Construction of 6.

00mts span culvert at 6/0 KM of Vemuladeevi channel

Name of the work:-Road from R&B Road to SC colony of Pedalanka.
Construction of 6.00mts span culvert at 6/0 KM of Vemuladeevi channel
Name of the work:-Road from R&B Road to SC colony of Pedalanka.
The design of 1V-- 6.37m right span culvert is carried as per the procedure out lined
below:-
Step1:-
The design discharge was fixed after arriving discharge based on the following methods:-
a.As per the hydraulic particulars furnished by the Irrigation department
b.By Area-Velocity method using Manning's equation for arriving at the flow velocity
and area by considering actual cross-section of the channel.
Step2:-
a.Hydraulic particulars like HFL,OFL are obtained from Irrigation department.
b.Bottom of deck level was fixed based on HFL and road formation levels on both sides.
The vertical clearence and afflux are verified.
c.Ventway calculations are done for fixation of ventway.
d.Normal scour depth with reference to HFL was calculated using Lacey's equations
e.After arriving at the Maximum scour depth,bottom level of the foundation was fixed
below the maximum scour depth
Step3:-
After arriving at bottom of deck level,bottom of foundation level and required
ventway,the dimensions of the bridge are finalised.
The structural components are desined in the following manner:-
a.As per the recommendations of IRC 6:2000,IRC class A live load required for bridges
and culverts of medium importance is selected.
b.Load combination is selected as per IRC 6:2000
c.Based on the trial pit particulars and soil test reports,type of foundation was selected.
d.The structural components like Abutment,raft foundation are
designed as per the guide lines given in relevent IRC codes.
e.The deck slab is proposed as per the MOST drawing Nos.BD 1-74&BD 2-74
f.The dirt wall is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.25 of
IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual)
Design Philosophy:-
I)Design Parameters:-
Clear Right Span = 6.00m
Deck slab length = 6.740m
Width of the carriage way = 5.50m
Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 1-74 = 0.515m
Thickness of wearing coat = 0.075m
Height of railing = 1.200m
Thickness of dirt wall = 0.30m
Sectional area of dirt wall = 0.360sqm
Thickness of RAFT footing = 0.50m
Height of abutments = 1.804m
(As per hydralic calculations)
Top width of abutments = 0.690m
Bottom width of abutments = 2.00m
Sectional area of abutment section = 2.426sqm
Bank side batter of abutment = 1.310m
Stream side batter of abutment = 0.000m
Width of 1st footing = 2.30m
Thickness of 1st footing = 0.30m
Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment = 0.15m
Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment = 0.15m
Width of 2nd footing = 2.45m
Thickness of 2nd footing = 0.30m
Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment = 0.30m
Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment = 0.15m
Width of 3rd footing = 0.00m
Thickness of 3rd footing = 0.00m
Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment = 0.00m
Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment = 0.00m
Width of VRCC RAFT footing = 6.55m
Thickness of VRCC RAFT footing = 0.60m
Type of bearings = No bearings proposed
Unit weight of RCC (y
rc
)
= 25KN/cum
Unit weight of PCC (y
pc
)
= 24KN/cum
Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y)
= 18KN/Cum
Unit weight of water (y
w
)
= 10KN/Cum
Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material(Q) = 30
Design of Abutments
= 54.04
Slope of back fill (b) = 0
Angle of wall friction (q) = 15
Height of surcharge considered (h
3
)
= 1.20m
Road crest level (RTL)
= 2.577m
Low bed level (LBL)
= 0.477m
High flood Level (HFL)
= 1.477m
Bottom of foundation level (BFL)
= -0.923m
Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil (SBC)
= 6.00t/sqm
= 25.00N/sqmm
Yield strength of steel (f
y
)
= 415.00N/sqmm
Cover to reinforcement = 50.00mm
II)General loading pattern:-
As per IRC:6---2000,the following loadings are to be considered on the bridge or slab
culvert:-
1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Impact load
4.Wind load
5.Water current
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings
7.Buoyancy
8.Earth pressure
9.Seismic force
10.Water pressure force
As per clause 202.3,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the
above loading combination.
