;om;awG xyfrH &efyGJjzpfyGm;+yD; ausmif;om;0if;jrifh "g;xdk;cH&jyefygw,f?
ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;udk jyefajy;+yD; vljyefp&k m tiftm; (300) cef@ txd &Sv d m+yD;
&yfuu G x f o J @kd wzef csw D ufvmjyefygw,f? ausmif;om;tky}f uD;[m tJ't D cgrmS rD;owf
ydkufudkifxm;wJh rD;owfawGeJ@ vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awGudk &ifqdkifvkduf&ygawmhw,f?
ausmif;om;tky[ f m a'go,rf;td;k ayguu f +JG y;D vHx
k ed ;f rsm;&S&d mudk cJrsm;jzifh ypfaygu=f u&m
vHxk ed ;f rsm;uvnf; 'v=urf; ypfcwfygawmhw,f? tJ'yD pfcwfra_ =umifh touf (23) ESpf
om &Sdao;wJh &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om; armifzkef;armfusqHk;+yD; trsm;tjym;
'%f&m&cJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m tcsuf(7)csufygwJh awmif;qdkcsufðyvkyfzdk@
qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f?
27
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
ynma&; 'kwd, 0ef}uD; a'gufwmarmif'D[m ausmif;om;awGudk csufcsif;
oGm;a&muf n‡dE_dif;cJhayr,fh tqifrajybJ qufvufwif;rmaeqJ jzpfygw,f? 1988
rwfv (25) &ufae@rSm vHkxdef; (500) cef@[m &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfudk 0ifa&mufpD;
eif;cJh+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk eHygwfwkwfeJ@ 0if±dkufcJhvdk@ ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;
cH&'%f&m&cJ=h uygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m pufrw _ uUov kd rf mS pm&Gupf mwrf;awG a0iSum
tpdk;&qef@usifa&;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ajcvSrf;pwifvkdufygawmhw,f? pufr_
wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;udpP[m tjcm;wuUodkvfawGudk awmrD;yrm ysH@ESH@oGm;+yD;
tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh &efuek w f uUov kd yf ifru ausmif;om;axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm[m cGyaf 'gi;f
atmifvHudk v$ifhxlum tpdk;& qef@usifa&;toGif ododomom ajymif;vJoGm;ygw,f?
1988 rwfv (16) &ufae@rSm jynfvrf;twkdif; v_dif a'oaumvdyfudk csDwufvmwJh
ausmif;om;wyfz@JG [m wHwm;jzLteD;udk a&muf&pdS Of vrf;ray:wGif oHq;l óud;acGawGe@J
ydwx f m;wJh vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awG&@J xyfrHydwfqdk@xm;jcif;cH&+yD; trdef@ay;oHeJ@twl ausmif;
om;awGudk vHkxdef;awGu 0if±dkufygawmhw,f? t±dk;tufuGJoH/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ
nnf;wGm;oH/ i,foHygatmif atmf[pfoHawG yGufavm±dkufoGm;ygawmhw,f? wHwm;
jzLrSm aoG;awGv$rf;+yD; ‘‘wHwm;eD’’vdk@ pmwif&avmufatmif vlrqefpGm EdyS u f yG jf cif;
cHc&hJ ygw,f? rwfv (17) &ufae@rmS &efuek yf ifrwuUov kd 0f if; ywfywfvnfrmS uGefref'dk
wyfom;awGeJ@ vHkxdef;wyfom;awGu 0dkif;&Hydwfqdk@xm;+yD; b&if;u,f&D,mrsm; wuU
odvk 0f if; tjyifbufrmS toif&h yfapmifah e=uygw,f? rGe;f vGJ (2) em&DrmS vHx k ed ;f awG[m
yifrwuUov kd ef ,fajrxJukd twif;0ifp;D +yD; &JcsKyfu, kd w
f idk f }uD;=uyfum ausmif;om;awG
ukd tcsKyu f m;twGi;f armif;oGi;f zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f? &JawGu ausmif;aqmiftxJxd 0if
vm+yD; ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;wpfaxmifcef@udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;ygw,f? tcsKyf
um;awGrmS rwefwq ¹yGwo f yd x
f nfv h @kd ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;rGe;f usy/f aoqH;k ukef
wma=umihf jynfolvlxk[m ausmif;om;awGtay:rSm u±k%mykdrdkjzpfyGm;aeygawmh
w,f? rwfv (18) &ufae@rmS wdu k yf t JG &Sed t
f [kef jrifw
h ufvm+y;D zdavºuaG vjzpfwhJ ausmif;
om;tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m eD;pyf&mudk vufqifhurf;ajymqdkum &efukefòrdŒv,facgifodk@
tzGJ@aygif;rsm;pGmcGJI vdkif;um;pD;xGufvm=uygw,f? &efukefòrdŒv,f ql;avudk ausmif;
om;tiftm; (300) cef@ a&muf&v dS m+y;D yxrOD;qH;k tiftm;jyvSnv hf nf qENjyyGJtaeeJ@
ql;avbk&m;udkywf+yD;csDwuf=u&m jynfolvlxk&JŒ tHh=ocsD;usL; vufckyfwD;tm;ay;oH
rsm;[m txufb0*ftxd odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;ygawmhw,f?
28
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ,cif ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;awGvdk vufeuftm;
ud;k eJ@ Edik x
f ufp;D eif; ESyd u
f yG &f if vG,v
f ,
G ef @J &r,fv@kd xifxm;=uayr,fh ausmif;om;awG[m
tpdk;&ðywfusEdkifwJhtxd jynfolvlxkeJ@ aqmif&GufcJh=uygw,f?
rqvtpdk;& jyKwfuscJhwJhatmifjrifr_
zke;f armfta&;tcif;ukd oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if rqv ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ }u;D rm;wJh
yxr trSm;wpfcu k &yfuu G af umifpD OuUÏudk bufvu dk uf muG,af y;r_e@J vHx k ed ;f wyfz@JG
tiftm; tqrwefo;kH +yD; ausmif;om;awGukd rn‡mrwm ESyd u f yG rf y_ J jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d
trSm;uawmh owif;pDppfwif;=uyfr_ ðyvkyo f nfomru owif;vdrv f nf a=unmjcif;
yJjzpfygw,f? vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@udk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh &JcsKyfwdk@u tkyfcsKyf&w,f
qdkayr,fh rqv&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ&m; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& trdef@ay;pepf[m a&maxG;ae+yD;
txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm &SdcJhygw,f?/ &efukefwkdif;rSmvnf; a'oygwDOuUÏ/ wdkif;
aumifpDOuUÏeJ@ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª;qdk+yD; trdef@ay;EdkifwJh tm%mydkif (3) OD;
&Sdaeygw,f? &efukefòrdŒ vHkòcHa&;twGuf wyfr (22)/ (44)/ (77) wkd@udk qGJac:&mrSm
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf csufjcif;rodvdkufwmrsdK;&SdcJhovdk t"du¶k%f;ESdrfeif;&m
rSmvnf; vHkxdef;awGeJ@ ppfwyfa&maxG;aewmudk wyfrª;awGu róuduf=ua=umif;vnf;
od&ygw,f?
ZGefv (8) &ufae@rSm OD;atmif}uD;u OD;ae0if;xHudk tdyfzGifhpmay;ydk@&m
wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tajctaetrSeu f kd od&+dS y;D / jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D OD;rif;acgief @J &JcsKyw f @kd ukd wHwm;eDe@J
zkef;armf ta&;tcif;awGrSm wm0ef&SdolawGvdk@ pGyfpGJum ta&;,l xkwfypfvdkufayr,fh
jynfolvlxku vufrcHyJ trSefwu,f wm0ef&SdolawG usef&Sdaeao;w,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf
=uygw,f? arv (3) &ufae@ ausmif;awG zGiv hf pS wf t hJ cg tusO;f axmifu jyefvw G v f mwJh
ausmif;om;awGu olwdk@&JŒtawG@t}uHKawGudk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;=u&m ZGefv (15) &uf
ae@rS (20) &ufae@txd &efuek w f uUov kd f tyef;ajz&dyo f mwGif qENjyyGrJ sm; qufwu kd f
jzpfymG ;cJjh yefygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawG/ tvkyo f rm;awG/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg
rusef jynfolvlxk tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifvm=uygw,f? ZGefv (21) &ufae@rSmawmh
ausmif;rsm;udk jyefydwfa=umif; tpdk;&u a=unmayr,fh oydwfarSmufr_[m wjynfvHk;
udk ysŒH ES@H omG ;ygw,f? &efuek òf rŒd xJrmS &Swd hJ aq;wuUov kd f (1) udk ausmif;om;xk[m jynfvrf;
29
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
twdkif; qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0dkif;tausmf ajreDukef;ta&muf vHx k ed ;f
rsm;u wm;qD;=ujyefygw,f? rlvu ‘‘O'ge;f rausw’hJ ’ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ jyif;xefwhJ
wke@f jyefre_ @J teD;em;rSm &yf=unfah ewJh jynfov l x l &k ŒJ tH=h ozG,&f m yl;aygi;f vdu k rf a_ =umifh
vHkxdef;rsm; xGufajy;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'DwdkufyGJrSm jynfol (100) cef@eJ@ vHkxdef; (20) cef@
aoqHk;=uygw,f?
ZGefv (21) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒawmfwGif nrxGuf&trdef@udk &ufaygif;
(60) xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f? Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@rSm jrefrmhtoHuae+yD; rwfvqlylr_
twGuf xde;f odr;f jcif;cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om;awGtm;vH;k udk jyefvw $ af y;r,fv@kd a=unm
cJhygw,f?'gayr,fh ZGefv (23) &ufae@uwnf;u ausmif;om;awG[m vlpk vla0;rðy&
qdkwJh trdef@udk qef@usif+yD; a¶$wd*HkapwDrSm oydwfpcef; zGifhvSpfcJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? Zlvikd v f
(9) &ufae@rmS awmh OD;ae0if;[m nrxGu&f trde@f ukd ac|;odyw f t hJ aeeJ@ ¶kyfodrf;ay;ygw,f?
ausmif;xkwfcH&wJh ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;jyefwufEdkifayr,fh ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ
&ifxu J a0'emawG[m aysmufomG ;zd@k rvG,u f al wmha=umif; OD;ae0if; &dyrf o d mG ;+yjD zpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh OD;ae0if;u rqv twGi;f a&;rª;rsm;tzG@J tm; ygwn D v D mcH ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;
udk Zlvikd v
f (23) &ufae@rmS ac:,lusi;f y&ef !ïe=f um;vdu k yf gw,f? ygwDnDvmcH usif;ywJh
tcgrSm OD;ae0if;u olEkwfxGufr,fvdk@ajym&m tm;vHk; tHh=oukef=uygw,f? tJ'D
aemuf OD;pdefvGifudk orRw wifvkdufygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m ol@rSm tjypf&Sda=umif;odvdk@
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef xGufwmr[kwfbJ ppfwyfqdkwm rdk;ay: axmif+y;D ypfwmr[kwb f ;l /
ypf&if rSeaf tmifypfw,fv@kd vlxek @J ausmif;om;awGukd pdeaf c:+y;D ordik ;f rSm trnf;puf }u;D jzpf
atmif ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? Zlvikd v f (28) &ufae@rmS a¶$w*d b kH &k m; ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm;
pk¶Hk;qENjy+yD; ra=umuf¶GH@a=umif; wkef@jyefvdkufygw,f?
=o*kwv f (1) &ufae@rmS Armjynfv;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~u &Spaf v;vH;k
taxGaxGoydw}f uD;twGuf v_@H aqmfa&;pmapmifawG pwifjzef@a0ygawmhw,f? =o*kwf
v (3) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefòrdŒrSm qENjyolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm pwif t&Sdef,lpðy+y;D
rm&S,af vm ppfOya'xkwjf yefcsuu f kd zDqefvu kd yf gw,f? =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS awmh
ordik ;f wGirf ,fh taxGaxGoydw}f u;D udk jynfov l x l k ode;f eJ@cs+D y;D qifEv J$ u
kd =f uygawmhw,f?
òrdŒawmfcef;rrS &efukefwdkif; wdkif;rª;[m vlpkcGJ=uzdk@eJ@ rcGJ&if ypfcwfr,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufcJh
ygw,f? vlx[ k m ra=umuf¶@G /H rwkev
f y_ vf @kd n 11 em&DrmS pufaoewfoaH wG xGuv f m
+yD; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vJusoGm;ygw,f? =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@rSm ajrmufOuUvmy/
30
a¶$*HkwdkifeJ@ &efukefaq;¶Hk}uD;awGrSm qENjywJh jynfolvlxkawGudk ppfwyfuypfcwfvdk@
taxG;vdu k t f yHv k u kd f usq;kH cJ=h uygw,f? aemufrwGe@f yJ ra=umufr¶G@H qufvuf qENjy
=u&m =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rSm OD;pdefvGifðywfus+yD; a'gufwmarmifarmiftpdk;& wuf
vmjyefygw,f? =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@rSm ppfOya'udk ¶kyfodrf;ay;vdkuf+yD; wyfrsm;
udkvnf; jyefvnf¶kyfodrf;ay;vdkufygw,f? =o*kwfv (26) &ufae@rSm a':atmifqef;
pk=unf[m a¶$wd*Hktaemufbufrck w f iG f yxrOD;qH;k rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;+y;D vlxk (5) ode;f
ausmf tm;ay;cJ&h m ausmif;om;rsm;u teD; uyfe@J tjyifpnf; vHòk cHa&;,lay;cJ=h uyg w,f?
=o*kwv f (28) &ufae@rmS owW
rt}urd af jrmuf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;
om;rsm;or*~udk &efukefòrdŒrSm w&m;0if
jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh+yD; OuUÏtjzpf owW
aA' wwd,ESpf ausmif;om; rif;udkEdkifudk
wifajr‡mufcJh=uygw,f? tvm;wl jrefrm
Ed k i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;rsm;or*~
‘‘ruo’’ tm; rif;aZ,smrS OD;aqmifcyhJ g
w,f? pufwifbmv (6) &ufae@ &efukef
aq;¶Hk}uD; taxGaxGoydwfaumfrwDzGJ@
pnf;&mrSmvnf; AuorS ausmif;om;
udkaZmfxGef;[m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;
tjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbmv
(6) &ufae@rmS &efuek pf pf¶;kH csKyt f eD;&Sd ausmuf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*~
om;rsm;or*~
(8888) OuU Ï rif ; ud k E d k if
wdik w f iG f vlxEk iS phf pfwyf xdyw f u kd f &ifqikd =f u
&m OD;atmif}uD;eJ@ udkrif;udkEdkif 0ifa&mufjzefajzcJhr_a=umifh vlxk}uD;vnf; vlpkuJG
oGm;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@rmS ukeo f , G af &;0ef}u;D ¶H;k u vHòk caH &;wyfcuJG kd vl
xku 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu k cf u kd &f ef jyifqifaewmudk ausmif;om;awGu &[ef;oHCmawmfawGe@J
yl;aygif;+yD; wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒtoufudk u,fwifcJhygw,f?
pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS tajctae ,dr;f ,dik af ewJh a'guw f marmifarmif
tpdk;&vnf; ðywfus+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifOD;pD;wJh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vdkufcsdefrSm
31
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
awmh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ enf;AsL[m wrsdK;wzHk
ajymif; vJ oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
pGef@v$wfpGef@pm; ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfrsm;
ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifOD;pD;wJh e0wtpdk;& wufvm+yD;
wJah emuf EdyS u f yG rf }_ uD;rm;vGe;f vd@k ausmif;om;awG[m Oya'twGi;f 'Dru kd a&pD v_y&f mS ;
vkyfudkifaqmif¶GufEdkifwJh tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm ausmif;om;
awG[m wdkufyGJenf;AsL[m (3)rsdK;eJ@ qef@usif wdkufcdkufoGm;=uygw,f? yxr enf;AsL
[muawmh ajray:rSm w&m;0if &yfwnfvdk@&wJh rdk;oD;ZGefOD;aqmif+yD; vl@abmifopf
'Drdku&ufwpfygwD zGJ@pnf;um v_yf&Sm;=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? 'kwd, enf;AsL[muawmh
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;qifE$Jzdk@ vGwfajrmufe,fajrrSm ‘‘jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;’’ (ABSDF)udk (1988) ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (1)
&ufae@rSm zGJ@pnf;+yD; v_yf&Sm;=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? wwd, enf;AsL[muawmh vuf&Sd
zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJ@udk ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_
(UG) toGifrsdK;pHkeJ@ tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ ypfcwfr_udk
rcHEikd af wmhwhJ tusKd ;r,fh pGe@f pm;r_rsKd ; rvkycf si=f uwJh ausmif;om; axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm[m
xdik ;f Edik if eH ,fpyfe@J tdE, dN Edik if eH ,fpyfukd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifc=hJ uygw,f? Adv k af pmarmifukd
ðzwfcs+y;D wufvmwJh Adv k o
f ef;a¶$[m ausmif;om;awGukd jyefvm=uzd@k e@J tdrfu pdwfqdk;+yD;
xGuo f mG ;wJh om;orD;rsm;yrm zrf;qD;jcif;ðyrnf r[kwaf =umif; tcsKd oyf+y;D vufrw S x f ;kd
ac:,lcyhJ gw,f? xdik ;f Edik if eH @J nEd‡ i_d ;f +y;D wmhccf ¶dik rf mS ausmif;om;óuq d akd &; vufcpH cef;rsm; zGiv hf pS f
ay;cJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifudk t,Hkt=unfr&Sd=uawmhwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;tenf;
i,fom jrefrmjynftwGif;udk jyef0ifoGm;=u+yD; jynfwGif;rSm tcGifhom&ifomovdk
qufvuf v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f?
(1989) ck E S p f rwf v (22) &uf a e@rS m a&;òrd Œ ud k rG e f j ynf o pf y gwD e J @
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&uf wpfwyfOD;wdk@ yl;aygif;+yD; 0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhyg w,f?
e0wppftpdk;&[m (1988) ckEpS t f ukerf mS &ef ukerf mS &Sw
d hJ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J
yxrOD;qH;k awG@ qHak qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? ausmif; om;awGu 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@ tcGit hf a&;/
ausmif;om;xk tcGit hf a&;/ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;tygt0if awmif;qdkcsuf (17) csuf
awmif;qdkcJhyg w,f? e0wu ausmif;om; or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh ¶Hk;udk rEœav;aqmifrSm
32
owfrw S jf cif;tygt0if (2)
csuu f o kd m vdu k af vsmcJ&h m
aqG ; aEG ; yG J r atmif j rif b J
ysufjym;cJhygw,f? 1989
rwf v (24) &uf a e@rS m
ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif
rif;udkEdkifudk e0wu zrf;
qD;vdkuf+yD; ESpf&Snfaxmif
'%f c srS w f v d k u f y gw,f ?
(1989) {+yDv (2) &ufae@
rSm vl@abmifopfygwD OuUÏ
ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD OuUXa[mif; rdk;oD;ZGef rd;k oD;ZGe[ f m ppftm%m&Sif
awG&JŒ zdESdyfzrf;qD;r_udkrcHEdkifvdk@ &efukefrS e,fpyfudkwdrf;a&SmifcJh+yD; (ABSDF) ausmif;
om;wyfOD;eJ@ yl;aygif;cJhygw,f? (1991) ckESpf 'DZifbm (10) &ufeJ@ (11) &ufae@awGrSm
&ef u k e f w uU o d k v f y if r wG i f &ef u k e f pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om; (500) ausmf
vma&mufy;l aygi;f +y;D 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;/ ppftpd;k &ðzwfcsa&;/ ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf;a&;/
zrf;qD;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;jyefvw $ af y;a&; ponfw@kd ukd aºuG;a=umfqENjycJ=h uygw,f?
&efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfrsdK;!Gef@[m ukef;jrifhom¶Hk;rSxGufvmum um;
ay:wGif qufoG,fa&;0dkif,mvufpufeJ@ wyfawGukd &efuek yf ifrwuUov kd 0f if;twGi;f
0dik ;f 0ef;=uzd@k uwkeu
f &ife@J trde@f ay;cJyh gw,f? ppftpd;k &[m qENjyyGu J kd òzdccJG +hJ yD; ausmif;om;
udkaZmfrif;tygt0if (4) OD;udk axmiftESpf (20) csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? usef (50) OD;udk axmif
(15) ESpef @J (4) OD;udk axmif (10) ESpf toD;oD; csrSwfESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;
v_y&f mS ;r_ukd cg;qufjywfomG ;atmif acsre_ ;f cJyh gw,f? b,fvykd J ESyd u f yG af yr,fh ausmif;om;
awG&JŒ pdwf"mwfeJ@cH,lcsufuawmh xm0pOf&SifoefaeqJjzpfygw,f?
(1995) =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@rSm (88) rsdK;qufausmif;om; udkarmifarmif0rf;eJ@
wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@0if (28) OD;[m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trSwf(54)
aetdrrf mS vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ+h yD; (National Re-
conciliation) trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;rS 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopfqDodk@ qHk;jzwf
33
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
xm;cJw h rhJ u
l kd qufvufaqmif¶u G cf jhJ yefygw,f? atmufwb kd m 10 &ufae@ a':atmifqef;
pk=unfaetdrrf mS usi;f ywJt h crf;tem;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ óu;d yrf;r_a=umifh &Srf;ESifh rGef
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if {nfhy&dowf
aygif; (1500) wufa&muf=uwJh ajray:'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; pkpnf; nDnGwfr_&v'f
udk wnfaqmufEikd cf =hJ uygw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm at'Dvrf;u OD;ae0if;tdru f akd usmif;om;
(7) OD;oGm;a&muf+yD; vHòk cHa&;t&m&Srd w S qifh awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;
jyefv$wfay;a&;/ trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; OD;ae0if; udk,fwdkifyg0if
aqmif¶Gufay;&ef óud;yrf;urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? OD;ae0if;u pmjyef=um;&mrSm ,ckvdk
vma&mufawG@qjkH cif;twGuf tH=h o0rf;omrqH;k jzpfryd ga=umif;/ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifh
jrwfa&;[m r&Sdrjzpf ta&;t}uD;qHk; vdktyfcsufjzpfwmudk vufcyH ga=umif;/ use;f rma&;
twGuf ud, k w f ikd f xGurf awG@Eikd jf cif;udk em;vnfay;zd@k e@J ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf atmifjrifwhJ
txd vkyfaqmifEdkifygapvdk@ qkrGefawmif;yga=umif; a&;om;cJhw,fvdk@od&ygw,f?
ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ pGrf;aqmifcsufESifh arwWma&mifjyef[yfr_a=umifh rsm;r=umrD
0ef}uD;rsm;¶Hk;rSm wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;rª;¶Hk;u ppfOD;pD;rª; (yxrwef;) Adkvfrª;}uD;
oef;xGe;f OD;pD;wJt h zG@J e@J (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;
tenf;qH;k (2) }urd f awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? aqG;aEG;&mrSm (uuvSr;f ) taeeJ@ ausmif;om;
rsm;udk ¶dk;om;pGmvkyfr,fqdk&if ajymp&mrvdkyga=umif;/ tpdk;&rqef@usihfbl;qdk&if
ausmif;om;ta&;udk vdt k yfr,fq&kd if ausmif;om;or*~ukd zG@J pnf;cGiðhf yrSmjzpfyga=umif;/
tcsdefumvwcktxd vkyfaqmifr_udk apmifh=unfhrSmjzpfyga=umif; ajymqdkcJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;awGu jyefvnfaqG;aEG;&mrSm tpd;k &u rSm;aew,fq&kd if qef@usirf mS jzpfyg
a=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;rajyvnfbl;qdk&if ausmif;om;ta&;vnf; rajyvnfEdkifyga=umif;/
EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ausmif;om;[m cGJjcm;Ir&yga=umif;/ acgif;ESifh yef;yrm jy\em 'GefwGJvsuf
&Sda=umif; ponfjzifh jyefvnfaqG;aEG;cJhw,fvdk@ od&Sd&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf (88) rsdK;quf
ausmif;om;jzpfwhJ udak rmifarmif0rf;[m wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd +f ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGe@J
qufoG,f!‡dEd_if;+yD; trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf óud;yrf;aecsdefrSm zrf;qD;cHcJh
&+yD; axmif'%f (10) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f?
(1996) 'DZifbm (2) &ufae@rS (9) &ufae@txd &efukefwuUodkvfteD; urm
¶Gwf vSnf;wef;vrf;qHkwGif ausmif;om;tiftm; (1500) cef@ qENjy=ujyefygw,f?
ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf;a&; awmif;qd=k u&m ppftm%m&Siw f @kd ESyd u
f yG rf a_ =umifh ausmif;om;
34
(250) ausmf zrf;qD;cH&+yD; trsm;tjym; '%f&m&cJ=h uygw,f? ausmif;om; udo k ufO;D udk
&uf&ufpufpuf axmif'%f (52) ESpf csrSwfcJhygw,f? rsdK;qufopfausmif;om;awG[m
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;a=umif;aumif;arGudk rnfol@wdkufwGef;r_rSrygbJ taumiftxnf
azmfaqmif¶GufcJh=uygw,f?
avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJ
jrefrmhEikd if aH &;ordik ;f a=umif;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ausmif;om;rsm;udik v f y_ cf jhJ cif;a=umifh
tpdk;&rsm;ðywfuscJh&yHkudk oabmaygufwJh Adkvfoef;a¶$[m (4) vywf tpnf;ta0;
wdkif;rSm ausmif;om;awGeJ@ xdyfwdkufrjzpfyGm;a&;eJ@‘‘rD;p’’ yGm;vm&ifvnf; tjrefqHk;
+idrf;owfzdk@ rSm=um;cJhygw,f? (1995) ckESpf r*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;rSm vHkòcHa&; wm0ef,l
xm;wJh wyf&JŒ uif;orm;eJ@ vrf;av#mufjyefvmwJh aq;wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;tcsdK@
uif;a&S@rmS ao;aygurf &d mrS pum;rsm;+y;D uif;orm;u xGu+f y;D ¶du k cf yhJ gw,f? 'gukd rauseyf
vdk@ ausmif;om;awG[m aemufjyef tiftm;pk trsm;tjym; ac:,l+yD; tJ'Dppfom;udk
xkwaf y;zd@k awmif;qdyk gw,f? ppfa=umif;rª;vnf; tJ'pD pfom;udk acsmah rmh+yD; t¶du k cf &H ef
xkwfay;vdkufygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu oabmxm;}uD;pGm qHk;r¶Hkom jyef¶dkuf+yD;
auseyfpmG jyefomG ;wJh jzpfpOfvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? ausmif;eJ@e;D wJh ta0;ajy;um;*dwf twGi;f u
t&ufr;l aewJv h el @J ausmif;om;rsm; pum;rsm;&efjzpfv@kd tm%mydik af wGu a=umuf¶@HG +y;D
ta0;ajy;*dwt f wGi;f t&ufv;kH 0ra&mif;csa&; !ïe=f um;um óudwifumuG,rf _ ðyvkycf hJ
=ujyefw,f?
Adv
k o f ef;a¶$[m (1993) ckEpS rf mS }u@H z@HG qw kd hJ tzG@J tpnf;wpfck wnfaxmifay;+y;D
ausmif;om;xktwGi;f &Sd q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;tm; xd;k azmuf
pnf;¶Hk;um ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;enf;oGm;atmif r[mAsL[mcsrSwf pDrHcJhyg
w,f? (1995) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm &efukefwuUodkvf (75) ESpfajrmuf pdef&wk tcrf;
tem;udk 88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;[m tm%mydkifawG
apmifh=unfhwm;qD;aewJh=um;xJu ‘‘e0w’’tzGJ@ wpfckwnf;om pdef&wktcrf;tem;
ðyvkyEf ikd wf mr[kwb f J ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; rdrw d @kd zmomvkyEf ikd af =umif;/ zdwpf mrsm;
a0iSum tcrf;tem;wck vkyfEdkifcJhyHkudk wifjyygtHk;r,f? e0wu pdef&wkyGJðyvkyfr,fh
pifjrifrh mS ausmif;om;rsm;[m vufO;D r_&,lusi;f y&ef pDpOf&mrS owif;aygu=f um;oGm;+yD;
a':pk=unftdrfESifh reD;ra0; tif;vsm;uefapmif; "mwfqDqdkifteD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk
35
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
cswD ufz@kd ajymif;vJppD Ofa=umif; od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f / Adv
k af usm0f if;wd@k [m ppfuikd ;f
aqmifrmS aecJ=h uwmrd@k ausmif;om;a[mif;rdwq f pkH m;yGrJ sm; ðyvkyu f m ausmif;om;rsm;udk
pnf;¶Hk;&ef pDpOfxm;ygw,f? ,ae@ etz tvdkus v_yf&Sm;ae+yD; YMBA wGif owif;pm
&Si;f vif;yGv
J yk cf w
hJ hJ (88) rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;qdo k l udak t;vGi[ f m aiGa=u; tvGo J ;kH pm;r_
ESifh axmifusae+yD; ol@nDESpfOD;udk pma&;qufoG,fum e0w pdef&wk tcrf;tem; usif;
yr,fh tpDtpOfudk e0wtóuduf jzef@a0cdkif;ygw,f? udkat;vGif[m ausmif;om;xk
twGif;rSm trSefrodatmif/ ausmif;om;rsm; ea0wdrfawmifjzpfatmif vSnfhpm;cJhyg
w,f? ausmif;om;awG[m bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm pka0;aepOf xyfrH owif; ayguf=um;+yD;
ppfwyfe@J ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u um;awGa&muf&v dS mvd@k rlvtpDtpOf owfrw S xf m;wJh
ae&mudk roGm;awmhbJ vuf&Sd bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSmbJ ‘‘v#yfwjyuf’’ pdef&wk tcrf;
tem; usi;f ya=umif; od&&dS ygonf? tcrf;tem;udk owif;axmufawG/ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG/
oHwrefawG/ ta¶G;cs,fcHudk,fpm;vS,fawG ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ocif/ ocifr}uD;awGyg
rusef pHknDpGm wufa&muf=uygw,f? tcrf;tem;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk &efukef
wuUodkvf *k%fxl;aqmif ausmif;om;tjzpf *k%fðyjcif;eJ@ orD;jzpfolrS vufcH,l&ef
tpDtpOfyg&Sdygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; trsdK;om;nDvmcHudpPtwGuf
NLD A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif tpnf;ta0;usi;f yaeqJ tvkyrf sm;aewJ=h um;xJu 'Dtcrf;
tem;tpDtpOfudk axmufcHwJho0%fv$mtm; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taeeJ@ vuf
rSwaf &;xd;k ay;yd@k Eikd cf +hJ yD; zwf=um;Edik cf ahJ =umif; od&&dS ygw,f?
tcrf;tem;wufa&mufolawGudk ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufzrf;
qD;jcif;rðy&JawmhyJ pdef&wktcrf;tem;udk atmifjrifpGm
usif;yEdkifcJhygw,f? (1998) ckESpf pufwifbm (2) &ufae@rS
(4) &uf a e@txd puf r _ w uU o d k v f a usmif ; 0if ; twG i f ;
ausmif;om; (700)cef@/ =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@rSm &efukef
yifrwuUodkvfausmif;0if;twGif; ausmif;om; (200)
ausmf cGyfa'gif;yHkacgif;pnf;+yD; rdepf (90) ausmf qENjycJh=uyg
w,f? tJ'Dv_yf&mS ;r_awGukd &efuek cf ¶dik af usmif;om;or*~u
OD;aqmifc+hJ y;D ausmif;om;udkouf0if;atmif[m axmif'%f tusOf ; axmif x J w G i f
(59) ESpfuscHcJh&+yD; r=umrDuyif usqHk;cJh&+yDjzpfygw,f? usqkH;cJhonfh
ud k o uf 0 if ; atmif
36
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ oHr%dv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh Adkvfoef;a¶$[m wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;um
ausmif;rsm;/ wuUov kd rf sm;udk &efuek òf rdŒwGi;f rS ta0;od@k cx JG w
k yf pf&ef !ïe=f um;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'DpDrHcsufa=umifh vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfawGqHk;¶_H;cJh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;xkudk ESdyf
uGyfòzdcGJ&mrSm &efukef yifrwuUov kd u f kd ajrmuf'*Hek @J wm0od@k vnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;
wuUov kd ef @J oGm;bufqikd &f maq;wuUodkvfudk awmif'*Hkodk@vnf;aumif;/ &efukefpufr_
wuUodkvfudk vd_ifom,meJ@ jynfodk@vnf;aumif;/ *sDwDpDudk xyfrHcGJxkwf+yD; oefvsifeJ@
xef;wyifodk@vnf;aumif;/ aq;wuUodkvfudk rauG;òrdŒodk@vnf;aumif; ausmif;awGudk
toD;oD; tvSrf;a0;atmifcsJxkwfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;xktwGif;rSm oD;jcm;pHkprf;
axmufvSrf;zdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;tul (2) wyfzGJ@}uD;udkzGJ@pnf;um pDrHcsufcs+yD; &efukefeJ@
rEœav;tm;A[dkðyI xdk;azmufa&;pDrHcJhygw,f?
(2005) ckESpfrSm jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;ESifh (88) rsdK;quf ausmif;
om;acgi;f aqmifawG awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJah yr,fh armifO;D &JŒ ±ke@f &if;=urf;wrf;r_a=umifh tqif
rajyjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? ,ae@tcgrmS ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG[m tjzLa&mif v_y&f mS ;r_e@J
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk qufwdkufawmif;qdkvsuf&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;awG
[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tpdwftydkif;u pGef@v$wfpeG @f pm;/ tepfemcHvkd
pdwf jyif;jypGmyg0ifcahJ =umif; ordik ;f u oufaoxlaeygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG t+idK;}uD;
}uD;eJ@ wpfav#mufv;kH zdEydS cf w hJ =hJ um;u ‘‘avScu G cf sn;f usef tvHrvSpJ wrf;’’ v_y&f mS ;cJh
vd@k jynfov l x l &k ŒJ ,H=k unfav;pm;tm;ud;k r_ukd &&Scd yhJ gw,f? wcsed u f &ufpufpmG acsre_ ;f
cJhwJh OD;ae0if;udkvnf; oifykef;acs+yD; &J0HhpGmurf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? ppfbuf t&m&Sd}uD;awG
xuf oabmxm;}uD;+yD; ydrk &kd ifu h surf u_ kd oufaojycJyh gw,f? (1988) ta&;awmfy}kH uD;
rSm ukefoG,fa&;¶Hk;u ppfonfawGudk &efolvdkoabmrxm;bJ u,fwifcJhwJh ausmif;
om;awG&ŒJ aus;Zl;udak xmufxm;aomtm;jzifh trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk vufcH
oifha=umif; etzudk ajym=um;vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m jynfolvlxk pm;0wfae
a&;usyfwnf;r_/ rw&m;zdESdyfcH&r_/ EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf; jzpfr_wdk@udk vSH.OD;zsm;rS "m;
oGm;yrm a&S@wef;u rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfcJhvdk@ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;a=umif;rSm
}uD;rm;wJh tpOfvmaumif;}uD;wpf&yf jzpfcJh&ygw,f? pOfqufrjywf ZGJ/ vHk@veJ@ óud;pm;
aqmif¶GufcJhyHkordkif;a=umif;[m jynfolvlxktwGuf rsuf&nfpdk@avmufygw,f? (88)
rsdK;qufjzpfwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ESpf&Snfvrsm;axmifus+yD; jyefxGufvmwJhtcgrSm
vnf; rdrw d @kd &ŒJ cdik rf mwJ,h =kH unfcsuu f kd rpGe@f vw$ /f twdwrf S cHpm;cJ&h r_rsm;twGuf tmCm
37
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wrxm;bJ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;vrf;
a=umif;udkom rrSdwfrokef wpdkufrwfrwf
vkyfudkifaevdk@ tHhrcef;csD;usL;xdkufygw,f?
etz[m 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv (15)
&ufae@rSm avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;ukd tqrwef
wdk;jr‡ifhvkduf&m jynfolvlxkpm;0wfaea&;
ydkrdkusyfwnf; 'kuQa&mufcJhygw,f? jynfol
vlxka&S@u rm;rm;rwfrwf t+rJ&yfwnfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;ukEd ikd Of ;D pD;+yD; =o*kwv f (22) &ufae@rmS ukeaf ps;E_e;f usqif;
a&;twGuf OD;pGmvrf;av#mufqENjycJ=h uygw,f? 'ga=umihf =o*kwv f (25) &ufae@rmS
rif;udEk ikd u
f kd xyfrzH rf;qD;cJyh gw,f? ,ae@tcgrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ
tpGrf;owWdudk a=umufvef@wkefv_yfae+yD; udkudk}uD;/ udkaX;ºuG,f/ udkrif;aZ,sm/ udkjr
at;/ ud*k sirf pD wJh (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (13) OD;udk qufwu kd f zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifxm;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh use&f w dS hJ rsKd ;qufopfausmif;om; vli,fawG[m ppftm%m&Siaf wGu
zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG af ewJ=h um;xJrmS ausmif;om;or*~jyefvnf xlaxmifum vufvOJ$ ;D aqmif
r_ðyvky+f y;D tm%m&Siu f kd &J0phH mG wke@f jyefaeygw,f? etz[m ausmif;om;awGukd t=urf;zuf
tkypf ek @J qufo, G af ew,fv@kd pGypf aJG ejcif;[m tajctjrpf
r&Sd pGyfpGJaejcif;jzpf+yD; etzuom ausmif;om;awGukd
t=urf;zufaejcif;jzpfygw,f? etzuay;xm;wJh
tawG@t}uKH awGa=umifh ausmif;om;awG[m wnf+ird &f ifh
usurf &_ adS e+y;D rGejf rwfwhJ wkid ;f csp/f jynfcspf pdwf"mwfudk
qufvuf taumiftxnfazmf csw D ufae=uygw,f?
etz[m raphpyfa&;/ raqG;aEG;aea&; qkyfudkifxm;
wJh wif;rmwJrh 0l g'udrk ajymif;vJ&if ppfwyftwGi;f
rSmyif ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ vdkvm;wJhwyfrª;tcsdK@
&Sdaewma=umifh om; (2) om;jzpfwhJ ausmif;
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*~ O uU Ï
om;rsm;or*~
ausmf u d k u d k
38
om;eJ@ ppfom; yl;aygi;f oGm;&if tajctae ydq
k ;kd oGm;Edik af =umif; etzudk owday;vdyk gw,f?
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ }uD;rm;wJhtcef;u¾+yD;wJhaemufrSm aemufom;wpfom;jzpfwJh
ppfom;ta=umif;udk wifjyoGm;ygr,f
39
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ppftm%m¶SifeJ@ ppfwyf
vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_ESifh ygvDrefacwfrsm;rSm jynfolxJu aygufzGm;+yD;
jynfou l kd &yfwnf umuG,af pmifah &Smuf cJv h @kd jynfocl spaf om wyfrawmf jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
ppftm%m&Siaf cwf tqufqufrmS jynfo@l buf&yfwnfcsiw f hJ ppfom;awG&ŒJ óud;yrf;r_
twdik ;f twmeJ@ ‚if;wd@k &ŒJ tcuftcJ tcGit hf vrf;ray;&wJh ta=umif;&if;awGukd jynfol
trsm; odjrifem;vnfcGifhv$wfapzdk@ wifjyoGm;ygr,f? 'ghtjyif jynfol@buf &yfwnf&ef
ppfom;wcsKd @&ŒJ óu;d yrf;cJrh [
_ m Edik if aH &;tvSnt hf ajymif; jzpfvmonftxd pGr;f aqmifEikd rf _
r&Scd ahJ yr,fh ppftm%m&Siaf wGtwGi;f rSmawmh ESv;kH onf;ajc¶du k u f m rsuu f vJqjH ym jzpfomG ;
apwmudk ppfom;tcsif;csif; todqHk;rdk@ wifjyygOD;r,f? ppfwyfxdyfydkif; t}uD;tuJ
tcsif;csif; tm%m&mxl; ae&mvkr_/ ol@vl udk,fhvlarG;r_eJ@ ‘‘ðzwf/ xkwf/ cs ’’ aewm
awGa=umifh ppfwyftwGi;f rSm tajymif;tvJ r=umc% jzpfay:ae+y;D wnf+ird rf r_ &Sw d mudk
vnf; awG@&ygw,f? jynfo@l buf &yfwnfcsiw f hJ ppfom;awG[m tbufbufu csichf sed f
pOf;pm;ae&+y;D tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ vufO;D r_e@J tidu k rf cd o
H mG ;&wmawGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f? ,ae@
jrefrmhppfwyfrmS xGucf siw f phJ pfom; &Jabmftqifq h &kd ifawmif vkyo f ufaphv@kd rS xGucf iG hf
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awGuakd wmif ,cktcgrmS xGucf iG rhf ay;bJ ESyd u f yG x f m;ygw,f? =uyfajy;udk 0ef}u;D XmeawG
ajymif;a¶$@&mrSm roGm;vdk=uvdk@ xGufcGifhwifwJh 0efxrf;awGudk axmif (3) ESpfcsr,fvdk@
tm%mydkifawGu +cdrf;ajcmufa=unmcJhygw,f?
wyfrawmf0efxrf;t&m&SdawG/ t=uyfwyfom;awGudk tm%mydkifawG
ajymavh&Sdwmu ‘‘ppfwyfrSm t&SifxGufr&Sdbl; taoxGufyJ&Sdw,f’’ qdkwJh pum;yJ
jzpfygw,f? óud;eDpepfeJ@ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;tjyif 0g'a&;&mt&vnf; ¶dkufoGif;xm;ygw,f?
ppfwyfxJ 0ifa&mufvm+yq D &kd if rif;wd@k u,kd f rif;wd@k rydik af wmhb;l rdb/ bke;f }u;D / tkyx f ed ;f o
al wGe@J vnf; rqdik af wmhb;l / wyfrawmfomtrd/ wyfrawmfomtz jzpfw,fq+kd y;D yHpk o H iG ;f yg
awmhw,f? txuft}uD;tuJudk ‘‘tb/ tar’’ vdk@ ac:apum ppfwyft0ef;t0dkif;
xJu tjyifurkd xGuaf tmif enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ xde;f csKyfxm;ygw,f? wyf&if;uae òrdŒxJukd
xGu&f ifvJ Out Pass cGiðhf ycsu, f +l yD;rS tcsed ef @J omG ;/ tcsed ef @J jyefvm&ygw,f? t&yfom;
rdwaf qGawG&ŒJ oma&;/ ema&; udp&P v dS @kd tvnftywfomG ;&if jzpfap/ rdrw d yf&if;xH vmvnf
&ifjzpfap vHòk caH &;udk ta=umif;jyum 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmr_ukd róuu d /f rESpo f ufbJ uef@owf
csKycf s,x f m;ygw,f? vufatmufi,fom;awG[m aiGa=u;wwfEikd v f @kd rdb/ a,muQrawGu
43
Akv
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f vGe;f um;rsKd ; 0,fay;vd@k toH;k ðy&ifvnf; wyfr;ª awGu olw@kd um;eJ@ ajc&mwdik ;f
w,fvdk@ ,lq=uvdk@ ESdyfuGyfjyefygw,f? wyf&if;¶Hk;awGrSm owif;pmudkawmif tapmif
ta&twGuf tenf;i,fom&vd@k renf;vkzwfae=u&ygw,f? 'gt h jyif ppfonft&m&Sd
awG&ŒJ rdb/ aqGrsKd ;/ q&mawGxrJ mS Edik if aH &;vkyw f o
hJ &l adS e&if olw@kd awGe@J qufo, G rf u _ dkapmifh
=unfah ewwf+y;D ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ tJ'pD pfonft&m&Su d kd acsmifx;kd xm;vdu k yf gw,f?
wyf&if;awGudk a&mufvmwJh pmawG/ ygq,fawGudk wdkuf¶dkufray;bJ wyfa&;Adv k }f u;D u
zGiahf zmufppfaq;+y;D rSay;wmrsKd ;eJ@ vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udk ydwyf ifxm;ygw,f?
wyf&if;awGrSm ‘‘'gbm’’ qdkwJh qENazmfxkwfyGJawG&Sdayr,fh tm%mydkif
awG[m vpm/ &duQmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@jzpfjzpf/ wjcm;&ydkifcGifh/ epfemcGifh/ vdkvm;csufawGudk
ppfonfawGu awmif;qdkwJhtcgrSmawmh ajz&Sif;ray;wJhtjyif qef@usifol ANTI qd+k yD;
tòid;w&m;xm; pGyfpGJjyefygw,f? &yfuGuftwGuf/ XmetwGuf/ EdkifiHtwGuf/ aumif;&m
aumif;a=umif; tm;enf;csuaf wG axmufjyjyef&ifvnf; 'Daumif iyG}uD; qd+k yD; ESyd u f yG jf yef
ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO) u awmif;qdw k t
hJ csut f vuf
awGudk etztm%mydkifawGu vufrcHbJ acgif;rmaevdk@ =u,fig;yGifhvkyfief;rS OD;aqmif
nïef=um;a&;rª; Adkvfrª;}uD;cifarmif=unf[m vdkufavsmoifhyga=umif;eJ@ EdkifiHtwGuf
ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fwify@kd a&;awGrmS (ILO) rS =uyfrwfvmygu wdik ;f jynftwGuf
epfemoGm;Edkifr,fh&v'fudk wifjycJhygw,f? etztm%mydkifawG[m vufrcHbJ tJ'Dvdk
trSefw&m;udk wifjy&JwJh Adkvfrª;}uD;eJ@ t&m&SdwcsdK@udk rn‡mrwm &mxl;rSðzwf/ xkwfcJhyg
w,f? tJ'v D kd wifjycsu&f v'f rSeu f efa=umif;od&+dS yD; (ILO)&JŒ awmif;qdck suu f kd jyefvnf
vdkufem&ayr,fh Adkvfrª;}uD;eJ@ 0efxrf;awGudk jyefvnfrcef@a=umif; =um;odcJh&ygw,f?
tvm;wl Adkvfrª;csKyfaZmfxGef;[m (GDP) udpPrSm EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mudef;*%ef;
wGufcsufyHk rSm;,Gif;aevdk@ yGifhvif;pGmajymqdk&m etzrl0g'ESifh etzvl}uD;awGudk
wdu k cf u
kd wf ,fv@kd rw&m;pGypf +JG y;D &mxl;rS ðzwfypfvu kd yf gw,f? etz tm%mydik af wG[m
vdrfnm+yD; rwdk;wufwmudk wdk;wufw,fvdk@ +zD;jzef;aewmudkrS auseyfyDwdjzpfae=uyg
w,f? jynfytoHv$ifhXme tpDtpOfawGudk em;axmifwJhppfonfawGudkvnf; apmifh
=unfhzdk@eJ@ vdktyf&if a&'D,dkodrf;&ef !ïef=um;wmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f? ppfonfawGudk
jyifyeJ@ tquftoG,rf &atmif tem;,lciG /hf avhvmcGirhf ay;bJ waeukef vkyt f m;ay;
cdik ;f xm;zd@k vnf; tm%mydik af wGu !ïe=f um;xm;ygw,f? wcgw&H nbuftyd cf sed rf mS awmif
rtdy&f bJ vlppf/ wef;pD ppfaq;ygw,f? t&m&Sad wGuv kd nf; tpnf;ta0;awG qufwu kd f
44
ac:+yD; !ïe=f um;csuaf ygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmeJ@twl ‘‘aqmif¶u G +f yD;pD;r_’’ tajctaeawGukd
wyfrª;rsm;xH r=umc% wifjycdkif;ygw,f? wcgw&H tdyfr&bJ eHeufrdk;vif;onftxd
odrf;}uHK;vkyfae=u&ygw,f? ta&;}uD;owif;ESifh xl;jcm;jzpfpOfudk pDppfzdk@ tcsdef
vHkavmufatmifray;bJ trdef@remcHr_/ wm0efysufuGufr_qdk+yD; ao'%feJ@ wpfouf
wpfu|e;f jypf'%f[mvnf; tcsed rf a¶G; usa&mufEikd yf gw,f? xpfceJqkd tcsKyfe@J xyd w f ;kH
ESpyf g;oGm;ae&ygw,f? 'Dvkd usyw f nf;vSwhJ ppfwyftwGi;f rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vdv
k m;wJh
ppfom;awG&JŒ jzpfpOfawG&SdcJhygw,f?
jynfol@wyfrawmfom;tppftrSefrsm;
tm%m&SifawG&JŒ wif;usyfwJhtrdef@eJ@ pnf;urf;csufawGudkqef@usif+yD; jynf
ol@buf rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfay;cJo h ul awmh Adv k }f uD;pdik ;f 0if;ausmf jzpfygw,f? 1988
'Drdkua&pD vlxktHkºuGr_ta&;awmfyHkrSm wyfr (22) u Adkvf}uD;pdkif;0if;ausmf[m jywf
jywfom;om; jynfo@l &ifciG u f kd cdvk o _H mG ;cJyh gw,f? ol[m wyfrawmfom;awGtm;vH;k tH=h o
cs;D usL;&avmufatmif ZeD;eJ@ om;orD;udak wmif riJu h u G b f J &mxl;taqmifta,mif/
pnf;pdrOf pPmpGe@f vw $ u
f m jynfov l x l ek @J &J0phH mG yl;aygi;f cJyh gw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modr;f r_
jzpfomG ;wJt h cgrmS vnf; e,fpyfukd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifjcif;r&Sb d J jynfwiG ;f rSm qufvuf
ae&Jwo hJ wW[ d m ol&aJ umif;pdw"f mwfjzpfygw,f? aemufq;kH e0w&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;udck &H +yD;
jynfo@l bufukd &yfwnfay;wJt h wGuf Adv k }f uD;pdik ;f 0if;ausmu f kd tòid;}uD;pGm ao'%fay;cJh
ygw,f? ol@&ŒJ rdwaf qGwcsKd @u oem;*¶k%moufv@kd toem;cH0ifajymcJI h om wpfouf
wpfu|e;f jypf'%fajymif;vJuscaH pcJyh gw,f? vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiehf @J axmifrS jyefvw G vf m
&mrSm &yfwnfcsujf ywfom;+yD;awmh e0wudk qufvufqef@usicf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? Adv k }f uD;
pdik ;f 0if;ausmu f kd tar&duefEikd if H NGO tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrk S 2007 ckEpS w f iG f ‘‘jynfo@l vw G f
ajrmufa&;qk’’ udk *k%ðf y cs;D jr‡ichf yhJ gw,f? vli,fwyfr;ª awG[m wyfrawmfrS tm%m&Sif
xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ vkyu f ikd yf rkH mS ;,Gi;f aewmudk wyfwiG ;f rSma0zefajym=um;wJh jzpf
pOfwckudk wifjyygOD;r,f? rqvtpdk;& ðywfusoGm;wJhtcg OD;ae0if;u ol@&JŒ"mwfyHkudk
¶Hk;cef;awGxJrSm csdwfqGJjcif;rðyzdk@ owif;pmxJrSm xnfhoGif;ajym=um;vmygw,f? ,cif
u ppfwyfawG/ ¶Hk;cef;xJawGrSm OD;ae0if;yHkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yHkawGudk xm;&Sd=uyg
w,f? tJ't D cgrmS OD;ae0if;"mwfyakH wG ðzwfwt hJ jyif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ "mwfyakH wGukd
ygðzwfcJh=uvdk@ wyftwGif;rSm rauseyfr_awG jzpfyGm;cJh=uygw,f? wyfrª;awGeJ@ t&m&Sd
45
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qef;&JŒ "mwfyHkudkawmh *k%f
ðy&rSmjzpfa=umif; jyif;xef
pGma0zef=uygw,f? wdkif;rª;
awGu txuftrdef@ rvGef
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ðzwfcdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$
&JŒ "mwfyHkwpfyHkom csdwfcdkif;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm 'Dowif;udk=um;wJh jynfolawG
pdwfraumif;jzpf=u+yD; tm%m&SifawG&JŒ ,kwfnHhwJhaqmif¶Gufcsufa=umifh ,ae@xuf
wdkif a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: wcJeuf axmufcHtm;ay;ae=uygw,f? jynfolvlxk
u wcJeufaxmufc/H tm;ay;aew,fq&kd mrSm ‘‘etz’’u a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
aetdrt f us,fcsKyfu v$wfray;&Jwmudk=unfhjcif;jzifh od&SdEdkifygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD; pdefjr
[m ppfwyfutm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemuf (1989) rSm touft¶G,f}uD;&ifhwmudkawmif
*¶krxm;bJ rk'HkrS bk&m;oHk;qlodk@ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) &JŒ tultnDeJ@ awmwGif;
vrf;twdik ;f csw D ufcyhJ gw,f? ol[m ppfonfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;tcsdK@yg0ifwJh jynfol@
umuG,af &;wyfO;D udzk @JG pnf;+yD; r[mrdwf KNU, NMSP wd@k EiS v hf ufwu JG m tm%m&Siw f @kd
tm;awmfvSef&if; zsm;emr_'%fa=umifh toufay;cJh&ygw,f? tvm;wl 'kwd,Adkvfrª;
}uD;at;jrif[ h m Eki,fjzLpifwhJ ausmif;om;awGtxdemrSmpd;k &dr+f yD; ‘‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D ’’ rSm ppfynmudo k mG ;a&mufoif=um;ay;cJyh gw,f?
touft¶G,f}uD;&ifhonftxd awmxJawmifxJrSm ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ausmif;
om;awGeJ@ twlwuGqif;&J'kuQcH+yD; rdrdwwfu|rf;wJhppfynmudk avhusifh oif=um;ay;cJh
wJh 'Dppfom;}u;D &JŒ arwWm/ apwem[m}u;D rm;vSygw,f? ‘‘ ausmif;om;eJ@ ppfom;’’ om;
46
(2) om; yl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;=uwJh 'DjzpfpOfawG[m vSywJh yef;csDum;wpfcsyftoGif tHh=o
csD;usL;xdkufygw,f?
avwyfrS t+idr;f pm; Adv k rf ;ª wpfO;D jzpf+yD; ‘‘avol&w J pfO;D ’’ uavmifemrnfe@J
pma&;&mrSm xif&mS ;wJh Adv k rf ;ª *|ev f 0S if;[mvnf; (1988) 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm
wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ol[m tpPa&;Edik if rH mS oifwef;qif;vmwJh xl;c|eo f w
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jzpf+yD; jynfoleJ@ vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJhvdk@ axmif'%f (20) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f? umuG,f
a&; OD;pD;csKyf¶Hk; (av) rS wyf=uyf}uD; a':EkEkat;uawmh (1988) vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;rSm
a&S@wef;u yg0ifqifEcJ$ +hJ yD;aemuf e0w wufvmwJt h cg t¶_;H ray;bJ e,fpyfukd xGuv f m
+y;D ausmif;om;wyfrawmf ABSDF eJ@ vufwu JG m qufvufawmfveS cf yhJ gw,f? awmxJ/
awmifxJrSm a,musfm;&ifhr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &ifaygifwef;um yifyeff;qif;&Jr_'%f }uH@}uH@cHI
wdkufyGJ0ifcJholjzpfygw,f? touft¶G,f }uD;&ifhvmaomfvnf; tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;
a,mufòrdŒ ukvor*~¶Hk;a&S@rSm tpmiwfcHqENjyyGJ qifE$JcJhwJhtxd qENjyif;jycJhygw,f?
'gt h jyif c&D;&Sncf sw
D ufqENjyyGu J v kd nf; pGr;f pGr;f wrH yg0ifaqmif¶u G cf w
hJ hJ tm* trsKd ;orD;
wpfO;D jzpfygw,f? Adv k }f uD;0if;bd[ k m 1990 jynfEh pS rf mS emrnfausmf e0wywWjrm;w&m;
r0ifa&mif;cs&mrSm yg0ifywfoufre_ @J axmifuscyhJ gw,f? txuftm%mydik af wGu atmuf
ajct&m&Sad wGukd ryg&ifvnf; tjypfz@JG &efòi;d / ygjyefv@kd wpfcck jk zpf&ifvnf; wm0efr,lbJ
tjypfyHkcswwfwm obm0vdk/ xHk;pHvdk jzpfaeygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m 1997 rSm
jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm+y;D aemuf rsu0f g;xifxif awG@jrifvmwJh axmifwiG ;f u EkdifiHa&;
tusOf;om;awGtwGuf &ifxkremjzpfcJh&ygw,f/ 2000 jynfhESpfrSm rEœav;òrdŒ r[m
*E<m¶Hkausmif;/ a¶$usifq&mawmfbk&m;}uD;eJ@ oHCmtyg; (1000) vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;
wJph mudk q&mawmf}uD;&JŒ cGiðhf ycsuEf iS hf ,laqmifcyhJ gw,f? tJ'pD mrSm jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ vwf
wavm EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfawG/ ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhvdk@ jynfoltm;vHk; pm;0wfaea&; usyf
wnf;um qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkawG@}uHKae&wmawG wdkif;jynfaumif;usdK;a&S;¶_+yD; OD;ae0if;/
OD;oef;a¶$/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd wpfO;D eJ@wpfO;D tmCmwrxm;bJ aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f zd@k EiS hf
tusOf;axmiftoD;oD;rSm 'kuQqif;&JcHpm;ae=u&wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;udk
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHxm;wJhpmjzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m tJ'D
pmay;r_eJ@ axmif'%f (21) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f? axmiftwGif;rSm axmiftm%mydkifawG
[m vl@tcGifhta&;udkcsdK;azmuf+yD; rw&m;tkyfcsKyfaewmudk Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m trSef
w&m;bufuumuG,f&if; axmiftm%mydkifawG&JŒ &efòid;zGJ@rw&m;¶dkufESufr_a=umifh
47
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axmifwGif;rSmbJ usqHk;cJh&ygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk aoqHk;cJhwJhae@udk jrefrmEdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;rsm;ae@tjzpf 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;u *k%fðyowfrSwfcJh=uygw,f?
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xifxifjrifawG@cJh&mrSm ,l}uHK;r&cHpm;&+yD; wwfpGrf;or#aqmif¶Guf&if; toufay;cJh&
wJh wu,fh jynfol@wyfrawmfom;wpfOD; jzpfcJhygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;}uD;rSm wuf
ºupG mG yg0ifcw hJ hJ (=unf;/a&/av) u t&m&Sd t&mcH t=uyfwyfom;awG trsm;tjym;&Sday
r,ft h csKd @[m jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sad evd@k / ‚if;wd@k tm; xdcu
kd rf mS pd;k &drv
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i,fom azmfjyay;vdu k &f ygw,f? 'Dvkd ppfom;awG ud, k w f ikd f tm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usif
+yD; jynfov l x l b k uf &yfwnfcv hJ @kd ppfwyf[m tylwjyif; tm%modr;f cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?
qufvuf+yD; wyfrawmftwGif; wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrSm aumif;&m aumif;
a=umif; óu;d pm;vkyaf qmifcahJ omfvnf; uHw&m;a=umifh vGrJ mS ;c|waf csmcf &hJ if tm%m&Six f yd yf ikd ;f
acgif;aqmifawG[m vHk;0cGifhrv$wfbJ ESdyfuGyfwJhjzpfpOfawGudk tvsOf;oifhvdk@wifjyygOD;
r,f? wyfrrª;wpfOD;[m (4) vywftpnf;ta0; wufa&mufaepOf vufatmufcH
AsL[mrª;wpfOD;u autifef,l wyfr[m (7) u emrnf}uD; Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDtaejzifh
qufoG,fvmwJhta=umif; a&S@wef;rS wifjyvmygw,f? tJ'Dwyfrrª;vnf; olemrnf
&zdk@ta&; tcGifhtcgaumif;rdk@ tpnf;ta0;Y cGifhawmif;um a&S@wef;odk@ csufcsif; vdkuf
oGm;ygawmhw,f? wifjycJhwJh AsL[mrª;[m autifef,lAsL[mrª; Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDeJ@
qufoG,fr_&cJhayr,fh Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDu pdwfajymif;oGm;wmvm;/ vSnfhpm;+yD; ppfa&;
AsL[mcif;wmvm; rod&bJ awG@qHkzdk@ tpDtpOf ysufoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm wyfrrª;
vnf; t&Sufa'gojzpf+yD; tJ'DAsL[mrª;ESifhtzGJ@udk axmif'%f (22) ESpfcsrSwfum ESdyfuGyf
vdkufygw,f? Adkvfrª;wpfOD;[mvnf; wyf&if;&efyHkaiGtwGuf wyfydkifppfum;ESifh c&D;
onfawG wifaqmifvm&mrSm rawmfwqum;arSmufoGm;vdk@ um;ay:ygvltcsdK@ ao
a=u'%f&m&=uygw,f? tJ'DAdkvfrª;udk,fwdkif um;armif;wmr[kwfbJ '¶dkifbmab; u
xkdifvdkufcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; um;arSmuf&mrSm Adkvfrª;jzpfol[m toufraobJ b0aooGm;
cJhygw,f? ol@udk jyif;xefpGm ta&;,l+yD; &mxl;vHk;0wufcGifhray;wJhtjyif raumif;wJh
ae&mrSm acsmifxdk;xm;vdkufygw,f? 'Dvdk wyf&if;twGuf aumif;&maumif;a=umif;
vkyfayr,fh rw&m;ESdyfuGyfwmudk cHvdkuf&wJhjzpfpOfawG tajrmuftjrm;&Sdygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sif txufv}l u;D awG[m vufatmufi,fom;awGtay:rSm rw&m;cdik ;f ap+y;D
wpHkwpfck jzpfvm&if vHk;0 wm0efr,lbJ tjypfyHkcswJh om"uawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f?
48
a¹rGa¹rGcsif;ajcjrif
wyfrawmftwGif;rSm ppftm%m&SifawG tºuGif;r,fh vkyfcsifwdkif;vkyfvdk@&
atmif zG@J pnf;xm;wJh wyf&ŒJ zG@J pnf;yHEk iS hf =oZm&Sw d w hJ yfu t&m&Sw d csKd @ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
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MI vdk@ac:wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@jzpf+yD; ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ a'gufwdkifawG jzpfcJhyg
w,f? ppfonfawGeJ@ t&m&SdawG&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_udk t+rJrjywfapmifh=unfh+yD; jyifyyk*~vdu
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pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tòydifvkyfvm&ifjzpfap axmufvSrf;a&; Report tpD&ifcHpmjzifh ESdyfuGyfyg
awmhw,f? 'ghtjyif ppfom;/ t&m&SdwpfOD;udk aemufa=umif;&mZ0ifvdkufcdkif;wJhtcgrSm
axmufvSrf;a&;&JŒ vkyfydkifcGifhqdk+yD; tcGifh}uHK&if ESdyfuGyfwwfygw,f? &JabmfwpfOD;
oifwef;twGuf p&dwfr&Sdvdk@ arSmifcdk Carry vkyfrd&ifawmif csrf;omcGifhray;wJhtjyif
0ef}uD;awG Adv k cf sKyf}uD;awGe@J twGi;f a&;rª;(3) udk ðzwfcswhJ jzpfpOfawGtxd axmufvrS ;f
a&;&JŒ ya&m*ruif;wm awG@&ygw,f? omrefppfwyf&JŒ txufatmufoGm;wJh
qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;[m qufo, G af &;twd0k u S ef @J qufo, G &f +yD; vsijf ref vHòk cHwhJ
qufo, G af &; tqifjh rifph ufawG oH;k wJt h wGuf ppftm%m&Sirf sm; tvG,w f ul csucf si;f
od&Sdjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif omrefoHk; qufoG,fa&;pufrsm;udk =um;jzwfzrf;pufeJ@
vnf;aumif;/ zkef;=um;jzwfem;axmifpufeJ@vnf;aumif; xdef;csKyfxm;+yD; wpfckck r¶dk;
rom; }uHpnfra_ wGukd csucf si;f od&EdS ikd yf gw,f? wyftcsi;f csi;f qufo, G &f mrSm cGiðhf ycsuf
&SdrSom qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;xJodk@ 0ifcGifh&+yD; ta=umif;udpPr&Sdygu r0if&vdk@
tjcm;wyfrmS bmjzpfaew,fqw kd mawmif wyftcsi;f csi;f odz@kd cufygw,f? txuftzG@J
tpnf;awGrmS vnf; t&m&St d csi;f csi;f awmif rodbJ trsKd ;om;axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J e@J wefjyef
axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J qd+k y;D toGit f rsKd ;rsKd ; azsmufxm;wJt h zG@J awG &Syd gw,f? wpfzGJ@udk ta&;
}uD;wJhudpP cdkif;xm;+yD;&if r,Hk=unfvdk@ apmifh=unfhcdkif;wJhtzGJ@vnf; &Sdygao;w,f?
ppfwyf&JŒ zGJ@pnf;yHkt& trsm;pkrSm General Staff vdk@ac:wJh (G) ppfOD;pD;ydkif;
qdkif&mXme/ Adjutant vdk@ac:wJh (A) ppfa&;Xme/ Quarter Master vdk@ac:wJh (Q)
ppfaxmufXme qd+k y;D a'guw f ikd f (3) ck&ydS gw,f? tJ'D G, A, Q vd@k ac:wJh OD;/ a&;/ axmuf
Xme}uD; (3)ckpvH;k qufpyfaqmif¶u G x f m;&Sad yr,fh twGi;f a&;udpeP @J yHrk eS v f yk if ef; tao;
pdwfudpPawGudkawmh Xmetcsif;csif;awmif rodatmif pnf;jcm;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm
awmif tm%mt&Sq d ;kH u G qdw k hJ ppfO;D pD;ydik ;f qdik &f mXmejzpf+yD; ppfqifa&;/ axmufvrS ;f
49
Akv
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a&;/ wm0efeJ@ avhusifha&;/ qufqHa&;/ jynfol@ppf qdkwJh XmecGJ (5)ckrS (6) ck txdxyfrH
xm;&Sdygw,f? A qdkwJh ppfa&;Xmeuawmh &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhcGifh/ vpm/ cGifhESifh yifpifudpP/
cHk¶Hk;zGJ@wJhudpP pwJh udpPawGudk aqmif¶Guf&+yD; XmecGJ (4) ckyg&Sdygw,f? ‚if;tjyif ppfOya'
Xmewpfckudk oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; ppfa&;XmeESifh qufpyfaqmif¶Gufygw,f? Q qdw k hJ
ppfaxmufXmeuawmh wyf&JŒ xrif;tdk;}uD;jzpf+yD; &duQm/ pufoHk;qD/ y&dabm*/
armfawmf,mOf/ vdkif;cef;/ ppf0wf ypPnf;/ cJ,rf;/ ponfjzifh udkifwG,f&+yD; XmecGJ (6)ck
yg&S d y gw,f ? wyf a wG t rsm;pk & J Œ qH k ; jzwf c G i f h t jrif h q H k ; &S d o l [ m wd k i f ; rª ; jzpf a yr,f h
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axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG 0ifawG[m omrefppfwyfawGe@J pm&if taESmiftzG@J uif;um vGwf
vyfpGm t&yf0wfESifh ¶Hk;wufvdk@&wJh tao;tzGJudpPutp tjcm;wyfawGvdk pm&if;ppf
ppfaq;cH&wJhudpPawGudkvnf; uif;vGwfcGifh tcGifhta&;&wJh ppfom;wpfrsdK; jzpfygw,f?
'gth jyif axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfawG[m xdyyf ikd ;f ppftm%m&Siaf wGukd t"duvHòk caH &; wm0ef,&l
vd@k (twGi;f pnf;/ tjyifpnf;/ ta0;pnf;) qdw k hJ pnf;oH;k pnf;eJ@ ¶H;k awG/ tdraf wmf}uD;awG
&JŒ 0ifvrf;/ xGufvrf;/ "avhp¶dkuf txmawGudkvnf; od&Sdu|rf;0if+yD;om; jzpfygw,f?
vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf jynft h 0&xm;wJh aemuf&mxl;wpfcu k awmh ud, k af &;t&m&S(d P.A)
rsm;bJ jzpf=uygw,f? OD;/ a&; / axmuf Xme}uD; (3)ck&JŒ zdkifwGJrSefor#udk pkpnf;wifjy
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aumif;/ P.A xHrS wqihf0if&vdk@ wyftm;vHk;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ udpP&yfawGudk olwdk@[m
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qd+k yD; P.AawG&ŒJ v#mapmif;xufaeyH[ k m }uD;rm; vSygw,f? 'gawGukd oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if
txuftm%m&SifawG&JŒ rSm;,Gif;r_udk teD;uyfod&Sd+yD; wyfrawmftwGif; ðyjyif
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axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfzGJ@awGom jzpf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwdk@[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk
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yxrOD;qH;k uawmh wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ol&ausmx f if&ŒJ
uk, d af &;t&m&Sd Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh jzpfygw,f?ol[m D.S.A ausmif;qif; taumif;qH;k
Adkvfavmif;qk &&Sdoljzpf+yD; aysmfbG,feJ@ &rnf;oif;t=um; ,if;awmf&Gm Zmwdjzpfum
50
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wmutp vl}uD;rsm;u Adv k }f uD;tH;k ausmjf rifh a&;om;w,fq&kd if jyifqifrr_ &Sb d J twnf
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awG&,fudk oabmusESpf+cdKufr_r&Sda=umif; od&SdcJh&ygw,f? olav;pm;wJh yk*~dKvfawGxJ
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wzef Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wifO;D &JŒZeD;[m ynmwwfq&m0efrjzpfwhJ tm;avsmpf mG Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
pef;,k&JŒ ZeD;eJ@ roifhrwifh jy\emawG&SdaecJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;u wyf&JŒ
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[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;udk acgif;aqmifjyefwifum wyfrawmftwGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; tm%modrf;zdk@ }uHpnfyHkeJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzG@J acgif;axmifvmyHk
awGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f?
tm%m&Sifudk jzKwfcszdk@ }udK;pm;cJhwJh ppfwyft&m&Sd

Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m tJ'Dvdk olwpfyg;EdkifiH wdk;wufaewmudk =unfh+yD;
rqvpepfe@J tm%m&Sif ppfacgi;f aqmifawGukd tm%modr;f zd@k pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f?
umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xme pcef;r–; Adv
k rf –;pdejf rifeh @J vnf;aumif;/ Adv
k }f u;D ode;f 0if;eJ@ ud,
k af &;
51
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
t&m&SdtcsdK@udk vnf;aumif;/ cv& (16) u Adkvfr–;armifvwfukdvnf;aumif;/
ajrmufydkif;wkdif; ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;r–; Adkvfr–;}uD;vSazudkvnf;aumif;/ avwyfOD;pD;csKyf
Adv
k cf sKyfapmjzLeJ@ AH;k }uJav,mOf awmif;cHrv _ yk x f ;kH vkyef nf;udv k nf;aumif;/ oHcsyu f meJ@
wifu h m;wyfr–;udv k nf;aumif; toD;oD; wD;acguaf qG;aEG;ar;jref;+yD; qufwu kd v f y_ &f mS ;
cJhygw,f? Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m wpfcgwpf&H um;ay:rSmaqG;aEG;jcif;/ rxifrSwfwJh
ae&mrSm csdef;qdkjcif;wdk@udk ðyvkyfcJhygw,f?tm%modrf;&ef }uHpnfr_tpDtpOfudk wcsdK@
aqG;aEG;aewJh t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk rajymbJ vdrRmyg;eyfpGm v#dK@0Sufxm;+yD; ol@q&m
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu ar;cdkif;ovkd yHkpHrsdK;awGudkvnf; aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? ,Hk=unf
pdwfcs&r,fxifwJh t&m&SdawGudkawmh t&dyft¹rGuf ajymcJh+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;xH
oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhygw,f?‚if;&JŒ r[mAsL[mtpDtpOfrSm avqdyfeJ@toHv$ifhXmeudk
xde;f csKyfxm;+yD; npmpm;yGrJ mS jzpfap/ ygwn D v D mcHrmS jzpfap 0ifa&mufp;D eif;zd@k pepfwus
tpDtpOf a&;qGJxm;ygw,f?'ghtjyif Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m ‚if;&JŒq&m umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyf&JŒ t&Sdeft0ga=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;udk,fwdkif xl;c|efxufjrufwma=umifh
vnf;aumif;/ (uu=unf;) ±H;k wHqyd af =umifv h nf;aumif;/ vufatmufcH =unf;wyfrsm;
a=umuf&GHŒ+yD; tvG,fwulvdkufemv_yf&Sm;=uzdk@ ,Hk=unfar#mfvifhxm;cJhygw,f// 'gay
r,fh avwyfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfapmjzL[m oHo,0ifc+hJ yD; wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f ar;jref;vm&m
rS toHAvH tpte xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? tJ'aD emuf npmpm;yGw J pfcrk mS Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh
&JŒ oumFruif;zG,f&m v_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzG@Ju ajc&mcHvdkufrdaeygw,f?
'gth jyif =unf;wyfwyfr–;wpfcsKd @jzpfwhJ Adv k rf –;armifvwfe@J oHcsyu f mwyfr–;wd@k [m tpD
tpOf taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm a&Smif&mS ;a=umuf&ŒHG vd@k [efcsuv f oJG mG ;cJyh gw,f? yd+k yD;
qdk;oGm;wmu Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m Adkvfr–;}uD;oef;wifudk oGm;a&mufwdkifyifcJh&m
trSm;}uD;rSm;cJyh gw,f? Adv k rf LS ;}uD;oef;wifu rvkyo f ifah -umif;ajym&m ‚if;u vufrcHI
wkdif-um;Edkifonfudk &dyfrdod&Sd_yD; Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m tar&duefoH&Hk;rSm 1977
ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f (2) &uf naerSm Edik if aH &;cdv k cH_ iG hf awmif;cHcyhJ gw,f// oH±;kH taeeJ@ Oya't&
vkyaf y;vd@k r&wmudk ta=umif;jyefwma=umifh oH±;kH u jyefxu G v f mpOfrmS bJ axmufvrS ;f
a&;wyfz@JG &ŒJ zrf;qD;jcif;udk cHvu dk &f ygw,f? 1977 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (20) &ufae@rmS Adv k }f uD;
(11) OD;/ Adv k rf –; (3) OD;eJ@ wdik ;f r–; (1) wpfO;D tygt0if Adv k cf sKyf}u;D wifO;D wd@k ukd cH±k ;kH wifum
Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifhtm; ao'%ftrdef@ay;cJhygw,f?
52
jrefrmjynfrSm ao'%fay;cH&wJh avmppf[efeJ@ ajrmufudk;&D;,m;AHk;cGJol uGef
ref'dk (2) OD;tygt0if t&yfom;wcsdK@[m trSefwu,f óud;ay;uGyfrsufcH&jcif;r&SdbJ
qkdif;iHheJ@ wpfoufwpfu|ef; xm;wmrsm;+yD; Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifhudkawmh raorcsif;
&uf&ufpufpuf óud;ay;uGyfrsufcJhygw,f? om;oHk;om;rSm ppfom;udk txl;a=umuf
&GHŒ+yD; tòid;}uD;pGmESdyfuGyfcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f// ppftm%m&SifawG[m 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD;
pd;k &drx
f w
d v f ef@pmG eJ@ wkid ;f /wyfr/ wyf&if;/ wyfz@JG awGukd ud,k pf m;vS,af pv$w&f iS ;f vif;jcif;/
toHoGif;+yD; &Sif;vif;jcif;eJ@ ppfonft&m&SdawGtHkºuGr_ rjzpfyGm;a&;twGuf tylwjyif;
vkyfaqmifcJh&ygw,f? wcsdK@ppfonfawG[m olwdk@ cspfcifav;pm;wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;
ðywfoGm;jcif;udk ,l}uHK;r&jzpf+yD; idk,dkaevdk@ }uD;pGm*,uf±dkufr_ jzpfay:cJhygw,f? tJ'D
aemufyikd ;f rSm rqvA[kad umfrwD0if (40) OD;eJ@ ygw0D if (50000) cef@ukd ygwo D ef@pifa&;
qkd+yD; ðzwf/ xkwf/ cs vkyfcJh&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;u tqifh (1) jzpf+yD; t&yfac: eHygwf0rf;/
OD;pef;,ku tqifh (2) eHygwfwl;jzpf+yD;/ axmufvSrf;a&;u Adkvfr–;csKyfrsufrSefwifOD;u
tqifh (1²5) &S&d m tm%modr;f a&;tpDtpOf[m axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG tiftm; aumif;ae
vd@k acsre_ ;f jcif;cH&wmjzpfygw,f?
qufvufwifjy&&if rsurf eS w f ifO;D [m OD;ae0if;xHukd tcsed rf a&G; 0ifxu G cf iG hf
&S&d m tdraf wmf}uD;rSm ta&;ygwhJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ orD; a':cifpENm0if;eJ@ ae&m,lrr_ mS xdyw f u kd f
awG@vm&ygw,f? rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒom; r*Fvmaqmif+yD; xkdkif;EdkifiHudk ysm;&nfqrf;c&D;
xGu&f m aumfaZmeDcif;+yD; óudqckd &H wJjh zpfpOf AD'G , D akd cGtm; a':cifpENm0if;u OD;ae0if;udk
jyocJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;armifarmifcuvnf; rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒwynhf jynfxJa&;
0ef}uD; OD;bdek [ D m r*dv k rf;u a&$uek o f nfwpfO;D eJ@ yl;aygi;f +yD; a&$acsmif;cd;k xkwaf &mif;csae
a=umif; owif;ydk@vmygw,f? rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;wyftwGuf tpPa&;u
acwfrDtlZDaoewfawG 0,f,lzdk@ a&$acsmif;awGeJ@zvS,fwJh tpDtpOf[m Al;ay:ovdk
ay:cJ&h ygw,f? tJ'v D kd axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG tiftm;awmifw h if;zd@k wnfaqmufaewmudk
OD;ae0if; rodvdkuf&vdk@ a'golykefx+yD; 1983 arv (17) &ufae@rSm rsufrSefwifOD;udk
wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;r–;&mxl;u ðzwfum axmifcscyhJ gw,f? tJ't D cgrmS jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ vHòk caH &;
[muGujf zpfomG ;+y;D 1983 atmufwb kd m (9) &ufrSm tmZmenfAdrmef AHk;aygufuGJum
awmifudk;&D;,m; 0ef}uD;awG aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f//
OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;n¸ef=um;a&;rSL; topf Adkvfr–
;}uD;uH!Gef@udk ðzwfypfvdkuf+yD; wyfr (44) enf;AsL [mr–; Adkvfr–;}uD;cifnGef@udk
53
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
cef@tyfvu dk yf gw,f? Adv
k cf ifneG @f [m oGuv
f ufcsucf smvd@k OD;ae
0if;uoabmus+yD; ol[m tm;enf;aewJh axmufvrS ;f a&;wyf
zGJ@udk ,cifuvkd tiftm;}uD;atmif vkyfydkifcGifh&&Sdzdk@óud;pm;cJhol
jzpfygw,f// 1988 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkr_ vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;
jyif;xefaecsdef =o*kwfv (23) &ufae@rSm at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;ae0if;
tdrw f iG f ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;usi;f ycJyh gw,f? a'guw f m armif tm%mjyKwf u s
armiftpdk;&udk rm&S,favmppfOya'±kyfodrf;apzdk@/ jynfwGif;tHk oGm;avolAdkvfcifnGef@
ºuGr_rSm wyfrawmfryg0ifapa&; =uyfrwfomG ;zd@k e@J ppfonfawGyg
vm&if ppfwyfu tm%modr;f a&;tpDtpOfukd r[mAsL[mcsrw S cf yhJ gw,f? pufwifbmv
qef;rSm a&wyfwyfxdef;/ yifrcJ,rf;rD; ausmufwyf/ pufr_vufr_wyf/ (501) (502)
avwyfðyjyifxdef;odrf;a&; avwyfpcef;rS ppfonftcsdK@/ cv& (16) rS ppfonf (16)OD;/
wyfr (22) rS Adkvf}uD;pkdif;0if;ausmfwdk@ jynfol@&ifcGifckdv_Hvm&m cr& (6) rS wyfcGJr–;eJ@
ppfonfrsm;. vufeufcJ,rf;/ qHk;±_H;oGm;onfrSp+yD; tajctae wif;rmvmcJhygw,f?
'ga=umifh pufwifbm (18) &uf reufyikd ;f at'Dvrf; OD;ae0if;tdrrf mS Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmifukd
ac:,lum tm%modrf;zdk@eJ@ AdkvfcifnGef@udk twGif;a&;r–; (1) cef@tyfzdk@twlwGJ+yD; vkyf
aqmifzdk@ pDpOfa=umif;od&Sd&ygw,f? AdkvfcifnGef@[m trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udpP
awGudk wpdkufrwfrwfóud;pm;vkyfaqmifcJhayr,fh tiftm;aumif;+yD; rlysufvmwJh
axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@udkrxdef;EdkifbJ owdxm; apmifh=unfhaewJ@ ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ
ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;r_udk cHvdkuf&jyefygw,f?
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;eJ@ Adkvfcif!$ef@
Adv
k cf ifneG @f [m wyfrr–;/ wdik ;f r–;rjzpfcbhJ J ppf
wyf&JŒxdyfqHk;eD;yg;tqifhudk tcsdefwdkwdkrSm
a&mufcJholjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHwumacgif;aqmif
awGeJ@ xdawG@qufqHr_/ EdkifiHa&; y&d,m,fºuG,f
0r_/ tvkyv f yk &f mrSm u|r;f usijf refqefr&_ o
dS l jzpf
8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; jynfol@zufodk@
cdkv_Hvmonfh wyfrawmfom;rsm;
54
ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t&atmifjrifzdk@eJ@ &mZyv†ifrSm+rJapzdk@ trsdK;rsdK;pGrf;aqmifEdkifvdk@ ppf
tm%m&SifawGu ol@udka=umuf&GHŒcJhjcif;/ acsr_ef;cJhjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? ol[m jynf
wGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf olrwlatmifprG ;f aqmifc+hJ y;D wdik ;f &if;om; (17) zG@J e@J tiftm;
aumif;vSwhJ emrnf}u;D bde;f bk&ifcGefqm&JŒ vG,farmftzGJ@udk +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdatmif/ vuf
eufcsatmif pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f Edik cf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? 'gt h jyif autef,t l zG@J e@J n‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;aEG;
r_vnf; atmifjrifvek ;D yg;&&Scd yhJ gw,f? ol@&ŒJ óud;yrf;r_a=umifh 2000 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mrS
2001 ckESpf ZGefvtxd trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ w&m;0if (5) }udrfwdkifwdkif aqG;
aEG;yGJusif;yEdkifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; awG@qHkn‡dE_dif;a&;eJ@ trsdK;om;jyef
vnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf uuvSr;f rS Adv k rf –;csKyfoef;xGe;f eJ@tzG@J ukd wm0efay;apcdik ;f cJ&h m
txdkuftavsmufatmifjrifr_&&SdcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@
wpf } ud r f / Ad k v f a rmif a t; tygt0if o H k ; OD ; eJ @ wpf } ud r f a wG @ qH k a p&ef ó ud ; yrf ; cJ h + yD ;
xrif;vufqHkpm;=uwJhtxd atmifjrifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf 'DyJ,if;rSm
t=urf;zufcH&wJhtcgrSmawmh Adkvfoef;a&$[m EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;ydwfrd+yD;
tmqD,HxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufzdk@&Sdvkd@ AdkvfcifnGef@udk 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ay;
umwGe;f v$wcf yhJ gw,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f [m Edik if w
H umzdtm;ay;r_a=umifh a&&Snrf mS rdrEd ikd if H
epfemrSmudkodjrif+yD; ‘ROAD MAP’ (7) csufa=unmum xGufayguf&SmcJhygw,f?
'ghtjyif AkdvfcifnGef@[m trsdK;om;nDvmcHrSm twkduftcHygwD NLD yg0ifrS obm0
usr,fvdk@odjrif+yD; etzOuUÏudk azsmif;zspnf;±Hk;um NLD ygwDudk zdwf=um;EdkifwJhtxd
aqmif&GufcJholjzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcifnGef@[m axmufvSrf;a&; wyfzGJ@tiftm;udk wdk;csJ@&mrSm r[mAsL[m
avhvma&;Xmeudk wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&SdcsKyfvufatmufudk oGwfoGif;ap+yD;
tqdyk gXmerS axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k ukd jyefvnfac:,lI wpfpw k pfa0;wnf;
wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;yHkoD;oef@jyifqifcJhygw,f? ,if;udpP
tm; Adv k af rmifat;u uef@uu G af ewJ=h um;xJwiG f Advk cf ifneG @f [m taumiftxnf azmfEdkif
cJh+yD; atmifjrifr_&&SdcJhygw,f?tJ'Daemuf axmufvSrf;a&;Adkvfr–;csKyf (10) OD;eJ@ Xme}uD;
(10) ckjzpfvm+yD; vufeufawG wdk;csJ@wyfqifvmwmudk xdyfydkif; ppftm%m&SifawG
taeeJ@ b0ifrus jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmbJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ ajr;awG[m &JcsKyfudk
0ifa&mufpnf;±Hk;+yD; Oya'tumuG,f&,lI &efukefòrdŒwGif xifwdkif;}uJaejcif;/ 2001
ckESpfwGif qD'dk;em;[kdw,fwGif OD;ae0if;arG;ae@ usif;ycJhjcif;wdk@udk ppftm%m&SifawG[m
55
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
b0ifrusbJ owd}u;D pGm apmif=h unfah ecJ=h uygw,f? qufvuf+y;D OD;ae0if;twGuf vHòk caH &;
,lxm;wJh oeu (4) wyfc&GJ ŒJ vufeufawG at'Dvrf;tdru f kd a&muf&cdS yhJ gw,f? 'Dowif;awG
[m awmfveS af &;ae@twGuf &efuek òf rŒd rSm vHòk caH &;,lxm;wJh wyfr(77)wyfrr–; Adv k rf –;
csKyfoef;aX;udk OD;ae0if;ajr;awG oGm;a&mufpnf;±H;k cJ&h mrS tJ'w D yfrr–; owif;yd@k vdu k v f @dk
od&Sd&jcif; jzpfygw,f?tJ'Dowif;udk axmufvSrf;a&;u ay;ydk@Edkifjcif;r&Sdvdk@ AdkvfcifnGef@
tay: xdyfydkif;tm%m&SifESpfOD;[m oHo,pwif0ifcJhygw,f?
2004 ckEpS rf mS Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;0if;atmif[m ‘r=umcif xl;jcm;odomwJh
ajymif;vJr_awG jzpfay:vmawmhrSmyg’ vdk@ teufcGpum;vHk;udk EdkifiHjcm; tpnf;ta0;
wpfckrSm ajymrdvdkufwJhtwGuf ppftm%m&SifESpfOD;u pdwfqdk;cJh=uygw,f? OD;0if;atmif
[m Adv k cf ifneG @f &ŒJ wynfjh zpf+y;D Ekid if jH cm;rSmwif ol@ukd wef;ðzwfc&hJ mrS tajctae wif;rmr_
}uD;xGm;chjJ yefygw,f? trSew f u,fawmh ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m tm%mudk vdrv f nf+yD;
rw&m; &,lxm;wma=umifh wdik ;f jynftaeeJ@ tzufzufu ,d, k iG ;f ysuq f ;D aevd@k Edik if w
H um
tv,frmS &Suzf , G vf v
d d jzpfaecJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh ta&S@ajrmufwikd ;f
ppfXmecsKyf {&d,mtwGif;u wyfawG&JŒ oufomacsmifcsda&;twGuf e,fpyfu +*dKvfwk
pavmif;awG wifoiG ;f vmwmudk Oya'abmiftwGi;f rudu k n f b D ;l qd+k y;D axmufvrS ;f a&;u
ydwq f @kd rj_ zpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? atmufajcwyfrawmftwGi;f rSm =unf;wyfe@J axmufvrS ;f a&;
wyfz@JG awGt=um; tpmra=ur_awG rsm;pGm&Sad ecJyh gw,f? =unf;wyfu AsL[mr–;tqifh
Adv
k rf –;}u;D wpfO;D [m axmufvrS ;f a&;u wyfq, G rf –;tqifh wyf=uyf}u;D wpfO;D udk awG@ciG hf
awmif;ae&wJh jzpfpOfrsdK;awGvnf; &Sdaeygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@awG&@J azmufjyefr_udk wdkif=um;pm
wapmif[m &rcwdik ;f r–;xHukd rdwLW taeeJ@ ay;yd@k a&muf&v dS mygw,f? ,cifuqd&k if ,ckvkd
rdwLW ay;vmygu wdik ;f r–;rsm;[m axmufvrS ;f a&;eJ@ r+ipd eG ;f vdb k J a&Smif&mS ;=uayr,fh &rcwdik ;f rSL;
taeeJ@ ,cktcg (uu=unf;) xH wifjyum ta&;,laqmif&u G v f mygw,f? (105) rdik pf cef;
axmufvSrf;a&;wyf {&d,m0if;twGif; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;odrf;ydkufwJhtcg w&m;r0if
ypPnf;wefzdk;[m cef@rSef;vdk@r&atmifrsm;jym;wma=umihf rEdkifreif;jzpf+yD; &efukefu 0ef
}uD; OD;pdk;om/ pm&if;ppfcsKyfAdkvfcsKyfvGef;armif/ wyfrawmfppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyfwdk@ yg0if
wJh tzGJ@}uD;zGJ@um oGm;a&mufppfaq;cJh&ygw,f? tajctaeraumif;a=umif;od&wJh
twGuf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk;u Adkvfr–;csKyfjrifhaZmf[m tJ'DtzGJ@}uD;xHudk tajy;
tv$m; av,mOfay:rSm ud, k w f idk o
f mG ;a&muf awmif;yefcahJ yr,fh aemufusomG ;cJ_h yDjzpfyg
56
w,f? 'ghtjyif Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvfcif!$ef@udk ESpfem&D-umac:,lawG@qHk_yD; owday; qlyl
cJhygw,f? rEdkifreif;jzpfaewJh uuvSrf;&@Jwm0efudk 'kwd,n¸efr–; AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;udk
v$Jay;zkd@eJ@ vufatmufcHwm0ef&SdolawGudk xda&mufpGm ta&;,lz@kd ajym=um;cJw h ,fv@dk
od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? tJ't
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jzpfayr,fh ppftm%m&SifawGu vufOD;r_,l ESdyfuGyfoGm;cJhyHkukd qufvuf wifjyoGm;yg
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AdkvfcifnGef@taeeJ@ vrf;cGJudk a&mufae+yDjzpfvdk@ wpfckckudk qHk;jzwf&awmhrSm
jzpfygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG tiftm;[m cdik rf mawmifw h if;aeayr,fh tm%modr;f
r,fq&kd if tpmra=ujzpfaewJ@ wkid ;f r–;trsm;pk&adS evd@k wdik ;f jynfrmS aoG;xGuo f ,
H dk jynf
wGif;ppfrvGJraoGjzpfr,fvkd@ ,Hk=unfcsdefqae[ef&Sdygw,f? quf+yD;ae&ifvnf; EdkifiH
a&;rSm atmifjrifr_&SdaewJh rdrdtay: rauseyfwJh xdyfydkif;ppftm%m&SifawG&@J ESdyfuGyfr_
udk cH&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfaepOf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk; tpnf;
ta0;rSm AdkvfcifnGef@u vufatmufi,fom;awGudk rif;wdk@tcsif;csif;rnD!Gwfvdk@ jzpf
wmvd@k ajymrdwphJ um;tay: aumufcsucf s+yD; etz tm%m&Six f yd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmif[m
Adkvfcifn¸ef@udk trdef@remcHr_/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_eJ@ pGJcsufwifum rE Wav;utjyef 2004
ckESpf atmufwkdbm (18) &ufae@wGif zrf;qD;+yD;
qdik ;f iHah xmif'%f (44) ESpf csrw S t f a&;,lvu kd yf g
w,f? &efukefòrdŒ usdKuUqHuGif;udk ppfum;tpD;
(100) ausmf um;wef;&Snf}uD;eJ@ ppfwyftvHk;
t&if;0ifa&mufvmuwnf;u ppftm%m&Sif
awG[m aoG;xGufoH,dkxdar#mfrSef;+yD; a=umuf
vef@w=um;jzpfae=uygw,f? (8) rdkif vrf;qHkrSm
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rS 0ifa&muf pD;eif;cJhygw,f? ta=umif;odaewJh
axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@&JŒ &eftE W&m,fa=umifh 8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif;
xd y f y d k i f ; tm%myd k i f E S p f O D ; &J Œ rd o m;pk a wG u k d jynfol@zufodk@
cdkv_Hvmonfh wyfrawmfom;rsm;
57
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d x
f ufrif;
rlvtdrfawmf}uD;rS tjrefqHk; ajymif;a&$@ay;cJh&ygw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ðzwf/ xkwf/ cs pepfeJ@ usLyifckwf usLikwfygrusef
rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@awGudk ESdyfuGyfwmxufawmif ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm
ESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f? jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ppfzufa&;&mvHkòcHa&; t&m&SdcsKyf±Hk;udk axmuf
vSrf;a&; emrnfudkyif qufoHk;cGifhrðyatmif tòid;}uD;cJhygw,f? e,fbuf&Sd Xme qdkif&m
awGrSm oGwfoGif;xm;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@0ifawGudkvnf; ta&;,l ðzwf/ xkwf/
cs cJhygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;u axmufcHcsufay;cJhwJh Adkvfavmif;awGudkyg rusef aqG
ckESpfquf/ rsdK;ckESpfquf axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@ywfoufor# tm;vHk;ukd ta&;,lcJhygw,f?
AdkvfcifnGef@tay: wcsdK@u ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;vdk@ jrifcJh=uygw,f? a':
atmifqef;pk=unfudk ‘nDrav;wpfOD;vdk cifrifygw,f’vdk@ pum;vHk;ypfoGif;+yD; trsKd ;
om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;cJhovdk a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf;
‘wyfrawmfom;awG[m azazh&JŒom;orD;rsm;jzpfw,f’ vdk@tðyoabm wkef@jyef=uwJh
twGuf jynfov l x l tk m;vH;k u wcJeuf 0rf;omtm;&óudqcdk =hJ u+yD; Edik if w H umuawmif
tHh=oae&ygw,f? AdkvfcifnGef@[m tmqD,Hudk pnf;±Hk;Edkif+yD; tD;,luJhodk@ EkdifiHwum&JŒ
zdtm;ay;r_udk txdkuftavsmuf avsmhyg;atmif aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJhygw,f/ od@k aomf
vnf; aoewfajymif;0rSmtm%m&Sw d ,fqw kd hJ armfpw
D ek ;f &JŒ pum;twdik ;f ppftm%m&SiEf pS Of ;D
[m aoewfajymif; ‘ajymif;jyef’ vSnfhrSmpkd;&drfvGef+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfaewJh Adkvf
cifn¸ef@udkESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f//
,ae@ xdyyf ikd ;f tm%m&Sirf mS e0wacwfu wufvmolEpS Of ;D om useaf wmhv@kd
‘b,folcGJcGJ/ 'dk@rcGJ t+rJpnf;±Hk;r,f’ aqmifyk'ftpm; ‘b,fol@b,folrS wyfudkrcGJ/ 'dk@
tcsi;f csi;f bJ cGaJ er,f’ qdw k m oufaojyaeygw,f? ‘ab;ajymwmudk r,Hek @J / aoG;ajym
wmud, k ’kH aqmify'k [ f mvnf; ajymif;jyefjzpfaeum ‘‘ab;urde;f rawG ajymwmudk ,H+k yD;/
aoG;jzpfwhJ &Jabmf/&JbufawGu tcsi;f csi;f oifjh rwfa&;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; ajymaewmudk
awmh r,Hkbl;’’ jzpfaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif etz[m ‘trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;’
tpm; ‘trsdK;om;jyefvnfowfjzwfa&;’ udk vkyfaqmifaeygw,f?
òcHiokH ;kH oyf&&if Adv
k cf ifneG @f e@J axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG [m vkyyf ikd cf iG thf m%m&Sd
ayr,fh tiftm;aumif;wJh =unf;wyf&JŒ rkef;wD;+yD; òzdcJGcHcJh&ygw,f? Akdvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh
uawmh vkyfydkifcGifhtm%meJ@ =unf;wyf&Sdayr,fh tiftm;aumif;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;
wyfzGJ@&JŒ òzdcJGjcif;cH&ygw,f// odk@aomf Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifheJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@wdk@[m
58
jrefrmhEidk if aH &; ðyjyifajymif;vJz@kd e@J trsKd ;om; jyefvnfoihjf rwfa&;udk txdu k t
f avsmuf
wm0efauspGm vkyfcJholrsm;jzpfw,fvdk@qdkEdkifygw,f?‘wyfrawmf&JŒordkif;a=umif;udk
aumif;rGefatmif rsdK;qufopfwyfr–;awG vkyfaqmifzdk@ trsdK;om;a&;wm0ef’ usef&Sd
aeygao;w,f? wyfrawmfom;awGudk ajym=um;csifwmu wyfrawmf&JŒzcif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m ol@&JŒorD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒ aoewf
ajymif;0vSnv hf rd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mvf ifrh rd mS r[kwb f ;l qdwk mudk odapcsiyf gw,f? arG;pm;zcif
rqv/ yaxG; e0weJ@ vifygom; etzwdk@udk umuG,fay;aewJh jynfolrkef;wJh wyf
rawmfjzpfaewmudk wrvGeb f 0u Adv k cf sKyfood mG ;cJ&h if rvG{J uef ‘&ifxrk em’ jzpfaerSm
taotcsmjzpfygw,f? om;oHk;om;xJrSm om;}uD;jzpfwJh ppfom;awG[m nDtukd
tcsif;csif;jzpfwJh om;vwfbk&m;om;eJ@ om;axG; ausmif;om;wdk@udk etzu &efwu kd f
ay;aea=umif; oabmaygu+f y;D om;oH;k om;yl;aygi;f um rdom;pk awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; pm;yG0J ikd ;f
okd@a&mufatmif óud;yrf;aqmif&Guf&if; trdjrefrmEdkifiHudk u,fwif=u&ef wdkufwGef;
vdkygw,f?
59
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f ufrif;
60
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bk&m;om;
61
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f ufrif;
62
bk&m;om;eJ@ jA[Rpdk&fw&m;
jrwfpmG bk&m;&JŒom;awmf &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m jynfov l x l &k ŒJ 'kuq Q if;&J
usyw f nf;&r_e@J Edik x hf ufp;D eif;vkycf &H r_awGukd vufyu kd =f unfrh aeEdik b
f J Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
awGrSm rv$Jra&Smifom yg0ifvm&ygw,f? 1965 ckESpf arSmfbD oHCmtpnf;ta0;+yD;
uwnf;u rqvygwD ppftm%m&Sief @J &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m tap;ruyfb/J b0if
rus tqifrajyr_awG &Sad ecJyh gw,f? 1974 ckEpS f ZGev f (6) &ufae@ tvkyo f rm;oydwt f a&;
tcif; jzpf+yD;aemufrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfawG&JŒ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_[m tm;,lpðyae+yD jzpf
ygw,f? 1974 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@rmS ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;csKyf OD;oef@
&JŒ psmyeudpeP @J ywfouf+yD; wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;u rauseyfv@dk OD;oef@ ±kyu f vmyf
udk usKd uq
U uH iG ;f rS wuUov kd 0f if;od@k ,laqmifomG ;&mrSm OD;oef@ta&;tcif;}u;D ay:ayguv f m
ygw,f?wuUodkvf0if;twGif; ae@pOf tpkd;&qef@usifa&;w&m;yGJrsm; usif;y+yD; jynfol
vlxk wufa&mufem;axmifaepOf vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; ºuGa&mufvm=uwJh
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; jynfolvlxku vufckyf=obmwD;um ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpf
ukef=uygw,f?xkdtcsdefrSp+yD; ppftm%m&SifawG[m tiftm; oH;k ode;f ausm&f w dS hJ bk&m;
om;awmf &[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk av#mw h u G v f @dk r&rSe;f oabmayguv f mygw,f?
'ga=umifh 1985ckEpS f pmtrSwf (330§1§85) eJ@ Ekid if aH wmfr[m oHCem,u
tzGJ@ (r[e) udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; omoemawmf oef@&Sif;a&;acgif;pOfwyfum =uyfrwfvmyg
w,f? 'Dxufyq kd ;kd wmu oHCmawmfawGudk omoem0ifrw S w
f rf; vky&f r,f vdk@ n¸ef=um;
vmjcif; jzpfygw,f? ‘r[e’ [m rqv ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ tvdkustrdef@tm%mawG
udk xkwfjyefay;&jcif;/ ok"rRm/ a&$usif pwJh oHCmtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; csKyfudkifjcif;/
‚if;wd@k vdvk m;wJh oHCmawmfawGukd tcGix hf ;l cH ajr‡mufpm;jcif;/ ‚if;wd@k ukd uef@uu G rf nfh
oHCmawmfrsm;udk "rRpuf/ tm%mpufw@kd oH;k um ta&;,ljcif;/ omoem0if rSww f rf;
t& oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;csKyfjcif; ponfwdk@ ðyvkyfvm=u&&m oHCm
xkt=um;rSm auseyfr_r&Sdjcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;aeygw,f? oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ yg;pyfzsm;rSm
‘r[e’ tzGJ@qkdwm ‘r[eJ@’ vdk@ ajymqdk=u+yD; ygwmudkomzwf&wJh ‘yg&mzwf’
jzpfae+yDvdk@vnf; nnf;wGm;ae=uygw,f?bkef;}uD;ta&;udk bkef;}uD;u ajz&Sif;r&wm
[m ppftm%m&Sif&JŒ bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh ðyw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk tm;enf;apyg
w,f? 'gawGudk odjrifem;vnfwJh &[ef;oHCmtrsm;pk[m tzdESdyfcH jynfolrsm;enf;wl
63
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d x
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tm%m&Siv f wl pfpuk kd vufyu kd =f unfrh aeEdik af wmhbJ jrefrmhEikd if aH &;rSm pwif v_y&f mS ;vm
ygawmhw,f?
1986ckESpfrSm &[ef;ysdK OD;*E<om&[m ynm&mrdur[m ausmif;wkduf
q&mawmf OD;ynm0Ho/ A[ef;anmifwkef;wdkuftkyf q&mawmfOD;ol&d,/ ausmufukef;
ar'DeD ausmif;wkdufq&mawmf OD;tdEMuwdk@xHrSm ‘&[ef;ysdKor*~’ zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf
av#mufxm;wifjy+yD; vdktyfwJhvrf;n¸efr_ cH,lcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf OD;*E<om&/
OD;ÁENu/ OD;0dpdwW/ OD;r¾v/ OD;Z0e/ OD;y¾dw tygt0if &[ef;ysdK (9) yg;[m OD;aqmif
pnf;±H;k um v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?aus;&Gm/ &yfuu G f yXmef;yG/J &Siðf yyG/J w&m;yGaJ wGrmS
rqv ppftm%m&Sifpepf csdK@,Gif;csufeJ@ Adkvfae0if;&JŒazmufjyefr_/ wm0efauspyg;
acgi;f pOfe@J v,form;rsm; rw&m;cH&r_/ wpfygwpD epfq;kd a=umihf jynfot l rsm; use;f rma&;/
ynma&;csKd @whJ qif;&Jusyw f nf;r_/ omoemawmfukd n‡Kd ;EGr;f atmif aqmif&u G af er_ wd@k ukd
qef@usifpnf;±Hk; w&m;a[mEdkifcJhygw,f?
1988ckEpS f rwfvrSm zke;f armfta&;tcif;a=umihf pufrw _ uUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;
tHºk uGqENjyaecsed rf mS &efuek w f uUov kd f v_id ef ,fajr&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ify;l aygi;f
aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf &[ef;ysdKrsm;u aygif;ul;qufoG,f aqmif&Gufay;cJhygw,f?
'gt
h jyif &mjynfah usmif;wdu k /f rif;"rRuek ;f 0ef;usief @J bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGrmS ausmif;om;rsm;
em;cdk&efeJ@ vHkòcHa&;tumtuG,fay;&ef oHCmawmfrsm;u pDpOfay;EdkifcJhygw,f? wcsdK@
ae&m vrf;qHkvrf;cGawGrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m axmufvSrf;a&;wm0ef xrf;
aqmif+yD; ppfa=umif;rsm;eJ@ ppfum;,mOfwef; v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd ausmif;om;rsm;xH
owif;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? 1988ckESpf ZGefv(17)&ufae@rSm &efukefwuUodkvf tyef;ajz
&dyfom0if;twGif; ðyvkyfwJh ausmif;om;xka[majymyJGawGudk bk&m;om;awmfawG
ºuGa&mufyl;aygif;vm=u+yD jzpfygw,f? tvm;wl 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv (2) &ufae@u
a&$w*d b kH &k m;rSm bk&m;om;oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;awG[m twlwuG pka0;=u+yD;
rqv ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;udk oydwfarSmuf w&m;a[majym=uygawmhw,f?
=o*kwfv (16) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefjynfol@aq;&Hk}uD; tjyifbufrSm jynfol (5000)
ausmf pka0;a&muf&Sdae+yD; ppfwyfu vlxkeJ@ aq;&Hkudk ypfcwfcJhvdk@ aoqHk;olrsm;twGuf
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGu o&%*Hk wifay;cJh&ygw,f?
pufwifbmv(4)&ufae@rSm awmifOuUvm (4) &yfuGufrSm&SdwJh =unf=unf
bDpuGwfpuf&Hkudk vlwpfpk vma&mufvk,ufaea=umif; zHk;qufowif;ydk@vdk@ &[ef;
64
8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; qENjy oHCmawmfrsm;

