Josh Fose Standards Web

Natonal Sexuality
Educaton Standards
Core Content and Skills, K12
Special thanks to the following organizatons for their
partnership in developing and disseminatng the Natonal
Sexuality Educaton Standards: Content and Skills, K12:
The American Associaton of Health Educaton (www.
aahperd.org/aahe) serves educators and other professionals
who promote the health of all people through educaton
and health promoton strategies.
The American School Health Associaton (www.ashaweb.
org) works to build the capacity of its members to plan,
develop, coordinate, implement, evaluate and advocate for
efectve school health strategies that contribute to optmal
health and academic outcomes for all children and youth.
The Natonal Educaton Associaton Health Informaton
Network (www.neahin.org) works to improve the health
and safety of the school community through disseminatng
informaton that empowers school professionals and
positvely impacts the lives of their students.
The Society of State Leaders of Health and Physical
Educaton (www.thesociety.org) utlizes advocacy,
partnerships, professional development and resources to
build the capacity of school health leaders to implement
efectve health educaton and physical educaton policies
and practces that support success in school, work and life.
The Future of Sex Educaton (FoSE) Initatve is a
partnership between Advocates for Youth, Answer and
the Sexuality Informaton and Educaton Council of the
U.S. (SIECUS) that seeks to create a natonal dialogue
about the future of sex educaton and to promote the
insttutonalizaton of comprehensive sexuality educaton
in public schools. To learn more, please visit
www.futureofsexed.org.
This publicaton was generously supported by a grant from
an anonymous source and The George Gund Foundaton.
The partners wish to thank Danene Sorace, consultant to the
FoSE Initatve for her hard work and dedicaton.
2011 the Future of Sex Educaton Initatve
Suggested citaton: Future of Sex Educaton Initatve. (2012).
Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards: Core Content and
Skills, K-12 [a special publicaton of the Journal of School
Health]. Retrieved from htp://www.futureofsexeducaton.
org/documents/josh-fose-standards-web.pdf
Table of Contents
Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards: 4
Core Content and Skills, K12 Advisory Commitee
Additonal Reviewers 5
Introducton and Background 6
Ratonale for Sexuality Educaton in Public Schools 7
The Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards 8
Role of Educaton Standards 8
Goal of the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards 9
Guiding Values and Principles 9
Theoretcal Framework 9
Topics and Key to Indicators 10
Standards by Grade Level 12
Standards by Topic Area 24
Natonal Resources 37
For Teachers 36
For School Administrators 38
For Parents 38
For Middle and High School Students 38
Glossary 39
References 41
4
National Sexuality Education Standards
Laurie Bechhofer, MPH
HIV/STD Educaton Consultant
Michigan Department of Educaton
Nora Gelperin, MEd
Director of Training
Answer
Eva Goldfarb, PhD, LHD (hon)
Professor
Montclair State University
Mal Goldsmith, PhD, MCHES, FASHA, FAAHE
Professor Emeritus
Southern Illinois University
Debra Hauser, MPH
Executve Vice President
Advocates for Youth
Nora L. Howley, MA
Manager of Programs
Natonal Educaton AssociatonHealth Informaton
Network
Barbara Huberman, RN, BSN, MEd
Director of Educaton and Outreach
Advocates for Youth
Leslie M. Kantor, MPH
Director of Natonal Educaton Initatves
Planned Parenthood Federaton of America
Kyle Laferty, MPH, MST, CHES
HIV Program Director
The Society of State Leaders of Health and Physical
Educaton
Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards:
Core Content and Skills, K12 Advisory Commitee
Robert McGarry, EdD
Director of Training and Curriculum Development
Gay, Lesbian and Straight Educaton Network (GLSEN)
Linda Moore
Actng Executve Director
American Associaton for Health Educaton
Linda Morse, RN, NJ-CSN, MA, CHES
President Elect
American School Health Associaton
Buzz Pruit, EdD
Professor
Texas A&M University
Monica Rodriguez, MS
President & CEO
Sexuality Informaton and Educaton Council of the United
States (SIECUS)
Deborah Rofman, MS, CSE
Sexuality Educator and Consultant
The Park School of Baltmore
Elizabeth Schroeder, EdD, MSW
Executve Director
Answer
Jennifer Heitel Yakush
Director of Public Policy
States (SIECUS)
Danene Sorace, MPP
Consultant, Future of Sex Educaton Initatve
5
Additional Reviewers
Drafs of the sexuality educaton core content and skills
document were reviewed by a diverse group of profes-
sionals with expertse in sexuality, public educaton, public
health, child and adolescent medicine, and psychology. We
wish to thank these individuals for their work:

JeNeen Anderson, MPH, Natonal Associaton of State
Boards of Educaton
Deborah Arrindell, American Social Health Associaton
Elissa M. Barr, PhD, University of North Florida
Heather Boonstra, Gutmacher Insttute
Diane Brown, EdD, Widener University
Kim Robert Clark, DrPH, San Bernardino County
Superintendent of Schools, CA
Stephen Conley, PhD, American School Health Associaton
Sam Dercon, Sex, Etc. Teen Editorial Staf
Bonnie J. Edmondson, EdD, Connectcut State Department
of Educaton
Barb Flis, Parent Acton for Healthy Kids, MI
Veronica Bayet Flores, Natonal Latna Insttute for
Reproductve Health
Elizabeth Gallun, MA, Prince Georges County Public
Schools, MD
Melissa Grigal, East Brunswick School District, NJ
The Rev. Debra W. Hafner, MPH, M.Div., Religious Insttute
Bonni C. Hodges, PhD, State University of New York College
at Cortland
Heather Holaday, District of Columbia Public Schools
Mark Hufman, MTS, Independent Trainer and Consultant
Pete Hunt, MPH, MEd, Centers for Disease Control and
Preventon (CDC),Division of Adolescent and School Health
Additonal Reviewers
Nancy Hudson, RN, MS, CHES, Council of Chief State
School Ofcers
Linda Juszczak, Natonal Assembly on School-Based
Health Care
Maureen Kelly, Planned Parenthood of the Southern
Finger Lakes
Emily Kitchen, Indiana University Student
Douglas Kirby, PhD, ETR Associates
Cynthia Lam, Sex, Etc. Teen Editorial Staf
Jessica Lawrence, MS, Bogli Consultng, Inc.
Konstance McCafree, PhD, CFLE, CSE, Widener University
Ronna Popkin, MS, Columbia University
Valerie Rochester, Black Womens Health Imperatve
John Santelli, MD, MPH, Columbia University
Debra Shapiro, Society for Public Health Educaton
Samantha Shinberg, Advocates for Youth Intern
Susan Telljohann, HSD, CHES, University of Toledo
Melanie Tom, Asian Communites for Reproductve Justce
Al Vernacchio, MSEd, Friends Central School, PA
Jenna Weiss, University Middle School, NJ
David Wiley, PhD, Texas State University
Kelly Wilson, PhD, CHES, Texas State University
Pam Wilson, MSW, Sexuality Educator and Trainer
Susan N. Wilson, MSEd, Sexuality Educaton Consultant
Michael Young, PhD, FAAHB, New Mexico State University
The reviewers above provided many valuable comments
to the draf documents. Organizatonal afliatons are
included for identfcaton purposes only.
6
Introducton and Background
The goal of the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards:
Core Content and Skills, K12 is to provide clear, consistent
and straightorward guidance on the essental minimum,
core content for sexuality educaton that is developmen-
tally and age-appropriate for students in grades K12.The
development of these standards is a result of an ongoing
initatve, the Future of Sex Educaton (FoSE). Forty individ-
uals from the felds of health educaton, sexuality educa-
ton, public health, public policy, philanthropy and advo-
cacy convened for a two-day meetng in December 2008
to create a strategic plan for sexuality educaton policy and
implementaton. A key strategic priority that emerged from
this work was the creaton of natonal sexuality educaton
standards to advance the implementaton of sexuality
educaton in US public schools.
Specifcally, the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards
were developed to address the inconsistent implementa-
ton of sexuality educaton natonwide and the limited tme
allocated to teaching the topic. Health educaton, which
typically covers a broad range of topics including sexuality
educaton, is given very litle tme in the school curricu-
lum. According to the School Health Policies and Practces
Study, a natonal survey conducted by the Centers for
Disease Control and Preventons Division of Adolescent
School Health to assess school health policies and practc-
es, a median total of 17.2 hours is devoted to instructon in
HIV, pregnancy and STD preventon: 3.1 hours in elemen-
tary, 6 hours in middle and 8.1 hours in high school.
Given these realites, the Natonal Sexuality Educaton
Standards were designed to:
Outline what, based on research and extensive profes-
sional expertse, are the minimum, essental content
and skills for sexuality educaton K12 given student
needs, limited teacher preparaton and typically avail-
able tme and resources.
Assist schools in designing and delivering sexuality ed-
ucaton K12 that is planned, sequental and part of a
comprehensive school health educaton approach.
Provide a clear ratonale for teaching sexuality educa-
ton content and skills at diferent grade levels that
is evidence-informed, age-appropriate and theory-
driven.
Support schools in improving academic performance
by addressing a content area that is both highly rel-
evant to students and directly related to high school
graduaton rates.
Present sexual development as a normal, natural,
healthy part of human development that should be a
part of every health educaton curriculum.
Ofer clear, concise recommendatons for school per-
sonnel on what is age-appropriate to teach students
at diferent grade levels.
Translate an emerging body of research related to
school-based sexuality educaton so that it can be put
into practce in the classroom.
The Natonal Health Educaton Standards (NHES) heav-
ily infuenced the development of the Natonal Sexuality
Educaton Standards. First created in 1995 and updated in
2007, the NHES were developed by the Joint Commitee on
Natonal Health Educaton Standards of the American Can-
cer Society and widely adopted by states and local school
districts. The NHES focus on a students ability to under-
stand key concepts and learn partcular skills for using that
content. These standards were developed to serve as the
underpinning for health educaton knowledge and skills
students should atain by grades 2, 5, 8 and 12. The NHES
do not address any specifc health content areas, includ-
ing content for sexuality educaton.
The Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards were further
informed by the work of the CDCs Health Educaton Curric-
ulum Analysis Tool (HECAT); existng state and internaton-
al educaton standards that include sexual health content;
the Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Educaton:
Kindergarten 12th Grade4; and the Common Core State
Standards for English Language Arts and Mathematcs5,
recently adopted by most states.
7
Rationale for Sexuality Education in Public Schools
Ratonale for Sexuality
Educaton in Public Schools
Evaluatons of comprehensive sexuality educaton pro-
grams show that many of these programs can help youth
delay the onset of sexual actvity, reduce the frequency of
sexual actvity, reduce the number of sexual partners, and
increase condom and contraceptve use.16 17 Researchers
recently examined the Natonal Survey of Family Growth to
determine the impact of sexuality educaton on sexual risk-
taking for young people ages 15-19, and found that teens
who received comprehensive sexuality educaton were 50
percent less likely to report a pregnancy than those who
received abstnence-only educaton.18
The CDC has also repeatedly found that student health
behaviors and good grades are related, statng: students
who do not engage in health-risk behaviors receive higher
grades than their classmates who do engage in health-risk
behaviors.19
Further, studies show that physical and emotonal health-
related problems may inhibit young people from learning
by reducing their motvaton to learn; diminishing their
feelings of connectedness to school; and contributng to
absenteeism and drop out.13 20
An example related to sexuality educaton is teen pregnancy.
Teen pregnancy ofen takes a partcular toll on school con-
nectedness for both partners, representng a major disrup-
ton in many teens lives and making it difcult to remain
in and/or engaged in school. Many pregnant and parentng
teens experience lower grades and higher dropout rates
than their non-parentng peers. In fact, research shows
that only 51 percent of pregnant and parentng teens
graduate from high school as compared to 89 percent of
their non-pregnant and parentng peers.
Given the evidence that connects lower risk behaviors
to academic success, schools clearly have as vested an
interest in keeping students healthy as do parents and
other community members. In providing comprehensive
sexuality educaton programs, schools support student
health and as such further foster young peoples academic
achievement.
Parents overwhelmingly favor comprehensive sexual-
ity educaton in public school at the natonal and state
For years, research has highlighted the need to provide
efectve, comprehensive sexuality educaton to young
people. The US has one of the highest teen pregnancy
rates in the industrialized world.6 Each year in the US,
more than 750,000 women ages 1519 become pregnant,7
with more than 80 percent of these pregnancies unin-
tended.8 Furthermore, while young people in the US ages
1525 make up only one-quarter of the sexually actve
populaton, they contract about half of the 19 million sexu-
ally transmited diseases (STDs) annually. This equates to
one in four sexually actve teenagers contractng a sexually
transmited disease each year.9 And young people ages
1329 account for about one-third of the estmated 50,000
new HIV infectons each year, the largest share of any age
group.10
There is also a pressing need to address harassment, bul-
lying and relatonship violence in our schools, which have
a signifcant impact on a students emotonal and physical
well-being as well as on academic success. According to
the 2009 Natonal School Climate Survey, nearly 9 out of
10 lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT) students
reported being harassed in the previous year. Two-thirds of
LGBT students reported feeling unsafe and nearly one-third
skipped at least one day of school because of concerns
about their personal safety. LGBT students who reported
frequent harassment also sufered from lower grade point
averages.
Similarly, teen relatonship violence contnues to be a
pressing problem. Although frequently under-reported, ten
percent of teens are physically harmed by their boyfriend
or girlfriend in a given year.
Studies have repeatedly found that health programs in
school can help young people succeed academically.
The most efectve strategy is a strategic and coordinated
approach to health that includes family and community
involvement, school health services, a healthy school
environment and health educaton, which includes sexual-
ity educaton.13 14 15 In fact, an extensive review of school
health initatves found that programs that included health
educaton had a positve efect on overall academic out-
comes, including reading and math scores.15
8
levels.22 23 24 25 In 2004, Natonal Public Radio (NPR), the
Kaiser Family Foundaton and the Kennedy School of Gov-
ernment released a poll that indicated:
Ninety-three percent of parents of junior high school
students and 91 percent of parents of high school stu-
dents believe it is very or somewhat important to have
sexuality educaton as part of the school curriculum.
Ninety-fve percent of parents of junior high school
students and 93 percent of parents of high school
students believe that birth control and other methods
of preventng pregnancy are appropriate topics for
sexuality educaton programs in schools.
Approximately 75 percent of parents believed that
the topic of sexual orientaton should be included in
sexuality educaton programs and discussed in a way
that provides a fair and balanced presentaton of the
facts and diferent views in society.
Eighty-eight percent of parents of junior high school
students and 85 percent of parents of high school stu-
dents believe informaton on how to use and where to
get contraceptves is an appropriate topic for sexuality
educaton programs in schools.26
The Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards set forth mini-
mum, essental sexuality educaton core content and skills
responsive to the needs of students and in service to their
overall academic achievement and sexual health. They
fulfll a key recommendaton of the White House Ofce of
Natonal AIDS Policys Natonal HIV and AIDS Strategy for
the United States, which calls for educatng all Americans
about the threat of HIV and how to prevent it. This recom-
mendaton includes the goal of educatng young people
about HIV and emphasizes the important role schools can
play in providing access to current and accurate informa-
ton. The strategy notes that it is important to provide
access to a baseline of informaton that is grounded in the
benefts of abstnence and delaying or limitng sexual actv-
ity, while ensuring that youth who make the decision to
be sexually actve have the informaton they need to take
steps to protect themselves.27
In additon, the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards sat-
isfy a key recommendaton of the Ofce of the Surgeon
Generals Natonal Preventon and Health Promoton
Strategy, which calls for the provision of efectve sexual
health educaton, especially for adolescents. This strategy
notes that medically accurate, developmentally appropri-
ate, and evidence-based sexual health educaton provides
students with the skills and resources that help them make
informed and responsible decisions.28
The Role of Educaton Standards
Educatonal standards are commonplace in public educa-
ton and are a key component in developing a rich learning
experience for students. The purpose of standards in gen-
eral is to provide clear expectatons about what students
should know and be able to do by the conclusion of certain
grade levels. Other equally important components of the
student learning experience include pre-service teacher
training, professional development and ongoing support
and mentoring for teachers, clear school policies that sup-
port sexuality educaton implementaton and the teachers
who deliver sexuality educaton, a sequental, age-appro-
priate curriculum that allows students to practce key skills
and assessment tools for all of these elements.
Standards are an important part of the educatonal pro-
cess, but they do not provide specifc guidance on how a
topic area should be taught. They also generally do not
address special needs students, students for whom English
is their second language, or students with any of the other
unique atributes of a given classroom or school setng.
In additon, although recommendatons made here are
based on grade level, children of the same age ofen
Natonal Sexuality
Educaton Standards
develop at diferent rates and some content may need to
be adapted based on the needs of the students.
Sexuality educaton standards specifcally should accom-
plish the following:
Provide a framework for curriculum development,
instructon and student assessment.
Refect the research-based characteristcs of efectve
sexuality educaton.
Be informed by relevant health behavior theories and
models.
Focus on health within the context of the world in
which students live.
Focus on the emotonal, intellectual, physical and
social dimensions of sexual health.
Teach functonal knowledge and essental personal
and social skills that contribute directly to healthy
sexuality.
Focus on health promoton, including both abstnence
from and risk reducton pertaining to unsafe sexual
behaviors.
Consider the developmental appropriateness of mate-
rial for students in specifc grade spans.
Include a progression from more concrete to higher-
order thinking skills.
9
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE
SEXUALITY EDUCATION
Focuses on specifc behavioral outcomes.
Addresses individual values and group
norms that support health-enhancing
behaviors.
Focuses on increasing personal
perceptons of risk and harmfulness of
engaging in specifc health risk behaviors,
as well as reinforcing protectve factors.
Addresses social pressures and
infuences.
Builds personal and social competence.
Provides functonal knowledge that is
basic, accurate and directly contributes
to health- promotng decisions and
behaviors.
Uses strategies designed to personalize
informaton and engage students.
Provides age-and developmentally-
appropriate informaton, learning
strategies, teaching methods and
materials.
Incorporates learning strategies, teaching
methods and materials that are culturally
inclusive.
Provides adequate tme for instructon
and learning.
Provides opportunites to reinforce skills
and positve health behaviors.
Provides opportunites to make
connectons with other infuental
persons.
Includes teacher informaton and plan for
professional development and training to
enhance efectveness of instructon and
student learning.
Guiding Values and Principles
The Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards are informed
by the following guiding values and principles based on
current theory, research in the feld and the Natonal
Health Educaton Standards Review and Revision Panel:
Academic achievement and the health status of stu- 1.
dents are interrelated, and should be recognized as
such.
All students, regardless of physical or intellectual 2.
ability, deserve the opportunity to achieve personal
health and wellness, including sexual health.
Instructon by qualifed sexuality educaton teachers is 3.
essental for student achievement.
Sexuality educaton should teach both informaton and 4.
essental skills that are necessary to adopt, practce,
and maintain healthy relatonships and behaviors.
Students need opportunites to engage in cooperatve 5.
and actve learning strategies, and sufcient tme must
be allocated for students to practce skills relatng to
sexuality educaton.
Sexuality educaton should encourage the use of tech- 6.
nology to access multple valid sources of informaton,
recognizing the signifcant role that technology plays
in young peoples lives.
Local curriculum planners should implement existng 7.
or develop new curricula based on local health needs.
Students need multple opportunites and a variety of 8.
assessment strategies to determine their achievement
of the sexuality educaton standards and performance
indicators.
Improvements in public health, including sexual health, 9.
can contribute to a reducton in health care costs.
Efectve health educaton can contribute to the estab- 10.
lishment of a healthy and productve citzenry.
Theoretcal Framework
The Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards seek to ad-
dress both the functonal knowledge related to sexuality
and the specifc skills necessary to adopt healthy behaviors
and refect the tenets of social learning theory, social cog-
nitve theory and the social ecological model of preven-
ton. From social learning theory, which recognizes that
learning occurs not merely within the learner but also in a
partcular social context,29 there are several key concepts
addressed within the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Stan-
dards, including:
Personalizaton. The ability of students to perceive
the core content and skills as relevant to their lives
increases the likelihood that they will both learn and
retain them. Ensuring that students see themselves
represented in the materials and learning actvites
used can assist in furthering personalizaton.
Goal of the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards
The goal of the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards:
Core Content and Skills, K12 is:
To provide clear, consistent and straightorward guidance
on the essental minimum, core content for sexuality edu-
caton that is age-appropriate for students in grades K12.
Allow for the integraton of more general health con-
tent as appropriate.
10
Susceptbility. It is widely understood that many
young people do not perceive that they are suscep-
tble to the risks of certain behaviors, including sexual
actvity. Learning actvites should encourage students
to assess the relatve risks of various behaviors, with-
out exaggeraton, to highlight their susceptbility to
the potental negatve outcomes of those behaviors.
Self-Efcacy. Even if students believe they are suscep-
tble, they may not believe they can do anything to
reduce their level of risk. Helping students overcome
misinformaton and develop confdence by practcing
skills necessary to manage risk are key to a successful
sexuality educaton curriculum.
Social Norms. Given that middle and high school
students are highly infuenced by their peers, the per-
cepton of what other students are, or are not, doing
infuences their behavior. Debunking perceptons and
highlightng positve behaviors among teens (i.e., the
majority of teens are abstnent in middle school and
early high school and when they frst engage in sexual
intercourse many use condoms) can further the adop-
ton of health-positve behaviors.
Skills. Mastery of functonal knowledge is necessary
but not sufcient to infuence behaviors. Skill devel-
opment is critcal to a students ability to apply core
content to their lives.29
In additon to social learning theory, social cognitve theory
(SCT) is refected throughout the Natonal Sexuality Educa-
ton Standards. Like social learning theory, SCT emphasizes
self-efcacy, but adds in the motvaton of the learners and
an emphasis on the afectve or emotonal learning do-
main, an invaluable component of learning about human
sexuality.30
Finally, the social ecological model of preventon also
informed the development of these standards. This model
focuses on individual, interpersonal, community and soci-
ety infuences and the role of these infuences on people
over tme. Developmentally, the core content and skills for
kindergarten and early elementary focus on the individual
student and their immediate surroundings (e.g., their
family). At the middle and high school levels, core content
and skills focus on the expanding world of students that
includes their friends and other peers, the media, society
and cultural infuences.
Topics and Key Indicators
There are seven topics chosen as the minimum, essental content and skills for K12 sexuality educaton:
Anatomy and Physiology (AP) provides a foundaton for understanding basic human
functoning.
Puberty and Adolescent Development (PD) addresses a pivotal milestone for every
person that has an impact on physical, social and emotonal development.
Identty (ID) addresses several fundamental aspects of peoples understanding of
who they are.
Pregnancy and Reproducton (PR) addresses informaton about how pregnancy hap-
pens and decision-making to avoid a pregnancy.
Sexually Transmited Diseases and HIV (SH) provides both content and skills for
understanding and avoiding STDs and HIV, including how they are transmited, their
signs and symptoms and testng and treatment.
Healthy Relatonships (HR) ofers guidance to students on how to successfully navi-
gate changing relatonships among family, peers and partners. Special emphasis is
given in the Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards to the increasing use and impact
of technology within relatonships.
Personal Safety (PS) emphasizes the need for a growing awareness, creaton and
maintenance of safe school environments for all students.
These seven topics are organized following the eight Natonal Health Educaton Standards.
11
AP.2.CC.2
Item Number NHES Standard
Abbreviaton
Grade Level
(i.e., by end of
grade 2, 5, 8, 12)
Topic Abbreviaton
The Natonal Sexuality Educaton Standards present per-
formance indicators what students should know and be
able to do by the end of grades 2, 5, 8, and 12 based on
the eight Natonal Health Educaton Standards listed in the
following table. In additon, the standards are divided into
seven specifc sexuality educaton topics. The key to read-
ing the indicators appears to the right. The tables on the
following pages present the standards and performance
indicators frst by grade level and then by topic areas.
Key To Indicators
NATIONAL HEALTH EDUCATION STANDARDS
Core Concepts
CC
Standard 1 Students will comprehend concepts related to health promoton and disease preventon to enhance
health.
Analyzing
Infuences
INF
Standard 2 Students will analyze the infuence of family, peers, culture, media, technology and other factors on
health behaviors.
Accessing
Informaton
AI
Standard 3 Students will demonstrate the ability to access valid informaton and products and services to enhance
health.
Interpersonal
Communicaton
IC
Standard 4 Students will demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communicaton skills to enhance health and
avoid or reduce health risks.
Decision-Making
DM
Standard 5 Students will demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health.
GoalSetng
GS
Standard 6 Students will demonstrate the ability to use goal-setng skills to enhance health.
Self Management
SM
Standard 7 Students will demonstrate the ability to practce health-enhancing behaviors and avoid or reduce health
risks.
Advocacy
ADV
Standard 8 Students will demonstrate the ability to advocate for personal, family and community health.
12
G
R
A
D
E