III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of abutments:-
1.Dead Load:-
i)Self wieght of the deck slab = 238.64KN
ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment = 49.50KN
iii)Self weight of wearing coat = 34.76KN
322.90KN
There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions
Self wieght of the abutments upto bottom most footing based on the preliminary
section assumed:-
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In
degrees)(in clock wise direction)(a)
Compressive strength of concrete for RCC Strip footing
(f
ck
)
iv)Self wieght of the abutment section = 320.23KN
v)Self wieght of top footing = 91.08KN
vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing = 97.02KN
vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing = 0.00KN
viii)Self wieght of 4th footing = 0.00KN
508.33KN
ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment w.r.t base of abutment
S.No Description Load in KN Moment
1 Back
batter(W1)
155.97384 1.127 175.78
2 Centre
portion(W2)
164.30832 0.345 56.69
3 Front
batter(W3)
0 0 0
320.28216 232.47
Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.73m
Eccentricity wrt centre of base of abutment = 0.270m
Distance of centroid of load from toe of
abutment
W1
W1
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing
S.No Description Load in KN Moment
1 Back batter 155.97384 1.277 199.18
2 Centre portion 164.30832 0.495 81.33
3 Front batter 0 0 0
4 1st footing 91.08KN 1.15 104.74
411.36216 385.25
Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.94m
Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing= 0.210m
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st
footing
S.No Description Load in KN Moment
1 Back batter 155.97384 1.427 222.57
2 Centre portion 164.30832 0.645 105.98
3 Front batter 0 0.3 0
4 1st footing 91.08KN 1.300 118.4
5 2nd footing 97.02KN 1.225 118.85
508.38216 565.8
Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 1.11m
Eccentricity = 0.115m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No Description Load in KN Moment
1 Back batter 0 1.427 0
2 Centre portion 0 0.645 0
3 Front batter 0 0.3 0
4 1st footing 0 1.00 0
5 2nd footing 0 0.93 0
6 3rd footing 0 0.00 0
0 0
Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.00m
Eccentricity = 0.000m
2.Live Load:-
As per clause 201.1 of IRC:6--2000,the bridges and culverts of medium importance
are to be designed for IRC Class A loading.
GENERAL IRC Class-A loading Pattern
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd
footing
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd
footing
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd
footing
2
.
7
t
2
.
7
t
1
1
.
4
t
1
1
.
4
t
6
.
8
t
6
.
8
t
6
.
8
t
6
.
8
t
1.10
1.80
3.20 1.20 4.30 3.00 3.00 3.00
2
.
7
t
2
.
7
t
1
1
.
4
t
1
1
.
4
t
6
.
8
t
6
.
8
t
6
.
8
t
6
.
8
t
1.10
1.80
3.20 1.20 4.30 3.00 3.00 3.00
The IRC Class A loading as per the drawing is severe and the same is to be considered as per
clauses 207.1.3&207.4
The ground contact area of wheels for the above placement,each axle wise is
given below:-
Axle load Ground Contact Area
(Tonnes)
B(mm) W(mm)
11.4 250 500
6.8 200 380
2.7 150 200
Y
X
11.4t
11.4t
6.8t
6.8t
475
5500
Portion to be loaded
with 5KN/m live
load
8000
3525
Assuming 0.475m allowance for guide posts/kerbs and the clear distance of vehicle from
the edge of guide post being 0.15m as per clause 207.1,the value of 'f' shown in the figure will
be 0.625m
Hence,the width of area to be loaded with 5KN/m2 on left side is (f) =
0.625m
Similarly,the area to be loaded on right side (k) =
3.525m
4.15m
The total live load on the deck slab composes the following components:-
1.Wheel loads----Point loads 364.00KN
2.Live load in remaing portion(Left side)----UDL 21.06KN
2.Live load in remaing portion(Right side)----UDL 118.79KN
503.86KN
Resultant live load:-
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t y-direction(Along the direction of travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t y-axis
S.No Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
Moment
1 57 0.875m 49.88KNm
2 57 0.875m 49.88KNm
3 57 2.675m 152.48KNm
4 57 2.675m 152.48KNm
5 34 0.875m 29.75KNm
6 34 0.875m 29.75KNm
7 34 2.675m 90.95KNm
8 34 2.675m 90.95KNm
9 21.0625 0.313m 6.58KNm
10 118.7925 4.688m 556.84KNm
503.855 1209.52KNm
Distance of centroid of forces from y-axis
Distance from Y-axis
= 2.401m
Eccentricity = 0.824m
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t x-direction(At right angle to the travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t x-axis
S.No Load in KN Moment
1 57 9.005m 513.29KNm
2 57 9.005m 513.29KNm
3 57 7.805m 444.89KNm
4 57 7.805m 444.89KNm
5 34 3.505m 119.17KNm
6 34 3.505m 119.17KNm
7 34 0.505m 17.17KNm
8 34 0.505m 17.17KNm
9 21.06KN 4.690m 98.78KNm
10 118.79KN 4.690m 557.14KNm
503.855 2844.94KN
Distance of centroid of forces from x-axis
= 5.646m
Eccentricity = 0.956m
Distance from X-axis
Y
X
5500
8000
Location of Resultant
2524
5574
Calculation of reactions on abutments:-
Reaction due to loads R
a
= 299.41KN
Reaction due to point loads = R
b
= 204.44KN
Hence,the critical reaction is Ra = 299.4KN
The corrected reaction at obtuse corner = 299.41KN
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the abutment,
Y
X
5500
8000
Location of Resultant
2524
5574
300
300
185
815
815
740
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load at bottom of abutment = 0.815m
----do----on top of 1st footing = 0.815m
----do----on top of 2nd footing = 0.740m
The eccentricity in the other direction need not be considered due to high section modulus in transverse
direction.