oHCm (9) yg;eJ@ ausmif;om; (12) OD; oGm;a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? vk,ufoal wG[m &[ef;
oHCmeJ@ ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;qD;+y;D ppfrx _ rf;a[mif;&dyo f mudk ac:aqmifomG ;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'DtcgrSm vlxktiftm; }uD;rm;pGm axmifcsD+yD; vdkufvH0dkif;0ef; wdkufcdkufcJh=uygw,f?
&[ef;oHCmeJ@ ausmif;om;awG[m jynfolvlxkeJ@ wom;wnf;jzpfae+yD; }uD;pGmaom
OD;aqmifr_udk ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawG pkaygif;+yD; &[ef;ysdKor*~ zGJ@pnf;a&;
óu;d yrf;=u&m 1988 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (31) &ufae@rmS a&$w*d akH pwDawmf csr;f om}u;D wefaqmif;
"rRm&HkwGif wwd,t}udrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yEdkifcJh+yD; wqufwnf;rSm
‘&efukefòrdŒvHk;qdkif&m &[ef;ysdKor*~’ udk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'Dor*~&JŒ OuUÏ[m
tif;pdeòf rdŒopfausmif;u OD;paENmbmo jzpf+yD; 'kOuUÏ[m =unfjh rifwikd o f m"kausmif;u
OD;ynmoD[ jzpfygw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;uawmh tif;pdeaf v;u|e;f p}umF ausmif;
u OD;*E<om& jzpfygw,f? A[ef;jy\'fausmif;u OD;0dok'<tygt0if q&mawmf
oHCmawmf (25)yg; tzGJ@0iftjzpf yg0ifzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhygw,f?
rE Wav;òrdŒrSmvnf; ‘*VKefeD’ &[ef;ysdKtzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; ‚if;tzGJ@eJ@ &efukef
òrd Œ vH k ; qd k i f & m &[ef ; ysd K or*~ t zG @ J w d k @ quf p yf n ‡ d E _ d i f ; um txuf j ref r mjynf e J @
atmufjrefrmjynfukd {&d,mydkif;I &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_&&Sda&;
aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmvqef;rSm jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;&JŒ
65
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qlyltHkºuGr_a=umifh rqv&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m; &yfqdkif;vkeD;yg; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?
tJ'DtcgrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m &yfuGufaus;&GmawGrSm jynfolvlxk&JŒ vHkòcHa&;/
uif;wm0ef csrSwfaqmif&Gufa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ Oya' xdef;odrf;a&;/ pnf;urf;&Sda&;/
'kp±dkufr_rsm;rjzpfyGm;a&;/ &duQm &&Sda&;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ðyvkyfa&;/
qENjya&;/ w&m;a[majymyGJrsm; pDpOfusif;ya&; ponf wdk@udk pepfwus vrf;n¸efpDrH
aqmif&Gufjcif;/ armifawmf ,mOfeJ@ vrf;pnf;urf; =uyfrwfaqmif&Gufay;jcif; ponf
wdk@udk trsdK;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yftoGif wufºuGpGm aqmif&GufawmfrlcJh=uygw,f?
1988ckESpfta&;tcif;rSm &efukefòrdŒawmf twGif; t"du v_yf&Sm;cJhwJh
ausmif;wkdufawGuawmh o&ufawmausmif;wdkuf/ &efuif;ar'DeD/ awmifOuUvm yg&rD
aiG=um,Hausmif;wkduf/ odrfawmf}uD;/ tif;pdef&Gmrausmif;wdkufeJ@ a&$bkef;yGifhausmif;
wkdufrsm;jzpf=uygw,f? 1988 pufwifbmv (6) &ufae@u &efukeftaxGaxGaq;&H}k u;D
rSm ‘taxGaxGoydwaf umfrwD’ udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'aD umfrwD}u;D [m &[ef;oHCm
awmfawGukdudk,fpm;ðywJh oHCmtzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/
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twGi;f a&;r–;rSm ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~rS udak ZmfxeG ;f jzpfygw,f? tv$m
toD;oD;rS tzG@J 0ifaygi;f (119) OD;eJ@ yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;ygw,f? ta&;awmfyHk}uD;=uyfa&;/
e,frsm;eJ@ qufpyfaqmif&Gufa&;/ vkyfief;cGif oydwfarSmufa&;eJ@ vrf;ray:xGuf+yD;
qENjya&;pwJh OD;wnfcsufawGudk taxGaxGoydwfaumfrwDu taumiftxnf
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&,lxm;wJh ppfonfwpfOD;[m vlxkxJu vufvkyfvufpm;wpfOD;&JŒ avSmifajymifr_udk
pdwfrxdef;EdkifbJ aoewfeJ@ pwifypfcwfcJh&m tkwfeH&Hudk xdrSef+yD; uav;wpfOD;ukd ydwf
rSecf yhJ gw,f? toGiof ¾mef/ p±ku d /f obm0 rwln=D uwJh om;oH;k om;[m 1988 ta&;
tcif;umv}uD;&JŒ ta&;ygwhJ tvSnht f ajymif;wpfcrk mS twlwuG ,SOw f JG qif;vmyHu k kd
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vlxak cgi;f aqmiftcsKd @e@J Adv k cf sKyf}u;D a[mif;OD;wifO;D
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0ifa&muf&ef óud;pm;aeygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm vlxk
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om&tygt0if &[ef;ysdKrsm;udk ukefoG,fa&;±Hk;okd@0if&ef vlxk}uD;u vrf;&Sif;ay;vkduf
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wyfcrJG –;eJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;aeygw,f? &[ef;ysdKrsm;[m vlxk}uD;&JŒ a'goeJ@ ±Hk;twGif;ukd
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rD;±_d@zdk@eJ@ ppfom;rsm;udk owfjzwfzdk@awmif;qdkae=u&m tu,fIrD;±_d@vdkufygu cr&
(6) wyfcJG&JŒ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; aygufuGJr_t&Sdeft[kefa=umifh tavmif;awG
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u,fwif&ef qEN&ydS ga=umif; ajym=um;cJyh gw,f//'Dae&mrSm ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ jrifjh rwfwhJ
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67
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ppfom;awG&JŒ vufarmif;ay:rSm ausmif;om;vufywfawGudk ausmif;om;awGu ðzwf
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68
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a':atmifqef;pk=unfu &[ef;ysdK or*~tzGJ@udk usnfqefeJ@ vufeufrsm; tukeftyfESH
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}uD;rm;cJhwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS v$wfay;oifhygw,f? quf
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oDv/ orm"dt&mrSm ykxkZOfrsm;xuf ydkrdk&ifhusufwJh oHCmawmfawG&JŒ wkef@jyefr_
pGrf;tm;}uD;rm;yHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygr,f?
e0w ppftm%m&SifvufxufrSm &efukefwdkif; oHCmhem,utzGJ@ OuUÏ
q&mawmfeJ@ oefvsifrif;ausmif;q&mawmfwdk@udk pnf;¶Hk;+yD; &efukefòrdŒrSm&SdwJh &[ef;
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69
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pwJh vªz, G 0f wˆKypPn;f rsm; qufuyf+yD; pnf;¶H;k =uygw,f? bke;f }uD;ausmif;aqmufvyk cf iG hf
*&ef/ bdvyfajr/ tkwfygrpf ponfwdk@udk ay;tyfIvnf; pnf;¶Hk;=uygw,f? 'ghtjyif
ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mudk oH;k +yD; bke;f }uD;ausmif; ynmoif=um;a&;eJ@
vSnfhum bkef;}uD;awGudk EdkifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;rS cGJxkwfvdkufygw,f? bkef;}uD;ausmif;
ynmoif=um;a&;twGuf y&dabm*rsm;/ ausmif;oH;k Avmpmtkyrf sm; vSL'ge;f =uygw,f?
trSefwu,f jrefrmjynf&JŒ ynma&;[m tbufbufu edrfhusae+yD; ppftm%m&Sif
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ppftm%m&SifawG[m rdrdwdk@&JŒ &mxl;tm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf &[ef;
oHCmawmfawGudk cGJjcm;+yD; tcGifhxl;cHrsm; ay;I pnf;¶Hk;&m &efukefwdkif; oHCmh em,u
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vmcJyh gw,f? tcsKd @val wG[m w&m;¶H;k rSm tr_jzpf=uwJt h cg tr_Eikd zf @kd bke;f }u;D rSwqifh wdik ;f rª;
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rjzpfymG ;apzd@k q&mawmf}u;D &JŒ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufra_ wG a&S@aeyrm tusKd ;awmfaqmifra_ wGukd
vdu k af vsmay;wmrsKd ; awG@&&dS ygw,f? bke;f }uD;&JŒtr_onf[m Oya'a=umif;t& rSm;ae
wmrsdK;vnf;&Sdvdk@ w&m;a&;qdkif&m 0efxrf;awGtaeeJ@ OD;aESmufajcmuf&wmrsdK;vnf;
awG@&ygw,f? tJ'q D &mawmf}uD;[m a&S@ajy;qdik u f ,f vrf;&Si;f ,mOfe@J oGm;vmwwfv@kd
bke;f }uD;wdik ;f rª;vd@k wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f ajymae=uwmudv k nf; =um;od&ygw,f? wzufrmS
ppftm%m &SifawG[m &[ef;oHCmawG&JŒ vGwfvyfcGifhudk enf;trsdK;rdsK;eJ@ ydwfyif[ef@
wm;cJhygw,f? e0wacwf 1990 ckESpf 0ef;usifwGif r*Fvm'Hk apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;teD;&Sd
xef;yifukef;bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm npOf w&m;a[m w&m;jyaepOf &,uESihf vHòk caH &;tzG@J
rsm;u {nfph m&if;0ifppfum aESmuf,u S jf cif;ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? w&m;jyaewJh &[ef;oHCmu
w&m;a[mr,ft h a=umif; óudwifowif;yd@k xm;+yD; &,utaejzifh {nfph m&if;wdik &f r,f
vd@k rajymcJv h @kd rwdik jf cif;jzpfa=umif;ESihf aemifwiG f {nfph m&if;wdik rf nf jzpfa=umif; ajz&Si;f
ajymqdkcJhygw,f? wzef {nfhpm&if;wdkif&mwGiv f nf; rSwyf w kH if eHygwrf ygv@dk qu kd m cGirhf ðybJ
70
trsKd ;rsKd ; jy\em&Smaea=umif; =um;odc&hJ ygw,f? tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ bmoma&; vGwv f yf
cGifhqdkwm 'Dvdkvkyfwmvm;qdk+yD; rausreyf jzpfcJh=uygw,f?
e0wvufxufrSm ‘‘ausmif; 'um’’ pDrHcsufudka&;qGJ+yD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;
wdkif;wGif rSwfyHkwifðyvkyfum omoemrSwfwrf; wdkufqdkifppfaq;jcif;/ bkef;}uD;ausmif;
t0if txGurf sm;udk apmif=h unfjh cif;/ {nfph m&if;ppfaq;jcif; pojzifh &efuek òf rdŒrSm ydu k pf yd f
wdu k f ðyvkyv f mcJyh gw,f? wyfrawmf=unf;/ a&/ av rdom;pkrsm;&JŒ qGr;f qefprd ;f avmif;vSLyGJ
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av#muf xm;um &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; pdwaf jymif;oGm;atmif/ oHCmawmf tcsi;f csi;f
roifhrwifh jzpfatmif pnf;¶Hk;av#mufxm;cJhygw,f?
&efukefòrdŒrSm&SdwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk tJ'Dvdk pnf;¶Hk;xdef;csKyfxm;csdefrSm
rEœav;òrdŒu &[ef;oHCmawG[m &Spfav;vHk;txdrf;trSwftjzpf 19990 ckESpf =o*kwf
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wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unfrS rðyvkyfzdk@eJ@ ðyvkyf&ifta&;,lr,fvdk@ +cdrf;
ajcmufcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1990 =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@ eHeuf (6) em&DrmS awmh OD;u0dEmN
OD;pD;wJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;ppfa=umif;eJ@ OD;a&0w OD;pD;wJh tdraf wmf&mppfa=umif;wdk@rS oHCmtyg;
ig;axmifrS ckepfaxmiftxd rEœav; (84) vrf;r}uD;wav#muf qGrf;cHxGufvmonfudk
tHrh cef; jrifawG@&ygw,f? 32vrf;eJ@ 33 vrf;=um; vlxak ':trm tdref m;ta&mufrmS toifh
a&muf&SdaewJh ppfom;eJ@ykvdyfawGu vlpkcGJzdk@ trde@f ay;ygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawGu
jiif;qefaevd@k ppfom;eJ@ ykvyd af wG[m eHygww f w
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awmhw,f? qGrf;cHoydwfawG[m tvJvJtòyòd yd jzpfuek =f uygw,f? oHCmawmf (2)yg;
ysvH eG af wmfr+l y;D oHCm (17) yg; tygt0if jynfoltrsm;tjym; '%f&m&&Sd=uygw,f?'Djzpf
pOfudk rlwnf+yD; e0wudk ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif oydwfarSmuf&ef oHCor*D~/ &[ef;ysdK
or*~/ ausmif;xdik b f ek ;f }u;D rsm;or*~w@kd [m wnDwnGww f nf; yl;aygi;f qH;k jzwfum oHCm
tiftm; ESpfaomif; yg0ifjcif;jzifh oydwfarSmufuHaqmifjcif; qifE$JcJh=uygw,f?
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71
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w,f? ywWeduUKZ…euHt& e0weJ@EG,fwJh yk*~dKvfawG&JŒ tvSLudk vufcH&,l&ef jiif;y,f
jcif;/ e0w&JŒ armfawmf,mOf rSefor# ausmif;0if;twGif; t0ifrcHawmhjcif;/ 0efxrf;rsm;
r0if&[k qdik ;f bkwrf sm; csw d q f x JG m;jcif;/ rv$rJ a&Smifom tvSLcH&v#if yef@oulpeG @f }uJjcif;
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w,f? &[ef;oHCmawGukd qGr;f uyfvLS 'ge;f yGaJ wGrmS yifzh w d v
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wyftwGif; ra=uvnfr_awGvnf; jzpfay:vmygw,f?
&efukefrS (r[e) q&mawmf}uD;wpfyg;rS n‡dEd_if;cJh&m oydwfuHaqmif
oHCmawmfrsm;taejzifh (8-8-90) &ufae@ ypfcwfr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD; a&'D,dk/jrefrmh
¶kyfjrifoH=um;wdk@rS e0wu w&m;0if 0efcsawmif;yef&if oydwfvSefr,f[k ta=umif;
jyef=um;cJhygw,f? e0wu wdkif;rª;tqifhom 0efcsawmif;yefrnfjzpfa=umif; jyefvnf
av#mufxm;&m oHCmawmfrsm;vufrcHbJ qufvuf oydwfarSmufcJhygw,f? e0w
OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmifu (r[e) q&mawmf}uD;rsm;udk wynfhawmf "rRpufe@J
r&&if tm%mpufe@J oH;k ygr,fv@kd av#mufxm;cJyh gw,f? e0wu (3) &uf twGi;f oydwf
vSef&ef &mZoHay;cJhayr,fh oHCmawmfawGu vufrcHbJ qufvufoydwaf rSmuf&m
'DZifbm (8) &ufae@rmS ppfwyfrS ausmif;wdu k rf sm;twGi;f w&=urf; 0ifa&muf+y;D oHCmawmf
tyg; (90)ausmfudk zrf;qD;cJhygw,f? vl0wftwif;tusyfvJap+yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cs
cJyh gw,f? zrf;qD;axmifcscw hJ hJ q&mawmfrsm;rSm q&mawmf OD;a&0w OD;pD;wJh oHCor*~eD @J
&[ef;ysKd or*~w@kd rS ud;k yg;/ *E<m¶Hk wdu k t f yk qf &mawmf/ a¶$bek ;f yGiq hf &mawmf/ omauw
r[maAm"dq&mawmf/ &efuif;ausmufuek ;f ar'Deq D &mawmf/ tif;pde¶f mG rq&mawmfEiS hf
odraf wmf}uD;q&mawmf r*~iq f &mawmf/ *VKefeD oHCmtzG@J OuUÏ OD;umyd,/ q&mawmf
OD;pENdrm/ wdydÉu"&q&mawmf a'gufwmOD;okr*Fvm ponfwdk@udk &ufpufpGm axmifcs
cJhygw,f? rdrdwdk@&JŒ &mxl;/ tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf bk&m;om;awmfawGudk rw&m;
axmifcscv hJ @kd edrw
d q
f ;kd taeeJ@ jrefrmjynf wefc;kd }uD;bk&m;rsm;&JŒ rsuEf mS awmfrmS ac|;ap;
rsm;usjcif; jrifawG@cJh&ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfapmarmif[m wyfrawmf umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf
jzpfcJha=umif;udk ppfordkif;jywkdufESifh tjcm;rSwfwrf;rsm;Y vHk;0az: jycGifh "gwfyHkcsdwfqGJcGifh
rðycJah vmufatmif oydwu f aH =umifh xdcu kd cf &hJ ygw,f? e0w t}u;D tuJ Adv k cf sKyrf ;ª }u;D
apmarmifvnf; pdwf*a,mifacsmufjcm;jzpf+yD; bk&m;om;awmfawG&JŒ bkef;wefcdk;
tmEkabmfa=umifh wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f tm%modr;f ,lc&H um odrif ,fpmG aoqH;k cJ&h ygw,f?
72
ppftm%m¶l;awGa=umifh tmZmenfoC H mrsm; ay;qyfc&hJ wJh ordik ;f a=umif;jzpf&yfreS af wG[m
rarhaysmufEkdifwJh t&dyfqdk;}uD; jzpfcJh&ygw,f?
r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}uD;ta&;tcif;
rE aW v;r[mjrwfrek b
d &k m;}uD;
1996 ckESpfrSm bk&m;om;&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}uD;
Adu
k af zmufc&H r_e@J ywfouf+y;D e0w ppftm%m&Sif tay: qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uygw,f?
1996 ck rwfv (16) &ufae@rSm bk&m;}uD;&ifjyifay:wGif oHCmtyg; (7000) wuf
a&muf+yD; a&=unfq&mawmfxH ajz&Si;f csuaf v#mufxm;=uygw,f? a&=unfq&mawmf
u ‘‘rD;cwke;f ’’ ayguo f mG ;wmjzpfEikd wf ,fv@kd ,ql a=umif;/ 'g,um}uD; 'kw, d Adv
k cf sKyf
rª;}uD;armifat;u tJ'DtufuGJa=umif;udk o¶dk;odyf/ a¶$ouFef;uyfzdk@ajymcJhvdk@ wdkif;rª;
ud, k wf ikd Of ;D pD;jyD; vkyu
f ikd af qmif¶u
G cf &hJ a=umif; ajz&Si;f &Smygw,f? od@k aomf waygi;f vqef;
(4) &ufae@u oHCmawmfwpfyg;[m bk&m;}uD;&JŒ0rf;AdkufrSm t*FaweJ@ tkyfxm;wJh
bdvyfajrt&mawG@&a=umif; jyefvnfacsyajymqd&k mrS oHCmxkvnf; r,Ho k uFm jzpfchJ
=uygw,f? &[ef;oHCmxk[m a&=unfq&mawmfukd o¶d;k uGt J ufwm/ b,fae@avmuf
uvJv@kd ar;jref;&m obm0ruspmG (9) ESp&f +dS yv D @kd jyefajzygw,f? b,fae@rSm o¶dk;cGm+yD;
a¶$ouFef;uyfwmygvJvdk@ ar;jref;jyef&m a&=unfq&mawmf[m E_wfqdwfaejyefvdk@
oHCmawmfrsm; a'goaygufuGJcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf tajctaewif;rmvmvdk@ tpnf;
73
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
ta0;ukrd wfv (23) &ufae@ udk xyfrcH sed ;f qdzk @kd n‡Ed i_d ;f cJ=h uygw,f? xdpk Of vlEpS Of ;D 0ifvm+y;D
ukvm;rsm;u taºu;G awmif;r&vd@k jrefrmrde;f uav;udk tEdik u f si&hf ef}uHpnfr_eJ@ udk&if
wpfyg;udkvnf; ¶dkufESufzrf;qD;aea=umif; oHo,jzpfzG,f aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfcJhygw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ukvm; - jrefrm t"du¶k%f;udkzefwD;+yD; tm¶Hkajymif;cJjh cif;jzpfyg
w,f? od@k aomfvnf; bk&m;}u;D Adu k af zmufc&H r_e@J pyfvsO;f +y;D ausmif;wdu k t f oD;oD;u tkef;
armif;acgufum qENjycJh=uonftxd qdk;¶Gm;cJhygw,f? (1997) ck azazmf0g&Dv (22)
&ufae@rSm rEœav;wdkif; (r[e) tzGJ@ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD; ausmif;
wduk w f pfcrk jS yefxu
G v
f m&m 0ef}uD;um;udk cJaygucf &H um tke;f armif;acgu=f uonftxd
qENjycJh=uygw,f?
ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGrmS ‘‘Edik if aH &;raqG;aEG;&’’ pmwef;udk
twif;t=uyf csdwfqGJcdkif;jcif;/ (1990) ck e0w trdef@trSwf (6§7§20) rsm;udk
xkwjf yef+y;D trde@f r&bJ &Siðf y/ &[ef;cH rðyvky&f efwm;jrpfjcif;/ r,Ho k uFmv#if zrf;qD;jcif;
wdk@udk jyif;jyif;xefxef vkyfvmygw,f? 1998 ck Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae@rSmawmh
tdraf wmf&mrSm usi;f yðyvkyw f hJ jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m oHCmhtpnf;ta0;udk rEœav; rpd;k &drf
OD;pD;em,u q&mawmf}uD; ‘‘bENEœ aum0d'gb0d o H ’’ ud,
k af wmfwidk f OD;pD;+yD; q&mawmf
}uD;ig;yg; ºuGa&mufawmfru l m tzrf;qD;cH oHCmawmfrsm;vGwaf jrmufa&;/ oHCmawmf
rsm; nDnGwfa&;/ (r[e) twGif; 0ifa&muf yl;aygif;jcif;/ a¶G;cs,fcHjcif;rðya&;/ e0w&JŒ
bGJ@wHqdyfawmfrsm; vufcHjcif;rðya&; pwmawGudk aqG;aEG;awmfrlcJh=uygw,f? tJ'D
tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk tHh=obG,faumif;avmufatmif e0w[m aESmifh,Sufjcif;/
0ifa&muf[ef@wm;jcif; rðy&Javmufatmif bk&m;om;awmfawG atmifjrifr_ &&SdcJh=uyg
w,f?
'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…e oydwfuHaqmifyGJ