K
-
2
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
A
N
A
T
O
M
Y

&

P
H
Y
S
I
O
L
O
G
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

2
n
d

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
U
s
e

p
r
o
p
e
r

n
a
m
e
s

f
o
r

b
o
d
y

p
a
r
t
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

m
a
l
e

a
n
d

f
e
m
a
l
e

a
n
a
t
o
m
y

A
P
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
P
U
B
E
R
T
Y

A
N
D

A
D
O
L
E
S
C
E
N
T

D
E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T

N
o

i
t
e
m
s
I
D
E
N
T
I
T
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

2
n
d

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

a
n
d

s
i
m
i
l
a
r
i
t
e
s

i
n

h
o
w

b
o
y
s

a
n
d

g
i
r
l
s

m
a
y

b
e

e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

t
o

a
c
t

I
D
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
P
r
o
v
i
d
e

e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s

o
f

h
o
w

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

b
o
y
s

a
n
d

g
i
r
l
s

t
h
i
n
k

t
h
e
y

s
h
o
u
l
d

a
c
t

I
D
.
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

2
n
d

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
a
t

a
l
l

l
i
v
i
n
g

t
h
i
n
g
s

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e

P
R
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
S
E
X
U
A
L
L
Y

T
R
A
N
S
M
I
T
T
E
D

D
I
S
E
A
S
E
S

A
N
D

H
I
V
N
o

i
t
e
m
s
H
E
A
L
T
H
Y

R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
H
I
P
S
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

2
n
d

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
t

k
i
n
d
s

o
f

f
a
m
i
l
y

s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s

H
R
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

s
h
o
w

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
t

t
y
p
e
s

o
f

f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s

H
R
.
2
.
I
C
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

a

f
r
i
e
n
d

H
R
.
2
.
C
C
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

w
a
y
s

f
o
r

f
r
i
e
n
d
s

t
o

e
x
p
r
e
s
s

f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s

t
o

e
a
c
h

o
t
h
e
r

H
R
.
2
.
I
C
.
2
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s

b
y

G
r
a
d
e

L
e
v
e
l
13
Standards by Grade Level
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
P
E
R
S
O
N
A
L

S
A
F
E
T
Y

B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

2
n
d

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
a
t

a
l
l

p
e
o
p
l
e
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,

h
a
v
e

t
h
e

r
i
g
h
t

t
o

t
e
l
l

o
t
h
e
r
s

n
o
t

t
o

t
o
u
c
h

t
h
e
i
r

b
o
d
y

w
h
e
n

t
h
e
y

d
o

n
o
t

w
a
n
t

t
o

b
e

t
o
u
c
h
e
d

P
S
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

f
e
e
l
i
n
g

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

a
b
o
u
t

b
e
i
n
g

t
o
u
c
h
e
d

P
S
.
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

i
f

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

t
o
u
c
h
i
n
g

t
h
e
m

i
n

a

w
a
y

t
h
a
t

m
a
k
e
s

t
h
e
m

f
e
e
l

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

P
S
.
2
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

c
l
e
a
r
l
y

s
a
y

n
o
,

h
o
w

t
o

l
e
a
v
e

a
n

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
,

a
n
d

h
o
w

t
o

i
d
e
n
t
f
y

a
n
d

t
a
l
k

w
i
t
h

a

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t

i
f

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

t
o
u
c
h
i
n
g

t
h
e
m

i
n

a

w
a
y

t
h
a
t

m
a
k
e
s

t
h
e
m

f
e
e
l

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

P
S
.
2
.
S
M
.
1

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
a
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

a
n
d

t
e
a
s
i
n
g

a
r
e

P
S
.
2
.
C
C
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

a
n
d

t
e
a
s
i
n
g

a
r
e

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
2
.
C
C
.
3
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

t
e
a
s
e
d

P
S
.
2
.
A
I
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

i
f

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

o
r

t
e
a
s
i
n
g

t
h
e
m

P
S
.
2
.
I
C
.
2
14
G
R
A
D
E

3
-
5
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
A
N
A
T
O
M
Y

&

P
H
Y
S
I
O
L
O
G
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

5
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

m
a
l
e

a
n
d

f
e
m
a
l
e

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

s
y
s
t
e
m
s

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

b
o
d
y

p
a
r
t
s

a
n
d

t
h
e
i
r

f
u
n
c
t
o
n
s

A
P
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

f
e
m
a
l
e

a
n
d

m
a
l
e

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

a
n
a
t
o
m
y

A
P
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
P
U
B
E
R
T
Y

A
N
D

A
D
O
L
E
S
C
E
N
T

D
E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T

B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

5
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
,

s
o
c
i
a
l

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

t
h
a
t

o
c
c
u
r

d
u
r
i
n
g

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e

P
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

h
o
w

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

i
d
e
a
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
o
d
y

i
m
a
g
e

P
D
.
5
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

h
y
g
i
e
n
e

P
D
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
a
y
s

t
o

m
a
n
a
g
e

t
h
e

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d

w
i
t
h

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

P
D
.
5
.
S
M
.
1

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

t
h
e

t
m
i
n
g

o
f

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

v
a
r
i
e
s

c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
l
y

a
n
d

c
a
n

s
t
l
l

b
e

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

P
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

o
f

w
h
o
m

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

c
a
n

a
s
k

q
u
e
s
t
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t

h
e
a
l
t
h

i
s
s
u
e
s

P
D
.
5
.
A
I
.
2

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

h
o
w

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

p
r
e
p
a
r
e
s

h
u
m
a
n

b
o
d
i
e
s

f
o
r

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

t
o

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e

P
A
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
3
I
D
E
N
T
I
T
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

5
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:

D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

a
s

t
h
e

r
o
m
a
n
t
c

a
t
r
a
c
t
o
n

o
f

a
n

i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l

t
o

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

o
f

t
h
e

s
a
m
e

g
e
n
d
e
r

o
r

a

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
t

g
e
n
d
e
r

I
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

o
f

w
h
o
m

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

c
a
n

a
s
k

q
u
e
s
t
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

I
D
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

t
r
e
a
t

o
t
h
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

I
D
.
5
.
S
M
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

c
a
n

w
o
r
k

t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r

t
o

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

a
l
l

p
e
o
p
l
e

I
D
.
5
.
A
D
V
.
1
15
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

5
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

p
r
o
c
e
s
s

o
f

h
u
m
a
n

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
n

P
R
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
S
E
X
U
A
L
L
Y

T
R
A
N
S
M
I
T
T
E
D

D
I
S
E
A
S
E
S

A
N
D

H
I
V
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

5
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
f
n
e

H
I
V

a
n
d

i
d
e
n
t
f
y

s
o
m
e

a
g
e

a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e

m
e
t
h
o
d
s

o
f

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
,

a
s

w
e
l
l

a
s

w
a
y
s

t
o

p
r
e
v
e
n
t

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

S
H
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
H
E
A
L
T
H
Y

R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
H
I
P
S
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

5
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

p
o
s
i
t
v
e

a
n
d

n
e
g
a
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

f
r
i
e
n
d
s

a
n
d

p
e
e
r
s

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
5
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
a
l
k

t
o

a
b
o
u
t

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

p
o
s
i
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

o
f

o
p
i
n
i
o
n

w
h
i
l
e

m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
5
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

t
r
e
a
t

o
t
h
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

H
R
.
5
.
S
M
.
1
P
E
R
S
O
N
A
L

S
A
F
E
T
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

5
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
f
n
e

t
e
a
s
i
n
g
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t

a
n
d

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

a
n
d

e
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

p
e
o
p
l
e

t
e
a
s
e
,

h
a
r
a
s
s

o
r

b
u
l
l
y

o
t
h
e
r
s

P
S
.
5
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

t
e
a
s
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

a
b
o
u
t

h
o
w

o
n
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

t
r
e
a
t
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
I
C
.
1
D
i
s
c
u
s
s

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

c
o
u
l
d

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

w
h
e
n

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

o
r

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

t
e
a
s
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
S
M
.
1
P
e
r
s
u
a
d
e

o
t
h
e
r
s

t
o

t
a
k
e

a
c
t
o
n

w
h
e
n

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

t
e
a
s
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e

P
S
.
5
.
C
C
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

a
b
u
s
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
A
I
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

r
e
f
u
s
a
l

s
k
i
l
l
s

(
e
.
g
.

c
l
e
a
r

n
o

s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
,

w
a
l
k

a
w
a
y
,

r
e
p
e
a
t

r
e
f
u
s
a
l
)

