Ee422 10

EE 422G Notes: Chapter 10 Instructor: Zhang
Chapter 10 The Discrete Fourier Transform and

Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms
10-1 Introduction
1. x(t) --- Continuous-time signa
X(f) --- !ourier "rans#orm$ #re%uenc& characteristics
Can 'e #ind
= dt e t x f X
ft j 2
) ( ) (
i# 'e don(t ha)e a mathematica e%uation #or x(t) * No+
2. ,hat can 'e do*
(1) -ampe x(t) ./
x
0
$ x
1,
0 $ x
N-1
o)er T (#or e1ampe 1000 seconds)
-amping period (inter)a) t
N (sampes) o)er T ./
N T t 2 =
Can 'e ha)e in#inite T and N* Impossi3e+

(2) 4iscrete !ourier "rans#orm (4!"):
./
= =
1
0
2 2
$...$ 2 $ 1
N
n
N kn j
n k
N k e x X

#or the ine spectrum at #re%uenc&
T
k
k
) 2 ( =
5. 6imited N and T ./
imited #re%uenc& resoution
T
1
2
imited #re%uenc& 3and (#rom to
in !ourier trans#orm to):

T N 2 2 0 <
4.
=
=
1
0
2 2
1
N
k
N kn j
k n
e X
N
x

---- periodic #unction (period N)
x(t) --- genera #unction
samping and in)erse trans#orm
x
n
--- periodic #unction
7.
T
k
X
k k
2 ( =
ine spectrum)
=
1
0
2 2
N
n
N kn j
n k
e x X

period #unction (period N)
8age 10-1
10-2 Error -ources in the 4!"
1. 8reparations
(1) Idea samping 'a)e#orm
=
=
m
s s
mT t t y ) ( ) (
:
)
1
( ) ( ) (
s
s
Pair
Transform
Fourier
n
s s s
T
f nf f f t y =

in 4!"
N T t T
s
2 = =
(2) 9ectanguar 8use ('indo')
f t j
window
the
of
width
e Tf c T
T
t t
0
2 0
) ( sin ) (

Tf
Tf
Tf c
x
x
cX
sin
) ( sin
sin
sin
=
=
'hen t
0
. 0
) ( sin ) ( Tf c T
T
t

(5)
) ( ) ( ) ( : ) (
2 1 2 1
f X f X t x t x
(4)
) ( : ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
f X f X t x t x
2. Iustration o# Error -ources
E1ampe 10-1: Continuous ; time signa: t'o-sided e1ponentia signa

< <
) (
t
e t x

=
Its !ourier trans#orm
8age 10-2
Center o# the
'indo'
2
) 2 ( 1
2
) (

f
f X
+
=
(1) I# 'e sampe x(t) in

DFT in as ited not im
) $ ( +
'ith samping #re%uenc& f
s
:
samped signa
< <
) ( ) (
t
s s
e t y t x

=

its !ourier trans#orm:

=
+
= =
= =
n
s
s
n
s s s
s
t
s s
nf f
f nf f X f f X
f X f Y e F f Y f X
2
< <
)) ( 2 ( 1
1
2 ) ( ) (
) ( : ) ( ) ( : ) ( ) (
samping ./ (1) possi3e o)erapping i#

h s
f f 2
is not hed.
(2) periodic #unction$ introduce #re%uencies 3e&ond f
s
.
(2) 6imited T (o)er 'hich x(t) is samped to coect data #or 4!")
'indo'
) (
T
t
)) ( sin ( : ) = ) ( 2 1 > 2 ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
Tf c T nf f f f X
T
t
t x t x
n
s s sw
s sw
+ =
=

!ourier trans#orm gi)en 3& samped data in imited 'indo' (T)
) ( f X
sw is a 'orse estimate o# X(f) than X
s
(f) due to the introduction o#
( Tsinc( Tf ) ) #or con)oution+
E##ect o# imited T
(5) 4ose 4!" gi)e
) ( f X
s
#or e)er& f *
No+ on& discrete #re%uencies.
4!" as an estimate #or X(f): e)en 'orse than
) ( f X
s
due to the imited
#re%uenc& resoution.
8age 10-5
5. E##ect o# samping #re%uenc& (or num3er o# points) on accurac& 'hen T is
gi)en: E1ampe
use
)
4
(
t
#or
< <t
e
4. E##ect o# T ('indo' si?e)

