TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Exemplars and Theories
Chapter 3: History
Chapter 4: Vocabulary
Chapter 5: Thesis & Poster

INTRODUCTION
What is propaganda and how is it used, its history and how did it evolve?
Who were the main enactors over the course of known history?
What were the types of media and which seems to be more effective?
Who was most effective in disseminating their propaganda campaigns and
why were they?
What theories influence todays communication that is unknowingly used
as propaganda?
What forms of mass media does propaganda travel and what are they?
What will be the future forms based on historical patterns.
What new theories explain the age of technological propaganda?


PROPAGANDA
Propaganda involves the defilement of the human soul [which] is worse
than the destruction of the human body (Taylor, 1).
Art used to influence beliefs and behaviors, educate, mold our opinions,
persuade, grow vegetables, consume are what make-up propaganda art.
(Moore, 7).
So propaganda is a reciprocal activity (Moore, 8).
Propaganda uses communication to convey a message, an idea, or an
ideology designed to serve the self-interests of the person or people
during the communicating (OShaughnessy, 2004).
EXEMPLARS
Julius Caesar and Augustus (Ancient Era)
Inspired by Greek civilization; Thucydides wrote about morale boasting,
Homer talked about the Trojan Horse, Plato recognized the need for
censorship and deception, Aristotle recognized that Truth should be used
(Taylor).
Thomas Cromwell (Reformation)
Inspired by Martin Luther and his 95 Thesis calling for reformation of the
Catholic Church (Taylor).
Napoleon (Napoleonic Era)
Inspired by J ulius Caesar and his quick rise to power (Taylor).
Joseph Goebbels (World War II)
Inspired Hitler and his ideals; Hitler was shaped in Vienna by German
racist naturalism and Karl Lueger, a local mayor. (U.S. Holocaust).




THEORIES
Marshall McLuhan
the medium is the message media changed the world around them by effects that
supersede the very context they seek to communicate
Acoustical space- the live spoken word heard in a crowd, town crier
Global Village- everyone of the globe can get instant access to information due to the
internet (Davis, 2012).
Henry Jenkins
A move from media-specific content to content that flows across multiple media
channels; the interdependence of media systems. (Davis
Harold D. Lasswell (The Theory of Political Propaganda)
The management of collective attitudes by the manipulation of significant symbols.
The existence of an attitude is not a direct datum of experience, but an inference from
signs which have a conventionalized significance. The valuation patterns upon which
this inference is founded may be primitive gestures of the face and body, or more
sophisticated gestures of the pen and voice. Thus, significant symbols have both an
expressive and a propagandist function in public life.


THEORIES
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky propose a theory of propaganda
alleging a systemic bias in the mass media and explaining the existence
of the bias through structural economic causes. They suggest that the
growth of democracy and corporate power has led to the growth of
corporate propaganda to protect corporate power from democracy. In
their model, the product of the media is an audience that is produced
through messages such as TV shows and news. (Steinfatt, 2009).
Botler & Grusin
Hypermediacy- term for bits and pieces of other media assembled as
fragments within the context of a new medium.

THEORIES
Kaptelinin & Nardi 2006
Activity Theory- focuses on the analysis of activities as goal-oriented
interactions of people with their environment, through the use of physical and
psychological tools.
Activities- the means through which people, motivated to interact with their
environment, accomplish something.
Actions- components of activities; ordered sequences of smaller events that
constitute the complete activity.
Operations- actions that become routine through repetition and that are
processed less consciously than other actions.
Steve Johnson
Emergence- term for what happens in networked media when relatively simple
parts interact in simple ways but the result is higher-level structure that
emerges with little of no master planning. Social networking is an example of
emergent behavior.