,ae@ (2007) ckESpf pufwifbmvrSmawmh wurBmvHk;u tHh=ocsD;rGrf;rqHk;
jzpf&avmufatmif bk&m;om; &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tvSnfh
tajymif;twGuf óud;yrf;pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh+yD jzpfygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m
avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f jrifw
h ufra_ =umifh jynfovl xl k pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_ukd rcHr&yf
EdkifawmhbJ wnf+idrfat;csrf;pGm arwWmokwf ¶Gwfzwf o&ZÇm,f+yD; vrf;rawGay:rSm
a¶$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;}uD; qifE$JcJhyHk[m jrif& =um;&olawGtwGuf rsuf&nfòzdifòzdif
74
uscJh&ygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;eJ@ rwlwmuawmh rD'D,macwfrSm tifwmeuf
+*dK[fwk qufoG,fa&;awGuwqifh bk&m;om;awmfawG&JŒ a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD;
[m wurBmvHk;udk csufjcif; ysH@ESH@cJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
(2007) ckESpf pufwifbmv (5) &ufae@u yxrOD;qHk; yckuULòrdŒrSm
arwWmokwf ¶Gwzf wfo&ZÇm,f+y;D vrf;rwav#muf ºucG sv D mwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGukd
etz&JŒ vufudkifwkwf }uHhzGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@awGu óud;uGif;eJ@ypfzrf;/ "mwfwdkifrSm
csnfwkwfwJhtxd t=urf;zuf aESmifh,SufòzdcGif;cJh=uygw,f? yckuULòrdŒe,f }uHhzGH@ twGi;f
a&;rª;[m bk&m;om;awmfawG&ŒJ t&Sed t f 0gukd a=umufvef@wt hJ wGuf }uzhH @HG wm0efcH AdkvfcsKyf
wpfO;D &JŒ t&Sed t f 0guo kd ;kH um yckuLU ta&;tcif;udak jz&Si;f zd@k wyfr (101) udk oGm;a&muf
tultnD awmif;cHc&hJ w,fv@kd od&&dS ygw,f? qENjyr_ukd }uHzh @HG u acsre_ ;f csed rf mS ppfwyfu
aoewfaxmifazmufay;zdk@eJ@ taemufu &Hay;zdk@ cdkif;apcJhwJhtwGuf oHCmawmfawGeJ@
vlxk[m vlpkuGJoGm;cJhayr,fh ppfwyf[m toHk;cscHb0udk a&muf&SdoGm;ygw,f? yckuUL
udpPudk wcsdK@ (uu=unf;) xdyfydkif;u rodvdkuf&vdk@ }uHhzGH@udk }u;D =uyfwhJ ppfwyfu
Adv
k cf sKyef @J ppf¶;kH u Adv
k cf sKyaf wG pum;rsm;cJ=h uw,fv@kd od&&dS ygw,f?
pufwifbma&$0ga&mifta&;awmfykH}uD;wGif ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmifae=uonfh oHCmawmfrsm;
75
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
tJ'DyckuULjzpfpOfeJ@pyfvsOf;+yD; &[ef;oHCmawmfawGu awmif;qdkcsuf (4)
csufudk pufwifbmv(12)&ufae@rSm etzxH ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? yckuULjzpfpOfeJ@ ywfouf
+yD; etzu 0efcsawmif;yef&ef avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f udk jyefvnfav#mch s&ef/ awG@qakH qG;aEG;
a&;ukd aqmif¶u G &f efe@J a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk
v$waf y;&efw@kd jzpf=uygw,f? etzu vdu k af vsmjcif;rðywma=umifh &[ef;oHCmawmf
awG[m pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rSm 'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif oydwf
arSmufygawmhw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym;rSm &[ef; oHCmawmfawGOD;aqmif+yD;
jynfov l xl k ajrmufjrm;pGm yl;aygi;f I +idr;f csr;f pGm csw
D ufvrf;av#muf qENjycJ=h uygw,f?
pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@rSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; taxGaxGoydwf}uD;udk pwifqifE$Jvkdufyg
w,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m bk&m;om;awmfe@J jynfoal wGukd t=urf;zuf ESrd ef if;cJyh gw,f?
vlxkudk vlxkeJ@ xdef;uGyfwJhenf;eJ@ a&S;OD;pGm }uHhzGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifawGudk toHk;ðy ESdrfeif;cJh
ayr,fh atmifjrifr_r&&SdbJ aemufqHk;rSm vufeuftm;udk; ypfcwfESdrfeif;cJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;i,fawG/ jynfolawG/ &[ef;oHCmawG usqHk;cJh&wJhtjyif *syefEdkifiHu
owif;axmufwpfO;D vnf; usq;kH cJ&h m etz[m urBmt h v,frmS vlowfaumiftjzpf
bGm;bGm;}uD; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf; txGÉftxdyf a&mufaewJh
etz[m EdkifiHwumzdtm;ay;r_eJ@ jynfolvlxktHkºuGr_udk vrf;a=umif;ajymif;zdk@ óud;pm;
jyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh qufqHa&;0ef}uD;qdk+yD;xm;&Sdum a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@
[efjyaqG;aEG;oa,mif aqmif¶Gufjcif;bJjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG[m olwdk@
a=umuf¶@HG whJ ausmif;om;awGe@J bk&m;om;awGukd w&=urf; zrf;qD;axmifcsum bke;f }uD;
ausmif;rsm;tm; t=urf;zuf 0ifa&mufòzdcGif; ESdrfeif;cJhygw,f? ppfqifa&;ozG,f
nOfheufoef;acgiftcsdefrSm bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;ukd wdwfwqdwf0ifa&muf+yD; bk&m;om;
awmfrsm;ukd ±kdufESufzrf;qD;ac:aqmifcJhygw,f? oHCmhOao#miftzGJ@udk tar&duef EdkifiH
0g&iS w
f efòrdŒwGif zG@J pnf;cJoh nf? OuUXtjzpf puFmylEikd if rH S OD;ynm0Hojzpf+yD; 'kw,
d OuUX
tjzpf tar&duefEdkifiHrS rpdk;&drfq&mawmf}uD; b'NE Waum0d'gbd0Hojzpfum &[ef;ysKd
or*~ OuUX q&mawmf OD;acrmpm& tygt0if twGi;f a&;rª; (2)yg;jzifh yg0ifz@JG pnf; cJyh gonf?
a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif q&mawmf OD;*rBD&OD;pD;+yD; oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk zG@J pnf;
um v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? etz&JŒ Edik if aH wmfumuG,af &; r[mAsL[mawGukd qufvufzwf¶_
avhvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;owdeJ@ jrefrmjynfolvlxktm;vHk; jynfwGif;/ jynfy [efcsuf
nDnD vufwGJum atmifyGJodk@ csDwuf=uyg&ef qENðyvdkufygw,f?
76
tcef;}u;D (4)
Edik af tmifzrd ,fh etz
77
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e0wOuUÏ&J@Zmwfodrf;yGJ
1988 ckESpfrSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf e0w/ etz zGJ@pnf;um
wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJh&mrSm aomuAsmyg'rsm; jrifhrdk&fawmif}uD;ozG,f pdk;&drf
xdwfvef@pGmeJ@ rEdkifreif;/ uaomif;ueif; jzpfcJhyHkawGudk udk,fawG@jzpfpOfrsm;ESifhwuG
wifjyoGm;ygr,f? tJ'Dvdkwifjy&mrSm jynfwGif;rSm&SdwJh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vdkvm;wJh
wyfu t&m&Sd}uD;wcsdK@/ vlyk*~dKvf/ òrdŒ/ ¶Gm/ tpdk;&Xme/ wyfrsm;&JŒ *k%foduQm vHkòcHa&;
udk iJhuGuf+yD; trnf csefvSyfazmfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ukodkvfvnf;&/ rGefjrwfjzLpif
oef@&Sif;wJh *k%foduQm rlvuwnf;u&SdcJhwJh =uufajceDeJ@ t&efrD;owfwyfzGJ@ vdkrsdK;
tzG@J tpnf;awG[m etz&JŒ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufr/_ Edik if aH &;rSm 0ifa&muf v_y&f mS ;cdik ;f ap&ef
zdtm;ay;csKyfudkifr_awGa=umifh toHk;cscH&wJh ta&mifqdk;cH&wJh vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tjzpf ajymif;vJcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tvm;wl pwifzGJ@pnf;cgpu vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;vdk@
pwif aºuG;a=umfwmxGufvmcJhwJh }uHhzGH@[mvnf; ,cktcg etz&JŒ vufudkifwkwf
jzpfvmyHkawGudk wifjyrSmjzpfygw,f?
1988 pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rSp+yD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;[m e0w qdk+yD;
ea0wdraf wmif b0eJ@ pwifwmxGucf v hJ m&mrSm Adv k cf sKyfrsm;[m tenf;qH;k 0ef}uD;Xme
(2)ckrS (4) ck txdawmif wGJ+yD; udkif&wJh jzpfpOfawGa=umifh EdkifiHawmf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òzd;r_
t"dujzpfwhJ 0ef}u;D XmeawG&ŒJ rl0g'/ vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;/ pDru H ed ;f / pDrcH suf pwmawGukd yDjyifpmG
taumiftxnfazmfr_ tm;enf;cJhygw,f? tJ'D 0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfawG[m qHk;jzwfcsuf
rSm;,Gif;r_/ twGif;a&;rª; (1) ESifh (2) wdk@ESifh o[Zmwrjzpfr_/ tm%mvGefpGJtm;òydifr_/
ud, k u
f sKd ;pD;yGm; tvGet f rif;&SmazG=ur_ pwmawGa=umifh 0ef}u;D Xmersm;&JŒ bwf*suu f o
hJ @kd
&oif&h xdu k w f hJ tcGit
hf a&;rsm; qH;k ¶_;H cJyh gw,f? ae@pOf ae@wikd ;f e0wOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmif&ŒJ
=o0g'rde@f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD;awGukd +iD;aiG@pmG em;axmifae&wma=umifh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;&JŒ tvkyf
vkycf sed f r&Swd mrd@k tdru f kd jyefrtdyEf ikd af wmhbJ nbufrmS 0ef}uD;awG[m¶H;k cef;rsm;twGi;f
zdkifwGJwpfxyf}uD;=um;xJrSm epfjrKyfae&ygw,f? zdkifwGJpmrsm;udk *Ce% r=unfhEdkifbJ
udk,fa&;t&m&Sd PA rsm;udk zwfcdkif;+yD; ra&&m/ raocsm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk E_wfu
jzpfovdk ajymcdkif;&wJhtxd y&rf;ywmjzpfaeygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif[m (1988)
ta&;tcif;a=umifh aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpf+yD; cyf=urf;=urf; tm%modrf;&wJh jzpfpOfawGeJ@
bk&m;om;awmfrsm;&JŒ oydwfuHa=umifh tcsdefwdkif; vdyfjymvef@jzef@ae&ygw,f?
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwpfckrSm (1988) ckESpf vlxktHkºuGr_ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif;
79
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f ufrif;
&efukefòrdŒwpfckwnf;rSmyif ppfwyfrS ypfcwfvdk@ aoa=u&wJh ta&twGufudk AdkvfcsKyf
apmarmifu q,f*%ef;om&Sdw,fvdk@ajymcJhwJhtwGuf vlxk[m ‘‘[m’’ceJ a'go
jzpfcJh&wmudk awG@&Sd&ygw,f? udk,fawG@jzpfpOft& xdktcsdefu wDAGDzefom;jyifa&S@wGif
twlwl xdik =f unfah erdwhJ q&m0efrw d af qGrsm;u usaemfu h kd ar;cGe;f xkww
f m cH&ygw,f?
usaemfvnf; q&m0efawG aq;¶HkrSm vufawG@ukoay;&wJh vlemta&twGuf[m
oufao&Sad evd@k Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmifajymwJh ta&twGu[ f m rrSeu f efa=umif; 0efccH &hJ ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif[m jyifyrD'D,mtoHv$ifhXme/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;&JŒ
ar;cGe;f rsm;/ Edik if w
H um&JŒ zdtm;ay;r_awGe@J jynfwiG ;f &Sd 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &; awmif;qd=k uwJh
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_/ a0zefajymqdkr_rsm;udk 'vpyf ckcH&Sif;vif;ae&ygw,f? 'Dvdk
&Sif;vif;&mrSm rdrdudk,fwdkif/ taxmuftxm;/ tudk;tum;rsm;eJ@ umuG,fajymqdkEdkif
a&;twGuf Oya'pmtkyfrsm;/ "avhxHk;pH usrf;*efrsm;eJ@ Ak'<w&m;pmtkyfrsm;udk
jyef=um;a&; 'k0ef}uD; OD;pdk;nGef@tm; &SmazGcdkif;+yD; odrf;usHK;um oJoJrJrJ zwfaewmrdk@
AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif&JŒ touf}uD;&ifhr_a=umifh OD;aESmuf&JŒ rSwfrdEdkifpGrf; xdcdkufaeygw,f?
ae@nrjywf tdyfcsdefr&SdbJ tvkyfu vludkydaeygw,f? ydkqdk;wmu AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif
taejzifh (rqv) toGiaf jymif; (wpn) ygwu D kd tvGet f uJ txif}u;D ar#mrf eS ;f +y;D 1990
ckEpS f a¶G;aumufyt JG m; usi;f yay;cJ&h mrS t¶_;H }uD;±H;_ cJv
h @kd ‚if;&JŒ uwdpum;twdik ;f tEdik &f
NLD udk tm%mv$a J jymif;ay;&r,fh Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf; &ifqikd af e&ygw,f? tJ'v D kd
Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf;a=umifh zdtm;ay;cHae&wJh Adv k cf sKyfapmarmif[m vufatmufcf H
wdkif;eJ@ jynfe,frsm;&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ&m;udk jyefvSnfhr=unfhEdkifcsdefrSm wdkif;rª;awG[m
vkycf sio f vdk vkyaf e+yD; e,fpm;/ y,fpm; bk&ifi,fav;rsm;ozG,f rif;rlaeygw,f? Oyrm
om;oHk;om;rSm wifjy+yD;cJhwJhtwdkif; bk&m;om;/ &[ef;om; oHCmawmfrsm;[m
&Spaf v;vH;k txdr;f trSwf qGr;f cHyJG rEœav;Y usi;f ypOf aoG;ajrusc&hJ wJh ordik ;f jzpfpOft&
tv,fydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unftaeeJ@ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;
rvkyfEdkifcJhwm ay:vGifaeygw,f? 'DjzpfpOfa=umifh ywWeduUKZ…euH jzpfyGm;r_ *,uf[m
AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifudk aomuawmifwef; Asmyg' yGm;rsm;apcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif
[m "rRpufeJ@r&&if tm%mpufeJ@usifhoHk;rSmjzpfw,fvdk@ twdtvif; ajymcJhzl;ygw,f?
,ckwzef 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSm bk&m;om;awmfawG&JŒ ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif
oydwfarSmuf&mwGifvnf; tm%mpufeJ@ usifhoHk;r,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$u ajymcdkif;wJh
twGuf oGm;avol AdkvfcsKyfapmarmiftm; =unfh+yD; oHa0*w&m;,loifha=umif; owd
80
ay;vdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifu (1991) ckESpf awmfvSefa&;ae@ tcrf;tem; rdef@cGef;
ajym=um;&mrSm a&;om;twnfðyxm;cJhwJh rdef@cGef; ajymqdk+yD;±kHeJ@ tm;r&vdk@ pdwfxJu
cHpm;csufawG rGef;=uyfr_a=umifh aygufuGJxGufvmwJh pum;awGudk EdkifiHwumu
apmifh=unfhaer_udk owdrxm;EdkifawmhbJ (2)em&Dru ajymqdkcJhygw,f? aeylxJrSm
&yfae=uwJh ppfa&;jyppfonfrsm; yifyef;r_'%f rcHEdkifawmhwmrdk@ uGif;xJawGrSm ypfvJ
ukef=uygw,f? aemuf jzpfpOfwpfckuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ oli,fcsif; jzpfcJhwJh
tdE,dN 0ef}uD;csKyf &m*sp*f E<[ D m jrefrmEdik if H 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &; axmufct H m;ay;cJyh gw,f?
'gudk vufwkef@jyefwJhtaeeJ@ tdENd,rS cGJxGufzdk@ vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkae=uwJh em*
vlrsKd ;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk &efuek o f @kd zw
d =f um;um Adv k cf sKyfapmarmifu ‘‘ukvm;awGukd
owf j zwf = u/vuf e uf c J , rf ; tuk e f a xmuf y H h a y;r,f +yD ; awmh yk w D ; pd y f z d k @ vnf ;
rarh=ueJ@’’ vdk@ *a,mifajcmufjcm; ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'DoydwfuH&JŒ qdk;usdK;'%f
oufa&mufr_ 0ifvm+yDjzpfygw,f? ydkqdk;wmu jrefrmhtoHtzGJ@ 0efxrf;rsm;udk xyfrH
awG@qckH sed rf mS ‘‘rif;wd@k ykw;D aqmifxm;=u’’vd@k ajymwJt h wGuf pdwaf zmufjyefaea=umif;
ay:vGio f mG ;ygw,f? 'gah =umifh w&m;r0if wd;k wd;k wdww f wd f tm%modr;f cH&+y;D aoqH;k onfh
tcgwGifvnf; odrfodrfi,fi,fjzifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
nausmif; (odk@r[kwf) nmausmif;

