GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA 1

Genetic Abnormalities as Te! Relate to Sci"o#renia

Emil! Parrott
Ba!si$e Hi% Scool

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA &
Abstract
Sci"o#renia is a $isease o' te min$( an$ a''ects #ersonalit! an$ bea)ior* It is $an%ero+s in
tat it can a''ect an!one( an$ i%nores an! $i''erences in race( %en$er( or %eneral attrib+tes o' a
+man* ,ile se)eral t!#es o' sci"o#renia a)e been i$enti'ie$( so 'ar tere are no -no.n
c+res* C+rrentl! onl! certain $e#ressants are +se$* /ort+natel!( tro+% a recent st+$!( it as
been so.n tat /ra%ile 0 S!n$rome 1Gale( &2134 ma! #ro)i$e te lin- bet.een sci"o#renia
an$ %enetics* E5#lorin% tat lin- ma! lea$ to ne. c+res in te sci"o#renic an$ #s!colo%ical
'iel$s* ,en te lin- bet.een sci"o#renia an$ %enetics is 'o+n$( tere ma! be o#e 'or a c+re*
An abstract is a sin%le #ara%ra#( .ito+t in$entation( tat s+mmari"es te -e! #oints o' te
man+scri#t in 162 to &62 .or$s* Since tis is s+c a sim#le an$ sort #a#er an$ it $oes not
incl+$e ori%inal researc( !o+r abstract can be a little sorter* Te #+r#ose o' te abstract is to
#ro)i$e te rea$er .it a brie' o)er)ie. o' te #a#er* ,en in $o+bt abo+t a r+le( cec- te
si5t e$ition APA %+i$e 'rom Online ,ritin% Lab 'rom Per$+e 7ni)ersit! rater tan rel!in%
on tis tem#late* Yo+ can +se te o+tline an$ constr+ct !o+r abstract 'rom te sentences tat !o+
#+t on te o+tline .or-seet* Also( .en !o+ +se an! in'ormation 'rom te notes( remember to
cite !o+r so+rces in #arentetical citations in APA st!le* An! abbre)iations tat !o+ .ill be
+sin% in !o+r #a#er li-e APA1American Ps!colo%ical Association4 so+l$ be e5#laine$ ere*
8o not 'or%et to ma-e a clear statement abo+t te im#ortance or rele)ance o' !o+r researc to
me$ical #ractice*
Keywords: .ritin%( tem#late( si5t( e$ition( APA 'ormat( sel'9$isci#line( is( )er!( %oo$
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA 3
Genetic Abnormalities as Te! Relate to Sci"o#renia
Ima%ine bein% in a cro.$e$ room .it #eo#le screamin% at !o+ 'rom all $irections( some
!ellin% enco+ra%ements( some so+tin% obscenities* No. ima%ine all tese #eo#le cro.$e$ into
!o+r ea$* Tis is .at o)er a million #eo#le a)e to $eal .it on a $ail! basis* Sci"o#renia is
a ra#i$l! %ro.in% #roble(* It a''ects e)er!one( no matter .at race or %en$er* So .at ca+ses
sci"o#renia: An$ .at e5actl! is it: Sci"o#renia ma! not be te most common mental
illlness( b+t #eo#le still nee$ to be a.are o' it*
Te ma;or com#onents o' !o+r #a#er 1abstract( bo$!( re'erences( etc*4 eac be%in on a
ne. #a%e* Tese com#onents be%in .it centere$ ea$in%s at te to# o' te 'irst #a%e* 1Yo+ can
see o. ma;or com#onents o' te5t %et $i)i$e$ in tis 'reel! a)ailable sam#le $oc+ment<
tt#<==...*a#ast!le*or%=man+al=relate$=sam#le9e5#eriment9#a#er91*#$' 4* Some #a#ers a)e
m+lti#le st+$ies in tem so te bo$! co+l$ a)e m+lti#le sections an$ s+bsections .itin it*
Sections can a)e s+bsections .it ea$in%s* /or e5am#le( a Meto$ section mi%t a)e
Partici#ants( Materials( an$ Proce$+re s+bsections* Te si5t o' te APA man+al( +nli-e earlier
e$itions( tells !o+ to bol$ ea$in%s 1b+t not te title abo)e or an!tin% on te title #a%e4* Belo.