P
S
.
5
.
I
C
.
2
16
G
R
A
D
E
S

6
-
8
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
A
N
A
T
O
M
Y

A
N
D

P
H
Y
S
I
O
L
O
G
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

m
a
l
e

a
n
d

f
e
m
a
l
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
n
d

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

s
y
s
t
e
m
s

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

b
o
d
y

p
a
r
t
s

a
n
d

t
h
e
i
r

f
u
n
c
t
o
n
s

A
P
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

a
n
d

c
r
e
d
i
b
l
e

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

o
f

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

A
P
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
P
U
B
E
R
T
Y

A
N
D

A
D
O
L
E
S
C
E
N
T

D
E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
,

s
o
c
i
a
l
,

c
o
g
n
i
t
v
e

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

o
f

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e

P
D
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

h
o
w

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t

a
n
d

b
o
d
y

i
m
a
g
e

P
D
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

o
f

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

p
u
b
e
r
t
y
,

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l
i
t
y

P
D
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

a
n
d

e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e

p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e

o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s

o
f

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s

m
i
g
h
t

m
a
k
e

P
D
.
8
.
D
M
.
1
I
D
E
N
T
I
T
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
i
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
t
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y
,

g
e
n
d
e
r

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

I
D
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

h
a
v
e

a
n

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
n

o
n
e
s

a
t
t
u
d
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

g
e
n
d
e
r
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

I
D
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y
,

g
e
n
d
e
r

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

I
D
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l
l
y

w
i
t
h

a
n
d

a
b
o
u
t

p
e
o
p
l
e

o
f

a
l
l

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
e
s
,

g
e
n
d
e
r

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n
s

I
D
.
8
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

a
l
l

p
e
o
p
l
e

i
n

t
h
e

s
c
h
o
o
l

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

I
D
.
8
.
A
D
V
.
1

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

r
a
n
g
e

o
f

g
e
n
d
e
r

r
o
l
e
s

I
D
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

i
n
t
e
r
c
o
u
r
s
e

a
n
d

i
t
s

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

t
o

h
u
m
a
n

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
n

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
1

D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
s

i
t

r
e
l
a
t
e
s

t
o

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
E
x
a
m
i
n
e

h
o
w

a
l
c
o
h
o
l

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g

i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

o
n
e
s

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n

t
o

a
b
s
t
a
i
n

f
r
o
m

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
1
17
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

(
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
E
D
)
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

h
e
a
l
t
h

b
e
n
e
f
t
s
,

r
i
s
k
s

a
n
d

e
f
e
c
t
v
e
n
e
s
s

r
a
t
e
s

o
f

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

m
e
t
h
o
d
s

o
f

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
3
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

h
e
a
l
t
h

c
a
r
e

P
R
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

n
e
g
o
t
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

a
b
o
u
t

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
2
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

P
R
.
8
.
D
M
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

P
R
.
8
.
S
M
.
1

D
e
f
n
e

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

a
n
d

i
t
s

u
s
e

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
4
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

P
R
.
8
.
A
I
.
2

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
i
g
n
s

a
n
d

s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s

o
f

a

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
5
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

o
f

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s
,

s
a
f
e

s
u
r
r
e
n
d
e
r

p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s

a
n
d

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

c
a
r
e

P
R
.
8
.
A
I
.
3

I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

c
a
n

c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e

t
o

a

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
6
S
E
X
U
A
L
L
Y

T
R
A
N
S
M
I
T
T
E
D

D
I
S
E
A
S
E
S

A
N
D

H
I
V
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
f
n
e

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V
,

a
n
d

h
o
w

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

a
n
d

a
r
e

n
o
t

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
e
d

S
H
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
A
I
.
1

C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e
,

t
o

d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

r
i
s
k

o
f

S
T
D
/
H
I
V

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

e
a
c
h

S
H
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
f

a
l
c
o
h
o
l

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

d
r
u
g
s

o
n

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x
u
a
l

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

S
H
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

r
e
d
u
c
e

o
r

e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e

r
i
s
k

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e

o
r

r
e
d
u
c
e

r
i
s
k

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
G
S
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

S
H
.
8
.
S
M
.
1
18
G
R
A
D
E
S

6
-
8

(
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
E
D
)
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
S
E
X
U
A
L
L
Y

T
R
A
N
S
M
I
T
T
E
D

D
I
S
E
A
S
E
S

A
N
D

H
I
V

(
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
E
D
)
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
i
g
n
s
,

s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s

a
n
d

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
C
C
.
3
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

l
o
c
a
l

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

S
H
.
8
.
A
I
.
2
H
E
A
L
T
H
Y

R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
H
I
P
S
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

t
h
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

a
n
d

u
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a

f
o
r

e
v
a
l
u
a
t
n
g

t
h
e

h
e
a
l
t
h

o
f

a

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

H
R
.
8
.
S
M
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

s
u
c
h

a
s

a
g
e
,

s
t
a
t
u
s

o
r

p
o
s
i
t
o
n

w
i
t
h
i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
2

A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

s
i
m
i
l
a
r
i
t
e
s

a
n
d

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
h
i
p
s

a
n
d

r
o
m
a
n
t
c

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
3
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
h
a
t

f
o
s
t
e
r

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

a

r
a
n
g
e

o
f

w
a
y
s

p
e
o
p
l
e

e
x
p
r
e
s
s

a
f
e
c
t
o
n

w
i
t
h
i
n

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

t
y
p
e
s

o
f

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
4
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

a
n
d

s
h
o
w

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

t
h
e

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

o
f

o
t
h
e
r
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
2

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

a
n
d

d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

o
f

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
n
g

u
s
i
n
g

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
5
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
f

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

o
n

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
h
i
p
s

a
n
d

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

n
e
g
o
t
a
t
e

a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
s

a
b
o
u
t

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
3
D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

s
t
a
y

s
a
f
e

w
h
e
n

u
s
i
n
g

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

H
R
.
8
.
G
S
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s

t
o

u
s
e

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

s
a
f
e
l
y
,

l
e
g
a
l
l
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l
l
y

H
R
.
8
.
S
M
.
2
19
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
P
E
R
S
O
N
A
L

S
A
F
E
T
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

8
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
s

a
n
d

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

c
o
n
s
t
t
u
t
e

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

o
f

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

s
u
c
h

a
s

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
a
t

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

g
o

t
o

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

o
r

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

t
h
e
y

k
n
o
w

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d
,

a
b
u
s
e
d

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

P
S
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

w
i
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

a
b
u
s
e

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
8
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

t
r
e
a
t

o
t
h
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

P
S
.
8
.
S
M
.
1
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
a
f
e

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s

t
h
a
t

e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e

d
i
g
n
i
f
e
d

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e

P
S
.
8
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
i
s
c
u
s
s

t
h
e

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

w
h
y

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

w
h
e
n

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

P
S
.
8
.
S
M
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
a
t

n
o

o
n
e

h
a
s

t
h
e

r
i
g
h
t

t
o

t
o
u
c
h

a
n
y
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
n

a

s
e
x
u
a
l

m
a
n
n
e
r

i
f

t
h
e
y

d
o

n
o
t

w
a
n
t

t
o

b
e

t
o
u
c
h
e
d

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
3

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

a

p
e
r
s
o
n

w
h
o

h
a
s

b
e
e
n

r
a
p
e
d

o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

i
s

n
o
t

a
t

f
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
4
20
G
R
A
D
E
S

9
-
1
2
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
A
N
A
T
O
M
Y

A
N
D

P
H
Y
S
I
O
L
O
G
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

h
u
m
a
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

c
y
c
l
e
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

t
h
e

r
o
l
e

h
o
r
m
o
n
e
s

p
l
a
y

A
P
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
P
U
B
E
R
T
Y

A
N
D

A
D
O
L
E
S
C
E
N
T

D
E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

h
o
w

b
r
a
i
n

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

h
a
s

a
n

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
n

c
o
g
n
i
t
v
e
,

s
o
c
i
a
l

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

o
f

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

e
a
r
l
y

a
d
u
l
t
h
o
o
d

P
D
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

h
o
w

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t

a
n
d

b
o
d
y

i
m
a
g
e

P
D
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
s

r
e
l
a
t
n
g

t
o

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

P
D
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
1
I
D
E
N
T
I
T
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
i
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
t
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

s
e
x
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n
,

a
n
d

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

a
n
d

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

I
D
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

o
f

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

o
n

t
h
e

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

o
f

g
e
n
d
e
r
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

I
D
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

t
o

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

s
a
f
e
t
y
,

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
,

a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s

a
n
d

a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e

I
D
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
c
h
o
o
l

p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s

a
n
d

p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

t
h
a
t

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

a
l
l

I
D
.
1
2
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
i
s
t
n
g
u
i
s
h

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

I
D
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

t
h
e

a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

a
n
d

d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

o
f

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
v
e

m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

m
a
y

h
a
v
e

a
n

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
n

d
e
c
i
d
i
n
g

w
h
e
t
h
e
r

o
r

w
h
e
n

t
o

e
n
g
a
g
e

i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
v
e

m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

w
h
e
t
h
e
r

o
r

w
h
e
n

t
o

e
n
g
a
g
e

i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

c
h
o
i
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

P
R
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1
21
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

(
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
E
D
)
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
f
n
e

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

a
n
d

d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

i
t
s

m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m

o
f

a
c
t
o
n

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
2

I
d
e
n
t
f
y

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

r
e
l
a
t
e
d

t
o

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

c
a
r
e

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

(
i
.
e
.
,

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n
,

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s
,

s
a
f
e

s
u
r
r
e
n
d
e
r

p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
,

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

c
a
r
e
)

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
i
g
n
s

o
f

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
4
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

a
n
d

e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

o
n

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
2
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

a
n
d

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
3

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

c
a
n

c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e

t
o

o
r

t
h
r
e
a
t
e
n

a

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
5
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

f
a
c
t
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

w
h
e
t
h
e
r

a
n
d

w
h
e
n

t
o

b
e
c
o
m
e

a

p
a
r
e
n
t

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
3
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

c
a
r
e

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
4
A
s
s
e
s
s

t
h
e

s
k
i
l
l
s

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

n
e
e
d
e
d

t
o

b
e
c
o
m
e

a

p
a
r
e
n
t

P
R
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
2

C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

r
e
l
a
t
n
g

t
o

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
,

a
d
o
p
t
o
n
,

a
b
o
r
t
o
n

a
n
d

p
a
r
e
n
t
n
g

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
6
22
G
R
A
D
E
S

9
-
1
2

(
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
E
D
)
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
S
E
X
U
A
L
L
Y

T
R
A
N
S
M
I
T
T
E
D

D
I
S
E
A
S
E
S

A
N
D

H
I
V
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

c
o
m
m
o
n

s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s

o
f

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

t
o

a
c
c
e
s
s

l
o
c
a
l

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

w
i
t
h

a

p
a
r
t
n
e
r

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

a
n
d

t
e
s
t
n
g

S
H
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-

m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

c
h
o
i
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x

p
r
a
c
t
c
e
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l

r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y

a
b
o
u
t

t
e
s
t
n
g

f
o
r

a
n
d

i
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g

p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D
s

a
n
d

H
I
V

s
t
a
t
u
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1

E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e

t
h
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e
n
e
s
s

o
f

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e
,

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x

m
e
t
h
o
d
s

i
n

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
n
g

t
h
e

s
p
r
e
a
d

o
f

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

f
a
c
t
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

m
a
y

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

c
o
n
d
o
m

u
s
e

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
2

D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e

o
r

r
e
d
u
c
e

r
i
s
k

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
G
S
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