Adv
k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m ea0wdraf wmif e0wrS Edik af tmifzrd ,fh etzod@k jyefvnf
zGJ@pnf;apcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif&JŒ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;jyifqifcJhygw,f?
tcrf;tem;rsm;eJ@ tpnf;a0;wdkif;rSm udk,fwdkifrdef@cGef;toHjzifh ajym=um;jcif; rðyvkyf
awmhbJ =um;cHwpfa,mufukd zwf=um;cdik ;f ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfapmarmif&cdS phJ Ofu udo
k ef;a¶$
pmzwftm;enf;w,f vk@d a0zefccH &hJ zl;wma=umifh etz OuUÏjzpfvmvd@k ezl;awG@';l awG@
jzpfvmcsed rf mS awmh t}uHuek f *VKefpm;csuf OD;a%Smuf azmufpm;zd@k ppf¶;kH rSm nausmif;udk
zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gw,f? ae@cif;rSm Advk cf sKyfawGukd ¶H;k tvkyv
f yk af p+yD; nydik ;f rSmawmh etzOuUÏ
AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$xH tcpm;0ifapum jynfwGif; NLD v_yf&Sm;r_/ jynfy twdkuftcH
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udpP/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudpP/ ausmif;om;eJ@ bk&m;om;udpP/ EdkifiHwum
zdtm;ay;r_ oHcif;wrefcif;/ jynfytoHv$ifhXmersm;ESifh rD'D,mowif;pmrsm;&JŒ
xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; pwmawGudk b,fvdk taumiftxnf
81
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
azmfEikd w f ,fqw kd m Adv
k cf sKyfawGxrH S enf;vrf;wifjycdik ;f +yD;rS qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S cf yhJ gw,f?
wcgw&H Adv k cf sKyaf wG[m nOf@eufoef;acgiaf usmw f hJ txdaqG;aEG;&+y;D eHeufvif;tm;}u;D
bkef;}uD;tkef;armif;acgufcsdef/ t¶k%fqGrf;pm;csdefa&mufrS jyefvm&wJhtwGuf wpfOD;eJ@
wpfOD; Good Morning vdk@ pdwfnpfnL;pGm aemufajymifE_wfqufcJh&a=umif; od&Sd
&ygw,f? tJ'v D kd t}uH^m%fnp‡ x f w k cf &H vd@k ppfwyftwGi;f rSm nausmif;vd@k ac: jcif;jzpf
ygw,f? wu,fwrf;rSmawmh nmae=uwJh ausmif;omjzpfygw,f? nausmif;rS t"du
xdyfwdkufawG@&wJholrsm;uawmh &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;eJ@ (uu-vSrf;) wdk@jzpf=u+yD; tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm;
uvnf; ol@xufig NLD ESifh twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;owif;udk vufOD;r_,l+yD;
wifjyEdik w f t hJ ay:rSm wpfO;D eJ@ wpfO;D }uHzef*% k , f l trSw, f l azmfxw k af e=uwmudv k nf;
awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$[m tcsdefrSef Golf upm;+yD; w¶kwfodkif;um;rsm;udk
vrf;rawmf w¶kwfwef;rS rvGwfwef; iSm;&rf;=unfhjcif;jzifh xGufayguf&SmcJhygw,f?
'Dy,J if;ta&;tcif;a=umifh zdtm;ay;cH&r_ rGr;f =uyfaecsed v f rkd sKd ;wGif òrŒd awmf0ef OD;udak v;&JŒ
ig;uefrsm;&SdwJh r*Fvm'HkO,smOf&Sd&modk@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$[m aomuawmifwef;
ae=u,frsm;oef;um oGm;a&muf pdwaf jzcJ&h a=umif; od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m
r[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;ap+yD; axmufvSrf;a&;rS Adkvfrª;}uD;rsm;udk
Xme}uD;rª; Adkvfrª;csKyftqifh &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;um EdkifiHwumtajctae txl;ojzifh
taemuf EdkifiHrsm;. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: wkef@jyefr_tvm;tvm/ w&m;0ifoabmxm;/
w&m;r0ifoabmxm;/ CIA uJo h @kd tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_/ Edik if w H um tD&wfuo hJ @kd
ta&;tcif;rsm; pwmawGudk avhvmoHk;oyfap+yD; pmwrf;wifapcJhygw,f? tJ'D
axmufvSrf;a&;u AdkvfcsKyfawG[m pmtkyfyHk}uD;awG=um;rSm ae@pOfeJ@rjywf pmawGzwf
ae&vdk@ ‘‘tm’’ajcmufaewmrdk@ (uuvSrf;) u *sLeD,mt&m&Sdrsm;&JŒ bD,mwjrjreJ@
pdkajyaxmaewmudk=unfh+yD; tcgtcGifhoifhwdkif; olwdk@&JŒq&m AdkvfcsKyfcifnGef@xH
(uuvSrf;) odk@ jyefvnfoGwfoGif;a&; em;ylem;qmvkyfaewm =um;od&ygw,f?
Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m uujynf G-1 ppfO;D pD;rª; (yxrwef;) wm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD;
¶k&mS ;Edik if rH mS pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; oif,cl w hJ t hJ wGuf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;eJ@ 0g'jzef@csad &;
xda&mufr_udk od&Sdem;vnf+yD; wpdkufrwfrwf vkyfEdkifcJhygw,f? (uujynf) udk jynfol@
qufqHa&;ESifh pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; !ïef=um;a&;rª;¶Hk;[k ac:wGifap+yD; jr0wDwyfrawmf
toHvi$ Xhf mewpfck zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gw,f? eHeufpmpm;csed rf mS RFA, BBC, VOA uJo h @kd Eikd if jH cm;
82
toHv$ifhXmersm;u xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;udk ol@xHwifjycdkif;+yD; tcsdK@udk owdxm;
apmif=h unf&h ef/ wcsKd @ukd wefjyefpw
d "f mwfppfqifx;kd ESu&f ef/ wcsKd @ukd tvH&LS ;jzifyh ,fzsu&f ef
owfrSwfcJhygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif rD'D,mvufeufa=umifh rqv tpdk;&
ðywfus&jcif;jzpfa=umif; vufatmufcH 0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf Adv k cf sKyfrsm;udk rSm=um;cJ+h yD; ‚if;wd@k
udv k nf; Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$u rdrud ohJ @kd owdxm;ðyvkyf aqmif¶u G &f ef ajym=um;cJyh gw,f?
'gha=umifh 0ef}uD;awG[m ae@pOf EdkifiHjcm;toHv$ifhXmersm;u b,ftcsdef rdrd0ef}uD;Xme
twGuf vmEdik rf ,fqw kd mudk aomuawmifwef; &ifwrrjzifh em;pGiahf e&+yD; 0ef}uD;Xme&JŒ
raumif;owif; yg&SdcJhygu nausmif;rSm rsufESmatmufcs+yD; &Sif;vif;jyae&wm
awG@&ygw,f? owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J kd cgwikd ;f vdk qufwukd f rvkycf ikd ;f awmhbJ rdrd vkyu f uG f
ydkifrS/ taxmuftxm; cdkifrmrS &Sif;vif;cdkif;ygw,f? vkyfuGufydkifw,fqdk&mrSm
rl;,pfaq;0g; rD;¶d_@jyyGJawGvdkrsdK;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrwf xkwfvdk@&wJh jyuGufvdkrsdK;rS owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJ vkyfcdkif;ygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufawGudk rac:,lcdkif;awmhbJ jrefrm
owif;axmufrsm;udkom wufcdkif;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif etzu pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;eJ@
0g'jzef@csda&; enf;AsL[mrsm;udk t&Sdeft[kef jr‡ifhwifwJhtaeeJ@ rD'D,mudk rD'D,mjzifh
jyefwu kd &f mrSm owif;pH&k &Sad &;twGuf tzG@J (4)zG@J ukd zG@J pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? (p&z) vd@k ac:wJh
axmufvSrf;a&; toGifajymif;tzGJ@/ SB vdk@ac:wJh &Jtxl;owif;wyfzGJ@/ Adkvfrª;csKyf
ausmfqef; OD;pD;wJh EdkifiHwum&Sd jrefrmoH¶Hk;rsm;txd jyef=um;a&;XmerS pDppfa¶G;cs,f
wm0efay;wJh owif;&&Sda&;eJ@ wefjyefa&;tzGJ@/ Adkvfrª;csKyfodef;aZmf OD;pD;wJh }uHhzGH@u
owif;pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wyfzGJ@ qdk+yD; tzGJ@ (4)zGJ@ jzpfygw,f?
pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm;
etztaeeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mt& 0g' jzef@csdr_ eJ@
vH@_ aqmfru _ kd [efcsun f v D yk cf yhJ gw,f? jynfov l x
l &k ŒJ jy\emrsm;udk tajccHI a=umuf¶@HG
pd;k &drpf w
d "f mwf/ rke;f wD;¶G&H mS pdw"f mwf/ ar#mv f ift
h m;xm;pdw"f mwf trsKd ;tpm; tay:rlwnfI
vH _ @ aqmf r _ e nf ; vrf ; (8)rsd K ;oH k ; um jynf o l v l x k y pf r S w f p d w f " mwf t m;
qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;cJhygw,f? tqdkyg (8) rsdK; uawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f -
u? rdk;cg;a&aomufenf;
c?oufao!ïef;enf;
83
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
*? apmif;yg;&dyfajcenf;
C? tcsufqHkjyenf;
i? ykwfcwfenf;
p? vG,fvG,f&Sif;&Sif;enf;
q? p¶dkufvdkufenf;
Z? zkH;uG,fenf;
rdk;cg;a&aomufenf;
pnf;¶Hk;olu rdrd&JŒqENudk v#dK@0Suf+yD; trsm;qENudk ajymcsif[efaqmifum
raxmufco H u
l kd axmufcvH matmif odr;f oGi;f enf;jzpf+yD;,dr;f ,dik af ewJo
h u
l kd
cdkif+rJapygw,f?
oufao!ïef;enf;
oufao!ïef;enf; qdkwmuawmh xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvfudk erlemjyI ajym&+yD;
jzpfpOf trSefjzpfzdk@awmhvdkygw,f?
apmif;yg;&dyfajcenf;
tcsut f vufrsm;udk csjyajymqd&k mY t"du tcsut
f vuf udk razmfjybJ quf
vuf+yD; vlxkpOf;pm;Edkifatmif vlxk&JŒ oabmxm;udk tuJcwfawmuf=unfh
wJh enf;jzpfygw,f?
tcsufqHkjyenf;
ajymqdkvdkwJh ta=umif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwfajymjy+yD;
txif}uD;r_udk &,lapygw,f?
ykwfcwfenf;
vlbed ;f pum; wpfwpfccG aG jym&+y;D vlxu
k kd rdrb
d ufygEikd rf nfh tajctae&SdrSom
ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f?
84
zHk;uG,fenf;
rdrdtm;enf;csufudk azsmuf+yD; wpfzuftzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk
tus,cf s@J um ao;odraf tmif ajymqdek nf;jzpfI ykwcf wfenf;eJ@ yl;wGo
J ;kH wwf
ygw,f?
vG,fvG,f¶Sif;¶Sif;enf;
trsm;rpOf;pm;rdwJh ta&;ygwJhtcsufudk xdrdatmif pnf;¶Hk;ajymqdkwJh enf;
jzpfygw,f?
p¶dkufvkdufenf;
vlxkeJ@ &if;ESD;r_udk ,ljcif;/ "avhxHk;pH av;pm;r_jyojcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;
rsm;/ rufv;kH rsm; tusKd ;wlaqmif¶uG f ay;jcif;jzifh jr‡LqG,pf nf;¶H;k jcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
etz[m vH_@aqmfenf;eJ@wGJ+yD;/ 0g'jzef@enf;/ oG,f0dkuf0g'jzef@enf;/ v#dK@0Suf

0g'jzef@enf;qd+k y;D trsKd ;tpm;tvdu
k f atmufygtwdik ;f 0g'jzef@jcif; enf;AsL[m (13) rsKd ;jzifh
aqmif¶Gufvmygw,f
u? wD;wdk;0g'jzef@jcif;?
c ? aumvm[v owif;v$ijhf cif;?
* ? tajymtqdk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;?
C? owif;pm/ toHv$ifh¶Hk ponfwdk@rS 0g'jzef@jcif;?
i ? toHcsJ@pufrsm;ESifh a[majym 0g'jzef@jcif;?
p ? 0wˆK/ pmtkyf/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif; ponfwdk@ESifh 0g'jzef@jcif;?
q? ydk@pwm/ umwGef;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/
vufurf;pmapmifrsm;jzifh vnf;aumif; 0g'jzef@jcif;?
Z ? pm&Guf/ pmwrf;rsm; wdwfwqdwfeH&Hrsm;Y uyfjcif;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;?
ps ? oDcsif;/ *Dwrsm;toHk;ðyI 0g'jzef@jcif;?
n? jyZmwf/ uZmwfoDqdkjyoI 0g'jzef@jcif;?
É ? ukvor*~wGif wifjyjcif;jzihf 0g'jzef@jcif;?
È ? vlom;rsm;ðyvkyfcJhaom t&mrsm; ðyvkyfI 0g'jzef@jcif;?
85
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
Ê ? tjcm;olrsm;/ rdrdetzudk vdkvm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&JŒ
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd óudwifod&Sdatmif tm;ay;ulnDaqmif&GufI
0g'jzef@jcif;?
etz[m pepfwus qufqHa&; (3) rsdK; ðyvkyfoGm;ygw,f? ‚if;wdk@rSm tpdk;&