are e5am#les*
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA >
Genetic Abnormalities as Te! Relate to Sci"o#renia
Sci"o#renia( in .ole( is a #s!colo%ical $isor$er tat #re)ents #atients 'rom -ee#in%
in to+c .it realit! 1Sci"o#renia( &22?4* Te name itsel' calls to min$ #ict+res o' con)icts
an$ strai%t;ac-ets( b+t in realit!( sci"o#renia is not tat terrible o' a #s!colo%ical con$ition*
Most t!#es o' sci"o#renia are act+all! armless to te #eo#le aro+n$ te #atient* /ort+natel!(
sci"o#renia is easil! $ia%nose$* A #atient s+''erin% 'rom sci"o#renia is #lace$ into one o'
'i)e cate%ories a'ter bein% $ia%nose$*
The Five Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoi$ sci"o#renia is te most common t!#e o' sci"o#renia* It as a more
soc-in% )al+e tan an! o' te cate%ories* Patients .it #aranoi$ sci"o#renia ma! e5#erience
all+cinations or $el+sions 1Sci"o#renia( &22?4* 8el+sions incl+$e tin-in% tat realit! is not
all real( or tat te #atient is not .o te! tin- te! are* Hall+cinations incl+$e @earin% )oicesA
or seein% tin%s tat $o not reall! e5ist* Some $r+%s a)e a i% relateable to sci"o#renia( b+t
o' co+rse te e''ects are less lastin%* Tis t!#e o' sci"o#renia %enerall! ca+ses more $eats
tan te oters*
8isor%ani"e$ sci"o#renia is a less se)ere t!#e o' sci"o#renia* Li-e all t!#es o'
sci"o#renia( it is .i$es#rea$( b+t +nli-e oter -in$s( tis is more o' a learnin% $isabilit!*
Patients .it $isor%ani"e$ sciso#renia a)e @con'+se$( $isor%ani"e$ #atterns o' s#eec(
to+%t( an$ bea)iorA 1Sci"o#renia( &22?4* Te! o'ten are cl+ms! an$ sill!( lac-in%
coor$ination an$ 'ine motor s-ills in some cases* 8isor%ani"e$ sci"o#renia .as at one #oint
calle$ Hebe#renia 1Sci"o#renia( &22?4*
Catatonic sci"o#renia is a little -no.n t!#e o' sci"o#renia* Patients .it catatonic
sci"o#renia a)e a.-.ar$ #ost+re an$ mo)ement* M+c li-e tose .it $isor%ani"e$
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA 6
sci"o#renia( te! lac- coor$ination* 7nli-e tose .it $isor%ani"e$ sci"o#renia( it is more
a-in to OC8 1Obsessi)e Com#+lsi)e 8isor$er4 in tat a #atient .ill re#eat certain actions a%ain
an$ a%ain* Some #atients e)en %o in to .a-in% comas( .ere te! sta! in one #osition 'or a )er!