S
H
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
2
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
c
t
v
e

y
o
u
t
h

t
o

g
e
t

S
T
D
/
H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

S
H
.
1
2
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

r
e
l
a
t
e
d

t
o

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

c
a
r
e

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

S
H
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3
H
E
A
L
T
H
Y

R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
H
I
P
S
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

a
n
d

u
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
o
m
a
n
t
c

a
n
d
/
o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

m
e
d
i
a

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

o
n
e
s

b
e
l
i
e
f
s

a
b
o
u
t

w
h
a
t

c
o
n
s
t
t
u
t
e
s

a

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

a
c
c
e
s
s

v
a
l
i
d

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

t
o

h
e
l
p

d
e
a
l

w
i
t
h

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s

t
o

a
v
o
i
d

o
r

e
n
d

a
n

u
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

a

r
a
n
g
e

o
f

w
a
y
s

t
o

e
x
p
r
e
s
s

a
f
e
c
t
o
n

w
i
t
h
i
n

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2

D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

c
o
n
s
e
n
t

a
n
d

e
x
p
l
a
i
n

i
t
s

i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
o
n
s

f
o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-

m
a
k
i
n
g

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

f
a
c
t
o
r
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
l
c
o
h
o
l

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,

t
h
a
t

c
a
n

a
f
e
c
t

t
h
e

a
b
i
l
i
t
y

t
o

g
i
v
e

o
r

p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e

t
h
e

p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

c
o
n
s
e
n
t

t
o

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
c
t
v
i
t
y

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

a
s

t
h
e
y

r
e
l
a
t
e

t
o

i
n
t
m
a
c
y

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

t
h
e

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

o
f

o
t
h
e
r
s

a
s

t
h
e
y

r
e
l
a
t
e

t
o

i
n
t
m
a
c
y

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

H
R
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1
23
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
H
E
A
L
T
H
Y

R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
H
I
P
S
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l
l
y

p
o
s
i
t
v
e

a
n
d

n
e
g
a
t
v
e

r
o
l
e
s

o
f

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
4
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s

t
o

u
s
e

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

s
a
f
e
l
y
,

l
e
g
a
l
l
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l
l
y

H
R
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
2
P
E
R
S
O
N
A
L

S
A
F
E
T
Y
B
y

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

1
2
t
h

g
r
a
d
e
,

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

a
b
l
e

t
o
:
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
s

a
n
d

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

m
a
y

c
o
n
s
t
t
u
t
e

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

v
a
l
i
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

f
o
r

h
e
l
p

i
f

t
h
e
y

o
r

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

t
h
e
y

k
n
o
w

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d
,

o
r

h
a
v
e

b
e
e
n

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
b
u
s
e
d

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

P
S
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

w
i
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

a
b
u
s
e

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
a
f
e

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s

t
h
a
t

e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e

d
i
g
n
i
f
e
d

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
A
D
V
.
1

A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

r
e
l
a
t
e
d

t
o

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

(
e
.
g
.
,

a
g
e
,

s
t
a
t
u
s

o
r

p
o
s
i
t
o
n
)

w
i
t
h
i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

a
c
c
e
s
s

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

f
o
r

s
u
r
v
i
v
o
r
s

o
f

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

t
h
e
y

c
o
u
l
d

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

w
h
e
n

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

u
s
i
n
g

t
r
i
c
k
s
,

t
h
r
e
a
t
s

o
r

c
o
e
r
c
i
o
n

i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

i
s

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
e
t
a
l

m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s

t
h
a
t

i
m
p
a
c
t

a
t
t
u
d
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

a

p
e
r
s
o
n

w
h
o

h
a
s

b
e
e
n

r
a
p
e
d

o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

i
s

n
o
t

a
t

f
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
4
24
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s

b
y

T
o
p
i
c

A
r
e
a
A
N
A
T
O
M
Y

A
N
D

P
H
Y
S
I
O
L
O
G
Y
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

2
n
d

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
U
s
e

p
r
o
p
e
r

n
a
m
e
s

f
o
r

b
o
d
y

p
a
r
t
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

m
a
l
e

a
n
d

f
e
m
a
l
e

a
n
a
t
o
m
y

A
P
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

5
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

m
a
l
e

a
n
d

f
e
m
a
l
e

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

s
y
s
t
e
m
s

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

b
o
d
y

p
a
r
t
s

a
n
d

t
h
e
i
r

f
u
n
c
t
o
n
s

A
P
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

f
e
m
a
l
e

a
n
d

m
a
l
e

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

a
n
a
t
o
m
y

A
P
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

m
a
l
e

a
n
d

f
e
m
a
l
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
n
d

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

s
y
s
t
e
m
s

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

b
o
d
y

p
a
r
t
s

a
n
d

t
h
e
i
r

f
u
n
c
t
o
n
s

A
P
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

a
n
d

c
r
e
d
i
b
l
e

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

A
P
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

h
u
m
a
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

c
y
c
l
e
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

t
h
e

r
o
l
e

h
o
r
m
o
n
e
s

p
l
a
y

A
P
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
25
Standards by Topic Area
P
U
B
E
R
T
Y

A
N
D

A
D
O
L
E
S
C
E
N
T

D
E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T

C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

2
n
d

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
N
o

i
t
e
m
s

B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

5
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
,

s
o
c
i
a
l
,

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

t
h
a
t

o
c
c
u
r

d
u
r
i
n
g

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e

P
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

h
o
w

p
e
e
r
s
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

i
d
e
a
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
o
d
y

i
m
a
g
e

P
D
.
5
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

h
y
g
i
e
n
e

P
D
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
a
y
s

t
o

m
a
n
a
g
e

t
h
e

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d

w
i
t
h

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

P
D
.
5
.
S
M
.
1

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

t
h
e

t
m
i
n
g

o
f

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

v
a
r
i
e
s

c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
l
y

a
n
d

c
a
n

s
t
l
l

b
e

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

P
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

o
f

w
h
o
m

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

a
s
k

q
u
e
s
t
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

a
n
d

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t

h
e
a
l
t
h

i
s
s
u
e
s

P
D
.
5
.
A
I
.
2

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

h
o
w

p
u
b
e
r
t
y

p
r
e
p
a
r
e
s

h
u
m
a
n

b
o
d
i
e
s

f
o
r

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

t
o

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e

P
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
3
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
,

s
o
c
i
a
l
,

c
o
g
n
i
t
v
e

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

o
f

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e

P
D
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

h
o
w

p
e
e
r
s
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t

a
n
d

b
o
d
y

i
m
a
g
e

P
D
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

o
f

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

p
u
b
e
r
t
y
,

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l
i
t
y

P
D
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-

m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e

p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e

o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s

o
f

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s

m
i
g
h
t

m
a
k
e

P
D
.
8
.
D
M
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

h
o
w

b
r
a
i
n

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

h
a
s

a
n

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
n

c
o
g
n
i
t
v
e
,

s
o
c
i
a
l

a
n
d

e
m
o
t
o
n
a
l

c
h
a
n
g
e
s

o
f

a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

e
a
r
l
y

a
d
u
l
t
h
o
o
d

P
D
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

h
o
w

p
e
e
r
s
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y
,

r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t

a
n
d

b
o
d
y

i
m
a
g
e

P
D
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
s

r
e
l
a
t
n
g

t
o

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

P
D
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
1
26
I
D
E
N
T
I
T
Y

C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

2
n
d

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

a
n
d

s
i
m
i
l
a
r
i
t
e
s

i
n

h
o
w

b
o
y
s

a
n
d

g
i
r
l
s

m
a
y

b
e

e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

t
o

a
c
t

I
D
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
P
r
o
v
i
d
e

e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s

o
f

h
o
w

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

b
o
y
s

a
n
d

g
i
r
l
s

t
h
i
n
k

t
h
e
y

s
h
o
u
l
d

a
c
t

I
D
.
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

5
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

a
s

r
o
m
a
n
t
c

a
t
r
a
c
t
o
n

t
o

a
n

i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l

o
f

t
h
e

s
a
m
e

g
e
n
d
e
r

o
r

o
f

a

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
t

g
e
n
d
e
r

I
D
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
o

w
h
o
m

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

a
s
k

q
u
e
s
t
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

I
D
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

t
r
e
a
t

o
t
h
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

I
D
.
5
.
S
M
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

c
a
n

w
o
r
k

t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r

t
o

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

a
l
l

p
e
o
p
l
e

I
D
.
5
.
A
D
V
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
i
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
t
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y
,

g
e
n
d
e
r

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

I
D
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

h
a
v
e

a
n

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
n

o
n
e
s

a
t
t
u
d
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

g
e
n
d
e
r
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

I
D
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y
,

g
e
n
d
e
r

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

I
D
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l
l
y

w
i
t
h

a
n
d

a
b
o
u
t

p
e
o
p
l
e

o
f

a
l
l

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
e
s
,

g
e
n
d
e
r

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n
s

I
D
.
8
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

a
l
l

p
e
o
p
l
e

i
n

t
h
e

s
c
h
o
o
l

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

I
D
.
8
.
A
D
V
.
1

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

r
a
n
g
e

o
f

g
e
n
d
e
r

r
o
l
e
s

I
D
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
i
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
t
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

s
e
x
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n
,

a
n
d

g
e
n
d
e
r

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

a
n
d

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

I
D
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

o
f

p
e
e
r
s
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y
,

r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

o
n

t
h
e

e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

o
f

g
e
n
d
e
r
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

I
D
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

t
o

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

s
a
f
e
t
y
,

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
,

a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s

a
n
d

a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e

I
D
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
c
h
o
o
l

p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s

a
n
d

p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

t
h
a
t

p
r
o
m
o
t
e

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

a
l
l

I
D
.
1
2
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
i
s
t
n
g
u
i
s
h

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
o
n
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

i
d
e
n
t
t
y

I
D
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
27
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

2
n
d

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
a
t

a
l
l

l
i
v
i
n
g

t
h
i
n
g
s

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e

P
R
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

5
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

p
r
o
c
e
s
s

o
f

h
u
m
a
n

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
n

P
R
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

i
n
t
e
r
c
o
u
r
s
e

a
n
d

i
t
s

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

t
o

h
u
m
a
n

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
n

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
1

D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
s

i
t

r
e
l
a
t
e
s

t
o

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
E
x
a
m
i
n
e

h
o
w

a
l
c
o
h
o
l

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,

p
e
e
r
s
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g

i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

o
n
e
s

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n

t
o

a
b
s
t
a
i
n

f
r
o
m

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
1

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

h
e
a
l
t
h

b
e
n
e
f
t
s
,

r
i
s
k
s

a
n
d

e
f
e
c
t
v
e
n
e
s
s

r
a
t
e
s

o
f

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

m
e
t
h
o
d
s

o
f

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
3
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

h
e
a
l
t
h

c
a
r
e

P
R
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

n
e
g
o
t
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

a
b
o
u
t

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
2
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

P
R
.
8
.
D
M
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

P
R
.
8
.
S
M
.
1

D
e
f
n
e

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

a
n
d

i
t
s

u
s
e

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
4
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

P
R
.
8
.
A
I
.
2
28
P
R
E
G
N
A
N
C
Y

A
N
D

R
E
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

(
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
E
D
)
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
i
g
n
s

a
n
d

s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s

o
f

a

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
5
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

o
f

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s
,

s
a
f
e

s
u
r
r
e
n
d
e
r

p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s

a
n
d

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

c
a
r
e

P
R
.
8
.
A
I
.
3

I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

c
a
n

c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e

t
o

a

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
6
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

t
h
e

a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

a
n
d

d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

o
f

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
v
e

m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
,

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

m
a
y

h
a
v
e

a
n

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
n

d
e
c
i
d
i
n
g

w
h
e
t
h
e
r

o
r

w
h
e
n

t
o

e
n
g
a
g
e

i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
v
e

m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

w
h
e
t
h
e
r

o
r

w
h
e
n

t
o

e
n
g
a
g
e

i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-

m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

c
h
o
i
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

P
R
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1

D
e
f
n
e

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

a
n
d

d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

i
t
s

m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m

o
f

a
c
t
o
n

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
2

I
d
e
n
t
f
y

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

r
e
l
a
t
e
d

t
o

r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
v
e

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

c
a
r
e

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

(
i
.
e
.
,

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
e
p
t
o
n
,

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s
,

s
a
f
e

s
u
r
r
e
n
d
e
r

p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
,

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

c
a
r
e
)