Compare
)
4
(
t
and
)
@
(
t
#or
< <t
e
8age 10-4
8age 10-7
7. 4!" Errors
(1) Aiasing

=
=
n
s s s
nf f X f f X ) ( ) (
Caused 3& samping
B)erapping o# X(f) and its transates: aiasing (samping e##ect)
(2) 6eaCage E##ect
imited 'indo' si?e T (
) (
T
t
)

)) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( : ) ( ) (
T
t
F f
T
t
F f X f X
s s
= =

'orse than X
s
(f) as appro1imation o# X(f).
) ( f X
s
: contri3ution o#
) ( f f X
s
+
to
) ( f X
s
: determined 3&
'eight
) ( f
#re%uenc& energ& DeaCsE #rom one #re%uenc& to another+
(5) 8icCet ; !ence E##ect:
As an estimation o# X(f)$ does
) ( f X
s
ha)e picCet #ence e##ect* No+
4!": discrete #re%uencies (not 3ocCed 3& the #ence).
F. Ginimi?ation o# 4!" Error E##ects.
GaHor 'a&s: increase T and f
s

8ro3em: 4!" #or arge N.
10-5 E1ampes Iustrating the computation o# the 4!"
(8reparation #or Gathematica 4eri)ation o# !!")
8age 10-F
superposition o# the anaog signa
spectrum X(f) and its transates (X(f-nf
s
)
n 0 )
1. 4!" Agorithm
( )

=
= =
1
0
2 2
1
0
2 2
) ( ) ( ) (
N
n
nk
N j
N
n
N kn j
e n x e n x k X

4enote
N j
N
e
2 2
= $ then
=
=
1
0
) ( ) (
N
n
nk
N
n x k X
8roperties o#
m
N
:
(1) 1 $ 1 ) (
2 0 0 2 2 0
= = = = =
j N
N
N j
N
e e e
(2)
m
N
m N
N
=
+

m
N
m N j
m N j N N j
m N N j m N
N
e
e e
e
= =
=
=

+ +
) ( 1
) ( ) (
) (
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
(5) 1
2 ) 2 2 2( 2 2 2
= = =
j N N j N
N
e e
j e e
j N N j N
N
= = =
2 2 2 ) 4 2 2( 2 4 2

j e e
j N N j N
N
= = =
2 2 5 2 ) 4 2 5 2( 2 4 2 5
2. E1ampes
E1ampe 10-5: "'o-8oint 4!"
x(0)$ x(1):
1 $ 0 ) ( ) (
1
0
2
= =
=
k n x k X
n
nk

) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 (
1
0
1
0
0
2
x x n x n x X
n n
n
+ = = =

= =

) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
2 ) 2 2 1 (
2
1
2
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
1
2
x x
x x
x x
x x
n x n x X
n
n
n
n
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
= =

= =
E1ampe 10-4: Generai?ation o# deri)ation in e1ampe 10-5 to a #our-point 4!"
x(0)$ x(1)$ x(2)$ x(5)
$ 5 $ 2 $ 1 $ 0 ) ( ) (
5
0
4
= =
=
k n x k X
n
nk
8age 10-I
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 (
5
0
5
0
0
4
x x x x n x n x X
n n
n
+ + + = = =

= =
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) 1 (
5
4
2
4
1
4
0
4
5
0
4
jx x jx x
x x x x n x X
n
n
+ =
+ + + = =
=
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 5 ( ) 1 )( 2 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 0 (
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) 2 (
2
4
F
4
4
4
2
4
0
4
5
0
2
4
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x n x X
n
n
+ =
+ + + =
+ + + = =
=
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 5 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 5 ( ) 1 )( 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) 5 (
1
4
2
4
5
4
J
4
F
4
5
4
0
4
5
0
5
4
jx x jx x
x j x jx x
x x x x
x x x x n x X
n
n
+ =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + = =
=