lon% time .ito+t mo)in% 1Sci"o#renia( &22?4*
Tere is not m+c to be sai$ on te to#ic o' +n$i''erentiate$ sci"o#renia( oter tan
tat it is te en$9all cate%or! o' sci"o#renics* It is 'or #eo#le $ia%nose$ .it some 'orm o'
sci"o#renia( b+t te inabilit! to 'it into ;+st one o' te cate%ories 1Sci"o#renia( &22?4* /or
e5am#le( a #atient ma! e5#erience all+cinations( b+t also a)e tro+ble .it motor control an$
sometimes sta! still 'or lon% #erio$s* Since te! are +nable to classi'! tis #atient as ;+st one o'
te cate%ories( te #s!ciatrist .ill $ia%nose te #atient .it +n$i''erentiate$ sci"o#renia*
Resi$+al sci"o#renia barel! classi'ies as act+al sci"o#renia* Tese #atients a)e
e5#erience$ one sci"o#renic e#iso$e( b+t no. $is#la! none o' te ma;or s!m#toms
1Sci"o#renia( &22?4* Tis is similar to reco)erin% PTS8 cases 1Post Tra+matic Stress
8isor$er4( .o no lon%er e5#erience te .orst o' teir con$ition* Resi$+al sci"o#renics ma!
a)e rela#se e#iso$es( b+t oter tan tat te e''ects are %one 'rom teir s!stems*
Current Treatment for Schizophrenia
7n'ort+natel!( not m+c is -no.n abo+t sci"o#renia* C+rrentl!( te ca+ses o'
sci"o#renia are still +n-no.n 1National Instit+tes o' Healt( &22B4* Treatments %enerall! 'oc+s
on treatin% te s!m#toms( s+c as eliminatin% te all+cinations( oter.ise balancin% te brainCs
cemicals 1National Instit+tes o' Healt( &22B4* ,ito+t s#eci'ic ca+ses( sci"o#renia is
basicall! an +ntreatable $isease* Tere are tree .a!s sci"o#renia is treate$< Anti#s!cotic
me$ication( #s!cosocial treatments( or not at all 1National Instit+tes o' Healt( &22B4*
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA D
Treatments
Te main t!#e o' treatment comes tro+% anti#s!cotic me$ications* Tese a)e been
a)ailable to all sci"o#renic #atients since te mi$$le o' te 1B62s( .en te! .ere 'irst
$e)elo#e$ 1NIH( &22B4* Tese are mostl! in te 'orm o' #ills or a s!r+#( $e#en$in% on a%e*
Tese incl+$e Tora"ine( Hal$ol( Etra'on( Trila'on( an$ Proli5in( .ic all el# treat brea-s .it
realit! an$ s+##ress all+cinations 1NIH( &22B4* 7n'ort+natel!( tese #ro$+cts( li-e all
me$ications( a)e some si$e e''ects tat are sometimes less #leasant tan te act+al con$ition*
Tese can incl+$e $ro.siness( $i""iness( bl+rre$ )ision( ra#i$ eartbeat( s+n sensiti)it!( rases(
an$ in some .omen( menstr+al #roblems 1NIH( &22B4* /ort+natel!( most o' tese si$e e''ects %o
a.a! E+ic-l!( an$ lea)e te e''ect o' stabili"in% a #atient* I' tese anti#s!cotic me$ications are
ta-en alon% .it #s!cosocial treatments( te! can el# #atients lea$ normal li)es*
@Ps!cosocial treatments can el# #eo#le .it sci"o#renia .o are alrea$! stabili"e$
on anti#s!cotic me$ication*A Sa!s te National Instit+te o' Healt 1NIH( &22B4* Tese
treatments are mainl! tera#!( meant to assist te #atient in %ettin% bac- to li'e as te! -ne. it*
Tese treatments are mostl! mana%ement tecniE+es( li-e an%er mana%ement an$ %ro+#
$isc+ssions* Te National Instit+te o' Healt also sa!s( @Patients .o recei)e re%+lar
#s!cosocial treatement also are more li-el! to -ee# ta-in% teir me$ication( an$ te! are less
li-el! to a)e rela#ses or be os#itali"e$*A1NIH( &22B4*
Untreated Schizophrenia
,en sci"o#renia %oes +ntreate$( te o+tcome can be blea-*
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA ?