Xmersm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ vlxt k zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ vlxt k ajccH vlwef;pm;
rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; qufqHaqmif&GufoGm;ygw,f?‚if;tjyif etz&JŒ owif;ay; rdrd
trmcHvlrsm;ukd tpdk;&tm; qef@usifwJhtodkif;t0ef;Y xm;&Sdjcif;/ vlxk vlwef;pm;
tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;ESifhpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;Y xm;&Sdjcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Gufvmygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
aqmif&Guf&mrSm tpdk;&tm; vHk;0qef@usifolrsm;/ qef@usifEdkifzG,f&Sdolrsm;/ =um;aeol
rsm;ESihf pm;0wfaea&; ±kef;ueftm&Hkpkdufaeolrsm;/ tpdk;&tm; ESpfoufulnDaeolrsm;/
&mZ0wfr_ usL;vGeo f rl sm;/ Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;rsm; qd+k yD; vlwef;pm; (5)rsKd ; cJjG cm;r_tm;
owif;ay;rsm;ukd avhusifhoif=um;ay;cJhygw,f? tqdkyg enf;AsL[mrsm;udk usifhoHk;&m
wGif 0ef}uD;Xmersm;rSm&Sw d hJ 0efxrf;rsm;udk wyfypkH H ±du k o
f iG ;f um Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsu(f 12)
&yf/ wdk@wm0efta&; (3)yg; pwJh wyfrawmfaqmifyk'fpmwef;rsm; uyfap+y;D reufwikd ;f
opPmqdck idk ;f um wef;pD+y;D Edik if aH &;0ifa&mufa&maxG;r_ r&Sad pa&;twGuf xdef;csKyfcJhygw,f?
1988 ckEpS f ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifcahJ om0efxrf;rsm;udk ar;cGe;f rsm; ajz=um;ap+y;D cH,cl su/f
,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ EdkifiHa&; a&maxG;aeygu ta&;,lcJhygw,f? vlxkqGJaqmifr_tm;
taumif;qHk;jzpfwJh ±kyf&Sif/ AGD'D,dk/ AGDpD'D/ 'DAGD'D um;csyfwdkif;rSm tpdk;&&JŒ ay:vpD/ rl0g'eJ@
OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;apygw,f?pmtkyf/ r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;wGif rxnfhrae&
xnfhcdkif;+yD; tpdk;&udk tm;ay;wJh aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk rxnhfrae& xnfhcdkif;ygw,f//
twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;awGtay: r[kwfrrSef vkyfZmwf yk*v d~ af &;xdcu kd rf r_ sm;udk xyfcg
wvJvJ ajymqkcd ikd ;f jcif;jzifh vlxo k bm0t& rSeo f a,mifa,mif xifa,mifxifrmS ; jzpfapwJh
enf;AsL[mjzpfygw,f? 'Dvekd nf;AsL[mawG usio hf ;kH ayr,fh jynfov l x l tk ay: pnf;±H;k Edik f
r_ratmifjrifwmawG@&ygw,f?AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$u rdrdwdk@&JŒ 0g'jzef@csDcsuf/ tpdk;&rl0g'
awGukd vlxk wDAaGD y:rSm=unf+h yD; b,fvw kd ek @f jyef=uovJv@kd Adv k cf sKyfawGukd ar;=unfch yhJ g
w,f? wynfh&if;rsm;u vlxktaeeJ@ r=unfhcsif=uvdk@ ausmf=unhfoGm;jcif;/wDADGydwf
vkdufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfwmawG@&w,fvdk@ jyefajym=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh enf;AsL[m wpfrsdK;
ajymif;+yD; vlxktóuduf udk;&D;,m;um;rsm;eJ@ EdkifiHwumowif;rsm;rSm 0g'jzef@csDa&;
86
!Syfxnfhzdk@ rSm=um;cJhjyefw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m 1988 'Drdkua&pD tHk}uGr_ ta&;
tcif;}uD;rSm aoG;ajrusatmif ppfwyfrS ESrd ef if;cJ&h onft
h ay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; aemiftcg
wGif vlxkta&;tcif; xyfrHjzpfyGm;cJhygu wwfEdkifor# ppfwyfukd roHk;&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf
cscJhygw,f
87
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f ufrif;
88
tcef;}u;D (5)
etz . National Defense Strategy
89
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d x
f ufrif;
90
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;r[mAsK[mrSm ppftajccHoabmw&m;OD;pGmvm+yD;
or±d k ; us ppf r [mAsL[m tajccH o abmw&m;rsm;ES i f h ppf q if r _ A sL[m tajccH
oabmw&m;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[monfvnf;aumif;/ tcsif;csif;
tjyeftvSef trSDo[Jðyqufpyfaeygw,f? yxrykdif;jzpfwJh ppftajccH oabmw&m;
rsm;rSm tcef;}uD;(8) cef;yg&Sdygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh -
u? tcef;}uD;(1)-EkdifiHawmf&JŒtajccHrlðy&aom tcsuf}uD;rsm;
c? tcef;}uD;(2)-wyfrawmf&JŒtajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
*? tcef;}uD;(3)-ppfwdk@&JŒrl&if;oabmrsm;
C? tcef;}uD;(4)-EdkifiHawmf&JŒppfa&;pnf;±Hk;a&;tajccHoabmrsm;
i? tcef;}uD;(5)-=unf;a=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m
p? tcef;}uD;(6)-a&a=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m
q? tcef;}uD;(7)-ava=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m
Z? tcef;}uD;(8)-tEkjrLppfr[mAsL[m
wk@d jzpf=uygw,f? tqkyd g tcef;}u;D rsm;wGif yg0ifaomtcef;rsm;rSm us,jf yef@eufev
J I S
jynfwiG ;f v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf oufqikd af omtcef;rsm;udok m aumufEw
_ I
f atmufygtwkid ;f
xyfrH tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;jyygr,f-
(1) tcef;}uD; (3) ppfwdk@&JŒrl&if;oabmrsm;
atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f
(uu) EdkifiHtcsif;csif;jy\em ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;/
(cc) wkdufzsufjcif;enf;vrf; (2)rsKd;/
(**) ppfwkd@&JŒobm0 ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;/
(CC) vufeufu&d,ma=umifh ppfqifr_ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;/
(ii) 0g'opf pwJh tcef;i,fawGyg&Sdygw,f?
(2) tcef;}uD; (4) EdkifiHawmf&JŒppfa&;pnf;±Hk;a&;qkdif&mtajccHoabmrsm;

atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f
(uu) ppfr[mAsK[m&nfrSef;csufrsm;/
(cc) ppfO;D aqmifjcif;tqifh cJjG cm;csurf sm;/
91
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
(**) pnf;±Hk;jcif;tcef;qdk+yD; tcef;i,f (3) cef; yg&Sdygw,f?
tqkdyg tcef;i,frsm;wGif yg0ifaomtcef;i,frsm;udk atmufygtwkdif;
xyfrHpdwfjzmxm;ygw,f?
(11) ppfr[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufrsm;
atmufygtwkdif;yg&Sdygw,f
ppfyJGtwGufcsrSwftyfwJh &nf&G,fcsuf
&efoltm; rdrdwkd@u pdwf"mwfv$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;
tcsuftcsmusaomae&mrsm;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;/
&efol@ppftiftm; tvHk;t&if;ukd acsr_ef;jcif;/
tcsut f csmjzpfaom ppfypPn;f ESihf ukeaf csm/ uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ydu
k jf cif;/
qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;wdk@tm; v$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;pwJh
acgif;pOfi,frsm; yg&Sdygw,f?
(22) pnf;±kH;jcif;
atmufygtwkdif;yg&Sdygw,f-
ppftiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
acgif;aqmifr_ pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
vlxktiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
OpPmypPnf;tiftm; pnf;±kH;jcif;/
wyftvHk;t&if; pkpnf;jcif;/
wyfwdk@Y vdktyfaomvltiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
aumif;rGefaomppft*gFpOfESifh avhusifhr_/
wyfwkd@tm; uGyfuJr_ESifh tkyfcsKyfr_pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(3) tcef;}u;D (5) =unf;a=umif;ppfr[mAsL[m

atmufygtwkid ;f tcef;rsm; yg&Sdygw,f-
(uu) ppfatmif&maomta=umif;}uD;rsm;(14)csuf/
(cc) =unf;wyf ppfr[mAsL[mtajccHrsm;/
(**) ppfr[mAsK[m.tpdwftydkif;rsm;/
(CC) ppfr[mAsK[mppfqifenf;rsm;/
92
(ii) ppfe,f0ef;a&G; cs,fjcif;/
(pp) tcsdefESifh tus,ft0ef;/
(qq) tiftm;csichf sd ejf cif;
(ZZ) ava=umif;ppf pwJh tcef;rsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(4) tcef;}uD; (6) a&a=umif;ppfr[mAsL[m

atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg&Sdygw,f-
(uu) a&wyfoabmeJ@o±kyf/
(cc) a&a=umif;ppfr[mAsL[mtajccHrsm; acgif;pOfi,fyg&Sdygw,f?
(5) tcef;}u;D (7) ava=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m

atmufygtwkid ;f tcef;rsm;yg&Sdygw,f-
(uu) ava=umif;tiftm;ESifhta&;omr_/
(cc) ppfy&d,m,fESifhppfenf;AsL[m/
(**) yifv,foHk;avwyf/
(CC) =unf;avyl;aygif;ppfqifa&;/
(ii) ava=umif;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/
(pp) ava=umif;cHppfeJ@ umuG,fa&;/
(qq) EdkifiHi,f.tiftm; pwJh acgif;pOfrsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
or±d;k usppfr[mAsL[m tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;e@J ppfqifrA_ sK[m tajccH

oabmw&m;rsm;udktusOf;csKyf+yD; t=urf;zsif;tcef;}uD; (6) cef; atmufygtwkdif;
cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f-
(u) tcef;}uD;(1) tajccHoabmw&m;
atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygw,f-
(1) ppfyGJtrsdK;tpm;rsm;/
(2) ppf&JŒ t"dy`g,f/
(3) EdkifiHtcsif;csif;jy\emajz&Sif;enf;rsm;/
(4) acwfopfppfyGJoabmrsm;/
93
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(5) bufpHkppfyGJtoGifusifhoHk;r_/
(6) r[mAsL[meJ@ t*~r[mAsL[mtajccHoabmrsm;/ t,ltqrsm;
pwJh acgif;pOfi,fawG yg&Sdygw,f?
(c) tcef;}uD; (2) ta&;}uD;aomppfr[mAsK[mqdkif&moabmw&m;rsm;

atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f-
(1) A[dk[efcsuf (Centre of Gravite)/
(2) tqHk;pGeftrSwfrsm;(Culminating Points)/
(3) av'ifyuf. ppfr[mAsK[mESifhppfenf;AsL[mwkd@. tESpfom&rsm;/
(4) vkyfaqmif&eftcsufrsm;/
(5) a&Smif&ef tcsufrsm;/
(6) av}uD;wdkufyGJoabmw&m; pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(*) tcef;}uD; (3) wkdufyGJpOfeJ@ppfqifa&;pDrHudef;/

pDrHcsufa&;qJGjcif;qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;
atmufygtwkdif; yg0ifygw,f-
(1) ppfe,f0ef;a&G;cs,fjcif;/
(2) owif;ESifhaxmufvSrf;a&; /
(3) ppfe,f0ef;tqifhppfqifa&;pDrHudef;/pDrHcsufrsm;/
(4) &nfrSef;csufrsm;a&G;cs,fjcif;/
(5) ppfajrjyiftkyfcsKyfr_
(6) vkyfief;pOfrsm; pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(uu) owif;ESifhaxmufvSrf;a&;
(11) owif;&,la&;/
(22) yx0Dtaetxm;/
94
(33) +idrf;csrf;csdefumv owif;axmufvSrf;a&;/
(44) ppftwGif;axmufvSrf;a&;wdk@ yg&Sdygw,f?
(cc) ppfe,f0ef;tqifhppfqifa&;pDrHcsufrsm;
(11) pDrHudef;tus,f/
(22) twdtus pDrHcsufi,frsm;/
(33) wyfr–;}uD;. pDru H ed ;f rsm;/
(44) a0zefppfaq;&ef vdktyfaomta=umif;t&mrsm;/
(55) pDrHudef;rsm;wGif jznfhoGif;&wJh tpdwftydkif;rsm;/
(66) ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,fjzpfr_rsm; yg0ifygw,f?
(**) &nfrSef;csufa&G;cs,fjcif;
(11) ppfa&;wm0efpDrHcef@cGJjcif;/
(22) &nfrSef;csufa&G;cs,fowfrSwfjcif;/
(33) y%mrppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf =um;cH&nfrSef;csufrsm; xm;&Sda&G;cs,fjcif;
wdk@ yg0if=uygw,f?
(CC) ppfajrjyiftkyfcsKyfr_
(11) wm0eftqifhqifhrsm;/
(22) tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;/
(33) &Sif;vif;vG,fulr_/
(44) vHkavmufjynfhpHkr_/
(55) vG,fulpGmajymif;vJjyifqifEkdifr_/
(66) tvkyfpGrf;tm;aumif;r_/
95
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d x
f ufrif;
(77) qDavsmfr_/
(88) taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh
(99) jzef@a0jcif; ponfhtcef;i,frsm; yg0ifygw,f?
(ii) vkyfief;pOf
(11) xdk;ppf/ cHppfvrf;pOfrsm;a&G;cs,fjcif;/
(22) ppfr[mAsL[m xkd;ppf (okd@r[kwf) cHppfqifjcif; xda&mufr_/
(33) qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk v$r;f rd;k Edik w
f hJ tjcm;ta=umif;t&m tcsut
f vufrsm;
yg0ifygw,f?
(C)tcef;}uD; (4) ppfr[mAsL[mt& pk±Hk;jcif;

atmufygtwkdif;tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f-
(1) pk±Hk;&mrSm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; qifjcif&r,fh tcsuftvufrsm;/
(2) pk±Hk;&efpDrHjcif;/
(3) pk±Hk;r_udktumtuG,fay;jcif;/
(4) pk±Hk;uGyfuJjcif;/
(5) pk±Hk;r_ae&modk@a&$@ajymif;jcif;ESifh a&muf&Sdjcif;/
(6) t&Htiftm;pkrsm; ponfwdk@ yg&Sdygw,f?
(i) tcef;}uD; (5) wyf}uD;rsm;toHk;ðyyHkoabmw&m;rsm;

atmufyg twkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f-
(1) ppfe,f0ef;=unf;wyftiftm;pk/
(2) wyfawmfpk/
(3) ppfajrjyifwyfawmfrsm;/
(4) wyfr}uD;rsm;/
(5) wyf}uD;rsm;&JŒ uif;axmuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/
(6) txl;wyfrsm; yg&Sdygw,f?
96
(p) tcef;}uD;(6) ppfe,f0ef;ppfqifjcif;
atmufygtwkdif; yg&Sdygw,f-
(1) wyfpk±Hk;jcif;/
(2) csDppf/
(3) xdk;ppf/
(4) cHppf/
(5) cGmppfu¾}uD;rsm;tvdkuf ppfqifjcif;rsm;/
(6) t&Htiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifygw,f?
15? jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mwGif tcef;}uD; (5)cef;yg&Sdygw,f

tJ'gawGuawmh-
(u) tcef;(1)-jynfol@ppftajccHtcsufrsm;
(c) tcef;(2)-jynfo@l ppfqifEpJ$ Of vdu
k ef mvkyaf qmif&ef
vdt
k yfwthJ csut
f vufrsm;
(*) tcef;(3)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& cHppfumvwGif qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm;
(C) tcef;(4)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& wefjyefxdk;ppftóudumvwGif
qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm;
(i) tcef;(5)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& wefjyefxdk;ppf}uD;umvwGif
qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm; yg0ifygw,f?
q&m'um/ ausmif;'um pDrHcsuf

etzOuUX AkdvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m 1988 ckESpf ta&;tcif;umv rqv
tpkd;&rsm; ðywfus&jcif; ta=umif;&if;ukd oifcef;pm,l az:xkwfum aemifvlxktkHºuGr_
xyfrH jzpfvmygu ppfwyfrokH;awmhbJ vlxktkHºuGr_ukd vlxku xdef;uGyfa&; EkdifiHawmf
umuG,af &; r[mAsL[m csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? etzOuUÏ[m &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKy/f ppfO;D pD;rSL;
yxrwef; G-1 'kAv kd rf –;}u;D odu k x f eG ;f u wifjycJw h hJ ‘q&m'umpDrcH suEf iS hf ausmif;'um’
pDrHcsufawGukd avhvmokH;oyf+yD; taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f?q&m'umpDrHcsufrSm
ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif wufºuGpGm yg0ifwwfwJh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd xdef;uGyf&efeJ@
ausmif;q&m/q&mrrsm;tm; }uH@z@HG o@kd oGwo f iG ;f a&; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;'umpDrcH surf mS
97
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f ufrif;
bk&m;om;awmfrsm;udk xde;f uGy&f ef/ oHCm0efaqmifq&mawmfrsm;udk pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f
&efeJ@ =unf;/a&/av qGrf;qefpdrf; avmif;vSLyGJrsm; ðyvkyfay;jcif;jzihf wyf'umtaeeJ@
bke;f }uD;rsm;udk xde;f xm;&efjzpfygw,f? yxrt&H tiftm;pktaeeJ@ =uufajceD/ rD;owf/
}uzhH @G w
H @dk udk pkpnf;wnfaqmuf+y;D jynfo@l prG ;f tm;&Sit f jzpf zG@J pnf;xm;&ef vsmxm;ygw,f?
xyfrH+yD; EdkifiHwumusL;ausmfppf tD&wfuJhokd@ EkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiHu usL;ausmfvmygu
'kwd,t&Htiftm;pktaeeJ@ jynfolxJrS ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukd trmcHxm;+yD; tpkd;&
Xme 0efxrf;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ &yfuGuf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@+zKd;a&;aumifpDrsm;ukd
tajccHum jynfo@l ppfpepfudk zG@J pnf;xm;apcJyh gw,f? 'gt h jyif jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sw d hJ twku d tf cH
tiftm;pkrsm;ukd ESyd u f yG zf @kd jynfo@pl rG ;f tm;&Sit f zG@J udk toH;k ðyum q,ftrd rf –;/ &mtdrrf –
;rsm;/ }uH @ zG @ H e J @ =uuf a jceD / rD ; owf r sm;ud k yg0if p k p nf ; ap+yD ; jref r mt&yf p um;
tac:ta0:t& ‘‘ig;=uif;qDeJ@ ig;=uif;ausmf’’ enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh
ygw,f? t"du n$ef=um;csufuawmh vlxktkHºuGr_ jzpfrvmcifrSm vlpk±kH;cGifhxkxnf
}uD;rm;vmwmukd tcGifhtvrf;ray;bJ twkduftcHawG&Jh vlpk±kH;r_ 5 OD;&Sd&if etz&Jh
vufuidk w f w k tf zG@J awGu 10 OD;eJ@ vufO;D r_,u l m 0kid ;f ywfacsre_ ;f zk@d n$e=f um;xm;cJyh gw,f?
EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;r[mAsL[m tcef;}uD;(4) ppfqifr_ r[mAsL[m
tajccHoabmpk±;Hk jcif;t& pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;udk pk±;kH &efprD jH cif;/ pk±;kH olrsm;udk &JEiS hf SBwk@d u
tumtuG,fay;jcif;/ pk±Hk;uGyfuJjcif;/ pk±Hk;r_ae&mrsm;jzpfwJh }uH@zGH@XmecsKyfrsm;ESifh
usdKuUqHuGif;/ arSmfbD &Jwyf&if;rsm; pwJhae&mrsm;odk@a&G@ajymif;jcif;/ t&Htiftm;pkrsm;
jzpfwJh }uH@zGH@rsm; emrnfysufvmr_udk umuG,f&ef vlrdkufrsm;ESifh tajctaer,fhrsm;ukd
iSm;&rf;toH;k csjcif;/ pwmawGukd awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?±kww f &uf=unf&h if wku d cf u
dk &f efjzpfymG ;vk@d
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ESivhf nf; wGo J ;Hk um +zKdciG ;f zd@k n¸e=f um;xm;ygw,f? etz[m jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[mt&
'kw, d t&H tiftm;pkudk zG@J pnf;&mrSm touf (15)ESprf S (46) ESpf twGi;f udk ppfwu dk cf udk f
Ekdifzkd@txd &nfrSef;+yD;/ touf (46)ESpfrS (56)ESpftwGif; vl}uD;ykdif;rsm;eJ@ trsKd;orD;rsm;
ukdawmh òrdŒ&GmvkH+cKHa&;/ puf±kHtvkyf±kHpGr;ftifXme &duQm*dka'gifrsm;&JŒ vkH+cKHa&;udk wm0ef
ay;tyfz@dk e@J vkt d yf&if axmufyahH &;ESihf qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;ukd xdr;f odr;f Ekid o f nftxd
avhusiahf y;zk@d rl0g'awGudk etz[m csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? jynfo@l ppftzG@J udk t"du uGyu f &J efrmS
etzu zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh jrefrmEkdifiH ppfr_xrf;a[mif;tzGJ@ukd tokH;csrSm jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&; r[mAsL[mtcef;}uD; (3)wkdufyGJpOfeJ@ ppfqifa&;/
98
pDruH ed ;f / pDrcH suaf &;qGjJ cif;t& pGe&f pJ rD cH suf rsm;uJo h @dk pDrcH suaf wGudk taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufvmwm awG@&ygw,f?
1996 ck E S p f arv (5) &uf a e@u (uu-=unf ; ) wwd , av;vywf
ppfqifa&;/ ppfa&;/ ppfaxmuf nd‡E_dif;tpnf;ta0; usif;ycJh&m wkdif;e,fajrtwGif;&Sd
wyf&if;tiftm;&JŒ ok;H ykH wpfycHk ef@ toH;k ðy+yD; e,fajr vk+H cKHa&;ESihf e,fajrxde;f odr;f a&;ukd
aqmif&u G &f mrSm yxrOD;pGm }uHzh w G tf oif;/ =uufajceD/ rD;owf/ &Jwyfz@JG tiftm;pkrsm;ukd
b,fvadk jymif;vJtok;H ðyrnfudk pDrcH suaf &;qGx J m;zk@d e@J 'kw, d tqift h aeeJ@ jynfov l xl k
twGif;rSm rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdol ppfjyefppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukd pnf;±kH;um jynfol@ppftoGif
ajymif;vJðyvkyf+yD; wkdif;e,fajrvkH+cKHa&;twGuf rnfuJhokd@ wm0efay;aqmif&Gufrnfukd
vnf; pDrHxm;=uzkd@ n$ef=um;xm;ygw,f?
1998 azazmf0g&Dv(uu=unf;) av;vywf ppfqifa&;/ ppfa&;/ ppfaxmuf
ndE‡ id_ ;f tpnf;ta0;rSm Ekid if aH wmfumuG,af &;r[mAsL[m (National Defense Strategy)
udk t&Sed t f [kejf r‡izhf @kd !Ge=f um;cJyh g w,f? 1998 ckEpS u f &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf&hJ pDpOfre_ @J
trSwf(1) wkdif;A[kdavhusifha&;pcef; (*sKd;jzL)rSm rD;owf 200OD;/ =uufajceD 200OD;ukd
oifwef;rsm; pwif ykd@csay;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyifazmif}uD;eJ@ ZD;yif}uD; 0efxrf;wuUokdvf
ausmif;rsm;rSm ppfa&;avhusifhr_ukd wkd;csJh oif=um;ay;cJhygw,f? (2002) ckESpfrS (2003)
ckEpS f txd wjynfv;Hk twkid ;f twmeJ@ wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfrsm;ukd jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[mt&
txl;wm0efay;cJh+yD; tpkd;&0efxrf;awGukdawmif ppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufoif=um;
apcJyh gw,f? Oyrm- &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyrf mS ppfO;D pD;r–; Akv d rf –;}u;D uk, d w
f idk f }u;D =uyf+y;D
jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh yl;aygif;um ppfoifwef;rsm; tuef@vkduf zGifhvSpf oif=um;
cJhygw,f? ppfwyfu oif=um;ay;&r,fh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;eJ@ jynfol@&Ju oif=um;ay;&wJh
0ef}uD;Xmersm;qkd+yD; cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f? ppfwyfu oif=um;ay;&wJh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;ukd
awmh oufqkdif&m0ef}uD;Xmeu pDpOfay;wJhae&mawGrSm avhusifhoif=um;ay;&+yD; jynf
ol@&Juawmh usKduUqHuGif;rSm pkpnf;+yD; avhusifhoif=um;ay;ygw,f? ppfwyfu
oif=um;ay;&wJh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;ukad wmh avhusiahf &; (1) rS q&mrsm;u }uD;=uyfum
vufeufrsm;ukd &efukefwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf vufatmufcHwyf&if; vufeufwu dk rf sm;rS
xkw, f al p+yD; avhusi+hf yD;ygu jyefvnftyfEw HS phJ epf usio hf ;Hk oif=um;cJyh gw,f? ppfa&;
avhusihfcef; oifwef;wckukd oHk;vowfrSwf+yD; ppfa&;jy/ vufeufi,f ppfa&;jy/ usnf
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99
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0efxrf;rsm;u ±kH;qif;csdefaemufusrS jyef&vkd@ pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;wma=umifh
pdwfnpfaewmukd awG@&ygw,f? trsKd;orD;rsm;yg wufa&muf&vdk@ ppfoifwef;[m
rxifrSwfbJ }uD;us,foGm;ygw,f? oifwef;+yD;ygu wufa&muf+yD;olrsm;ukd touf
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wif j y&ygw,f ? &ef u k e f w k d i f ; wpf w k d i f ; xJ r S m ppf o if w ef ; wuf a &muf c G i f h & ol [ m
wpfodef;ausmf &Sda=umif;od&Sd&+yD; wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrsm;u wufvmwJhpm&if;ukd
uu=unf; (pDr)H u ukid w f , G u f m n‡Ed id_ ;f uGyu
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ighjrif;igpkdif; =uyfajy;a&mufa&muf/ ighavSigxdk; ar+rdK@a&mufa&muf