3.Impact of vehicles:-
As per Clause 211 of IRC:6--2000,impact allowance shall be made by an increment
of live load by a factor 4.5/(6+L)
Hence,the factor is 0.353
Further as per clause 211.7 of IRC:6--2000,the above impact factor shall be only
50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There
is no need to increase the live load below 3m depth.
As such,the impact allowance for the top 3m of abutments will be 0.1765
For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.
4.Wind load:-
The deck system is located at height of (RTL-LBL) 2.10m
The Wind pressure acting on deck system located at that height is considered for design.
As per clause 212.3 and from Table .4 of IRC:6---2000,the wind pressure at that
hieght is=
59.48
Kg/m
2
.
Height of the deck system = 1.790
Breadth of the deck system = 7.38
The effective area exposed to wind force =HeightxBreadth =
Hence,the wind force acting at centroid of the deck system = 3.91KN
(Taking 50% perforations)
Further as per clause 212.4 of IRC:6---2000 ,300 Kg/m wind force is considered to be
acting at a hieght of 1.5m from road surface on live load vehicle.
Hence,the wind force acting at 1.5m above the road surface = 16.50KN
300
300
185
815
815
740
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC strip footing = 4.79m
5.Water current force:-
Water pressure considered on square ended abutments as per clause 213.2 of
IRC:6---2000 is
P = 52KV
2
=
24.18
Kg/m
2
.
(where the value of 'K' is 1.5 for square ended abutments)
For the purpose of calculation of exposed area to water current force,only 1.0m
width of abutment is considered for full hieght upto HFL
Hence,the water current force = 0.51KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC raft footing = 2.90m
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings:-
The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal
direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 214.2 of IRC:6--2000.
As no bearings are assumed in the present case,50% of the above longitudinal
force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on
stiff foundation with no bearings as per clause 214.5.1.3 of IRC:6---2000
Hence,the longitudinal force due to braking,tractive or frictional resistance of
bearings transferred to abutments is
50.39KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC raft footing = 4.49m
7.Buoyancy :-
As per clause 216.4 of IRC:6---2000,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the
dead weight of the abutment shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL.
The above reduction in self wieght will be considered assuming that the back fill
behind the abutment is scoured.
For the preliminary section assumed,the volume of abutment section is
i)Volume of abutment section = 13.34Cum
ii)Volume of top footing = 3.80Cum
iii)Volume of 2nd footing = 4.04Cum
iv)Volume of 3rd footing = 0.00Cum
v)Volume of 4th footing = 0.00Cum
21.18Cum
Reduction in self wieght = 211.80KN
8.Earth pressure :-
As per clause 217.1 of IRC:6---2000,the abutments are to be designed for a
surcharge equivalent to a back fill of hieght 1.20m behind the abutment.
The coefficient of active earth pressure exerted by the cohesion less back fill on
the abutment as per the Coulomb's theory is given by
'2
K
a
= Sin(a+Q)
sina sin(a-q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Sin(a+Q) = SIN[3.14*(54.04+30)/180] = 0.961
Sin(a-q) = SIN[3.14*(54.04-15)/180] = 0.875
Sina = SIN[3.14*(54.04)/180] = 0.97
Sin(Q+q) = SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] = 0.707
Sin(Q-b) = SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] = 0.5
Sin(a+b) = SIN[3.14*(54.04+0)/180] = 0.97
From the above expression,
K
a
= 0.71
The hieght of abutment above GL,as per the preliminary section assumed = 1.804m
Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall Pa = 23.06KN/sqm
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:-
Surcharge load = 15.34 KN/sqm
15.34
1.804
23.06 15.34
Area of the rectangular portion = 27.67
Area of the triangular portion = 20.8
48.47
Taking moments of the areas about the toe of the wall
S.No Description Area Lever arm Moment
1 Rectangular 27.67 0.902 24.95834
2 Triangular 20.80 0.60133333 12.50773333
48.47 37.46607333
Height from the bottom of the wall = 0.77m
The active Earth pressure acts on the abutment as shown below:-
0.70
50.96
1.804m
0.77m
54.04
2.00
0.56
Total earth pressure acting on the abutment P = 266.60KN
Horizontal component of the earth pressure P
h
= 168.01KN
Vertical component of the earth pressure P
v
= 206.99KN
Eccentricity of vertical component of earth pressure = 0.44m
9.Siesmic force :-
As per clause 222.1 of IRC:6---2000,the bridges in siesmic zones I and II need not be
designed for siesmic forces.The location of the slab culvert is in Zone-I.Hence,there is no need to
design the bridge for siesmic forces.