)K 5 ( ) 1 ( L )K 2 ( ) 0 ( L ) 5 (
)K 5 ( ) 1 ( L )K 2 ( ) 0 ( L ) 2 (
)K 5 ( ) 1 ( )L ( )K 2 ( ) 0 ( L ) 1 (
)K 5 ( ) 1 ( L )K 2 ( ) 0 ( L ) 0 (
x x j x x X
x x x x X
x x j x x X
x x x x X
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ + + =
"'o ; point 4!"
I# 'e denote !(0) " x(0), !(1) " x(2) "# $(0) " !(0) % !(1) " x(0) % x(2)
$(1) " !(0) - !(1) " x(0) - x(2)
&(0) " x(1)$ &(1) " x(5) "# '(0) " &(0) % &(1) " x(1) % x(5)
'(1) " &(0) - &(1) " x(1) - x(5)
!our ; point 4!" "'o-point 4!"
X(0) " $(0) % '(0)
X(1) " $(1) % (-j)'(1)
8age 10-@
X(2) " $(0) - '(0)
X(5) " $(1) % j'(1)
Bne !our ; point 4!" "'o "'o ; point 4!"
10-4 Gathematica 4eri)ation o# the !!"
10-4A 4ecimation-in-"ime !!" Agorithm
x(0)$ x(1)$ 0 $ x(N-1)
m
N 2 =
./
+ =

=

)) 1 2 ( ) ( ( )) 1 ( $ )$ 5 ( )$ 1 ( ((
int
2
) 1
2
( $ )$ 1 ( )$ 0 (
)) 2 ( ) ( ( )) 2 ( $ )$ 2 ( )$ 0 ( ((
int
2
) 1
2
( $ )$ 1 ( )$ 0 (
r x r h N x x x
s (o
N
odd
N
h h h
r x r ) N x x x
s (o
N
enen
N
) ) )
8age 10-J

=
+
=
+ =
= + =
=
1 2 2
0
2
1 2 2
0
2
1 2 2
0
) 1 2 (
1 2 2
0
) 2 (
1
0
) ( ) (
) 1 $...$ 1 $ 0 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
N
r
kr
N
k
N
N
r
kr
N
N
r
r k
N
N
r
r k
N
N
n
kn
N
r h r )
N k r h r )
n x k X
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
1 2 2
0
2 2
1 2 2
0
2 2
2
) 2 2 2(. 2 2 2 . 2 2
k * k +
r h r ) k X
e e
k
N
N
r
kr
N
k
N
N
r
kr
N
kr
N
kr N j kr N j kr
N
+ =
+ =
= = =

=
=

( G(C): N22 point 4!" output (e)en inde1ed)$ M(C) : N22 point 4!"
output (odd inde1ed))

=
+ = =
= =
= + =
1 2 2
0
2 2
1 2 2
0
2 2
1 2 2
0
2 2
1 2 2
0
2 2
) 1 2 ( ) ( ) (
) 2 ( ) ( ) (
1 $...$ 1 $ 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
N
r
kr
N
N
r
kr
N
N
r
kr
N
N
r
kr
N
k
N
r x r h k *
r x r ) k +
N k k * k + k X
Nuestion: X(k) needs +(k), *(k), k", N-1
Mo' do 'e o3tain +(k)$ *(k)$ #or k # N-2-1 *
+(k) " +(N-2%k) k ." N-2-1
*(k) " *(N-2%k) k ." N-2-1
8age 10-10
!uture 4ecimation
)(/), )(0), ,, )(N-1-0) +(k)
h(/), h(0), ,, h(N-1-0) *(k)

) 1
4
( )$... 1 ( )$ 0 (
) 1
2
( $ )$ 5 ( )$ 1 (
) 1
4
( )$... 1 ( )$ 0 (
) 2
2
( $ )$ 2 ( )$ 0 (
N
)o )o )o
N
) ) )
N
)e )e )e
N
) ) )

) ( ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) 2 2 (
1 4 2
0
) 4 2 ( ) 2 2 (
1 4 2
0
) 4 2 (
1 2 2
0
) 2 2 (
k +o k +2
m )o
m )e
r ) k +
k
N
N
m
km
N
k
N
N
m
km
N
N
r
kr
N
+ =
+
=
=
=
e)en inde1ed g odd inde1ed g
(N24 point) (N24 point)
*
2
2 2
k
N
k
N
=
8age 10-11
k
N
k N j k N j
k N j k
N
e e
e
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
) 2 2 2( 2
2 2
) ( ) (
) (
=
= =
=

