Basic Drill String Standards

DRILLING PRACTICES
BASIC DRILL STRING STANDARDS
Understand the basic principles of engineering mechanics that are involved in Drill
String Standards and Drilling Tubular Failures.
Demonstrate a knowledge of the following :

drillpipe Ranges,Grades and Terminology.
API and Numbered Connections.
Tool Joint Upsets.
Pipe Identification.
Drilling Tubular Function.
Fatigue Failures.
Tension and Torsion Failures.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the various types and grades of drillpipe used on Transocean rigs, and
know how to determine the operating limits for each.
drillpipe RANGES

drillpipe comes in three ranges or lengths:
Basic Principles
Range API length (ft)
1 18 -22

2 27 - 32

3 38 - 45
GRADES
The grade of a pipe is commonly given by its minimum yield strength expressed
in units of 1,000 pounds per square inch.

Grade D-55 has a minimum yield strength of 55,000 lb..../in
2

Grade E-75 has a minimum yield strength of 75,000 lb..../in
2

Grade X-95 has a minimum yield strength of 95,000 lb..../in
2

Grade G-105 has a minimum yield strength of 105,000 lb..../in
2

Grade S-135 has a minimum yield strength of 135,000 lb..../in
2

Tensile strength of new pipe is the minimum yield strength x cross sectional area of pipe body
5 OD S-135 19.5 lbs..../ft has a cross section area of 5.2746
in
2
.
135,000 x 5.2746 = 712071 lbs..
5.2746 in
2
Nominal Size
Approximate Weight.
drillpipe TERMINOLOGY
Nominal Weight
Example
5 OD E grade IEU NC50 drillpipe
BOX PIN
Approximate Weight 20.89
lb..../ft
5OD
Nominal Weight 19.5 lb..../ft
NC 26 - 2
3
/
8
IF or 2
7
/
8
SH
NC 31 - 2
7
/
8
IF or 3
1
/
2
SH
NC 38 - 3
1
/
2
IF, 3
1
/
2
WO or 4
1
/
2
SH
NC 40 - 4 FH
NC 46 - 4 IF, 4
1
/
2
XH or 4 WO
Some Examples of NC interchange
API AND THE NUMBERED CONNECTION (NC)
NC50 4
1
/
2
IF
5 XH
4
1
/
2
WO
V Thread Form
Flat
Crest
Round
Root
.065
.038
Designated as V-0.038R
and mates with the V-0.065
thread form.
THE PIPE BODY IS OF SEAMLESS CONSTRUCTION
TOOL JOINTS AND UPSETS
EXTERNAL UPSET ( EU )
INTERNAL-EXTERNAL UPSET
( IEU )
INTERNAL UPSET
( IU )
BOX PIN
Pins usually have 35
0
tapered shoulders Boxes usually have 18
0
tapered shoulders
HARDFACING
TONG AREA
TONG AREA
G 6 95 B E
SAMPLE MARKINGS
AT BASE OF PIN.
1. TOOL JOINT MANUFACTURERS SYMBOL.
2. MONTH WELDED.
3. YEAR WELDED.
4. PIPE MANUFACTURERS SYMBOL.
5. drillpipe GRADE.
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION
STANDARD WEIGHT
GRADE X95 drillpipe
ONE GROOVE
STANDARD WEIGHT
GRADE S135 drillpipe
THREE GROOVES
STANDARD WEIGHT
GRADE G105 drillpipe
TWO GROOVES
HEAVY WEIGHT
GRADE G105 drillpipe
ONE WIDE
GROOVE
HEAVY WEIGHT
GRADE E75 drillpipe
SLOT
STANDARD WEIGHT
GRADE E75 drillpipe
NO MARKINGS
HEAVY WEIGHT HIGH
STRENGTH drillpipe
GROOVE
SLOT
STANDARD WEIGHT HIGH
STRENGTH drillpipe
SLOT
GROOVE
Stencil marking for permanent classification.
One punch mark = Premium Class
Two punch marks = Class 2
Three punch marks = Class 3
Tool Joint Condition Bands
Classification bands for drillpipe and tool joints
DRILLING TUBULAR CLASSIFICATION AND CONDITION
* Colour bands on the pipe are for presentation purposes only and do not represent a class or condition.
DRILLING TUBULAR FUNCTIONS
(1) Transmits rotary torque to the bit.
(2) Provides a conduit for circulating fluid to reach the bit.
The Drill String
The BHA
(1) Prevents buckling the drillpipe by keeping it in tension.
(2) Allows weight to be applied to the bit.
(3) Help stability of the bit.
(4) Minimise directional control problems.
DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE FAILURES
drillpipe
Drill Collars
Near Slip Damage,
Mashes or Dents
Near Internal Upsets
Near Last Engaged
Thread Roots
DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE FAILURES
Pipe Bends Due
To Hole Shape
Pipe Buckles Due
To Excessive
Weight Being
Applied
Collars Buckle
When Weight Is
Applied To Bit
HOW FATIGUE HAPPENS
Compression
Tension
DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES
SLIP CUTS, MASHES AND DENTS CAN LEAD TO PREMATURE FAILURE
Notch in pipe focuses
and accelerates fatigue
Fatigue crack starts at