10.Water pressure force:-
The water pressure distribution on the abutment is as given below:-
HFL 1.48m
2.40
BFL -0.92m
24.00kn/sqm
Total horizontal water pressure force = 158.40KN
The above pressure acts at height of H/3 = 0.80m
IV)Check for stresses for abutments&footings:-
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,back fill scoured with live load on span)
i)On top of RCC raft
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical forces acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Type of load Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.740 0.00
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 508.38KN 0.115 0.000
3 405.10KN -0.740 0.000
4 Impact load 0.00 0.00 0.00
1236.38
Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.79
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN y-Direction 4.49
3 Water current force 0.51KN x-Direction 2.90
Check for stresses:-
About x-axis:-
Breadth of 2nd footing b = 6.25m
Depth of 2nd footing d = 2.45m
Area of the footing = A = 15.3125
m
2
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel
loads+UDL)
Section modulus of bottom footing
(1/6)bd
2
=
6.25
m
3
about x-axis --Zx =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.740 6.11
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 508.38KN 0.115 36.87
3 405.10KN -0.740 7.66
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.000 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN 4.49 -36.18
14.46
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.740 36.07
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 508.38KN -0.115 29.54
3 405.10KN 0.740 45.25
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.000 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN 4.49 36.18
147.04
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 14.46 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 147.04 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of 3rd footing b = 2.45m
Depth of 3rd footing d = 6.25m
Area of the footing = A = 15.3125
m
2
Section modulus of bottom footing about =
(1/6)bd
2
=
15.95
m
3
y-axis--Zy =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 21.09
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 508.38KN 0.00 33.2
3 405.10KN 0.000 26.46
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.79 -4.96
6 Water current force 0.51KN 2.90 -0.09
75.70
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at D/S edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 21.09
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 508.38KN 0.00 33.2
3 405.10KN 0.000 26.46
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.79 4.96
6 Water current force 0.51KN 2.90 0.09
85.8
Stress at up stream side P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 75.70 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
edge =
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 85.8 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
edge =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 2nd footing
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.740 0.00
2 Self wieght of abutment&cut waters 411.36KN 0.210 0.000
Type of load Type of load
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
3 405.10KN -0.740 0.000
4 Impact load 0.00 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.49
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN y-Direction 4.19
3 Water current force 0.51KN x-Direction 2.60
Check for stresses:-
About x-axis:-
Breadth of 1st footing b = 6.25m
Depth of 1st footing d = 2.30m
Area of the footing = A = 14.375
m
2
Section modulus of base of abutment
(1/6)bd
2
=
5.51
m
3
about x-axis--Zx =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.74 6.51
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 411.36KN 0.21 31.12
3 405.10KN -0.74 8.16
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN 4.19 -38.31
7.48
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.74 38.42
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 411.36KN -0.21 22.85
3 405.10KN 0.74 48.2
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN 4.19 38.31
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
147.78
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 7.48 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 147.78 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of 1st footing b = 2.30m
Depth of 1st footing d = 6.25m
Area of the footing = A = 14.375
m
2
Section modulus of base of abutment
(1/6)bd
2
=
14.97
m
3
about y-axis--Zy =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 22.46
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 411.36KN 0.00 28.62
3 405.10KN 0.000 28.18
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.49 -4.95
6 Water current force 0.51KN 2.60 -0.09
74.22
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at D/S edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 22.46
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 411.36KN 0.00 28.62
3 405.10KN 0.000 28.18
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.49 4.95
6 Water current force 0.51KN 2.60 0.09
84.3
Stress at up stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 74.22 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 84.3 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
i)On top of 1st footing
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.815 0.00
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 320.28KN 0.270 0.000
3 405.10KN -0.815 0.000