./ ) ( ) ( ) (
2
k +o k +2 k +
k
N
+ =
-imiar&$
) ( ) ( ) (
2
k *o k *2 k *
k
N
+ =
e)en inde1ed odd inde1ed
h (N24 point) h (N24 point)
!or @ ; point
) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
) F ( ) 4 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 (
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
)o )o
)e )e
x x x x
) ) ) )

) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
) I ( ) 7 ( ) 5 ( ) 1 (
) 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
ho ho
he he
x x x x
h h h h

8age 10-12
10-4O 4ecimation-in-!re%uenc& !!" Agorithm
x(0)$ x(1)$ 0 $ x(N-1)
m
N 2 =

=
+ =
=
1
2 2
1 2 2
0
1
0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
N
N n
nk
N
N
n
nk
N
N
n
nk
N
n x n x
n x k X
et m " n-N-1 (n " N-1%m) n " N-1 "# m " N-1-N-1 " 0
8age 10-15
n " N-1 "# m " N-0-N-1 " N-1-1

=
+
=
+ + =
+ + =
1 2 2
0
2
1 2 2
0
1 2 2
0
) 2 2 (
1 2 2
0
) 2 2 ( ) (
) 2 2 ( ) ( ) (
N
m
k
N
N
mk
N
N
n
nk
N
N
m
k m N
N
N
n
nk
N
m N x n x
m N x n x k X

=
+ + =
+ + =
= =
1 2 2
0
1 2 2
0
1 2 2
0
2 2
)K 2 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( L
) 2 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( 1
N
n
nk
N
k
N
m
mk
N
k
N
n
nk
N
k k
N
N
N
N
n N x n x
m N x n x k X

=
+ + = =
= = =
+ + = = =
1 2 2
0
2 2
) (
2 2
) 2 2 2( 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2
0
2
K ) 2 2 ( ) ( L ) 2 ( ) (
) ( ) (
)K 2 2 ( ) ( L ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( :
N
n
rn
N
n y
rn
N
rn N j rn N j rn
N
N
n
rn
N
n N x n x r X k X
e e
n N x n x r X k X r k e&en k

=
=
1 2 2
0
2 2
) ( ) (
N
n
rn
N
n y r Y
=
+
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
1 2 2
0
2 2
1 2 2
0
2
1 2 2
0
2
) (
1 2 2
0
) 1 2 (
) (
) (
)K 2 2 ( ) ( L
)K 2 2 ( ) ( L
) 1 2 ( ) (
1 2 :
N
n
rn
N
N
n
rn
N
N
n
rn
N
n !
n
N
N
n
r n
N
n !
n !
n N x n x
n N x n x
r X k X
r k odd k

) 1
2
( $ )$ 0 ( int
2
) ( ) (
1 2 2
0
2 2
=

=
N
! ! of DFT (o
N
n ! r $
N
n
rn
N

X(k) : N-point 4!" o# x(0)$ 0$ x(N) t'o N22 point 4!"
8age 10-14
N22 point 4!"
) (r $
Bne N22 point 4!" ./ t'o N24 point 4!"
0 t'o point 4!"s
Consider N22 point 4!"
y(/), y(0), ,, y(N-1-0)
=
+ + =
=
1 4 2
0
2 2
1 2 2
0
2 2
)K 4 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( L
) ( ) (
N
n
nk
N
k
N
n
rn
N
n N y n y
n y k Y
DFt (o N n y r Y
n N y n y r Y k Y
r k e&en k
N
n
nk
N
N
n
nk
N
n y
int 4 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 1
)K 4 2 ( ) ( L ) 2 ( ) (
2 :
1 4 2
0
4 2
1 4 2
0
2 2
) ( 1
=
+ + = =
=
=

8age 10-17
DFT (o N n y r Y
n N x n y r Y k Y
r k odd k
N
n
rn
N
N
n
rn
N
n y
n
N
int 4 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2
)K 4 2 ( ) ( L ) 1 2 ( ) (
1 2 :
1 4 2
0
4 2
1 4 2
0
2
2 2
) ( 2
2 2
=
+ = + =
+ =
=