Citations and References
Cec- !o+r assi%ne$ rea$in% materials 'or r+les abo+t citations 1.ic occ+r .itin te
te5t o' te #a#er4 an$ re'erences 1.ic are liste$ in teir o.n se#arate section at te en$ o' te
#a#er4* Remember tat !o+ can 'in$ a lot o' ans.ers to 'ormattin% E+estions .it a care'+l
online searc* B+t .en !o+Cre loo-in% at in'ormation online( !o+ ma! .ant to consi$er .ere
te in'ormation is comin% 'rom( .eter te in'ormation mi%t re'er to an ol$er e$ition o' APA
'ormat an$ .eter oter online so+rces a%ree .it te in'ormation !o+C)e 'o+n$* ,en in
$o+bt( 'ollo. te latest e$ition o' te APA man+al*
About a References Section
An e5am#le o' a Re'erences section is on te ne5t #a%e* Ta-e note o' te Fan%in%
in$entF st!le 'or re'erences* Te easiest .a! to create an%in% in$ents is to t!#e !o+r re'erences
.ito+t .orr!in% abo+t in$entation an$ .en !o+ are 'inise$( select all te re'erences at once
an$ a##l! te an%in% in$ents +sin% te r+ler at te to#*
Man! APA 'ormat r+les are not mentione$ or $emonstrate$ in tis $oc+ment* Yo+ so+l$
#lan to s#en$ a lot o' time loo-in% +# 'ormattin% r+les( ;+st li-e !o+r #ro'essors $o .en te!
.rite #a#ers* I' APA 'ormattin% is $ri)in% !o+ cra"! an$ !o+C$ li-e a $istraction( o. abo+t
alle)iatin% #eo#leCs s+''erin% .it a sim#le clic-: Cec- o+t Te H+n%er Site
(tt#<==...*te+n%ersite*com=4*
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS THEY RELATE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA G
Re'erences
A;o+rnalarticle( R* H*( H Seabree"e( R* M* 1&22&4* Title o' article %oes ere an$ ICll a$$ tat onl!
te )ol+me n+mber 1&&4 is recor$e$ a'ter te ;o+rnal title< Re%ar$less o' .at some
so+rces sa!( te e$ition n+mber an$ $o.nloa$ in'ormation is +nnecessar! in Pa+l RoseCs
classes* Journal of Research in Personality, 22, &3D9&6&*
BCOnlineso+rcesarecon'+sin%( S* O* 1&2124* Searc 'or ans.ers at ...*a#ast!le*or%* Journal of
Check Apastyledotorg, 12, G1D9G&D! $oi< 12*121D=22&&922D0*6D*D*GB3I
Cma%a"inearticle( B* E* 11BBB( J+l!4* Note tat names on tis #a%e also i$enti'! .at -in$ o'
so+rce it is< Eac so+rce t!#e as to be 'ormatte$ in a $i''erent .a!* KS#ecial iss+eL*
Prose "aga#ine, 12$ 164, BD913>*
8onlinema%a"ineorne.sletterarticle( B* E* 11BBB( J+l!4* Notice te re'erences are al#abeti"e$*
KS#ecial iss+eL* %ot Prose, 12$ 164* Retrie)e$ 'rom tt#<==...*ot#rose*com
Gboo-re'erence( S* M*( Orman( T* P*( H Care!( R* 11BD?4* &ou really can resist and persist when
you need to* Ne. Yor-< L+ P+blisin%*
OCenc!clo#e$ia( S* E* 11BB34* ,or$s* In 'he new encyclopedia (ritannica 1)ol* 3G( ##* ?>69
?6G4* Cica%o< /ort!9One P+blisin%*
Mca#ter( P* R*( H Inane$ite$)ol+me( J* C* 1&2214* Scienti'ic researc #a#ers* In Ste.art( J* H*
1E$*4( Research papers are hard work )ut )oy, are they good for you 1##* 1&39&6D4* Ne.
Yor-< L+cerne P+blisin%*
Rne.s#a#er articles .ito+t a+tors a##ear to sar#l! c+t ris- o' sci"o#renia* 11BB3( J+l! 164*
'he *ashington Post, #* A1&*