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tajzmifhwnfhwnfh azgufckdif;ygw,f? tJ'Dvrf;r}uD;[m tif;wkdif (&efukef)rS yJcl;±kd;r
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100
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usif;y+yD; a&G;aumufyGJvkyf+yD;ygu tpkd;&tzGJ@opfESifh oD;jcm;jzpfap&ef ppf±kH;wck
wnf;om =uyfajy;okd@ ajymif;a&G@a&;pDrHcsufcsrSwfcJhygw,f? 'kwd, AkdvfcsKyfr–;}uD; 2OD;
xm;&Sd+yD; jrefrmjynftm; awmifykdif;ESifh ajrmufykdif;wyfawmfpkrsm;txd NDS t&
cGJxkwf&ef vsmxm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DyJ,if;ta&;tcif;/ tD&wfta&;tcif;rsm;eJ@
AkdvfcsKyfcifnGef@ukd ta&;,lwJh jzpfpOfrsm;t& zkwfylrD;wkdufjzpfum =uyfajy;okd@ 11-
11 - 2 005 ckEpS rf mS 0ef}uD;Xmersm;tm;vk;H ajymif;a&$@c&hJ ygw,f? rlvu tpDtpOfr&Syd J
±kwfw&uf ajymif;a&G@cJhjcif;tay: e,fbuf0efxrf;rsm;ESifh ppfwyfu tv,ftvwf
t&m&S}d uD;rsm;rStp 'kw, d Akv
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rsm;pGmeJ@ &Sif;vif;ajymqkd ae&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif jynfyppf jzpfvmygu The Whole
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106
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twGi;f a&;rª;[m Adv k rf ;ª }u;D armifarmifw@kd jzpfaewm awG@&ygw,f? tck }uzhH @HG toif;}u;D udk
jyef=unf&h ifvnf; A[dek m,ueJ@ tzG@J 0ifawGtm;vH;k [m wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy/f
'kw, d wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf/ n‡Ed i_d ;f uGyu f aJ &;rª; (=unf;/ a&/ av)/ 0ef}uD;csKyf/
twGif;a&;rª;(1)/ upxrª;rsm;/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf a& eJ@ av/ wdkif;rª;
rsm;tm;vH;k [m zG@J pnf;yHrk mS ygaewJt h jyif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;/ twGi;f a&;rª;rsm;tzG@J /
A[kt d vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J awGrmS yg0ifaeolawG tm;vH;k [mvnf; tpd;k &tzG@J 0if 0ef}uD;/
AdkvfcsKyfrsm;/ 'k0ef}uD;rsm; yg0ifaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? yxrOD;qHk; taxGaxG twGif;
a&;rª;jzpfwhJ ,cif ynma&;0ef}uD; OD;oef;atmif[m t&yfom; jzpfayr,fh ‚if;ðywfomG ;
+yD;wJhaemuf v,f qnf 0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD; wm0ef,lcJh+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu tay:u
=uyfrwfum aqmif¶GufcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? etz tzGJ@0ifrsm;eJ@ wkdif;rª;rsm;[m }uHhzGH@&JŒ
em,u tzGJ@0ifrsm; tjzpf&Sdae+yD; t"duzGJ@pnf;yHkt& taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;/ wGJzuf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;/ twGif;a&;rª;rsm;tzGJ@udkvnf; tqifhqifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f?
twGif;a&;rª; (5) OD;xm;&Sd+yD; A[dktvkyftr_aqmif aumfrwD0if (19) OD;udk ,leDazmif;
azsmufxm;wJh0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;rsm;/ &efukefòrdŒawmf0ef/ 'kwd, òrdŒawmf0efrsm;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;
xm;ygw,f? ‚if;wdk@eJ@ twGif;a&;rª;rsm;xJrS wcsdK@udk wdkif;eJ@ jynfe,ftvdkuf wm0efcH
rsm;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfxm;ygw,f? }uzhH @HG ¶;kH vkyif ef;rsm;udv k nf; pOfqufrjywf vkyEf ikd &f ef
toif;}uD;&JŒ XmecsKyfrª;/ 'kwd,XmecsKyfrª;/ oifwef;wm0efcHrsm; xm;&Sdum pepfwus
zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? OuUÏ &mxl;tjzpfrxm;bJ òrdŒe,f/ c¶dkif/ wdkif;eJ@jynfe,ftvkduf
twGif;a&;rª; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;&mxl;rsm;/ tvkyftr_aqmifrsm;jzifh wm0efay;tyf
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vrf;opfrSm acwfrD Auto Power Windoor rSef}uD;rsm;tygt0if aiGodef;aygif;
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usif;ywJh taqmuftOD;rsm;udk nDvmcH+yD;ygu }uHhzGH@u jyefvnfv$Jajymif;oHk;pGJ &,lrSm
jzpfygw,f?
anmifESpfyifnDvmcHrSm aqmufvkyfxm;wJh taqmuftOD;awG[m }uHhzGH@
twGufjzpfvdk@ aiGa=u;tajrmuftjrm; ukefuscHoHk;pGJcJhayr,fh ,cif }uHhzGH@ taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rª; OD;oef;atmifeJ@ twGif;a&;rª; OD;atmifaomif;wdk@&JŒ taygif;tyg ukr`%D
rsm;&JŒ rw&m; ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;&Sm}uHra_ =umifh nDvmcHpwifcgprSm taqmuftOD;awG[m
rd;k ,djk cif;/ jyefvnfðyjyif&jcif;eJ@ nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,af wG pdwt f aESmift h ,Sujf zpfc&hJ a=umif;
od&&dS ygw,f? }uzhH @HG pwifz@JG pnf;cgpu vlra_ &;toif;}u;D vd@k pwifc+hJ y;D &efyakH iGbwf*suu f kd
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jynfe,f wm0efcHrsm;jzpf=uwJh 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k0ef}uD;rsm;[m rdrdwdk@ }uHhzGH@toif; rsufESm
&a&; twGuf tòydiftqdkif yHhydk;cJh=uvdk@ }uHhzGH@wpfzGJ@eJ@ wzGJ@ òydifqdkifr_rsm;/ tqifhtwef;
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vkyfief; rufvHk;awGruf+yD; toif;0ifa&muf=uolawG/ tcGifhta&; ar#mfudk;vdkolawGeJ@
jynfhESufaeygw,f? }uHhzGH@pwifzGJ@pnf;pOf ‚if;wdk@&JŒ &nf¶G,fcsufrSm ygwD/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh
uif;pifa&;/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf t"Ge@f &n S =f umpGm wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;/ Edik if aH wmf
tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajrwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;/ acwfrDEdkfifiHawmf}uD; jzpfay:vmap&ef
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; pwJh &nf¶G,fcsufrsm;jzpfa=umif; etzu trsdK;om;a&;
toif;}u;D tjzpf 0g'jzef@um wmxGucf yhJ gw,f? trSew f u,f }uzhH @HG z@JG pnf;&wJh aemufu, G f
&nf¶G,fcsuf[m EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&; r[mAsL[mt& ‘‘wwd,t&ef tiftm;pk’’
zGJ@pnf;ay:xGufa&;omjzpfygw,f?
e0w acwfO;D ESihf rqv acwfrsm;u oifcef;pmudk &,l+yD; vlxt k ºkH uGrj_ zpfvm
cJh&if vlxkudk vlxku jyefvnf xdef;uGyfwJhr[mAsL[m Strategy udk etzu
csrw S cf jhJ cif;jzpfygw,f? t"du ppftm%m&Siu f kd +cdr;f ajcmufaewJh ausmif;om;tiftm;pk/
&[ef;oHCmrsm;eJ@ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;zdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; }uHhzGH@udk
zGJ@pnf;cJha=umif; awG@&Sd&ygw,f? }uHhzGH@pwifzGJ@pnf;csdefrSm tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;/
aumvdy/f wuUov kd af wGu ausmif;q&m/ q&mrawGukd trde@f t& r0ifrae& 0ifcikd ;f +yD;
ausmif;om;xktwGi;f udk pwifx;kd azmufpnf;¶H;k ygawmhw,f? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm; tm;vH;k
udkvnf; twif; oGwfoGif;xm;ygw,f?
108
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rdrdwdk@ tzGJ@udk aiGa=u;tiftm; yHhydk;ay;¶HkeJ@ vHkavmuf+yDvdk@ ,lqcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh
arSmfbD Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;rSm zGifhvSpfcJhwJh }uHhzGH@oifwef;rSm etz OuUÏ udk,fwdkif
ntdyf+yD; teD;uyf =uyfrwfavhusifhoif=um;ay;wJhtcg 0ef}uD;rsm;[m ajcrudkifrd/
vufrudik rf jd zpf+y;D rdcif 0ef}u;D XmeawGukd ypfy,fI ntdyf avhusiahf y;=u&ygawmhw,f?
}uHhzGH@awGudk tzGJ@i,ftvdkuf/ tpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;yapum pmwef;zwfyGJrsm;/
NLD eJ@ twdu k t f cH tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tay: oH;k oyfcsu/f a0zefcsuf pwmawGukd avhusihf
oif=um;ay;ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ody`H/ ppfa&;ynmeJ@ owif;pma&;om;enf;/ pHkprf;
axmufvSrf;enf; pwJh axmufvSrf;a&; ynm&yfawG/ EdkifiHwuma&;&m/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@
vlra_ &;u¾aygi;f pHk oif=um;ay;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gah =umifh }uHzh @HG ukd wwd, t&eftiftm;pk
ygwDwpf&yftoGif zGJ@pnf;zdk@qdkwm xif&Sm;aeygw,f?
etz&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk NLD rSudk,fpm;vS,f (86) OD;[m
ygwD&JŒ qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ rwufa&mufawmhbJ xGufcGmoGm;cJhwJhtwGuf 1996 ck rwfv
(31) &ufae@rmS nDvmcHukd &yfem;cJ&h ygw,f? 'DtwGuf vufnKd‡ ;axmif acgi;f ndwrf vkyf
wJh NLD udk etzu rausreyf jzpfcJh&ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ NLD [m
cGJjcm;vdk@r&a=umif; etzu od&Sd+yD;aemufydkif; NLD udkESdyfuGyfzdk@ }uHhzGH@udk t"du¶k%f;
ESdrfeif;a&;oifwef;rsm; ay;vmygw,f? }uHhzGH@udk yxrqHk;t}udrf tm;prf;r_tjzpf 1996
ck arv (14) &ufae@u 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;Ek&ŒJ (1) ESpjf ynfh qGr;f oGyt f vSLyGu J kd wufa&muf
vmwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J tzG@J ukd c&rf;csOo f ;D awGe@J ypfaygucf ikd ;f cJw
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(9) &ufae@rmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf wd@k ygvmwJh armfawmf,mOfwef;udk cJe@J aygucf ikd ;f ap
wJhtxd ðyrlvmygw,f? xdkpOfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf um;ay:rSm teD;uyfvHkòcHa&;eJ@
owif;axmufvSrf;zdk@vdkufygvmwJh trSwf (12) axmufvSrf;a&;wyfu Adkvfrª;aepdk;
udk,fwdkif aESmuf,Suf wdkufcdkufr_owif;udk r&&Sdvdkufvdk@ tdkifuGefpum;ajympufeJ@
ysmysmovJ owif;yd@k aew,fv@kd od&ygw,f? uuvSr;f u =um;jzwfta&;ay: tpDtpOft&
vl}uD;u vkyfcdkif;vdkufvdk@ jzpfa=umif;eJ@ tomarS;aecdkif;a=umif; od&SdcJh&ygw,f?
1996 ckESpfrSm wjynfvHk;taeeJ@ }uHhzGH@tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; Show of ForcesawG
ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? 1998 ckESpf arv (27) &ufae@u NLD tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ a¶G;aumufyGJ (8)
ESpfajrmuf atmifyGJae@rSm (3)vtwGif; v$wfawmfac:,lay;zdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu
109
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pufwifbmv (16) &ufae@rSm v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 250 OD;&JŒ óudwif oabm
wlnDcsufeJ@ tzGJ@0if (10) OD;yg0ifaom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP) udk
zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? etz[m rcHr&yfEdkif wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;+yD; tzGJ@csKyfv$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fawG/ pnf;aumfrwDawG/ ygwD0ifawGudk }uHhzGH@&JŒ yg0gtm;ukd &,lum
pufwifbmv (25) &ufae@rSm ygwD0ifaygif; (912) OD;tm; odrf;usHK;zrf;qD; ESpf&Snf
axmif'%f csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? wcsKd @uv kd nf; twif;t=uyf E_wx f u G cf ikd ;f ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm
}uHzh @HG &ŒJ yg0gtm;udk ,lwyhJ pkH u H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,tf rd af wGukd }uHzh @HG tm; apv$w+f yD;
pnf;¶H;k +cdr;f ajcmufcikd ;f wJh enf;vrf;rsm;/ e,fajrcHvx l u
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v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,u f kd t,Ht k =unfr&Sad =umif;/ uef@uu G qf ENjyapr_rsm;/ zdtm;ay;
uef@uGufa=umif; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;apr_rsm; pwJh enf;vrf;aygif;pHk usifhoHk;cJhygw,f?
tzGJ@csKyf¶Hk;rsm;udk ydwfcdkif;cJhovdk tzGJ@csKyfudk axmufcHtm;ay;aewJh jynfolawGeJ@
ukefonfpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifawGudk ta=umif;&Smzrf;qD;zdk@ rSwfwrf;wif pm&if;ðypkzdk@
}uHhzGH@udk wm0efay;tyfygw,f? NLD eJ@ qufEG,faewJh 0efxrf;rsm;udkawmif tvGwf
ray;bJ apmifh=unfhESdyfuGyfygw,f? 'ghtjyif }uHhzGH@udk axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@toGif
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}uHhzGH@udk av#mhrwGuf&JbJ wdkif;rª;eJ@ txufvl}uD;awG e,fajra'o qif;vm&ifawmif
óudqdk&mrSm }uHhzGH@udkzdwf=um;&ygw,f? }uHhzGH@ pwifzGJ@pnf;cgprSm ausmif;om;vli,f
trsm;pkyg0if+yD; (49) &mcdkifE_ef;/ tvkyform; (13) &mcdkifE_ef;/ awmifolv,form;
(22) &mcdkifE_ef;/ todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif (16) &mcdkifE_ef;eJ@
tiftm; (5)oef;&Sda=umif; etzu a=unmcJhygw,f? t&nftwGufazmif;yGr_ xkxnf
}uD;rm;aer_udk jycsifwJhoabm/ r0ifrae& twif;oGwfoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f? tcsdK@
uvnf; [rf;zkef;ygrpfrsm;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhta&;rsm; ar#mfudk;+yD; toif;0ifolrsm;
jzpfae&m vlaygif;pHk tusifhaygif;pHk }uHhzGH@}uD;[m ociftm;& u|efyg;0r,fh toif;}uD;
jzpfa=umif; awG@jrifae&ygw,f?
110
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1996 ckESpf Edk0ifbm (11) &ufae@ }uHhzGH@toif;tr_aqmifrsm; pDrHcef@cGJa&;
oifwef; trSwpf Of (7) zGiyhf JG tcrf;tem;rSm Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a¶$u }uHzh @HG awG&ŒJ t"du
wm0ef[m jynfwGif;/ jynfy tzsuform;rsm;udk bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwf+yD; jywfjywf
om;om; acsre_ ;f oGm;zd@k jzpfw,fqw kd hJ rSm=um;csuef @J a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ,mOfwef;
t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufcH&wm oufaojyaeygw,f? 2001 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufae@
yk*aH jr &mpkEpS o f pf tóud vlxt k pnf;ta0;yG}J u;D yk*EH ;DS aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f ycJ&h mrSm }uzhH @HG
tiftm;udk t"duxm; usif;ycJhygw,f? 2002 ckESpf arv (6) &ufae@ a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudk aetdrftus,fcsKyfu jyefv$wfcJh+yD;wJhaemuf etz[m EdkifiHa&;ordkif;u¾
wpf&yf zGifhvSpfvdkufyg+yDvdk@ a=unmvdkufovdk a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ ygwDpnf;¶Hk;a&;
c&D;pOfudkvnf; óudqdka=umif; {+yDv (15) &ufae@u tðyoabm wkef@jyefcJhygw,f?
rauG;wHwm; avhvma&;c&D;pOfvdk ae&mrsdK;rSm etz[m VIP óudqdkwJhyHkpHrsdK;eJ@ óudqdk
ay;cJhygw,f? trSefrSmawmh xdk;awmhr,fhqif aemufwpfvSrf;qkwfjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
}uHhzGH@trsm;pk&JŒ tawG;pdwfxJrSm etz&JŒ y&d,m,fudk rodbJ rlvtoif;0if
uwnf;u tcGit hf a&;&zdk w
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pnf;urf;r,fh oGm;vmaea=umif;eJ@ vlxkpnf;a0;yGJawG pnf;urf;r,fhvkyfaea=umif;/
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a':atmifqef;pk=unf ppfudkif;wdkif;/ csif;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f a&mufvmuwnf;u
}uHzh @HG rsm;[m pwifvy_ &f mS ;r_ ðycJyh gw,f? 'kw, d 0ef}u;D (4) OD;[m óuw d ifomG ;a&mufum
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111
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tif;awmfòrdŒudk a&mufvmcsed rf mS vnf; }uHzh @HG tiftm; (50) cef@ qdik ;f bkwu
f ikd f aºuG;a=umf
qENjycJh=uygw,f? uomòrdŒt0ifrSmvnf; }uHhzGH@awGu um;vrf;udk ydwfqdk@+yD; qlyl
aomif;use;f cJyh gw,f? c,u OuUÏ/ r,uOuUÏeJ@ &Jr;ª }uD;awGu }uHzh @HG awGukd vma&muf
azsmif;zsajymqdkayr,fh vHk;0 *¶krpdkufbJ qufvufydwfqdk@xm;&m ppfwyfrS wyf&if;rª;
wpfOD; udk,fwdkif vma&muftrdef@ay;wm;qD;awmhrS }uHhzGH@awG z,f&Sm;ay;cJh=uygw,f?
2003 ck arv (12) &ufae@rSmvnf; rdk;aumif;òrdŒudktoGm; [dkyifvrf;cGJta&mufrSm
ydkpwmqdkif;bkwfawG udkifaqmifqENjyaewJh }uHhzGH@ (30) a,mufeJ@ rsufESmcsif;qdkifrSm
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126
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1? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(1)------------------------------------------3
8? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(8)------------------------------------------27
10? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(10)----------------------------------------35
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P.O Box 179, Mae Sod, Tak, 63110, Thailand. Tel: 66 (0) 81 7241 281, ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com, ndddrd07@gmail.com
“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(1)”
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AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif [m 1991 ESpfukefydkif;avmufup+yD; pdwfa0'emcHpm;vm&wJhtwGuf 'k-OuUX

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*****************************
e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m jrefrmhwyfrawmf

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qufvufxrf;aqmifcGifh r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;udk jyef=unf@r,fqdk&ifvnf; *ENDpmcsKyft& 1945 ckESpf
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aumufuspf,kwfrmwJhae&mrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;xuf ydk+yD;tpGrf;xufwmudk awG@&ygw,f? ol@touf (60)
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ppfwyfeJ@tm%modrf;w,fqdkwm[m vufeufudkifwyfawG&J@tiftm;udktoHk;jyK+yD; EdkifiHawmftm%mudk

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AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; }udKwif od&dScJh&J@vm;qdkwm pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@
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olwdk@udk }udKwiftodray;cJh&ifawmif apm'uwuf+yD; tmcHrJholawGr[kwfwm aocsmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfbvdwf vdk
ppfom;aumif;wpfOD;wpfav yg0ifcJh+yD; rauseyfa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhr,fqdk&ifvnf; Adkvfoef;a&$u t&SifxGuf
cGifh jyKvdrR,fr[kwfygbl;? 1997 ckESpf ppftkyfpktwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ taetxm;[m ydkrdkcdkifrm
vm+yD; =oZmtm%mydk}uD;vmwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$udk ajc&mcsif;wdkif; ycHk;csif;,SOfEdkifwJh Adkvfarmifat;eJ@
Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@[m “arsmufopfudkif;vGwf” wJh tajctaeudk a&muf&dSoGm;cJhygw,f? 'DyGJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvf
cif!Gef@ udk aumif;aumif; toHk;cs+yD; Adkvfarmifat;udk “acG” xm;EdkifcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
1997 ckESpf ppftkyfpkwGif;tm%mvkyGJudk OD;aqmifcJhol(4)OD;teuf Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD;(wGif;-2) wdk@u
q&mwl ppftkyfpkwpfckwnf;ujzpf+yD; Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@ wdk@uawmh oif;uGJarsm ufawG jzpfygw,f? wu,f
awmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@&J@ q&mawG[m ausmif;awmfu&efbufawG jzpfcJh=uygw,f? Adkv foef;a&$eJ@
AdkvfwifOD; wdk@&J@q&m&if;[m rqvacwfrSm 'kwd,wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ aemufydkif;rSm ygwDtaxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;txd &mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dScJhbl;wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk jzpf
a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;uawmh rqvacwfrSm pufr_(1)0ef}uD; eJ@ rqvygwD A[dk
tvkyftr_aqmifjzpfcJhol AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
Adkvfat;udk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4)xGuf i,farG;+cHaygufwpfOD;jzpf+yD; Adkvfoef;a&$ wyfrrSL;vkyfcJhbl;wJh
wyfr (88)&J@ pDeD,mwyfrrSL;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw ,f? Adkvfat;udkeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@[m b,ftcsdefuwnf;u q&m
wynfhjzpfcJh =uovJqdkwm twdtusrod&ayrJh 1975 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk u &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u uu§=unf;rSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJh
wmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk[m 1976 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifheJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;) jzpfvm+yD;
ppf&Hk;csKyfudk ajymif;a&$@vmcJhwJhtwGuf Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvfat;udk&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)
wm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmifcJh&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvfat;udk atmufrSm wpfESpfavmuf wm0efxrf;
aqmifcJh+yD;aemuf q&morm;&J@ apmifr=unfh&_r_eJ@ wyfr(88) 'kwyfrrSL; (,m,D)/ 'kwyfrrSL;/ wyfrrSL; pwJh &mxl;
awGudk qufwdkuf&&dScJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;udk[m 1981 ckESpf pufwbFmvtxd 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
&if; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if/ rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0if/ wGJbuftaxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL; pwJh &mxl;}uD;awGudk qufwdkuf&&dScJhwmawG@&ygw,f? “a&jrifhv#if =umwifh” qdkwJh qdk&dk;eJ@tnD q&m
jzpfolaumif;pm;aecsdefrSm wynfhawGvnf; aumif;pm;cJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf;
AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvmcJhwJhtjyif 1981 ckESpf rqvygwD&J@ pwkwWt}udrfygwDnDvmcHrSm

A[dkaumfrwD0ifyg jzpfvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
q&mjzpfol 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk u 1981 ckESpf pufwbFm(19)&ufae@rSm oufjynfhyifpifeJ@ wyfrawmf
wm0efawGu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqv A[dkaumfrwD&J@ pwkwˆt}udrftpnf;ta0;eJ@
wwd,t}udrf jynfol@v$wfawmf yxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;awGrSm rqvygwD&J@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiH
awmfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&+yD; =oZmtm%mt&dSeft0g ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? q&mu wyfr
awmfxJrSm r&dSawmhayrJh ygwDvdkif;rSm taumif}uD;jzpfvmwma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; 1983 ckeSpfup+yD; ewc
wdkif;rSL;/ a'oygwDOuUX/ 1985 Edk0ifbmvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 1988 ZlvdkifvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;
0ef}uD;eJ@ rqvA[dktvkyftr_ aqmifaumfrwD0if pwJh &mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSvmwm awG@&ygw,f?
etzwGif;(2)eJ@ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD; [mvnf; Adkvfat;udk &J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpf
a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk 'kcsKyftjzpf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;rSm pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwJh 1976
ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;[m uu§=unf; ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;('kwd,wef;) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJhtcsdef
jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL; wifOD;[mvnf; tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfat;udk&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdef
u Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; uu§=unf;rSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae&wJhtwGuf Adkvfat;udk/
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD; wdk@[m wpf&Hk;wnf;/ wpfÏmewnf;rSm q&mwynfhawGtjzpfeJ@ twlvufwGJcJh=ubl;wm
awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk[m 1977 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;udk cr&(106)udk wyf&if;rSL;wm0efeJ@ acwWajymif;a&$@jy
cdkif;cJh+yD; 1979 ckESpfuae ol 'kwyfcsKyfwm0ef u z,fay;cJh&wJh 1981 ckESpftxd 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;udk uu§=unf;
ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf wav#mufvHk; ac:,lxm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf wifhaqG(zsmyHk)eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk(usHKaysmf) wdk@[m {&m0wD
wdkif;om;awGjzpfayrJh i,fpOfuwnf; wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; +ydKifbufawGjzpfcJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk eJ@ Adkvf
wifhaqG wdk@[m 1943 ckESpfrSm ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk 0ifa&mufcJh=uygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
(10)wef; atmifxm;wJhtwGuf r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ *syefppfwuUodkvfawGrSm wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD;
1948 ckESpfrSm jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS jzpfvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udkuawmh usHKaysmf ae&Sife,ftrsdK;om;ausmif;rSm (10)
wef;txdom ynmoif=um;cJhbl;wJhtwGuf jznfhwif;a&;eJ@o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wyf&if;rSm wyfom;tqifheJ@ pwif
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&+yD; aemufydkif;rSm ol@&J@yg;eyfxufjrufr_a=umifh t&mcHAdkvfuav;tqifhtxd cef@tyfcHcJh&yg
w,f? 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; AdkvfwifhaqG u *syefjynfrSm ppfynmoifaecJh+yD; Adkvfat;
udk u o&ufc&dkif a&S@wef;ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfeJ@ wdkif;(1) yJEG,fukef;pcef;awGrSm *syefawmfvSefa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;
aqmifaecJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
Adkvfat;udk[m *syefawmfvSefa&;t+yD; topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1946 ckESpfrSm xyfrH
0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? jynf+rdK@&dS Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh oeu(4)rSm wyfom;tjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; 1952 ckESpf
usrS Adkvfoifwef; tywfpOf(6)udk wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; jyefwrf;0ift&m&dSjzpfvmcJhol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu
1962 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (ewc)rSm 'kwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
aepOf Adkvfat;udkuvnf; ewcrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ ppfOD;pD;rSL;yxrwef; (G-1) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhwm
awG@&ygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif;om;csif;vnf;jzpf/ wyfwpfckwnf;rSmvnf; txufatmufwm0efawGudk twlwuG xrf;
aqmifcJh&olawG jzpfc=Jh ubl;ayrJh Adkvfat;udk [m yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;oljzpfwJhtwGuf 'kwdkif;rSL; Adkvf
rSL;}uD;wifhaqG tay:rSm rvdkrkef;wD;r_awG &dScJha=umif;od&dS&ygw,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD;wdk@&J@q&m&if; Adkvfat;udk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufyDyD pdwfo
abmxm; ao;odrf&kwfnHhwJ@ae&mrSm ol@q&m}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfae0if;xufawmif tqaygif;rsm;pGmydkEdkifw,fvdk@ oleJ@
twl wm0efuscJholawGu rSwfcsufjyK=uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1967 ckESpfrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; at;udk[m wyfr(88)rSm
'kwyfrrSL; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfr(88)&J@ wyfrrSL;[m AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;wifeJ@
Adkvfat;udk wdk@t=um;rSmvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;t& wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; rwnfhcJ=h ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfat;udk&J@ aemuf
ausm"m;eJ@xdk;wwfwt Jh usiafh =umifh ol@txuft&m&dSrSefor# ol@udk t+rJowdxm; qufqH=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif &yc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@oGm;wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk u wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvm
cJhygw,f? yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;wJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk[m wdkif;rSL;a[mif; aexdkifoGm;cJhwJhaetdrfeJ@ wdkif;rSL;
a[mif; pD;oGm;wJhum;awGudk qufroHk;yJ/ ol@twGuf tdrfopfaqmuf/ um;opf0,f+yD; toHk;jyKcJha=umif;vnf; od&dS&
ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;ud[ k m rqvygwD&J@ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyf
&GmrSm ol@twGufaqmufvkyfaewJw h dkuftdrfudk aqmuf+yD;umrS yHkpHr}udKufvdk@qdk+yD; jyefzsufaqmufcdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS
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a[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpfrSm &mxl;jyKwf+yD; wyfrawmfuxkwfy,fcH&atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@
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wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk yg0ifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
oufwrf; 1974 ckESpfuae 1976 ckESpftwGif; &efukefrSmjzpfyGm;cJhwJh qENjyyGJwcsdK@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; u
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w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD;udk tjypf&Smvdk@r&wJhtwGuf ZeD;jzpfol a'gufwmwifrdk;a0 [m vl}uD;rdom;pk vdkufem&
rJhpnf;urf;awGudk csdK;azgufcJhw,fvdk@pGyfpGJ+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm twif;tusyf
E_wfxGufcdkif;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? (Adkvfat;udk&J@ wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&OD;wifOD;tay:
tcktcsdeftxd t+idKw}uD;jzpfaewm[mvnf; ol@q&mqDu&&dScJhwJh pdwf"gwfawGa=umifh jzpfEkdifygw,f?)
'Dvdk pdwfaeoabmxm;&dSwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@q&m[m 1976 ckESpfrSm 'kwyfcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? rqvygwD
OuUX}uD; OD;ae0if;uvnf; ol@ajc&meif;rJhwynfhqdk+yD; Adkvfat;udk udk jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm wpfcgrS ray;bl;ao;wJh
'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; qdkwJh&mxl;udk ay;tyf+yD; csD;jr‡ifhajr‡mufpm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m “q&mqdk;wynfh” jzpf
ayrJh ae&maumif;awGudkawmh &cJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udk aumif;pm;aecsdefrSm wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$[mvnf;
wyfr(88) 'kwyfrrSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pwJh tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck &&dScJhygw,f? 1981ckESpf pufwbFmvrSm
Adkvfat;ud[ k m touf (60)jynfhvdk@ 'kwyfcsKyftjzpfu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh =oZmtm%mydk}uD;rm;vSwJh ygwDtaxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL; &mxl;awGudk &&dScJhjyefwJhtwGuf ol@wynfh}uD;udkvnf; ewc wdkif;
rSL;/ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;/ pwJh &mxl;}uD;awG &&dSonftxd qGJwifay;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG wyfr(77) wyfrrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf Adkvf}uD;cif!Gef@ u wyfrrSL;&J@ udk,fa&;
t&m&dS (PSO) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfwifah qG[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@vufOD;q&m jzpfcJh
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&JEdkif0if;&J@om;i,fwpfOD;udk AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGu ac:,larG;pm;+yD; ausmif;xm;ay;xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f) AdkvfcsKyf
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cef@tyfzdk@qEN&dScJhayrJh OD;ae0if;&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG&J@ vufa tmuft&m&dSjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf ol&ausmf
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Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@u vufqifhurf; o,faqmifvm+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ [oFmudk;aomif; tcef;quf
Zmwfawmf}uD;udk qufvufujy/ toHk;awmfcHcJh=uwmjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?
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Adkvfoef;a&$[m 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm tajcydkcdkifvmcJhovdk ol@&J@ wefcdk;=oZmt&dSeft0g

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vkyfydkifcGifh tm%mawG ydkay;cJhwmawG@&ygw,f? wdkif;rSL;awGudk oufqdkif&mppfwdkif;e,fajrtwGif; ppfbufqdkif&mudpP
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wJhtwGuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awG[m oufqdkif&mppfa'oawG&J@ ppfbk&ifi,fawG jzpfvm=uygw,f?
1997 tm%mvk etz ppfaumifpDrSm aemufaygufwJ@a&$=umyiftjzpf wefcdk;xGm; wGifus,fvmoluawmh
Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (=unf;§8809) jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$u
Adkvf0if;jrifh udk etz wGif;(3)tjzpf wm0efcef@tyf ay;cJhwJhtjyif Adkvfoef;a&$ udk,fwdkif em,u(OuUX)}uD;vkyf+yD;
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(av§18400)/ trSwf(56)&[wf,mOftkyf/ wyfrawmf(av)? wyf=uyfausmfaqG (37ESpf) (av§19752)/ trSwf(56)
&[wf,mOftkyf/ wyfrawmf(av)? wyf=uyfxdefvif;atmif (29ESpf) (av§22614)/ trSwf(56)&[wf,mOftkyf/
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AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@u a&S@qHk;uyg0ifcJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;[m etz
OuUXAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,HkwpfOD;jzpfcJhayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@orD; a':cif+yHK;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;&J@om; udkaZmf
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csif;yg rausrvnfjzpfcJh=uwma=umifh 'DudpPudk twGif;ususodae=uolwcsdK@u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$tay:rSmvnf;

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umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf Tip ajy;aeoljzpfwJhtwGuf ol@tay:remvdkwJh +ydKifbuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGvnf;
trsm; tjym;&dSaeEdkifygw,f? 'ghtjyif AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m ol@pdwfxJrSm r[kwfbl;/ rrSefbl;vdk@xif&if txufvl}uD;
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tjypf&Sm+yD; “'Davmufawmif toHk;ruswJhaumifu b,fvdkvkyf+yD; oD[ol&bGJ@udk &cJhwmvJ” vdk@ ESdrfcsajymqdk
qufqHcJhwt Jh wGuf AdkvfrSL;ppfarmifu owdqGJxm;&if; &ifaumh+yD; “ppfwdkufvdk@ &wmayghAs” vdk@ vl@a&S@ol@a&S@rSm jyef
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enf;jycsKyf tbat;jrifh ('kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; at;jrifh =unf;§8563) u ajymjycJhwmudk rSwfom;cJh&bl;ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m toufi,fi,f&G,f&G,feJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ tjrifhqHk;ol&Jaumif;qkawGudk &&dScJholjzpf
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+yD; wZGwfxdk;vkyfwwfwJhtay:rSmvnf; ol@udk tjrifuwfolawG ydkrsm;vmygw,f? 1996 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (24)&ufae@
u u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif udk,fwdkifvdkufygvmwJh jynfwGif;ava=umif;ydkif az:um F-27 av,mOf
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w,f?
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ppfarmif&J@ r[kwfrcHpdwf"gwfudk oabmusayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@tkyfpkuawmh AdkvfcsKyfppfarmiftay:
wajz;ajz; tjrifuwfvma=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Dvdkvl&J@ vufxJudk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl; v$Jtyfay;&zdk@ta&;
awG;+yD; pdk;&drfvm=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'ghtjyif wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufrSm w[kefxdk; pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf
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vnf; trsm;tjym;&dScJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'DvdktajctaeawGa=umifh 2000 jynfhESpf atmufwdkbm (10)&ufae@rSm
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmifudk tem;ay;z,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; ol@ae&m
rSm AdkvfcsKyfppfarmifudk ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ ae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuG udk ajymif;a&$@ wm
0efay;cJhygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m 1996 ckESpf Zlvdkifv av,mOfysuf&mrSm uHaumif;vdk@raocJhayrJh 2001 ckESpf azaz:
0g&Dv &[wf,mOfysufus&mrSmawmh uHraumif;EdkifawmhyJ aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif aoqHk;cJh&r_[m
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@vlawGtwGuf tcGifhta&;aumif;wpfck jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ &wc wdkif;
rSL;ae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@ZeD;eJ@ aqGrsdK;eD;pyfawmfw,fqdkwJh wyfr(11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqG
(=unf; §12629) (DSA -15) udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSm ajymif;a&$@cef@xm;vdkufygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhaqGudk
&wcwdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ armfv+rdKif+rdK@rSm (6)vomaecdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ wcsufvGwftrdef@t& tJ'DESpf Edk0if
bm (15)&ufae@rSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk wdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ csufcsif;ac:,lvdkufwm awG@&ygw,f?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ +ydKifbufw pfOD;jzpfwJh taemufawmifwdkif;
ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref; (=unf;§11534) (DSA-11) udk tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkuf+yD; 2001 Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm =unf;§a&§av yl;wGJ!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJa&;rSL; (!d‡
uGyf) qdkwJh &mxl;opfudk wDxGifzefwD;um &efukefppf&Hk;csKyfudk ac:,lxm;vdkufjyefygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u tJ'Dae@rSmyJ ol@vlawGjzpfwJh erc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfpdk;0if; (=unf;§11715) (DSA -