10-4 C Computation
N ; point 4!" : 3N(N-1) rea mutipications
3N(N-1) rea additions
N ; point !!" : 1Nog
2
N rea mutipications
(N " 1
m
) 5Nog
2
N rea additions
Computation ration
8age 10-1F
P 1@ . 0
40J7 @
12 7
) 1 ( @
og 7
Q
Q
40JF 2
2
12
=
=
= = N
N
N
ns com(utatio s DFT
ns com(utatio s FFT
10-7 8roperties o# the 4!"
Assumptions
(1)
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
k Y k X
n y and n x

) 1 $...$ 0 (
) 1 $...$ 0 (
=
=
N k
N n
(2) A$ O: ar3itrar& constants
(5) -u3script e:
-u3script o:
x
e
(n) : e)en a3out

odd N if
N
e&en N if
N
2
2
1

8age 10-1I
x
o
(n) : odd a3out

odd N if
N
e&en N if
N
2
2
1

N " 0/$ x
e
(n)
=
=
=
=
=
=
) J ( ) 0 (
) @ ( ) 1 (
) I ( ) 2 (
) F ( ) 5 (
) 7 ( ) 4 (
7 . 4
2
1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
N
N " 4$ x
e
(n)
=
=
=
=
=
=
) J ( ) 0 (
) @ ( ) 1 (
) I ( ) 2 (
) F ( ) 5 (
) 7 ( ) 4 (
7 . 4
2
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
N
(4) An& rea se%uence can 3e e1pressed in terms o# its e)en and odd parts
according to
)K ( ) ( L
2
1
)K ( ) ( L
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
n N x n x n N x n x
n x n x n x
o e
+ + =
+ =
e)en odd
Nuestion 1: 1(n) . 122L K R122 L K * Ses+
Nuestion 2: 1(n) R 1(N-n) e)en *
1(n) - 1(N-n) odd *
E1ampe: N . J ./ N22 . 4.7
Consider n . 2
1(2) R 1(J-2) . 1(2) R 1(I)
8age 10-1@
is 1(2) R 1(I) . 1(4.7R(4.7-2)) R1(4.7-(I-4.7))*
4.7 R (4.7-2) . J-2 . I
4.7 - (I-4.7) . J-I . 2
1(2) R 1(I) . 1(I) R 1(2) *
Ses+ ./ 1(n) R 1(N-n) e)en
Is 1(2) - 1(I) . - L1(I) R 1(2)K *
Ses+ ./ 1(n) - 1(N-n) odd
(7) su3script r : 1
r
(n) a rea se%uence
su3script i : 1
i
(n) Imaginar& part o# a compe1 se%uence
(F)
) ( ) ( k X n x
e#t right side:
side: 4!"
se%uence
(I) se%uences are assumed periodica& repeated i# necessar&
8roperties
1. 6inearit& :
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( k 5X k 6X n 5y n 6x + +
2. "ime -hi#t:
m k
N
N km j
k X e k X m n x

= ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
5. !re%uenc& -hi#t:
) ( ) (
2 2
m k X e n x
N km j

4. 4uait& :
) ( ) (
1
k X n x N
'h&*
=
1
0
2 2
) ( ) (
N
m
N mk j
e m x k X

=
1
0
2 2
) ( )) ( (
N
n
N nk j
e n X n X DFT

4!" o# 1(m)
8age 10-1J
=
=
=
=
1
0
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 ) ( 2
1
0
2 ) ( 2
) (
1
) (
) (
1
) ( ) (
N
k
N kn j
N kn j N kN j N n N k j
N
k
N n N k j
e k X
N
n x
e e e
e k X
N
n N x n x
) ( ) (
1
)) ( (
1
0
2 2 1
k x e n X
N
n X N DFT
N
n
N nk j
= =

=

7. Circuar con)oution
=
=
1
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
k Y k X n y n x m n y m x
circuar con)oution
F. Gutipication
=

=
=
1
0
1 1
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
n y n x n !
se7uence new
k Y k X N m k Y m X N n y n x

I. 8arse)a(s "heorem

=
=
=
1
0
2 1
1
0
2
< ) ( < < ) ( <
N
k
N
n
k X N n x
@. "rans#orms o# e)en rea #unctions:
) ( ) ( k X n x
er er

(the 4!" o# an e)en rea se%uence is e)en and rea )
J. "rans#orm o# odd rea #unctions:
) ( ) ( k jX n x
oi or