bottom of notch
Crack propagates through
pipe until failure occurs
DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES
INTERNAL UPSETS CAN LEAD TO PREMATURE FAILURE
0
0
8 16 24 32 40 48
Distance From Box and Pin Ends (Inches)
20
40
60
80
100
%
Box End
Pin End
DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES
BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY CONNECTION FAILURE
Stress Concentrator Areas
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Stress Relief
Groove on Pin
Bare back on
Box
Cold Rolling Thread Roots
DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES
BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY STIFFNESS RATIO
Selecting the correct
combination of pipe sizes
reduce stress levels.
Abrupt changes in OD
and ID of collars.
5 OD x 3 ID
9 OD x 3 ID
8 OD x 3 ID
9 OD x 3 ID
For routine drilling or very low failure rate experience, keep (SR) below 5.5
For severe drilling or significant failure rate experience, keep (SR) below 3.5
DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE
Drilling Mud
Corrosion
Rate
Toughness
Of The
Material
Bending
Strength
Ratio
Cold Rolling
Thread Roots
Stress Relief
Features
BHA Design
Weight On Bit
Vibration
Sharp
Transitions
DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE
TENSION FAILURE
PIPE IS LITERALLY
TORN APART WHEN
PULL EXCEEDS
LOAD CAPACITY.
DRILLER STARTS
PULLING ON PIPE.
TORSION FAILURE
EXCESSIVE TORQUE
CAUSES PIN TO BE
SCREWED INTO BOX
UNTIL IT FAILS IN
TENSION.
DRILLER STARTS
ROTATING PIPE.
TENSION FAILURE
TORSION FAILURE
Simultaneous Tension
Reduces Torsional Yield
Strength in Pin Weak
Connections
Simultaneous Torsion
Reduces The drillpipe Tube
Tensile Capacity
DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE
CONNECTION WASHOUTS
Helical Pathways in
Thread Root.
Leak at Seal Area
DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE
COLLAPSE AND BURST PRESSURE
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
EXTERNAL LOAD EXCEEDS
TUBE YIELD STRENGTH AND
PIPE COLLAPSES
INTERNAL PRESSURE
INTERNAL LOAD EXCEEDS
TUBE YIELD STRENGTH AND
PIPE SPLITS
MECHANICAL FAILURES
JARS
BITS
SAFETY
VALVES
HOLE
OPENERS
MUD
MOTORS
MWD
TOOLS
IBOPs
SHOCK
SUBS
UNDER
REAMERS
OTHERS
DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE
SPLIT/BELLED BOX PIN STRETCH EXCESSIVE
TORQUE
EXCESSIVE
TORQUE
Thread Profile Gauge
Stretched Threads
EXCESSIVE
TORQUE
Split
Box
Belled
Box
DRILLING TUBULAR CORROSION
OXYGEN: Causes rusting and pitting leading to washouts, twistoffs and fatigue failure.
CARBON DIOXIDE: When dissolved in water forms a weak solution of Carbonic Acid that corrodes steel in the same
manner as other acids. When present with Oxygen corrosion rate is higher than the individual corrosion rates.
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE: Is weaker and less corrosive than Carbonic Acid when dissolved in water. However a more
significant problem is the effect known as Hydrogen Embrittlement or Sulphide Stress Cracking.
DISOLVED SALTS: Chlorides, Carbonates and Sulphates increase electrical conductivity of the drilling fluids. This
increases electrochemical reactions and may result in higher corrosion rates.
ACIDS: Corrode metal by lowering the pH and dissolving protective films.
DRILLING COMPONENT FAILURES
WELDING
Hole Openers Underreamers Welded Blade
Stabilisers
Rebuilt Tool
Joints
SOME OF THE BAD PRACTICES THAT PEOPLE GET UP TO
Using Wrong Thread
Protectors
Jacking Pipe With Tools
Not Designed For Job
ie.(Stilson)
Using One Tong Instead Of
Two For Make-up or
Breakout
Setting Slips Before Pipe
Movement Stops
Riding Slips On Pipe
Using Rotary To Make-up
or Breakout
Incorrect Stabbing (Hitting
Shoulder or Rolling Pin
Into Box)
No Visual Inspection And
Correct Doping Before
Making-up
Removing Thread
Protectors Early
Not Spacing Pipe On
Deck Correctly
Picking Pipe Up By
Hooking Ends
DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE PREVENTION
BALANCING AREAS THAT ARE WITHIN OUR CONTROL
FAILURE
SCALE
Handling Inspecting
Design Environment
Very
Low
GOOD GOOD
FAILURE
SCALE
Handling
Inspecting
Design
Environment
Very
High
BAD