4 Impact load 0.00 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.19
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN y-Direction 3.89
3 Water current force 0.51KN x-Direction 2.30
Check for stresses:-
About x-axis:-
Breadth of abutment b = 6.25m
Depth of abutment d = 2.00m
Area of the footing = A = 12.5
m
2
Section modulus of base of abutment
(1/6)bd
2
=
4.17
m
3
about x-axis--Zx =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.82 5.62
Type of load
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 320.28KN 0.27 28.94
3 405.10KN -0.82 7.05
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN 3.89 -47.04
-5.43
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.82 46.04
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 320.28KN -0.27 18.98
3 405.10KN 0.82 57.76
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN 3.89 47.04
169.82
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = -5.43 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 169.82 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of abutment b = 2.00m
Depth of abutment d = 6.25m
Area of the footing = A = 12.5
m
2
Section modulus of base of abutment
(1/6)bd
2
=
13.02
m
3
about y-axis--Zy =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 25.83
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 320.28KN 0.00 25.62
3 405.10KN 0.000 32.41
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.19 -5.31
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
6 Water current force 0.51KN 2.30 -0.09
78.46
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at D/S edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 25.83
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 320.28KN 0.00 25.62
3 405.10KN 0.000 32.41
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.00 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.19 5.31
6 Water current force 0.51KN 2.30 0.09
89.26
Stress at up stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 78.46 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 89.26 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,back fill intact with no live load on span)
i)On top of RCC Raft footing
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.740 0.00
Self wieght of abutment&cut waters 508.38KN
Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy -211.80KN
2 Net self weight 296.58KN 0.115 0.000
3 Vertical component of earth pressure 206.99KN 0.440 0.000
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.79
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 0.00KN y-Direction 0.00
Type of load
Type of load
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
3 Water current force 0.51KN x-Direction 2.90
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN y-Direction 1.37
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN y-Direction 0.80
Check for stresses:-
About x-axis:-
Breadth of bottom footing b = 6.25m
Depth of bottom footing d = 2.45m
Area of the footing = A = 15.3125
m
2
Section modulus of bottom footing
(1/6)bd
2
=
6.25
m
3
about x-axis --Zx =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.74 6.11
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN 0.12 21.51
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.44 19.23
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN 1.37 -36.89
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN 0.80 20.3
30.23
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.74 36.07
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN -0.12 17.23
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN -0.44 7.81
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN 1.37 36.89
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN 0.80 -20.3
77.73
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 30.22 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 77.73 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Type of load
Type of load
Breadth of bottom footing b = 2.45m
Depth of bottom footing d = 6.25m
Area of the footing = A = 15.3125
m
2
Section modulus of bottom footing
(1/6)bd
2
=
15.95
m
3
about y-axis --Zy =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at U/S Edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 21.09
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN 0.00 19.37
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.00 13.52
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Wind load 16.50KN 4.79 -4.96
5 Water current force 0.51KN 2.90 -0.1
48.93
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at D/S edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 21.09
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN 0.00 19.37
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.00 13.52
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 16.50KN 4.79 4.96
5 Water pressure force 0.51KN 2.90 0.1
59.03
Stress at up stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 48.93 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 59.03 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
ii)On top of 2nd footing
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Type of load
Type of load
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.74 0.00
Self wieght of abutment&footings 508.38KN
Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy -211.80KN
2 Net self weight 296.58KN 0.115 0.000
3 Vertical component of earth pressure 206.99KN 0.440 0.000
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.49
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 0.00KN y-Direction 0.00