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3
29
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
i
g
n
s

o
f

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
4
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

a
n
d

e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

o
n

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
2
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

o
p
t
o
n
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
3

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

p
r
a
c
t
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

c
a
n

c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e

t
o

o
r

t
h
r
e
a
t
e
n

a

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
5
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

f
a
c
t
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

w
h
e
t
h
e
r

a
n
d

w
h
e
n

t
o

b
e
c
o
m
e

a

p
a
r
e
n
t

P
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
3
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

c
a
r
e

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

P
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
4
A
s
s
e
s
s

t
h
e

s
k
i
l
l
s

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

n
e
e
d
e
d

t
o

b
e
c
o
m
e

a

p
a
r
e
n
t

P
R
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
2

C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

r
e
l
a
t
n
g

t
o

p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
,

a
d
o
p
t
o
n
,

a
b
o
r
t
o
n

a
n
d

p
a
r
e
n
t
n
g

P
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
6
30
S
E
X
U
A
L
L
Y

T
R
A
N
S
M
I
T
T
E
D

D
I
S
E
A
S
E
S

A
N
D

H
I
V
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

2
n
d

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
N
o

I
t
e
m
s
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

5
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
f
n
e

H
I
V

a
n
d

i
d
e
n
t
f
y

s
o
m
e

a
g
e
-
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e

m
e
t
h
o
d
s

o
f

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
,

a
s

w
e
l
l

a
s

w
a
y
s

t
o

p
r
e
v
e
n
t

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

S
H
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
f
n
e

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V
,

a
n
d

h
o
w

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

a
n
d

a
r
e

n
o
t

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
e
d

S
H
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
A
I
.
1

C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e
,

t
o

d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

r
i
s
k

o
f

S
T
D
/
H
I
V

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

f
r
o
m

e
a
c
h

S
H
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
f

a
l
c
o
h
o
l

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

d
r
u
g
s

o
n

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x
u
a
l

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-

m
a
k
i
n
g

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

S
H
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

r
e
d
u
c
e

o
r

e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e

r
i
s
k

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e

o
r

r
e
d
u
c
e

r
i
s
k

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
G
S
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

S
H
.
8
.
S
M
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
i
g
n
s
,

s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s

a
n
d

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
8
.
C
C
.
3
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

l
o
c
a
l

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

S
H
.
8
.
A
I
.
2
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

c
o
m
m
o
n

s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s

o
f

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

t
o

a
c
c
e
s
s

l
o
c
a
l

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

w
i
t
h

a

p
a
r
t
n
e
r

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

a
n
d

t
e
s
t
n
g

S
H
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1
A
p
p
l
y

a

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-

m
a
k
i
n
g

m
o
d
e
l

t
o

c
h
o
i
c
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x

p
r
a
c
t
c
e
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
D
M
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l

r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y

a
b
o
u
t

t
e
s
t
n
g

f
o
r

a
n
d

i
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g

p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D
s

a
n
d

H
I
V

s
t
a
t
u
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1
31
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e

t
h
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e
n
e
s
s

o
f

a
b
s
t
n
e
n
c
e
,

c
o
n
d
o
m
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x

m
e
t
h
o
d
s

i
n

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
n
g

t
h
e

s
p
r
e
a
d

o
f

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

f
a
c
t
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

m
a
y

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

c
o
n
d
o
m

u
s
e

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
a
f
e
r

s
e
x

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s

S
H
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

m
e
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
-

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
o
n

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
2

D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e

o
r

r
e
d
u
c
e

r
i
s
k

f
o
r

S
T
D
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

H
I
V

S
H
.
1
2
.
G
S
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

s
t
e
p
s

t
o

u
s
i
n
g

a

c
o
n
d
o
m

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y

S
H
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
2
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
c
t
v
e

y
o
u
t
h

t
o

g
e
t

S
T
D
/
H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

S
H
.
1
2
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

a
s

t
h
e
y

r
e
l
a
t
e

t
o

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
e
a
l
t
h

c
a
r
e

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

S
T
D

a
n
d

H
I
V

t
e
s
t
n
g

a
n
d

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

S
H
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3
32
H
E
A
L
T
H
Y

R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
H
I
P
S
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

2
n
d

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

a

f
r
i
e
n
d

H
R
.
2
.

C
C
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

w
a
y
s

f
o
r

f
r
i
e
n
d
s

t
o

e
x
p
r
e
s
s

f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s

t
o

e
a
c
h

o
t
h
e
r

H
R
.
2
.
I
C
.
2
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

5
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

(
e
.
g
.
,

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

p
e
e
r
s
)

H
R
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

p
o
s
i
t
v
e

a
n
d

n
e
g
a
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

f
r
i
e
n
d
s

a
n
d

p
e
e
r
s

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
5
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
a
l
k

t
o

a
b
o
u
t

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

p
o
s
i
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

o
f

o
p
i
n
i
o
n

w
h
i
l
e

m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
5
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

t
r
e
a
t

o
t
h
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

H
R
.
5
.
S
M
.
1
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

t
h
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

a
n
d

u
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

f
a
m
i
l
y
,

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
,

p
e
e
r
s
,

m
e
d
i
a
,

s
o
c
i
e
t
y

a
n
d

c
u
l
t
u
r
e

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
e

c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a

f
o
r

e
v
a
l
u
a
t
n
g

t
h
e

h
e
a
l
t
h

o
f

a

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

H
R
.
8
.
S
M
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

s
u
c
h

a
s

a
g
e
,

s
t
a
t
u
s

o
r

p
o
s
i
t
o
n

w
i
t
h
i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
2

A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

s
i
m
i
l
a
r
i
t
e
s

a
n
d

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
h
i
p
s

a
n
d

r
o
m
a
n
t
c

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
3
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
h
a
t

f
o
s
t
e
r

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

a

r
a
n
g
e

o
f

w
a
y
s

p
e
o
p
l
e

e
x
p
r
e
s
s

a
f
e
c
t
o
n

w
i
t
h
i
n

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

t
y
p
e
s

o
f

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
4
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

a
n
d

s
h
o
w

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

t
h
e

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

o
f

o
t
h
e
r
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
2
33
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

t
h
e

a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

a
n
d

d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s

o
f

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
n
g

u
s
i
n
g

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

H
R
.
8
.
C
C
.
5
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

i
m
p
a
c
t

o
f

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

o
n

f
r
i
e
n
d
s
h
i
p
s

a
n
d

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
N
F
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

s
k
i
l
l
s

t
o

n
e
g
o
t
a
t
e

a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
s

a
b
o
u
t

t
h
e

u
s
e

o
f

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
8
.
I
C
.
3
D
e
v
e
l
o
p

a

p
l
a
n

t
o

s
t
a
y

s
a
f
e

w
h
e
n

u
s
i
n
g

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

H
R
.
8
.
G
S
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s

t
o

u
s
e

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

s
a
f
e
l
y
,

l
e
g
a
l
l
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l
l
y

H
R
.
8
.
S
M
.
2
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
c
s

o
f

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

a
n
d

u
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
o
m
a
n
t
c

a
n
d
/
o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

h
o
w

m
e
d
i
a

c
a
n

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e

o
n
e
s

b
e
l
i
e
f
s

a
b
o
u
t

w
h
a
t

c
o
n
s
t
t
u
t
e
s

a

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

a
c
c
e
s
s

v
a
l
i
d

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

t
o

h
e
l
p

d
e
a
l

w
i
t
h

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s

t
o

a
v
o
i
d

o
r

e
n
d

a
n

u
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1

D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

a

r
a
n
g
e

o
f

w
a
y
s

t
o

e
x
p
r
e
s
s

a
f
e
c
t
o
n

w
i
t
h
i
n

h
e
a
l
t
h
y

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2

D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

c
o
n
s
e
n
t

a
n
d

e
x
p
l
a
i
n

i
t
s

i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
o
n
s

f
o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l

d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

f
a
c
t
o
r
s
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

a
l
c
o
h
o
l

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,

t
h
a
t

c
a
n

a
f
e
c
t

t
h
e

a
b
i
l
i
t
y

t
o

g
i
v
e

o
r

p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e

t
h
e

p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

c
o
n
s
e
n
t

t
o

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
c
t
v
i
t
y

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

a
s

t
h
e
y

r
e
l
a
t
e

t
o

i
n
t
m
a
c
y

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

H
R
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

f
o
r

t
h
e

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

o
f

o
t
h
e
r
s

a
s

t
h
e
y

r
e
l
a
t
e

t
o

i
n
t
m
a
c
y

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

H
R
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
1

E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e

t
h
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l
l
y

p
o
s
i
t
v
e

a
n
d

n
e
g
a
t
v
e

r
o
l
e
s

o
f

t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

H
R
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
4
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s

t
o

u
s
e

s
o
c
i
a
l

m
e
d
i
a

s
a
f
e
l
y
,

l
e
g
a
l
l
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l
l
y

H
R
.
1
2
.
S
M
.
2
34
P
E
R
S
O
N
A
L

S
A
F
E
T
Y
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

2
n
d

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
a
t

a
l
l

p
e
o
p
l
e
,

i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g

c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,

h
a
v
e

t
h
e

r
i
g
h
t

t
o

t
e
l
l

o
t
h
e
r
s

n
o
t

t
o

t
o
u
c
h

t
h
e
i
r

b
o
d
y

w
h
e
n

t
h
e
y

d
o

n
o
t

w
a
n
t

t
o

b
e

t
o
u
c
h
e
d

P
S
.
2
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

f
e
e
l
i
n
g

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

a
b
o
u
t

b
e
i
n
g

t
o
u
c
h
e
d

P
S
.
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

i
f

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

t
o
u
c
h
i
n
g

t
h
e
m

i
n

a

w
a
y

t
h
a
t

m
a
k
e
s

t
h
e
m

f
e
e
l

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

P
S
.
2
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

c
l
e
a
r
l
y

s
a
y

n
o
,

h
o
w

t
o

l
e
a
v
e

a
n

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
,

a
n
d

h
o
w

t
o

i
d
e
n
t
f
y

a
n
d

t
a
l
k

w
i
t
h

a

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t

i
f

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

t
o
u
c
h
i
n
g

t
h
e
m

i
n

a

w
a
y

t
h
a
t

m
a
k
e
s

t
h
e
m

f
e
e
l

u
n
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e

P
S
.
2
.
S
M
.
1

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
a
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

a
n
d

t
e
a
s
i
n
g

a
r
e

P
S
.
2
.
C
C
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

a
n
d

t
e
a
s
i
n
g

a
r
e

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
2
.
C
C
.
3
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

t
e
a
s
e
d

P
S
.
2
.
A
I
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

h
o
w

t
o

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

i
f

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

o
r

t
e
a
s
i
n
g

t
h
e
m

P
S
.
2
.
I
C
.
2
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

5
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
f
n
e

t
e
a
s
i
n
g
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t

a
n
d

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g

a
n
d

e
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
5
.
C
C
.
1
E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

p
e
o
p
l
e

t
e
a
s
e
,

h
a
r
a
s
s

o
r

b
u
l
l
y

o
t
h
e
r
s

P
S
.
5
.
I
N
F
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

t
e
a
s
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

a
b
o
u
t

h
o
w

o
n
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

t
r
e
a
t
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
I
C
.
1
D
i
s
c
u
s
s