ANCIENT ERA
3000 BC: Cave Paintings in Mesopotamia by the Sumerians. Invention of
Cuneiform.
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, Mesopotamia, 2250 BC, Artist Unknown
330 BC: Alexander The Great presence evoked on statues, buildings,
paintings, pottery, and coins.
ATG coin, Macedonia, 336 BC, Artist Unknown
50 BC: Julius Caesar wrote own accounts of military exploits which earned
him fame and influence with troops and envy by peers.
20 BC: Augustus rebuilt Rome in marble to give a concrete symbol of the
empire to symbolize it was there to stay. Emperor Hadrians expansion
and conquering.
MEDIEVAL ERA
1066 AD : William of Normandy conquered England and immediately built
wood fortresses. As soon as possible, he ordered them to be built in
stone to symbolize that this new order was permanent.
Bayeux Tapestry, 1070 AD, Artist Unknown
1100 AD : Urban II tells them that the cities and relics in Jerusalem and
Constantinople were being destroyed by Turks. It was their Christian
duty to defend their faith.
1436 AD: The Printing Press was invented, The Bible, Letterpress
REFORMATION
1517 AD: Martin Luther pinned his 95 These to the door at the Witenburg Castle
calling for Catholic Reform.
300,000 copies of Lutherans 30 publications appeared. Sermons were on pamphlets
that could be understood by the illiterate majority (Moore).
Lutherans
Anti-Popery, Social Morality, Individual Salvation, Scriptural Stories, Pope was Anti-Christ
and the Devil were the Bishops and Clergy
Catholics
Anti-Lutheranism, Veneration of the Saints, Morality, Scriptural Stories, Martin Luther was
the Anti-Christ and Devil
Altogether in relation to the spread of religious ideas it seems difficult to
exaggerate the significance of the Press, without which a revolution of this
magnitude could scarcely have been consummatedFor the first time in human
history a great reading public judged the validity of revolutionary ideas through a
mass medium which used the vernacular languages together with the arts of the
journalist and the cartoonist (Taylor, 97).




REFORMATION
First campaign ever mounted by the government in any state in Europe to
exploit the propaganda potential of the printing press (Taylor, 102).
1534 AD: Thomas Cromwell used English intellectuals Humanists to
produce printed material to support the Reformation.
Humanism is the exertion of ones faculties in language in order to understand,
reinterpret, and grapple with the products of language in history, other
languages, and other histories (Said, 28).

BAROQUE
1550-1660 AD: Baroque style was used a propaganda for absolutism,
especially at Versailles.
English Civil War, Charles I used a propaganda campaign to counter a
threat to civil liberties. Started system of licensing and censorship.
Parliament published pamphlets and new sheets and re-imposed
censorship in 1643. (Moore).
2 LESSONS:
For a revolution to survive, its must have a means to communicate its agenda
Monarchy existence depends on public opinion
FIGURE: Levellers pamphlet, 1649, London, AU

ENLIGHTENMENT
1770: Age of Enlightment brought political and satirical cartoons. John
Locke and The American Crisis, 16 pamphlets. French and American
Revolutions.
J ames Gilray, Little Boney in a strong fit, 1803
Paul Revere, The Boston Massacre, 1770
J ohn or Die, Benjamin Franklin, 1754
1800 AD: Napoleon manipulated his bulletins, dispatches and
proclamations to promote patriotism, written clearly, accessible to
soldiers and readers back in France during his campaign in Italy.
Launched newspapers to address the morale of his troops and
impressed the educated bourgeoisie.
George Cruikshank, The Peterloo Massacre
De Goya, The Sleep of Reason, 1799
INDUSTRIAL AGE
1830 AD: Steam and electrical driven presses increased prints from 200/hr
to 10,000/hr. The New York Sun was the first cheap, daily newspaper
that provided a combo of topics and local news that provided a new
social context. Became the 4
th
Estate and illustrated propaganda was
printed as the 1
st
form of MASS MEDIA.
World Fairs, the telegraphy, Crimean War, railroads
Abolitionists mailed over 1 millions items on anti-slavery literature to the
South. The Emancipation Proclamation help give the Union a moral and
emotional advantage.
MODERN GOLDEN AGE OF POSTERS
Edward Penfield, Automobile Calendar for 1906, lithograph
Aubrey Beardsley, Avenue Theatre, 1894
Henri Meunier, Caf Rajah, 1897
Art Nouveau- unification of ideas, which origins are from the Arts and Craft
Movement.
Honesty, clarity, and experimentation, hope for new way of living (Moore).
Sachplakat-the objective or functional poster. Purged of emotion, only the
essentials.
Lucian Benhard, 1915
GE Spencer Pryse, Workless, 1910
Suffrage Atelier, What a woman maybe, and yet not have the vote, 1913