3 Water current force 0.51KN x-Direction 2.60
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN y-Direction 1.07
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN y-Direction 0.50
Check for stresses:-
About x-axis:-
Breadth of 2nd footing b = 6.25m
Depth of 2nd footing d = 2.30m
Area of the footing = A = 14.375
m
2
Section modulus of bottom footing
(1/6)bd
2
=
5.51
m
3
about x-axis --Zx =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.74 6.51
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN 0.12 22.91
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.44 20.48
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN 1.07 -32.72
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN 0.50 14.4
31.55
Type of load
Type of load
Type of load
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.74 38.42
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN -0.12 18.35
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN -0.44 8.32
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN 1.07 32.72
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN 0.50 -14.4
83.44
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 31.55 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 83.44 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of 1st footing b = 2.30m
Depth of 1st footing d = 6.25m
Area of the footing = A = 14.375
m
2
Section modulus of bottom footing
(1/6)bd
2
=
14.97
m
3
about y-axis --Zy =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at U/S Edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 22.46
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN 0.00 20.63
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.00 14.4
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Wind load 16.50KN 4.49 -4.95
5 Water current force 0.51KN 2.60 -0.1
52.45
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at D/S edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 22.46
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 296.58KN 0.00 20.63
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.00 14.4
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 16.50KN 4.49 4.95
Type of load
Type of load
Type of load
5 Water pressure force 0.51KN 2.60 0.1
62.53
Stress at up stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 52.45 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 62.53 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 1st footing
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.74 0.00
Self wieght of abutment&cut waters 411.36KN
Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy -171.40KN
2 Net self weight 239.96KN 0.210 0.000
3 Vertical component of earth pressure 206.99KN 0.440 0.000
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.19
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 0.00KN y-Direction 0.00
3 Water current force 0.51KN x-Direction 2.30
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN y-Direction 0.77
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN y-Direction 0.20
Check for stresses:-
About x-axis:-
Breadth of 1st footing b = 6.25m
Depth of 1st footing d = 2.30m
Area of the footing = A = 14.375
m
2
Section modulus of bottom footing
(1/6)bd
2
=
5.51
m
3
about x-axis --Zx =
Type of load
Type of load
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN -0.74 6.51
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 239.96KN 0.21 20.06
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.44 20.48
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN 0.77 -23.57
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN 0.20 5.8
29.23
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.74 38.42
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 239.96KN -0.21 13.33
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN -0.44 8.32
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 168.01KN 0.77 23.57
5 Water pressure force 158.40KN 0.20 -5.8
77.89
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 29.23 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 77.89 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of 1st footing b = 2.30m
Depth of 1st footing d = 6.25m
Area of the footing = A = 14.375
m
2
Section modulus of bottom footing
(1/6)bd
2
=
14.97
m
3
about y-axis --Zy =
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm
2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm
2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
Type of load
Type of load
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever
arm
Stress at U/S Edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 22.46
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 239.96KN 0.00 16.69
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.00 14.4
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Wind load 16.50KN 4.19 -4.62
5 Water current force 0.51KN 2.30 -0.1
48.85
S.No Intensity in
KN (P)
Eccentricity Stress at D/S edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.00 22.46
2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 239.96KN 0.00 16.69
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.00 14.4
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 16.50KN 4.19 4.62
5 Water pressure force 0.51KN 2.30 0.1
58.25
Stress at up stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 48.85 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 58.25 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
V)Check for stability of abutments:-