12) udk ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ w*c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef (=unf;§11252) (DSA-9) udk
ppfa&;csKyf/ &rc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; (=unf; §11701) (DSA-12) udk ppfaxmufcsKyf/ wyc
wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf wifat; (=unf;§11236) (DSA-9) udk umuG,fa&;ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ vycwdkif;rSL;
AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;§ 10310) (OTS-30) udk trSwf(1)ppfqifa&; txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ eyc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;
(=unf;§9752) (OTS-29) udk trSwf(2)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ &uw wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef; (=unf;§
10320) (OTS-31) udk trSwf(3) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ &ycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk (=unf;§10337) (OTS-
31) udk trSwf (4)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ toD;oD; wm0efawG cGJa0ay;tyfcJh+yD; ol@teD;rSm ac:,l 0ef;&H
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*****************************
2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@wynfh pDeD,mppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf&Hk;csKyfudkac:,l

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ewcppfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref;udk ay;tyfcJhwJh yl;wGJ!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJa&;rSL; (=unf;/ a&/ av) Joint Chief
of Staff (Army-Navy-Air Force) qdkwJh&mxl;[m t&ifu jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm wcgrS r&dScJhygbl;? 'D&mxl;[m
&[wf ,mOfysufusaoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ Chief of Staff (Army)
qdkwJh&mxl; udk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; 'D&mxl;xufydkjrifhwJh &mxl;topfwpfckudk wDxGifzefwD;ay;tyfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f?
=unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@tm;vHk;&J@ ae@pOf ppfqifa&;qdkif&muGyfuJr_tm;vHk;udk Adkvfc sKyfa&$ref; vufxJ xdk;tyfvdkufwm
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rSm puf&HkrSL;u ol@udkrzdwfbJ oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;udkom zdwfrdcJhwJhtwGuf puf&HkrSL;udkac:+yD; “rif;wdk@0ef}uD;u 0efxrf;
t}uD;tuJomjzpf+yD; igu ppfwdkif;rSL;vnf;jzpf a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifwpfOD;vnf;jzpf/ 0ef}uD;wpfOD;&J@vkyfydkifcGifhvnf;
&dwS JhtwGuf ightrdef@udk t"duemcH&r,f” qdk+yD; qJqdk}udrf;armif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ?
*****************************
1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$bufu &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf

tm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(13)&ufae@rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf
udk ac:,lwm0efay;cJha=umif; tywfpOf(14)rSm wifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f? ,QKwpfywfrSmawmh vpfvyfoGm;wJh tJ'D ppf
wdkif;rSL;awGae&mudk wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhyHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;rSm jzpfyg
w,f?
rqv/ e0w acwfwpfav#mufrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf pDeD,m wyfrrSL;awGudk wm0efay;cef@tyfavh&dSayrJh
1997 ckESpf jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;yGJt+yD;rSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wyfrrSL; (Division Commander) awGudkomru
pucvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfrSL; (MOC-Military Operation Commander) awGeJ@
'upvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh a'ouGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyfrSL; (ROC-Regional Operation Commander) awGudkyg
wm0efay;cef@tyfvmwm awG@&dS&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m 1991 ck ESpfaemufydkif;up+yD; wpfjynfvHk;rSm pucawGudk
zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufcJhwm tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if puc trSwf(1)uae (21) txd pucaygif; (20)udk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif
cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? (puc-11 udkrl wyfr-11 ESifh a&maxG;Edkifojzifh rzGJ@pnf;yJ csefvSyfxm;cJha=umif; od&dS&onf)
puc wpfck&J@atmufrSm wyf&if;(10)ckpD&dS+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& puc wpfckudk tiftm;(9 ,000)pDeJ@pkzGJ@zdk@ &nfrSef;
xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? pucawGeJ@ wyfrawG[m zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ tiftm;rSmomru &mxl;tqifhawGrSmvnf; wlnD
=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;awGeJ@ pucrSL;awG[m AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifh&dSolawG jzpf=u&ygw,f? uGyfuJr_ yHkpH rSm
vnf; pucawGudk wyfrawGvdk uu§=unf;uae wdkuf&dkufudkifwG,fuGyfuJwm awG@&ygw,f?
e0w/ etz ppftkyfpkvufxufrSm wyfrawGudk wyfr(11)rS wyfr(101)txd (10)ckomxm;+yD; puc trnf
eJ@ ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhwm[m olwdk@&J@wyftiftm; tvGeftu|Hwdk;csJ@aer_udk jynfwGif;jynfyu tvG,fwul rod&dSEdkif
atmif vsdK@0SufzHk;uG,fxm;zdk@ &nf&G,fcJhwmjzpfEdkifygw,f? pucawGudkomru e,fajrus,f0ef;wJh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyf
wcsdK@&J@ atmufrSmvnf; 'up ac: a'oqdkif&muGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyf (ROC-Regional Operation Command)
(7)ckudk cGJjcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'upawGudkawmh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfawG&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm xm;&dSwmawG@&ygw,f?
2001 Edk0ifbmv (19)&ufae@rSm vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;ae&mawGrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@
tpm; xdk;cef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;(12)ck&dSwJhteuf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfeJ@ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyftwGuf
AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGwdk@udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSmuwnf;u cef@tyfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf usefwJh
ppfwdkif;(10)ck twGufudkom xyfrHa&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dSwJh wyfrrSL;(10)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;udkudk (=unf;§14235)
(DSA-19) wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf ol&jrifhatmif (=unf;§13970) (DSA-18) wyfr(22) wyfrrSL;/ Adkvf
rSL;csKyf cifaZmf (=unf;§13242) (OTS-49) wyfr(33) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; pdk;EG,f (=unf;§14268) (DSA-19)
wyfr(44) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdefvGif (=unf;§12297) (DSA-14) wyfr(55) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; rif;atmifvd_if
(=unf;§14232) (DSA-19) wyfr(66) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG (=unf;§12829) (OTS-47) wyfr
(77) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhvd_if (=unf;§13875) (DSA-19) wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD; (=unf;§
12133) (DSA-19) wyfr(99) wyfrrSL;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;§121607) (DSA-19) wyfr(101) wyfrrSL;/
wdk@jzpf=uygw,f?
wyfrrSL;awGvdkyJ ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dS=uwJh pucrSL; (15)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;aX; (=unf;§12
-020) (DSA-13) puc(1)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;vGif (=unf;§12127) (OTS-43) puc(2)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif
jrifh (=unf;§12875) (Tayza-1) puc(3)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfapmvSrif; (=unf;§12630) (DSA-15) puc(4)rSL;/
AdkvfrSL;csKyf =unfodef; (=unf;§12080) (DSA-13) puc(5)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;aqG (=unf;§12027) (DSA-13)

puc (6)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&pdefaomif; (=unf;§13273) (OTS-49) puc(7)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD; (=unf;§
12039) (DSA-13) puc(8)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSjrifh (=unf;§12034) (DSA-13) puc(9)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf[efwifh
(=unf;§ 12671) (DSA-15) puc(10)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmifpdk; (=unf;§12610) (DSA-15) puc(12)rSL;/
AdkvfrSL;csKyf vSjrifh (=unf;§13068) (DSA-16) puc(13)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;xGef; (=unf;§13133) (DSA-16)
puc(14)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif (=unf;§ 13853) (DSA-17) puc(15)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifat; (=unf;§12933)
(Tayza-1) puc(16)rSL;/ wdk@ jzpfygw,f?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerSm wyfrawmfppf&mxl;cef@csKyf(uu§xl;) eJ@ M.S Board tzGJ@qdkwm&dSayrJh wdkif;
rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; tqifhawGudk cef@tyf&mrSmawmh ppftm%m&Si fawG&J@xHk;pHtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
oef;a&$udk,fwdkif twnfjyKrSom cef@tyfcGifh/ ajymif;a&$@cGifheJ@ E_wfxGufcGifh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 1993 ckE Spf rwfv
twGif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL;
&mxl;awGtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf armifat;u trnfpm&if;jyKpk+yD; wifjyay;&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm DSA ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ OTS Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tvkyf
oifAdkvfoifwef;(awZwyfcGJ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tajccHynmtxufwef; atmifjrifxm;wJhtjyif uef@owfxm;
wJh touft&G,ftwGif;&dSwJh wyf=uyf}uD;pma&;eJ@ wyf=uyftqifhawGuae Adkvfoifwef;wuf+yD; jzpfvmwJh t&m&dS
tqifheJ@ (Other Ranks) vdk@ac:wJh tjcm;tqifhuae tqifhqifh&mxl;wuf+yD;jzpfvmwJh t&m&dSqdk+yD; jyefwrf;0if
t&m&dS (5)rsdK;(5)pm; &dSaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? tjcm;tqifhuae t&m&dSjzpfvmoltrsm;pku tjrifhqHk; Adkvf}uD;/
AdkvfrSL;b0avmufeJ@ *dwfqHk;avh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;/ &mxl;awGtxd wufvSrf;Edkifjcif; r&dSygbl;?
jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;ae&mawGudk OTS eJ@ DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGuom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; &,lxm;
=uwm awG@&ygw,f?
1988 ckESpfrwdkifciftxd jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGu v$rf;rdk;
xm;cJh=uayrJh DSA tywfpOf(1)ausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJhtcsdefup+yD;
xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawG wajz;ajz; ae&m,lvmwm awG@&ygw,f? “DSA ausmif;qif;
t&m&dSawG[m tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ t}uD;tuJawGjzpf&r,f” qdkwJh 1959 ckESpf ZGefv(1)&ufae@ DSA
tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;yGJrSm wyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk,fwdkif ajymqdkoGm;cJhbl;wmudk pdwfxJrSm
oHrd_eJ@pGJxm;ovdk taorSwfxm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u oludk,fwdkif 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSm 'Dpum;udk t
aumiftxnfaz:zdk@ pwif}udK;pm;cJah =umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
1996-97 ckESpfavmufup+yD; 'kwyfcsKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat;u ppfwdkif;rSL;avmif;awG&J@ trnfpm&if;awGudk
jyKpkwifjycJh&mrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG (OTS tywfpOf 47) wpfOD;wnf;uvGJ+yD; usefwJholtm;vHk;[m DSA
ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGcsnf; jzpfaecJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? xHk;pHtwdkif;qdk&if 'kwyfcsKyfudk,fwdkif jyKpk
wifjywJhtrnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;udk,fwdkifutwnfjyKay;zdk@ (90)&mcdkifE_ef;avmuftxd aocsma=umif; od&dS&yg
w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kwyfcsKyfwifjycJhwJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ wyfcsKyf}uD;&J@ ppfbuf
vufaxmufjzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u oabmruswma=umifh jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG trsm;tjym;jyKvkyfcJh=uyg
w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u (OTS) ausmif;qif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;u tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif;
qif;awG jzpfaewma=umifhvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat;eJ@ ol@&J@ (DSA) tkyfpkawG =oZmv$rf;rdk;vmrSmudk pdk;&drf
vGef+yD; jyifqifcJh=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f?
'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;xJu (DSA)ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL; trsm;tjym;
udk wyfcsKyf}uD;trdef@eJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ajymif;a&$@cHcJh&olawGxJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf
odef;atmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;jrifheJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifodef;wdk@vnf; yg0ifw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh trnf
pm&if;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u (2)}udrfwdwd y,fcscJhbl;a=umif; pHkprf;od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'D
aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif wdkif;rSL;awG&J@trnfpm&if;udk wifoGif;+yD; oludk,fwdkiftwnfjyKwJh pepf

udk toHk;jyKvmcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
'ga=umifh 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(19)&ufae@rSm M.S Order xkwf+yD; cef@tyfcHcJh&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;(10)OD;[m wyf
csKyf}uD;udk,fwdkif trnfpm&if;wifoGif;+yD; oludk,fwdkif twnfjyKcef@tyfcJholawG jzpfEdkifygw,f? wdkif;rSL;topfawG
tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&olawGuawmh rycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG/ &rcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf Adkvrf SL;csKyf jrifhvd_if/
&ycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifjrifh/ w*cwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcspfoef;/ &wcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyf
ol&jrifhatmif/ ewcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD;/ eycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD;/ wycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf
AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifrif;/ vyc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh eJ@ ercwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkifwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f?
(&ucwdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqGESifh u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuG wdk@rSm 2001 ckESpf arvrSmuwnf;u wdkif;rSL;rsm;
tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&+yD;jzpfonf)
topfcef@tyfcHcJh&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL; (12)OD;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfhr,fqdk&if DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dS (8)OD;/
OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dS (3)OD;eJ@ tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS(1)OD ;/ &dSwmudk awG@&ygw,f?
Batch taeeJ@ajymr,fqdk&if DSA-13 u (2)OD;/ DSA-15 u (3)OD;/ DSA-17 u (2)OD;/ DSA-18 u (1)OD;/
OTS-43 u (2)OD;/ OTS-47 u (1)OD; eJ@ tvkyfoif-1 u (1)OD;wdk@ jzpfygw,f? wyf&if;wyfzGJ@taeeJ@ ajymr,fqdk
&if wyfrrSL;b0u vmol (7)OD;/ pucrSL;b0uvmol (4)OD;eJ@ 'uprSL;b0uvmol (1)OD;/ wdk@jzpfa=umif; awG@&dS&yg
w,f?
ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfoifhygvsufeJ@ jzpfrvmolawGxJrSm DSA (13, 14, 15, 16) vdk pDeD,muswJh wyfrrSL;/ puc
rSL;awG trsm;tjym;usefcJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;wpfOD;jzpfvmzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yf/ +rJ(3)+rJ/ jrif(4)jrif
jynfpHk&Hkr#eJ@ rvHkavmufa=umif;udk aemufwpfywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? ?
*****************************
“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&kyf awmfyHk trSwf(16)”
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm uu§xl; vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppf&mxl;cef@csKyf (MAG/ Military Appointment

General) eJ@ ppf&mxl;cef@bkwftzGJ@ (M.S Board/ Military Service Board) qdkwm&dSayrJh xdyfydkif;ppfbuf
&mxl;}uD;awGjzpfwJh wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyf vuf&Hk;tul0efxrf;wyfawG&J@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;tqifh
awGudk ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGudk,fwdkif pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fcef@xm;avh&dSwm awG@&ygw,f?
rqvacwfrSm ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u oludk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fxm;wJh wyfrrSL;awGudkom ppfwdkif;
rSL;awGtjzpf wm0efay;avh&dSovdk etz ppftpdk;&acwfrSmvnf; ppftm&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif
pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fxm;wJh wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;awGudkom ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@
wm0efay;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&acwfrSm ppftiftm;awGudk tvGeftu|H wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;
cJhwma=umifh wyfrawGtjyif wyfrawGeJ@zGJ@pnf;yHkwlwJh puc ac: ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfawGyg ay:aygufvmcJhyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh 2001 ckESpfup+yD; ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyf&mrSmvnf; wyfrrSL;awGxJuomru
pucrSL;awGxJuyg a&G;cs,fvm&wmjzpfygw,f?
2001 ckESpfrSm topfcef@tyfcH&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGteuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf
armifarmifaqG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&jrifhatmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifrif;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh wdk@u wyfrrSL;
awGjzpf=u+yD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhvd_if/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifjrifh/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcspfoef; wdk@
u pucrSL;awG jzpf=uygw,f?
e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&vufxufrSm jrefrmhwyfrawmf[m tvGeftuíH pnf;ysufurf;ysuf jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
ppfwuUodkvfeJ@ ppfoifwef;ausmif;}uD;awGudk t&ifuvdk “raumif;ausmif;ydk@” cH&wJh ausmif;tkyf}uD;awG &J@vufxJ
“0” uGufrtyf&JawmhyJ wyfrrSL;awGxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@pnf;urf;ydkif;rSm xl;c|efolawGudka&G;cs,f+yD; ppfwuUodkvf
ausmif;tkyf}uD;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfwm0efay;wJh yHkpHopfudk wDxGifoHk;pGJvmcJh&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 2003 ckESpfu
p+yD; ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfa&G;cs,f&mrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGxJuom ruawmhbJ ppfwuUodkvf ausmif;tkyf}uD;
awGudkyg xnf@oGif;a&G;cs,fvm&wm jzpfygw,f?
tck uu§=unf;rSm upxrSL; wm0efudkxrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifh qdk&if wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mu 2002 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm ar+rdK@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@cef@
tyfcHcJh&+yD; 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfvusrS urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;jcif; cHcJh&ol
jzpfygw,f? tvm;wl tckupxrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmifvd_if qdk&ifvnf; ,Qifu wyfr (44)
&J@ wyfrrSL; jzpfcJhygw,f? 2003ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm ar+rdK@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$ @wm0efay;cH&
+yD; 2004 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvusrS taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f?
wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awG[m ppfwdkif;rSL;&mxl;udk odyfrufarm=uygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfvmcJh&if udk,fha'o t
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tajctaeray;vdk@ 'D&mxl;awGudk r&cJh&ifawmifrS 0ef}uD;tjzpfawmh wm0efay;cH&zdk@ aocsmaewma=umifh ppfwdkif;
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&dSygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfwckvHk;rSm ,leDazgif;rc|wfao;wJh 0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;wcsdK@eJ@ e,fbuft&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@ tyg
t0if AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS pkpkaygif; (320)avmuf&dSygw,f? 'DtxJu ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&rJh toufi,f&G,fol awGeJ@
vmbfrsm;rsm;xdk;EdkifolawGudkom a&G;cs,f+yD; wufcdkif;avh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
vuf&dS EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf&J@ rl0g'qdkif&m vrf;!$eftzGJ@rSm e,u}uD;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/
OuUX}uD;u 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;/ twGif;a&;rSL;u umuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;/ tzGJ@0if(8)OD;u !dS
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avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;t&m&dScsKyfwdk@ yg0if=uwmawG@
&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcsifwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;awG[m 'DtzGJ@rSmyg0ifwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk olwdk@&J@
uawmfawG/ ra[oDawGxHuwqifh vufaqmiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ csOf;uyf=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfavmif;wOD;jzpfzdk@
twGuaf wmif wyfrawmfAdkvfa&G;tzGJ@udk odef;eJ@csD vmbfxdk;cJh&wmrdk@ wyfrrSL;§pucrSL;avmif; / wdkif;rSL;avmif;/
EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJavmif;jzpfrJh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcGifh&&dSzdk@ta&;rSmvnf; rl0g'qdkif&mvrf;!$eftzGJ@udk
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ausmif;wufcGifh&&dSjyefawmhvnf; trSwfaumif;aumif;&rSom wyfrrSL;§pucrSL;awG jzpfrSmrdk@ wuUodkvfu
ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;awGudk vmbfxdk;=u&jyefygw,f? wuUodkvfwufcGifh&zdk@twGuf um
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cJhbl;ayrJh odef;*%ef;tqifhavmufom vmbfpm;&wJh ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;wcsdK@uawmh
2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm zrf;qD;ta&;,lwmudk cHcJh=u&ygw,f? ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;/ 'kwd,ausmif;
tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;armifeJ@ XmerSL;awGjzpf=uwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;&JxGef;0if;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;0if;EdkifeJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD;!Gef@a0
wdk@udk vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ zrf;qD;ta&;,l z,f&Sm;ypfcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
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wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyftjzpfuae EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;
a&$@ wm0efay;tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f? 1994 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efay;
cHcJh&wJh 'k-wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf ppfOD;pD;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfOm%f0if; (DSA-18) qdk&if
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EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfudk EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfxm;wJhay:vpDawGeJ@tnD t*~r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csuf
(Grand Strategy) awGudk taumiftxnfaz:Edkifzdk@twGuf tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifawG ay:xGef;vmatmif avh
usifhay;zdk@ zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhwmqdkayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifzdk@twGuf
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'Dae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh oD[ol& wifatmif
jrifOD;/ armifbdk/ ausmf0if;eJ@ tkef;jrifhwdk@[m 1994 ckESpf rwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf
tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;awGjzpf+yD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrifhaqG/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;/ AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef; wdk@
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armifoef;/ jrifhvd_ifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfawGjzpf=uwJ armifarmifaqG/ pdk;Edkif/ cifarmifjrifh/ cifaZmf/ wdk@u 1998 =o*kwfv
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AdkvfrSL;csKyfawG jzpf=uwJh rif;atmifvd_if/ Om%f0if;/ a0vGif/ wifEdkifodef;/ cif&D wdk@u 2000 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvrSm pwif
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atmifoef;xGÉf/ cifaZmfOD;/ oufEdkif0if;/ vSrif; wdk@u 2002 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(5) oif
wef;qif;awG jzpfwmudk awG@&dS&ygw,f?
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zGifhvSpfcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS (351)OD;udk avhusifhyHkoGif;ay;cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dt&m&dSawG
tm;vHk; wyfrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJawG jzpfvmjcif;awmhr&dSygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif}uD; awG ,Hk
=unftm;udk;wJh wcsdK@avmufom wyfrrSL; pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;awGjzpfvm=u+yD; trsm;pkuawmh oHtrwfawG/ ppfoH
rSL;awGeJ@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;awGtjzpf acsmifxdk;cH&/ e,fESifcHcJh=u&ygw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yfjynf@pHkae&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufbJ/ “awmf
(3)awmf”xJrSm tygt0ifjzpfwJh “tzm;awmf”zdk@/ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGeJ@ “aqGrsdK;awmf” zdk@vnf; ta&;}uD;a=umif;
udk aemufwywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? ?
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jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yf jynfhpHkae&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufbJ “awmf

(3) awmf” qdkwJh “yifudk,fawmf” / “aqGrsdK;awmf”/ “tzm;awmf” zdk@vnf; vdktyfw,fvdk@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;
rSm ajymprSwfjyKavh&ydS gw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm “yifudk,fawmf” olawG trsm;tjym; &dSygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfol trsm;pk
[m wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSavhr&dSbJ ppfwuUodkvf/ ppfausmif;awGrSm aemufqHk;ydwftqifhu
atmifcJh=uolawGuom wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqk;H &mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSvm=uwmawG@&ygw,f? vuf&dS jrefrmhwyfr
awmf&J@ OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ 'kOD;pD;csKyfawGqdk&if Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ ppfwuUodkvfawGrSm oifwef;qif;cJhpOfu olwdk@aemuf
rSm qdkif;bkwfyJ usefawmhw,fvdk@ qdkprSwfjyKcHcJh&olawG jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “yifudk,fawmf” zdk@xuf “tzm;awmf” zdk@eJ@/ “aqGrsdK;awmf” wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,f
qdwk mudk tcdkiftrmoufaojyEdkifwJh om"uawG trsm;tjym;&dSygw,f? 'Dom"uawGteuf trsm;jrifomrJh
OyrmwpfcktaeeJ@ etzppftpdk;& ody`HeJ@enf;ynm0ef}uD;Xme&J@ 0ef}uD;OD;aomif; &J@ b0jzpfpOfwcsdK@udk xkwfE_wfEd_if;
,SOf wifjyvdkygw,f? 'Duae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol&J@ oufawmf&Snf0ef}uD;awGxJrSm wpfyg;tygt0ifjzpfaewJh
0ef}uD; OD;aomif;qdkol[m 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? ol[m vuf&dS etz'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kAdkvf
csKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; tjyif 1997 ckESpf bvufcfEdk0ifbmrSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; xGe f;=unf/
wdk@eJ@twl DSA tywfpOf(1) ausmif;qif;t&m&dSwpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f?
Adkvfavmif;armifaomif;[m yifudk,fawmfolwpfOD; jzpfwJhtwGuf DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm taumif;qHk;Adkvf
avmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfarmifaomif;&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§7856) jzpf+yD;/
'kAdkvfxGef;=unf &J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§7864)/ 'kAdkvfarmifat;&J@ udk,fydkifeH ygwfu (=unf;§7875) jzpfygw,f?
yifudk,fawmfwJh Adkvfarmifaomif;udk tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfaewJh AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;u ol@&J@
PSO tjzpf “awmf”aumufcJhayrJh Adkvfarmifaomif; wpfa ,muf “uH”raumif;cJhygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if;eJ@ ol@vufaxmuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@&J@ 1963 ckESpf tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD; u jzKwf/ xkwf/
&Sif;cH&+yD; Adkvfarmifaomif; u acsmifxdk;cHcJh=u&ygw,f?
Adkvfarmifaomif; [m yifudk,fawmfwmrSefayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu zm;wJhae&mrSmawmh “av#mf” cJhw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifyg
w,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh b,fol tm%mt&dSqHk;vJ/ b,fol@udk ydkzm;&rvJ/ qdkwmudk ra&G;cs,fEdkifcJhvdk@
jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifaomif;[m rzm;wwfwJholawmh [kwf[efrwlygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh ol@&J@ t&Sifocifudk
zm;wJhtaeeJ@ 1971 ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJhwJh ol@&J@om;OD;udk atmif}uD; ac: atmif=unf vdk@ trnfay;cJhwm=unfh&if
odEdkifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ol@udk tm%m&Sif}uD;OD;ae0if;u wyfuxGufcdkif;cJh+yD; owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xmeatmufu
“b"&” ac: blrdaA'eJ@ "gwfowWK&SmazGa&;OD;pD;XmerSm txl;t&m&dStjzpfcef@tyfum awmawmifawGxJukd e,fESif
'%fay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfwJh OD;aomif;[m rqvacwfukefumeD;rSm b"& &J@ !$efcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
1988 ckESpfrSm rif;ajymif;rif;v$Jjzpfawmh OD;aomif;twGuf uHZmwm wufvmcJhygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh
OD;aomif;eJ@ ausmufqnfwe,fxJom; &yfaqG&yfrsdK;awmfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm twl
ausmif;wufcJh=uwJh oli,fcsif;awGw+yHKwr}uD; tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSm ygvmcJhwJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tcsdef
up+yD; OD;aomif;[m “yifudk,fawmf” zdk@xuf “tzm;awmf” zdk@eJ@ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGudk }uHzef+yD; “aqGrsdK;awmf”
wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,fqdkwmudk aumif;aumif; oabmaygufvmcJhyHk &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;aomif;[m enf;AsL
[majymif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;/ AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf wdk@tdrfawGudk acsmif;aygufrwwf 0ifxGuf
oGm;vmr_awG jyKvkyfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ol@ZeD;jzpfwJh a':ar=unfpdef udkvnf; r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ orD;
awmfawGxH ae@pOf tcpm;0ifcdkif;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk tzm;awmfr_awGa=umifh OD;aomif;[m 1996 ckESpfrSm tar&duefoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyf

cHcJh&ygw,f?? 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJawGt+yD;rSm ppftm%m&SifvufopfjzpfvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;
a&$u “udkaomif;a& Oo#pfoD;t&G,favmufyJjzpfjzpf tEkjrLAHk;wpfvHk;avmufawmh &atmifvkyfAsm” qdkwJh wpf
csufvGwftrdef@eJ@twl 1998 ckESpfrSm topfay:aygufvmcJhwJh “ody`HESifhenf;ynm0ef}uD;Xme”rSm 0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@
tyfwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; OD;aomif;[m =oZmt&dSeft0g}uD;wJh oufawmf&Snf trwf}uD;
wpfyg; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol&SmazG&&dSor#xJu wyfcsKyf}uD;(2)OD;udk yHkrSefqufa=u;ay;avh&dSwJh OD;aomif;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;
(2)OD;vHk;u oabmus+yD; pm;aygufacsmifwJh jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_aumfr&Sif(MIC) rSmyg OuUXtjzpfeJ@ yl;wGJwm0ef
ay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh etztzGJ@xJrSmvnf; 'Dae&mudkvdkcsifolawG trsm;tjym;&dSaewma=umifh ol@xufydk+yD; vmbfxdk;
EdkifwJ@ arG;jrLa&;eJ@a&vkyfief;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmifodrf;udk 1997 ckESpfrSm 'Dwm0efudk wyfcsKyf}uD;
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rsm;udk qufvufwifjyygrnf?)
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “yifudk,fawmf”+yD; ppftm%m&SifawGudk “zm;”zdk@/ “aqGrsdK;awmf”zdk@/ tvGef0efav;wJh
rsdK;cspf jynfcspwf yfrawmfom;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;&dSwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 1976 ckESpfrSm rqvppftm%m&Sif}uD;
awGudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;+yD; wyfrawmfeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk u,fwifzdk@}udK;pm;&if; ao'%fay;cHcJh&wJh Adkvf}uD; tkef;
ausmfjrifh qdk&if OTS tywfpOf(29)rSm taumif;qHk; Adkvfavmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD;
tkef;ausmfjrifh tr_eJ@ wyfxJuxkwfy,fcHcJh&+yD; 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;vlxkta&;awmfyHkeJ@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
csKyfrSm wufºuGpGm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_awGa=umifh tcktcsdeftxd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcHae&wJh Adkvf}uD;0if;xdef qdk&ifvnf;
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 A/C Name : AUNG THOUNG
 A/C No : 501-110357-201 (USD)
 A/C Address : No. 6, DAFU LANE4
SINGAPORE 539410
 BANK Name : OVERSEA CHINESE BANKING CORPORTION LTD.
(OCBC)
 BANK Adress : OCBC CENTRE 65, CHULIA STREET, SINGAPORE 049513
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tckwavm jynfy jrefrmowif;rD'D,mavmurSm uae'gEdkifiHtajcpdkuf UDP (United Democratic

Party of Myanmar) ac: nD!Gwfaom'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (jrefrmjynf) &J@acgif;aqmif rdkufu,f[Gm[l;
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(trsm;ESifh roufqdkifaomukr`%D) (trsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomukr`%D)
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 665§93-94 (29-10-93) rSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 457§96-97 (11-7-96)
vdyfpm? tcef;trSwf (304§305) vdyfpm? tcef;trSwf (304§305)
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wavawmif rawG@&ygbl;?
MYANMAR KYONE YEOM GROUP CO. , LTD.
urBmvHk;yHkESifh
World Group
pmwef;yg BUILDING 3, ROOM 304/305
(ukr`%DwHqdyf) BOTATAUNG PAGODA ROAD.
PAZUNDAUNG TOWSHIP
TEL : 951-295612, 951-295708
FAX : 951-297897
pmtrSwf 1997§12§10
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vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 1

vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 2

vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 3

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Index: Polaris Burmese Library, LPK Library, Daw Aung San

vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 4

vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 5

Naypyitaw Tha-byay Gone Shopping Strip

Naypyitaw City Hall

vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 6

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 28, 2008

Why did Burma's leaders build a

ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research

Asia Research Institute

Working Paper Series No. 79

The Road to Naypyidaw:

Making Sense of the Myanmar Government's

Decision to Move its Capital

Maung Aung Myoe

Asia Research Institute

National University of Singapore

ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ●

The ARI Working Paper Series is published

electronically by the Asia Research Institute of the

vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 7

National University of Singapore.

© Copyright is held by the author or authors of each

ARI Working Papers cannot be republished,

reprinted, or reproduced in any format without the

permission of the paper’s author or authors.

Note: The views expressed in each paper are those

Asia Research Institute Editorial Committee

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The Road to Naypyidaw:

vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 9

ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

WHY DID THE MYANMAR GOVERNMENT

(1) Information Security

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(2) Military-Strategic Factor

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military leadership understands the modern war-fighting method of effect-based operations

(3) Gaining a Sense of Control

The location of Naypyidaw is very close to

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(5) Isolating Civil Servants From The Larger Population

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managing state affairs in any contingency.

Map Showing the Locations of Ministries at Naypyidaw

(6) Traditional Myanmar World View

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Where there is a bad omen or prophecy,

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In Southeast Asian history, rulers have

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vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) vufa&G;pifaqmif;yg;rsm; twGJ 19 18

Meanwhile, in central Myanmar, Prince Nyaunagyan, governor of Yemathin and a son of

kings became somewhat deranged, and three of them in succession had to be

Heir Apparent, senior princes, ministers, royal councillors, ecclesiastical

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