GREAT WAR
British instituted a new propaganda bureau in Wellington House, London and
hired Charles Masterman to run it from 1914-1917 Produced pamphlets,
posters, and articles that were delivered through American hands to signify
that they were not British. (Moore)
Adolf Treidler, Help Stop This, 1917
As soon as the war begun, the German government organized propaganda to be
filtered to the German Americans.
In America, the Committee on Public Information was set up to organize
propaganda.
The printed and spoken word, the motion picture, the telegraph, the cable, the
wireless, poster, and the signboard were used in our campaign to make our
own people and others understand the causes that compelled America to
take arms. (Creel, 5).
The country needed to persuade the people that this was a good thing to
support, knowing that public opinion was important as was seen in the
English Civil War.
GREAT WAR
In The Division of Pictorial Publicity in World War I by Eric Van Schaak, there is
evidence to how a division was created to support the propaganda
campaign.
Creel has created 21 divisions including the News, Film, Advertising, and
Women's War Work Divisions. There was also a Foreign Section that dealt
with press cables, mail, and foreign born people (Schaak, 124).
I had the conviction that the poster must play a great role in the fight for public
opinion. The printed word might not be read; people might not attend
meetings or watch motion pictures, but the billboard was something that
caught even the most indifferent eye. We wanted posters that represented
the best work of artists (Creel, 133-134).
By branding the war effort as a necessary struggle against the possibility of a
barbaric invasion by German forces, the US government raised $7 Billion
that helped pay for the war (
GREAT DEPRESSION
The Works Project Administration created a division known as the Federal
Art Project. It helped thousands of artists by commissioning work from
them. It organized exhibitions and community art centers. The New York
Poster Division tackled social issues such as health and safety (Moore,
135).