a)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is dry,back fill intact with live load on span)
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.82 0.00
2 Self wieght of abutments 320.23KN 0.270 0.000
3 405.10KN 0.82 0.000
4 Vertical component of Active Earth pressure 206.99KN 0.440 0.00
1255.22KN
Type of load
Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Type of load
Type of load
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.19
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 50.39KN y-Direction 4.19
3 Horizontal Active Earth pressure force 168.01KN y-Direction 0.77
234.90KN
Check for stability against over turning:-
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings = 211.12Kn-m
Moment due to active earth pressure force = 129.87Kn-m
Total overturning moment = 340.99Kn-m
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,,
Moment due to self weight of abutment = 406.69Kn-m
Moment due to live load reaction on abutment = 735.27Kn-m
Moment due to super structure load reaction on abutment = 586.05Kn-m
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure = 298.07Kn-m
Total Restoring moment = 2026.08Kn-m
Factor of safety = 5.94180648 > 2.0 Hence safe
(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
Check for stability against sliding:-
Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment V
b
= 1255.22KN
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment H
b
= 234.90KN
Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = 0.80
Factor of safety against sliding F
s
= 4.27491751 > 1.5 Hence safe
(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
b)Load Envelope-IV:-(The Canal is running upto HFL with no live load on span)
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
Type of load
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Eccentricty about x-
axis(m)
Eccentricty about y-
axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 322.90KN 0.82 0.00
Self wieght of abutments 320.23KN
-133.40KN
2 Net self wieght 186.83KN 0.270 0.000
3 Vertical component of Active Earth pressure 206.99 0.440 0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Intensity in
KN
Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
section
considered).(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 4.19
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 0.00KN y-Direction 0.00
3 Active Earth pressure force 168.01KN y-Direction 0.77
4 Force due to water pressure 158.40KN y-Direction 0.20
Check for stability against over turning:-
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings = 0.00Kn-m
Moment due to active earth pressure force = 129.87Kn-m
Total overturning moment = 129.87Kn-m
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to self weight of abutment = 237.27Kn-m
Moment due to water pressure force on the abutment = 31.68Kn-m
Moment due to super structure load reaction on abutment = 586.05Kn-m
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure = 298.07Kn-m
Total Restoring moment = 1153.08Kn-m
Type of load
Type of load
Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
Factor of safety = 8.87855106 > 2.0 Hence safe
(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
Check for stability against sliding:-
Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment V
b
= 552.22KN
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment H
b
= 168.01KN
Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = 0.80
Factor of safety against sliding F
s
= 2.62940787 > 1.5 Hence safe
(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
Name of the work:-Slab culvert on Vemuladeevi Channel
Abutment
Abutment
Length of the Raft:- = 12.60m
Width of the Raft:- = 6.55m
Total load on the Raft:-
Dead Load:-
Wt.of Deck slab = 477.28Kn
Wt.of wearing coat = 69.51Kn
Wt.of bed blocks over abutments = 99.00Kn
Wt.of abutments
Footing-I = 182.16Kn
Footing-II = 194.04Kn
Wt.of abutments = 640.46Kn
Total 1662.45Kn
Dead load stress = 20.14Kn/Sqm
Live Load:-
Taking IRC Class-A loading
Wheel width in the direction of movement =0.2+0.2+0.25/2 = 0.625m
11.4 11.4 6.8 6.8 6.8
1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 0.475
0.625
DESIGN OF RAFT FOR THE SLAB CULVERT
12.60m
Centre of gravity of loading from 1st 11.4t load =
= 4.33m
Centre of gravity from the end of raft = 4.955m
Eccentricity = 1.345m
Stress due to live load = 1xP(1+6e/b)
(Taking single lanes) A
Max.stress = 11.45Kn/Sqm
Min.stress = -0.78Kn/Sqm
Total stress due to dead load and live load
Max.Stress = 31.59Kn/Sqm
Min.Stress = 19.36Kn/Sqm
Assuming the depth of raft as 60cm
Stress due to self weight of raft = 15.00Kn/Sqm
Stress due to wieght of base concrete = 7.20Kn/Sqm
Hence,the Max.stress on the soil = 53.79Kn/Sqm
Which is less than 6t/sqm(Soil testing report)
Hence safe.
Net Max.upward pressure acting on Raft = 31.59Kn/Sqm
Net Min.upward pressure acting on Raft = 19.36Kn/Sqm
The design stress = 25.48Kn/Sqm
Hence,the UDL on the raft = 25.48Kn/m
Design of Raft:-
The raft will be analysed as a continuous beam of 1m width with the loading
as shown below:-
1.30 10.00 1.30
UDL of 25.48Kn/m
After analysis the bending moment diagram is as given below:
517
37.5
Max.Negative bending moment Mu = 517.00KNm
Max.Positive bending moment Mu = 37.50KNm
Effective depth required d = M
u
/0.138f
ck
b = 387.11mm
Over all depth provided = 600.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = 542.00mm
Bottom steel:-
M
u
/bd
2
= 1.76
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = 0.535
Area of steel required = 2899.70sqmm
Top steel:-
M
u
/bd
2
= 0.128