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s

c
o
u
l
d

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

w
h
e
n

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

o
r

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

t
e
a
s
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
S
M
.
1
P
e
r
s
u
a
d
e

o
t
h
e
r
s

t
o

t
a
k
e

a
c
t
o
n

w
h
e
n

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

t
e
a
s
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
e
f
n
e

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t

a
n
d

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e

P
S
.
5
.
C
C
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

t
e
l
l

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

o
r

a
b
u
s
e
d

P
S
.
5
.
A
I
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

r
e
f
u
s
a
l

s
k
i
l
l
s

(
c
l
e
a
r

n
o

s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
,

w
a
l
k

a
w
a
y
,

r
e
p
e
a
t

r
e
f
u
s
a
l
)

P
S
.
5
.
I
C
.
2
35
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

8
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
s

a
n
d

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

c
o
n
s
t
t
u
t
e

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
1
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

s
o
u
r
c
e
s

o
f

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

s
u
c
h

a
s

p
a
r
e
n
t
s

o
r

o
t
h
e
r

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

t
h
a
t

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

g
o

t
o

i
f

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

o
r

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

t
h
e
y

k
n
o
w

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d
,

a
b
u
s
e
d

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

P
S
.
8
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

w
i
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

a
b
u
s
e

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
8
.
I
C
.
1
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

t
r
e
a
t

o
t
h
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

d
i
g
n
i
t
y

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t

P
S
.
8
.
S
M
.
1
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
a
f
e

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s

t
h
a
t

e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e

d
i
g
n
i
f
e
d

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e

P
S
.
8
.
A
D
V
.
1

D
i
s
c
u
s
s

t
h
e

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

a
n
d

w
h
y

t
h
e
y

a
r
e

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
2
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
h
e
y

c
a
n

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

w
h
e
n

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

P
S
.
8
.
S
M
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

t
h
a
t

n
o

o
n
e

h
a
s

t
h
e

r
i
g
h
t

t
o

t
o
u
c
h

a
n
y
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
n

a

s
e
x
u
a
l

m
a
n
n
e
r

i
f

t
h
e
y

d
o

n
o
t

w
a
n
t

t
o

b
e

t
o
u
c
h
e
d

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
3

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

a

p
e
r
s
o
n

w
h
o

h
a
s

b
e
e
n

r
a
p
e
d

o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

i
s

n
o
t

a
t

f
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
8
.
C
C
.
4
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
C
o
m
p
a
r
e

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t

s
i
t
u
a
t
o
n
s

a
n
d

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s

t
h
a
t

m
a
y

c
o
n
s
t
t
u
t
e

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
1
A
c
c
e
s
s

v
a
l
i
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

f
o
r

h
e
l
p

i
f

t
h
e
y

o
r

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

t
h
e
y

k
n
o
w

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d
,

o
r

h
a
v
e

b
e
e
n

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
b
u
s
e
d

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

P
S
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

e
f
e
c
t
v
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e

w
i
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
e
d

a
d
u
l
t
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

a
b
u
s
e

o
r

a
s
s
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
1
A
d
v
o
c
a
t
e

f
o
r

s
a
f
e

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s

t
h
a
t

e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e

d
i
g
n
i
f
e
d

a
n
d

r
e
s
p
e
c
t
u
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
A
D
V
.
1
36
P
E
R
S
O
N
A
L

S
A
F
E
T
Y

(
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
E
D
)
C
o
r
e

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

C
C
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g

I
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

I
N
F
A
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

A
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
o
n

I
C
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g

D
M
G
o
a
l

S
e
t
n
g

G
S
S
e
l
f
-
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

S
M
A
d
v
o
c
a
c
y

A
D
V
B
Y

T
H
E

E
N
D

O
F

T
H
E

1
2
t
h

G
R
A
D
E
,

S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S

S
H
O
U
L
D

B
E

A
B
L
E

T
O
:
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

l
a
w
s

r
e
l
a
t
e
d

t
o

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
2
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
a
l

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

d
i
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

(
e
.
g
.
,

a
g
e
,

s
t
a
t
u
s

o
r

p
o
s
i
t
o
n
)

w
i
t
h
i
n

s
e
x
u
a
l

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
1
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e

w
a
y
s

t
o

a
c
c
e
s
s

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
n

a
n
d

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

t
h
a
t

p
r
o
v
i
d
e

h
e
l
p

f
o
r

s
u
r
v
i
v
o
r
s

o
f

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
A
I
.
2
I
d
e
n
t
f
y

w
a
y
s

i
n

w
h
i
c
h

t
h
e
y

c
o
u
l
d

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

w
h
e
n

s
o
m
e
o
n
e

e
l
s
e

i
s

b
e
i
n
g

b
u
l
l
i
e
d

o
r

h
a
r
a
s
s
e
d

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
C
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