WORLD WAR II
Nazi Germany took control in 1933 and pushed a strong propaganda
campaign that was indeed successful, based on of five principles Hitler
noted in his book Mein Kampf.
1. Avoid abstract ideas and appeal instead to the emotions.
2. Employ constant repetition of just a few ideas, using stereotyped phrases
and avoiding objectivity.
3. Put forth only one side of the argument.
4. Constantly criticize enemies of the state.
5. Identify one enemy for special vilification.
(J owett and ODonnell, 230).
WORLD WAR II
Joseph Goebbels was Hitlers propaganda minister and made sure that
they had control of the German Press as early as 1925.
Hitler ranted on the radio which proved vital since in 1939, 70% of German
households had a radio (Moore, 147).
Both Britain and America, revised their communication systems.
America formed the National Broadcasting Company, that was funded by
advertising. Radios brought the government closer to its people.
The film industry produced propaganda that could be easily became on of
the most popular forms of media during the war.
In France, 85% of films were American, and in Britain 98% of films were
American.
Poster meaning were broadened to include a range of topics.
COLD WAR
Denazification was propaganda to eradicate propaganda, an entire
psychological programmed to eliminate totalitarianism and militarism
(Taylor, 249).
FILM Your Job in Germany Frank Capara and Dr. Suess
www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OUR5uvs9aw
Soviet Union had a state-controlled media that sealed its environment. Thanks
to this, the US could only perceive the SU as being afraid to permit
alternative ways of seeing and believing. Because of the refusal of free
press and travel restrictions, it was looked upon as an enemy of democracy.
Soviets launched a campaign orchestrated by Agitprop and Cominform (255).
They utilized press, radio, and film. They valued language and used a war of
words. This campaigned cost $2 Billion. They played on fear of the West
using Imperialism and the push of democracy on others.
COLD WAR
America created the Smith-Mundt Act to promote a better understanding of the US in
other countries and to increase mutual understanding between the US and the
world.
The dissemination of literature and other cultural products such as speakers, films,
theatre groups and orchestras, language teaching and student exchange were all
schemes. All are designed to create over time goodwill towards the country
subsidizing the activity (Taylor, 256).
The Campaign for Truth, launched by Carter cost $121 million that was based off of an
infamous 1950 policy document NSC 68 that identifies the Soviets as world
dominators. (Taylor)
Anti-Soviet Prop. Campaign started by the Internal Security Committee, that made
Your Job in Germany . It permeated all aspects of American life.
Hollywood films were also apart of this by the making on anti-communists films such
as the Woman on Pier 13.
Taylor states throughout the chapter on the Cold War that the failure to communicate
was a reason a lot of issues including the Cuban Missile Crisis. (265).
POST MODERN ERA
Digital produced graphic arts thanks to the computer and the internet.
Twitter and Facebook.
GW Bush Global War on Terror.
Liu Chun Hua, Love Science, Study Science, 1980
Forkscrew Graphics, iRaq, 2001
Shepard Fairey, Obama Hope, 2008
Will use theories described in DAVIS and discussion in TAYLOR to
describe the current and future use of propaganda.
IDEAS???
Possible Thesis Ideas
Hitlers Successful Propaganda vs. The Great War Propaganda
The Great War: The Fight of Britain and Germany to win over America
The Cold War vs. The English Civil War
The Reformation : Luther & Henry VIII vs. The Church
Modern Age Posters vs. Post-Modern Digital Age
Propaganda Media: The Evolution of the Most Effective Use of Communication and its
success stories.
Focus on the details of the media, give context and what it accomplished.

It is our natural ability to persuade others to join our cause by using propaganda and
Taylor states in Munitions of the Mind.
Propaganda todays rests in the palms of the common man in persuading people of
his opinion. We have no become our own vessels and no longer rely the
government. By the government allowing us to free speech is mass media, they are
controlling what will say. It makes us feel free to we tend not to rebel against it. We
post on Twitter and Facebook about the government, but they still hold power in
Washington. It is all a distraction.
POSTER
The Evolution: Past, Present, and Future
Precedent
Todays Society
Future
Horizontal Orientation, Timeline,
3 Exemplars for Past
1 for Present
4 Theories
Color Scheme: People-Blue, Theories Orange, Quotes/Facts: Green
VOCABULARY

Ethos, Pathos, Lagos, persuasion, editing,
derivative, empire, nation, monarchy, war,
power, history, conjugation, anomaly,
experimentation, process, quality, gestalt,
schema, communication, behavior, parts,
paths, versatility, palette, shade, shape, form,
perspective, orientation, mechanics, beauty,
aesthetic, style, growth, perception, universals
VOCABULARY
contemporary, quaintness, meaning, identity,
authentic, precedent, ownership, stereotypes,
craft, affinity, render, stability, civilization,
evolution, society, hierarchy, religion, respect,
suspense, equality, liberal, conservative, ideals,
attitudes, social, cultivation, limits, intervals,
rotation, world, context, death, blood, loyalty,
greed, church, order, nobility, rank, land,
peasant, global
VOCABULARY
sublime, reverence, humanity, experience, progress,
modernism, compare, contrast, fragmentation,
physical, importance, natural, Africa, England,
paint, genes, balance, symmetrical, asymmetrical,
radial, rhythm, gradated, proportion, scale,
harmony, emphasis, form, threshold, marker,
landscape, architecture, foundation, shrine,
anthropomorphic, classical, arch, columns,
France, Florence, gothic, central, dome, weight,
ramifications, leadership, empire, opinion, greed,
roles, rulers, universals, repetition

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