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required/Minimum steel = 0.12
Area of steel required = 650.40sqmm
Hence provide 12mm dia HYSD bars@ 150mm c/c spacing at bottom
and provide 20mm bars at 110mm c/c at top
Hence A
st
provided at top = 2854.55sqmm
Hence A
st
provided at bottom = 753.60sqmm
Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.12% both at top and bottom
Area = 720.00sqmm
Adopting 12mm dia bars,the spacing required is = 157.00mm
Hence provide 12mm dia bars @ 150mm c/c spacing at top& bottom
Effective depth = 300-50-6 = 0.244m
Clear span between abutments = 3.00-2x(0.125+2x(0.15)) = 2.150m
Effective span = 2.15+0.244/2 = 2.27m
For continuous slab,clear span will be the effective span,effective span =
The raft is proposed to be designed for the Max.stress of 5.47t/sqm
Assuming 1m width of raft,the UDL on the raft is 53.790t/Sqm
The raft is treated as simply supported beam with over hangs
Hence,the Max.positive moment = wl
2
/8 = 34.71t-m
Max.Negative moment for over hangs = wl
1
2
/2 = 2.42t-m
Max.negative moment = 2.420t-m
Max.positive moment = 34.710t-m
Hence,the design moment = 34.710t-m
Depth required = 3.53x10
5
67.140094
7.7x100
Hence provide overall depth of 30cm,the effective depth available is
300-50-6 = 24.4
Area of steel required = 3.53x10
5
77.65sqcm
at centre 2000x0.916x24.4
Spacing of 12mm dia bars required = 1.13x100/7.9 = 14.30379747
However provide 12mm bars at 125mm c/c at centre
Area of steel required = 0.25x10
5
5.41sqcm
for over hangs 2000x0.916x24.4
Spacing of 12mm dia bars required = 1.13x100/0.56 = 201.7857143
However provide 12mm bars at 250mm c/c
Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.12% both at top and bottom
Area = 3.60sqcm
Adopting 10mm dia bars,the spacing required is = 0.785x100/3.6 = 21.805556
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 175mm c/c spacing
The details of Reinforcement is as shown below:-
12mm bars@ 125 c/c(Curtail 50% of cranks at the centre of abutment
3.00m
12mm bars@250mm c/c
DESIGN OF RAFT FOR THE SLAB CULVERT
0.625 11.4
1.2 11.4
4.3 6.8
3 6.8
3 6.8
0.475
2.27m
1.1304
1.1304
0.785
12mm bars@250mm c/c
Hydraulic Particulars:-
1.Full supply Level 1.477
2.Ordinary Flood level ------
3.Lowest Bed level 0.477
4.Average bed slope 0.000059
(1 in 17000)
5.Rugosity Coefficient(n) 0.020
(As per table 5 of IRC:SP 13)
6.Vertical clearence proposed 0.510
(As per clause 15.5 of IRC:SP 13&as per profile)
6.Bottom of deck proposed 1.987
(MFL+Vertical clearence)
7.Road Crest level 2.577
(Bottom of deck level+thickness of deck slab)
8.Width of carriage way 5.500
Discharge Calculations:-
1)From the data furnished by the Irrigation Department:-
Design discharge = 2.074Cumecs
2)Area Velocity method:-
Depth of flow w.r.t HFL = 1.000m
Bed width = 4.50m
Assuming side slopes 1:1.5 in clayey soils,top width at HFL = 6.000m
Wetted Area = 5.25sqm
Wetted perimetre = 7.33m
Hydraulic Radius R= Total area/Wetted perimeter = 0.72
Velocity V = 1/nX(R
2/3
XS
1/2
) 0.31m/sec
Discharge Q = AXV 1.63Cumecs
Design Discharge = 2.074Cumecs
Design Velocity = 0.31m/sec
Ventway Calculations(H.F.L Condition):-
Hydraulic design
Assuming the stream to be truly alluvial,the regime width is equal to linear waterway required for the drain.
Hence,as per Lacey's silt theory,the regime width W = 4.8Q
1/2
= 4.8*2.074
0.5
= 6.91m
The actual top width is almost equal to the above regime width.Hence,the stream is almost truly alluvial in nature.
As per IRC:SP--13,the ventway calculations for alluvial streams are as given below:-
Assuming afflux = x = 0.05m
Width of channel at H.F.L(b+h) = 6.00m
Clear span = 6.00m
Effective linear water way = 6.00m
Depth of flow = d
i
= 1.00m
Head due to velocity of approach = (V
max
2
/2g)X[d
i
/(d
i
+x)]
2
0.004m
Combined head due to Velocity of approach and h
i
= 0.054m
afflux
Velocity through vents V
v
= 0.90X(2gh
i
)
1/2
= 0.93m/sec
Linear water way required L
WW
= Q
d
/(V
v
Xd
i
) = 2.24m
No.of vents required = L
WW
/L
C
= 0.373333333
Say---1 Vent
In alluvial streams,the actual width of the stream should not be reduced,as it results in enhanced scour
depth and expensive training works.
Hence No.of vents required as per the width of the stream at H.F.L= 1
(6/6.00)
No.of vents to be provided 1Nos
No.of piers = 0Nos
Scour Depth Calculations:-
As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate
margin of safety for foundations and protection works
Hence,the discharge for design of foundations = 1.30XDesign Discharge =
Lacey's Silt factor ' f ' = 1.76Xm
1/2
(For normal silt) =
Discharge per metre width of foundations = q =
Normal scour depth D = 1.34(q
2
/f)
1/3
=
Maximum scour depth D
m
= 1.5XD =
Depth of foundation = Dm + Max.of 1.2m or 1/3 D
m
=
Bottom level of foundation =
Depth of foundation below low bed level =
The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 65 KN/m2 at a depth of 1.50m below LBL
Hence open foundation in the form of raft is proposed at a depth of 1.85m below LBL,ie,at a level of
Cut-off walls and aprons are not required from scour depth point of view
Hydraulic design
The actual top width is almost equal to the above regime width.Hence,the stream is almost truly alluvial in nature.
In alluvial streams,the actual width of the stream should not be reduced,as it results in enhanced scour
As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate
2.76Cumecs
1.00
0.46
0.80m
1.20m
2.40m
-0.923m
1.400m
The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 65 KN/m2 at a depth of 1.50m below LBL
-0.923m