(the 4!" o# an odd rea se%uence is odd and imaginar& )
10. !(n) " x(n) % jy(n)
!(n) $(k) " X(k) % jY(k)
E1ampe 10-I
5 $ 2 $ 1 $ 0 ) 2 2 sin( ) 2 2 cos(
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
= + =
= + =
n n j n
e n jy n x n !
jn

!our ; point 4!" #or x(/), x(0), x(1), x(8):

8age 10-20
X(/) " 9x(/) % x(1): % 9x(0) % x(8):
X(0) " 9x(/) - x(1): % (-j)9x(0) - x(8):
X(1) " 9x(/) % x(1): - 9x(0) % x(8):
X(8) " 9x(/) - x(1): % j9x(0) - x(8):
!or
) 2 2 cos( ) ( n n x =
./
2 ) 5 ( 0 ) 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 (
0 ) 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 0 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 (
= = = =
= = = =
X X X X
x x x x

!or
) 2 2 sin( ) ( n n y =
./
2 ) 5 ( 0 ) 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 (
1 ) 5 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 0 ) 0 (
j Y Y j Y Y
y y y y
= = = =
= = = =
2 2 ) 5 (
0 ) 2 (
2 2 ) 1 (
0 ) 0 (
j $
$
j $
$
+ =
=
=
=
E1ampe 10-@
4!" o#
) ( ) ( n n x =
:
1 $...$ 1 $ 0 1 ) ( ) (
1
0
= = =
=
N k n k X
N
n
nk
N
"ime-shi#t propert&
N kn j k n
N
nk
N
N
n
e
n n n n x DFT
2 2
0
1
0
0
0 0

) ( )K ( L
=
= =
=

E1ampe 10-J: Circuar Con)oution
1 0 1 ) ( 1 ) (
2 1
= = N n n x n x
4e#ine
=
= =
1
0
2 1 2 1 5
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
c
m n x m x n x n x n x
8age 10-21
=
= =
=
= =
= = =
=
0 0
0
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 1 5
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 1
k
k N
k X k X k X
k
k N
n x n x k X k X
N
n
nk
N
N
n
nk
N
N
n
nk
N
N n x
N Ne e N
e k N
N
e k x
N
n x
c
N nk j
N
k
N nk j
N
k
N nk j
N
k
N nk j
c
=
= = =
=
=
=
) (
) (
1
) (
1
) (
5
2 2
1
0
2 2
1
0
2 2 2
1
0
2 2
5 5

10-F Appications o# !!"

1. !itering
1(0)$ 0$ 1(N-1) !!" (4!") ./
T(0)$ 0 $ T(1)$ 0 $ T(N-1)
T(C): 6ine spectrum at
)
2
(
2 2
1
N
T
t
T N
k
T
t k
k
= = =
(B)er ": 1(0)$ 0$ 1(N-1) are samped.)

In)erse 4!":
=
=
=
0
0
2 2
U
1
0
2 2
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
N
k
N nk j
N
k
N nk j
e k X n x
e k X n x

!re%uencies 'ith
N
N
0
2
>
ha)e 3een #itered+
E1ampe 10-10
8age 10-22

I 0
2
cos
4
cos ) (
2 @
4
2 )
2
( )
2
(
@
2
2 1
+ =
= = = =
n n n n x
N N

x(/), x(0), ,, x(;)
0 0 0
) I ( )$ 2 ( )$ 1 ( )$ 0 (
!ero non !ero non
X X X X

Mo' to #iter #re%uenc& higher than
4
*
2. -pectrum Ana&?ers
Anaog oscioscopes ./ time-domain dispa&
-pectrum Ana&?ers: 4ata -torage$ !!"
5. Energ& -pectra 4ensit&
1(0)$ 0$ 1(N-1): its energ& de#inition
=
=
1
0
2
< ) ( <
N
n
n x 2
8arse)a(s "heorem
=
=
1
0
2
< ) ( <
N
k
N
k x
2
8age 10-25

Ee422 10

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 10 Instructor: Zhang

Chapter 10 The Discrete Fourier Transform and

in !ourier trans#orm to):

samping ./ (1) possi3e o)erapping i#

4. E##ect o# T ('indo' si?e)

!our ; point 4!" #or x(/), x(0), x(1), x(8):

10-F Appications o# !!"

(B)er ": 1(0)$ 0$ 1(N-1) are samped.)

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