1.

1.1
-

.
0.2

. 1
1 .


.
2
1,
, h=14 cm
, As= 10 cm2.
2 1
.
2 8/5, 1,
,
16/20.
,
,

, .

Fs

. 1.1
H
( )
( )
sd Fsd1 = s1.sd

[]

1.2 :

[m]

.
MRdu
As1, fyd, d
(MRdu = As1.fyd.z = As1.fyd.o,9d)

.
s1 d
,

fyd..
1.2.1

Fs

()

()

()

( ) .

. 1.2 ()
, ()
, ()

. 2()

. 2()

Fsd1.

 d Fsd1
,
Fb

b.
:

Fb = b . . .lAB

:
Fsd1 = Fb => s1.sd = b . . .lAB =>
.2/4.sd = b...lAB =>

/4.sd = b .lAB

()

() b= fb (fb
b, )
(1):

(2) sd = fsd
lAB

fsd.
lb.
1.2.2

,
lb
(
).
1 16 mm
lb (
(2) f bd= 2 a 70 cm.

(1)

, ,
, . 1,
20 cm.

()
.

,
(1), 80 MPa,


fsd = 500/1,5 = 435 MPa.

sd = 4/. fb .lAB
(1) :

lAB
.
.

fb .

1.2.3
() lAB
b= fb (2):
lAB = /4. sd /fbd

(2)

(2) :

sd
:
1. sd .
2. .
3. o
fb.

, ,

,
.
2
160 Mpa 2
. , ,

.

1.3

.
. 2()
.


, . 2,
,
. 2(),
.

, ,

,
. 2().
, . 3,
:




(
)

, ...




,
, .

1.4

:



,

,
.
.

,
,

.




(
s

-).
:
1.


.
2.
.

. 1.3

,
. 4
, 1-1
: sd = 4/. fb .l =
4/0,02. 2,0. 0,20 = 80 Ma
fsd = 500/1,15 = 435 Ma.

0.2

0.2

. 1.4 sd

1.5

. 1
, .

1



,
.

.
,

,

,
,

.

. 1.5

2.

2.1

.1



.

:
bd < f bd
:
bd:

: .



.
,
,
.


.
dx

fbd :

V
A

2.2



.

.

,
,
() ()

.

,
.1, -

V,dx = dM
Fc

,

:

M+dM

Fc+dF
T

T
Fs+dFs

Fs
dx
dFs = =.dx

. 2.1

F+dF
T

Fs

Fs+dFs
T

(
V)

 b
.

1-1 2-2
Ms,
. 1,

.
(
) .

[V]
[b]
[ ]

.



, ( ), , . 1
.
. 1:
H


.
dx

Fs

Fs

Fb
Fb = dFs = b. . .dx
. 2.2

2.3
V
Fs Fs = /z. A
Fs :
b.dx = dFs
dFs= dM/z
dM = V

b = V / z

. 2.3
:

.

,
. 3.

2.4

,

.
, ,
,
,
,
.


, ,
,
.
, . 4:

.

2.6
. ,

.

. 2.4

2.5



,
. 5, . , Fs= As.s
As.

()

R,
.
Rv
(. . 4).


.

.

2.7 -

[s]

[s]

()

()

. 2.5 s ()
()

.
:

,

-


.
. 1,


. ,
, 1/12 .

.

()
.

:

( )
.

:

,
,

.

:

( ).

:


.

,

.

, ,
, ,
,
.


25 mm, 30mm
.

:


.

,

.

:



,
.
:

.


, .

2.8

.

, .
.
,
,

.

3.
3.1
3.1.1 lb
lbnet



, fb.

, lbnet
():
lbnet= /4. sd/fbd

()

, . 2.5
. 5,

.
As
sd = fsd, .
, As,ef (effective: )
(calculated: ),

fsd (
z
):

sd/fsd = As,ef/As,cal => sd = fsd . As,ef/As,cal

(: sd = As,cal. fsd .z = As,ef. As,cal.z)

,
. s fsy,

. 2 (

)
() .

sd ()
(1) :
lb,net = 1. 2.lb.As,ef/As,cal
3.1.2
. 2.1 :

lb ():
:
lb= /4. fsd /fbd

()

():
lbnet= 1.2.lb.sd/fsd

()

:
1:

(
)
2:

.

(1)

l < l bnet

(2)

l :


l bnet
() (1)


,

.

3.2

 , ()
, ,
.
x
.

x.
, ,
x.

, :
3.2.1

.2

,

.
,
( )
. :
, ,


.
B

( )

( )

x, ,
.
:
.


.
.. 1 . 1()



( ).

.
l >l
, .

bnet

xB = xA/2
xA
[]
B

MB = MA/2 =>

bnet =

bnet/2

. 3.1

xB = xA/2
xA = lB bnet

.

,

[]
MB > MA/2 =>

lB bnet > lA bnet/2

. 3.2

3.2.2

,
, ,
,
,
.

,
..
, .
2lbnet,


. :

3.2.3





-, .3,
:
lb,net
(

) d
(
).

.
:


x = Rdu / Vsd ,
Rdu Vs.
.
-:
,

, , (. . 69.3).

(
b = Vs./z ) x,
x
Vs./z,
x x .

d
. 3.3 -
3.2.4

, . 4,

() ,
,
. 4.

( )
(. ).

x :
Fsd = Rdu/z (1)
Vs./z (.
1) x Q
Ft = x.Vs./z (2)

:
x=Rdu/Vsd

[sd]

(1) (2)

. 3.4 []



,
d, . 4
. 5 .

. 5(),
Fsd
Vsd.

Fsd = Vsd

,
.
, ,
Fsd/ = Vsd/

lbnet.
lbnet .fb= Fsd/ = Vsd/ =>
lbnet = Vsd/(..fb)

,
1/3 , ,
:

lbnet = 0,7Vsd/(..fb), :

Fsd
Vsd ()

[M]
()

. 3.5 []

4.


:
.


, .

.
.

4.1
,
.

.
. 6 . 3,


.
()
.

P2

(

),
, . 1().

4.2



, ..

()
.

.

S400 S500 (
S500
700 Ma)
.


,

,
. 2().

P1

V
P2 < P1
()

,

,
. 1().

4.3
()

. 4.1

, ..
, ,

R,
.
Rv
.

 V

, . 2().

Fs
RV

()

.
,
.

(. . 2.4) .

()

. 4.2 ()
()

, . 2(),
.



,
,
. 3():

.

.
. 2 3,

.

1
1

1-1

,





(
)

, ,


.
:


( ).

1
1

. 4.3 ()

()


, , .
:


( ).