u
s
i
n
g

t
r
i
c
k
s
,

t
h
r
e
a
t
s

o
r

c
o
e
r
c
i
o
n

i
n

r
e
l
a
t
o
n
s
h
i
p
s

i
s

w
r
o
n
g

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
3
A
n
a
l
y
z
e

t
h
e

e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

i
n
f
u
e
n
c
e
s

a
n
d

s
o
c
i
e
t
a
l

m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s

t
h
a
t

i
m
p
a
c
t

a
t
t
u
d
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

h
a
r
a
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
b
u
s
e
,

s
e
x
u
a
l

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
,

i
n
c
e
s
t
,

r
a
p
e

a
n
d

d
a
t
n
g

v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e

P
S
.
1
2
.
I
N
F
.
2

E
x
p
l
a
i
n

w
h
y

a

p
e
r
s
o
n

w
h
o

h
a
s

b
e
e
n

r
a
p
e
d

o
r

s
e
x
u
a
l
l
y

a
s
s
a
u
l
t
e
d

i
s

n
o
t

a
t

f
a
u
l
t

P
S
.
1
2
.
C
C
.
4
37
National Resources
Natonal Resources
For Teachers
Teachers can fnd print resources, learn about professional
development opportunites and obtain technical assistance
through the following natonal organizatons:
Advocates for Youth
2000 M Street NW, Suite 750
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 419-3420
www.advocatesforyouth.org
1900 Associaton Drive
Reston, VA 20191
(800) 213-7191
www.aahperd.org/aahe
4340 East West Highway Suite 403
Bethesda, MD 20814
(800) 455-2742
www.ashaweb.org
American Social Health Associaton
P.O. Box 13827
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
(919) 361-8400
www.iwannaknow.org
Answer
41 Gordon Road, Suite C
Piscataway, NJ 08854
(732) 445-7929
htp://answer.rutgers.edu
Associaton for Middle Level Educaton
(formerly Natonal Middle School Associaton)
4151 Executve Parkway, Suite 300
Westerville, OH 43081
(614) 895-4730
www.amle.org
Gay, Lesbian & Straight Educaton Network
90 Broad Street, 2nd Floor
New York, NY 10004
(212) 727-0135
www.glsen.org
Gutmacher Insttute
125 Maiden Lane, 7th Floor
New York, NY 10038
(212) 248-1111
www.gutmacher.org
Healthy Teen Network
1501 Saint Paul Street, Suite 124
Baltmore, MD 21202
(410) 685-0419
www.healthyteennetwork.org
Natonal Associaton of School Nurses
8484 Georgia Avenue, #420
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(240) 821-1130
www.nasn.org
NEA Health Informaton Network
1201 16th Street, NW #216
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 822.7570
www.neahin.org
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundaton
2400 Sand Hill Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
(650) 854-9400
www.kf.org
Rape, Abuse & Incest Natonal Network (RAINN)
2000 L Street NW, Suite 406
(202) 544-1034
www.rainn.org
Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Preventon
(ReCAPP)
ETR Associates
P.O. Box 1830
Santa Cruz, CA 95061
(800) 321-4407
www.etr.org/recapp
States (SIECUS)
90 John Street, Suite 402
New York, NY 10038
(212) 819-9770
www.siecus.org
www.sexedlibrary.org
The Natonal Campaign to Prevent Teen and
Unplanned Pregnancy
1776 Massachusets Avenue NW, Suite 200
(202) 478-8500
www.teenpregnancy.org
38
Planned Parenthood Federaton of America
434 West 33rd Street
New York, NY 10001
(212) 541-7800
www.plannedparenthood.org
The Society of State Leaders in Health and Physical
Educaton
PO Box 40186
Arlington, VA 22204
(202) 286-9138
www.thesociety.org
For School Administrators
There is a great deal of support available for school admin-
istrators in supportng the implementaton of comprehen-
sive sexuality educaton in public schools. These organiza-
tons can help:
4340 East West Highway, Suite 403
Bethesda, MD 20814
(800) 455-2742
www.ashaweb.org
1900 Associaton Drive
Reston, VA 20191
(800) 213-7191
www.aahperd.org/aahe
Associaton for Middle Level Educaton
(formerly Natonal Middle School Associaton)
4151 Executve Parkway, Suite 300
Westerville, OH 43081
(614) 895-4730
www.amle.org
Natonal Associaton of School Nurses
8484 Georgia Avenue, #420
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(240) 821-1130
www.nasn.org
Natonal School Boards Associaton
1680 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 838-6722
www.nsba.org
Natonal Associaton of State Boards of Educaton
2121 Crystal Drive Suite #350
Arlington, VA 22202
(703) 684-4000
The Society of State Leaders in Health and Physical
Educaton
PO Box 40186
Arlington, VA 22204
(202) 286-9138
www.thesociety.org
For Parents
Parents and other adult caregivers play invaluable roles in
educatng their children about sexuality and relatonships.
Each organizaton maintains resources that can support
parents in providing accurate informaton to their children
comfortably and within the context of their values.
Advocates for Youth
(202) 419-3420
www.advocatesforyouth.org/parents-sex-ed-center-home
Answer
(732) 445-7929
htp://answer.rutgers.edu/page/parentresources
States (SIECUS)
90 John Street, Suite 402
New York, NY 10038
(212) 819-9770
www.siecus.org/index.cfm?fuseacton=page.
viewPage&pageID=632&nodeID=1
For Middle and High School Students
Schools provide an important venue through which to
teach young people about sexuality, but young people
ofen have additonal questons that they may not feel
comfortable directng to their teachers. These organiza-
tons all have resources for teens that are age-appropriate
and medically accurate:
Advocates for Youth
(202) 419-3420
www.advocatesforyouth.org
www.amplifyyourvoice.org/youthresource
American Social Health Associaton
PO Box 13827
Research Triangle, NC 27709
(919) 361-8400
www.iwannaknow.org
Answers Teen-to-Teen Sexuality Educaton Initatve,
Sex, Etc.
(732) 445-7929
www.sexetc.org
Rape, Abuse & Incest Natonal Network (RAINN)
2000 L Street NW, Suite 406
(800) 656-HOPE (24 hour telephone hotline)
www.rainn.org
39
Glossary
Glossary
Bisexual
A term used to describe a person whose atracton to other
people is not necessarily determined by gender. This is dif-
ferent from being atracted to all men or all women.
Body Image
How people feel about their body. This may or may not
match a persons actual appearance.
Bullying
Physically, mentally, and/or emotonally intmidatng and/
or harming an individual or members of a group.
Comprehensive Sexuality Educaton
Sexuality educaton programs that build a foundaton of
knowledge and skills relatng to human development, rela-
tonships, decision-making, abstnence, contracepton, and
disease preventon. Ideally, comprehensive sexuality edu-
caton should start in kindergarten and contnue through
12th grade. At each developmental stage, these programs
teach age-appropriate, medically accurate informaton that
builds on the knowledge and skills that were taught in the
previous stage.
Consensual
When a person agrees to engage in sexual behaviors with
another person. Consensual sex means that no one was
forced or manipulated in any way to partcipate in a sexual
behavior.
Contracepton
Any means to prevent pregnancy, including abstnence,
barrier methods such as condoms and hormonal methods
such as the pill, patch, injecton and others.
Datng Violence
Controlling, abusive and/or aggressive behavior within the
context of a romantc relatonship. It can include verbal,
emotonal, physical and/or sexual abuse, be perpetrated
against someone of any gender and happen in any rela-
tonship regardless of sexual orientaton.
Aborton
A medical interventon that ends a pregnancy.
Abstnence
Choosing to refrain from certain sexual behaviors for a pe-
riod of tme. Some people defne abstnence as not having
vaginal intercourse, while others defne it as not engaging
in any sexual actvity.
Age of Consent
The age a person is legally able to consent to sexual actv-
ity. It varies from state to state, but ranges from 14 to 18
years of age in the United States.
Abstnence-Only Programs
Programs exclusively focused on refraining from all sexual
behaviors. They do not necessarily put a conditon on
when a person might choose to no longer be abstnent.
Abstnence-Only-Untl-Marriage Programs
Programs focused exclusively on refraining from all sexual
behaviors outside of the context of a heterosexual mar-
riage.
Age-Appropriate
Designed to teach concepts, informaton, and skills based
on the social, cognitve, emotonal, and experience level of
most students at a partcular age level.
AIDS
Acquired Immune Defciency Syndrome. AIDS is caused
by the Human Immunodefciency Virus (HIV). People do
not die from AIDS, they die from one of the infectons
their body acquires as a result of their weakened immune
system. (also see HIV).
Biological Sex
Our sex as determined by our chro mosomes (such as XX or
XY), our hormones and our internal and external anatomy.
Typically, we are assigned the sex of male or female at
birth. Those whose chromosomes are diferent from XX or
XY at birth are referred to as intersex.
40
Gay
A term used to describe people who are romantcally and
sexually atracted to people of their same gender. Gay
women will ofen use the word lesbian.
Gender
The emotonal, behavioral and cultural characteris tcs at-
tached to a persons assigned biological sex. Gender can be
understood to have several components, including gender
identty, gender expression and gender role (see below).
Gender Expression
The manner in which people outwardly expresses their
gender.
Gender Identty
Peoples inner sense of their gender. Most people develop
a gender identty that corresponds to their biological sex,
but some do not.
Gender Roles
The social expectatons of how people should act, think
and/or feel based on their assigned biological sex.
Harassment
Unwelcome or ofensive behavior by one person to an-
other. Examples are making unwanted sexual comments to
another person, sending unwanted sexual texts, bullying or
intmidaton.
Heterosexual
sexually atracted to people of a diferent gender from
their own.
HIV
The Human Immunodefciency Virus (HIV), which causes
AIDS (Acquired Immune Defciency Syndrome). The virus
weakens a persons immune system so that the person
cannot fght of many everyday infectons. HIV is trans-
mited through exposure to an infected persons blood,
semen, vaginal fuids or breast milk.
Homosexual
sexually atracted to people of their own gender. Most
ofen referred to as gay or lesbian.
Incest
Sexual contact between persons who are so closely related
that marriage between those two people would be con-
sidered illegal (e.g., a parent or step parent and a child,
siblings, etc.).
Lesbian
A term used to describe women who are romantcally and
sexually atracted to other women.
Medically-Accurate
Grounded in evidence-based, peer-reviewed science and
research.
Puberty
A tme when the pituitary gland triggers producton of tes-
tosterone in boys and estrogen and progesterone in girls.
Puberty typically begins between ages 9 and 12 for girls,
and between the ages of 11 and 14 for boys, and includes
such body changes as hair growth around the genitals,
menstruaton in girls, sperm producton in boys, and much
more.
Rape
A type of sexual assault that involves forced vaginal, anal,
or oral sex using a body part or object.
Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse is any sort of unwanted sexual contact ofen
over a period of tme. A single act of sexual abuse is usually
referred to as a sexual assault (see below).
Sexual Assault
Any unwanted sex act commited by a person or people
against another person.
Sexual Harassment
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors,
and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
Sexual Intercourse
When a penis is inserted into a vagina, mouth or anus.
Sexual Orientaton
Romantc and sexual atracton to people of ones same
and/or other genders. Current terms for sexual orientaton
include gay, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual and others.
Sexually Transmited Diseases (STDs)
Diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites that are
transmited from one person to another during sexual con-
tact. Also called sexually transmited infectons or STIs.
Transgender
A gender identty in which a persons inner sense of their
gender does not correspond to their assigned biological sex.
41
References
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Preventon, Natonal
Center for Chronic Disease and Preventon, Division of
Adolescent School Health, SHPPS Topic and Component
Specifc Fact Sheets. htp://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/
shpps/2006/factsheets/topic_component.htm Accessed
August 17, 2011.
2. Joint Commitee on Natonal Health Educaton Stan-
dards. Natonal Health Educaton Standards, Achieving
Excellence, Second Editon. 2007.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Preventon. Health Edu-
caton Curriculum Analysis Tool, 2007.
4. Sexuality Informaton and Educaton Council of the
United States, Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Edu-
caton: Kindergarten-12th Grade, Third Editon; 2004.
5. Natonal Guidelines Task Force. Guidelines for Compre-
hensive Sexuality Educaton: Kindergarten-12th Grade,
Third Editon. Sexuality Informaton and Educaton Council
of the United States, 2004.
6. McKay A, Barret, M . Trends in teen pregnancy rates
from 19962006: A comparison of Canada, Sweden, USA
and England/Wales. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality
2010; 19(12):4352.
7. Kost, K, Henshaw, S and Carlin, L. U.S. Teenage Pregnan-
cies, Births and Abortons: Natonal and State Trends and
Trends by Race and Ethnicity. NY: Gutmacher Insttute,
2010. htp://www.gutmacher.org/pubs/USTPtrends.pdf.
Accessed September 26, 2011.
8. Finer, LB and Zolna, MR. Unintended pregnancy in the
United States: incidence and disparites, 2006. Contracep-
ton, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.contracepton.2011.07.013.
9. Weinstock, H et al. Sexually transmited diseases among
American youth: incidence and prevalence estmates,
2000. Perspectves on Sexual and Reproductve Health,
2004; 36(1):610.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Preventon. HIV Sur-
veillance Report, 2009; vol. 21. htp://www.cdc.gov/hiv/
surveillance/resources/reports/2009report/pdf/cover.pdf
Accessed September 28, 2011; Diagnoses of HIV infecton
by age. htp://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/basic.
htm#hivaidsage. Accessed August 16, 2011.
11. Kosciw, J.G. et al. The 2009 Natonal School Climate
Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans-
gender youth in our natons schools. New York: GLSEN,
2010.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Preventon. Youth Risk
Behavioral Surveillance United States, 2009. MMWR
2010; 59 (No.SS-5).
13. Basch CE. Healthier Students Are Beter Learners: A
Missing Link in School Reforms to Close the Achievement
Gap. New York: Teachers College of Columbia University,
2010. Equity Maters: Research Review #6.
14. The Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Educa-
ton and Recreaton. Making the connecton: Health and
student achievement. htp://www.thesociety.org/pdf/
makingtheconnecton.ppt Accessed May 23, 2011.
15. Dilley, J. Research Review: School-Based Health Inter-
ventons and Academic Achievement. Washington State
Board of Health, 2009. htp://here.doh.wa.gov/materials/
research-review-school-based-health-interventons-and-
academic-achievement/12_HealthAcademic_E09L.pdf.
Accessed May 23, 2011.
16. Alford, S, Bridges, E, Gonzalez T, et al. Science and
Success: Sex Educaton and Other Programs that Work to
Prevent Teen Pregnancy, HIV & Sexually Transmited Infec-
tons, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Advocates for Youth, 2008.
htp://www.advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/docu-
ments/sciencesuccess.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2011.
17. Kirby, D. Emerging Answers 2007: Research Findings on
Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Trans-
mited Diseases. Washington, DC: Natonal Campaign to
Prevent Teen & Unplanned Pregnancy, 2007; htp://www.
thenatonalcampaign.org/EA2007/EA2007_full.pdf. Ac-
cessed May 23, 2011.
18. Kohler, et al. Abstnence-only and Comprehensive Sex
Educaton and the Initaton of Sexual Actvity and Teen
Pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4): 344-351.
42
19. Centers for Disease Control and Preventon. Health-Risk
Behaviors and Academic Achievement. Atlanta, GA: 2010.
htp://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/ health_and_academ-
ics/pdf/health_risk_behaviors.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2011.
20. Townsend, L., Flisher, A.J. and King, G. A systematc
review of the relatonship between high school dropout
and substance abuse. Clinical Child and Family Psychology
2007; 10(4): 295317.
21. Perper, K., Peterson, K., & Manlove, J., Diploma At-
tainment Among Teen Mothers. Child Trends, Fact Sheet:
Washington, DC, 2010. htp://www.childtrends.org/Files/
Child_Trends-2010_01_22_FS_ DiplomaAtainment.pdf
22. Bleakley, A. Public Opinion on Sex Educaton in US
Schools. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine
2006;160:1151-1156.
23. Sexual Health Educaton Poll of Washington State Par-
ents and Voters. Seatle, WA: Planned Parenthood Public
Policy Network of Washington, 2004.
24. August Scripps Howard Texas Poll. Texas: Scripps How-
ard, August 926, 2004).
25. Baldassare, Mark PPIC Statewide Survey California:
Public Policy Insttute of California, 2005.
26. Sex Educaton in America: General Public/Parents Sur-
vey. Washington, DC: Natonal Public Radio, Kaiser Family
Foundaton, Kennedy School of Government, 2004.
27. The White House Ofce of Natonal AIDS Policy. Naton-
al HIV and AIDS Strategy for the United States. Washing-
ton, DC: 2010. htp://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/
fles/uploads/NHAS.pdf Accessed September 28, 2011.
28. Natonal Preventon Council. Natonal Preventon Strat-
egy: Americas Plan for Beter Health and Wellness. Ofce
of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC, 2011.
29. Hedgepeth, E., and Helmich, J. Teaching About HIV and
Sexuality: Principles and Methods for Efectve Educaton.
New York: New York University Press, 1996.
30. Bandura, A. Human Agency in Social Cognitve
Theory. American Psychologist, 1989. Volume 44, No. 9,
1175-1184.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Preventon. The Social-
Ecological Model: A Framework for Preventon. Natonal
Center for Injury Preventon and Control, Division of
Violence Preventon. htp://www.cdc.gov/violencepreven-
ton/overview/social-ecologicalmodel.html. Accessed on
September 28, 2011.
FoSE is a collaboraton of partner organizatons:

Josh Fose Standards Web

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Josh Fose Standards Web

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Natonal Sexuality

You might also like