1

BI GING MN HC
K THUT SIU CAO TN

Chng 1: GII THIU
1. Khi nim, quy c cc di tn s sng in t
2. M hnh thng s tp trung v thng s phn b.
3. Lch s v ng dng
Chng 2: L THUYT NG DY TRUYN SNG.
2.1 M hnh mch cc phn t tp trung cho ng dy truyn sng
2.2 Phn tch trng trn ng dy
2.3 ng truyn khng tn hao c ti kt cui
2.4 Gin Smith
2.5 B bin i bc sng
2.6 Ngun v ti khng phi hp tr khng
2.7 ng truyn tn hao
Bi tp chng
Chng 3: MNG SIU CAO TN
3.1 Tr khng, in p v dng tng ng
3.2 Ma trn tr khng v ma trn dn np
3.3 Ma trn tn x
3.4 Ma trn truyn (ABCD)
3.5 th dng tn hiu
Bi tp chng
Chng 4: PHI HP TR KHNG V IU CHNH
4.1 Gii thiu
4.2 Phi hp tr khng dng cc phn t tp trung (mng L)
4.3 Phi hp tr khng dng dy chm
4.4 B ghp bc sng
4.5 L thuyt phn x nh
4.6 B phi hp tr khng a on dng nh thc
4.7 B ghp di rng v tiu chun Bode Fano
Bi tp chng
Chng 5: CHIA CNG SUT V GHP NH HNG
5.1 Gii thiu
5.2 Cc c trng c bn
5.3 B chia cng sut hnh T
5.4 B chia cng sut Wilkinson
5.5 Ghp nh hng ng dn sng
5.6 Cc b lai (ghp hn tp)
Bi tp chng
Chng 6: CC B LC SIU CAO TN
6.1 Gii thiu
6.2 Cc cu trc tun hon
6.3 Thit k b lc dng phng php thng s nh
2
6.4 Thit k b lc dng phng php tn hao chn
6.5 Thit k b lc SCT
6.6 Mt s loi b lc thng gp
Bi tp chng

Chng 1: GII THIU

1. Khi nim:
Khi nim siu cao tn c hiu ty theo trng phi hoc quc gia, c th t
30 MHz 300 GHz
(1)
hoc 300MHz 300 GHz
(2),
, hoc 1 GHz 300 GHz
(3)

Cc di tn s

AM pht thanh 535 1605 kHz L band 1 2 GHz
V tuyn sng ngn 3 30 MHz S band 2 4 GHz
Pht thanh FM 88 108 MHz C - band 4 8 GHz
VHF TV (2 4) 54 72 MHz X band 8 12 GHz
VHF TV (5 6) 76 88 MHz Ku band 12 18 GHz
UHF TV (7 - 13) 174 - 216 MHz K band 18 - 26 GHz
UHF TV (14 - 83) 470 - 894 MHz Ka band 26 - 40 GHz
L vi ba 2.45 GHz U band 40 60 GHz
* V tn s cao di microwaves nn l thuyt mch c s khng cn hiu lc,
do pha ca p dng thay i ng k trong cc phn t (cc phn t phn b).
* Thng s tp trung: l cc i lng c tnh in xut hin hoc tn ti
mt v tr xc nh no ca mch in. Thng s tp trung c biu din bi mt
phn t in tng ng (phn t tp trung Lumped circuit element), c th xc nh
hoc o c trc tip (chng hn R, C, L, ngun p, ngun dng).
* Thng s phn b: (distributed element) ca mch in l cc i lng c
tnh in khng tn ti duy nht mt v tr c nh trong mch in m c ri u
trn chiu di ca mch. Thng s phn b thng c dng trong lnh vc SCT,
trong cc h thng truyn sng (ng dy truyn sng, ng dn sng, khng gian t
do) Thng s phn b khng xc nh bng cch o c trc tip.
* Trong lnh vc SCT, khi so snh c vi kch thc ca mch th phi xt
cu trc ca mch nh mt h phn b. ng thi khi xt h phn b, nu ch xt mt
phn mch in c kch thc << th c th thay tng ng phn mch in ny
bng mt mch in c thng s tp trung n gin ha bi ton.
2. Lch s v ng dng:
- Lnh vc SCT c coi nh mt chuyn ngnh c s, c nn mng c pht
trin trn 100 nm v c bit pht trin mnh do cc ng dng trong radar.
- S pht trin ca k thut SCT gn lin vi nhng thnh tu trong lnh vc
cc linh kin high frequency solid state devices, cc mch tch hp SCT v cc
vi h hin i.
- Maxwell (1873) trng in t Heaviside (1885 1887) l thuyt ng dn
sng Heinrich Hertz (1887 1891) th nghim ng dn sng Radiation
Laboratory Massachusetts Intitute of Tech. (MIT)
3
* ng dng:
- Anten c li cao
- Thng tin bng rng (dung lng ln), chng hn rng bng 1% ca tn s
600 MHz l 6 MHz ( l rng ca mt knh TV n l), 1% 60 GHz l 600 MHz
(cha c 100 knh TV). y l tiu chun quan trng v cc di tn c th s dng
ngy cng t i.
- Thng tin v tinh vi dung lng ln do sng SCT khng b b cong bi tng
ion
- Lnh vc radar v din tch phn x hiu dng ca mc tiu t l vi kch
thc in ca mc tiu v kt hp vi cao li ca angten trong di SCT.
- Cc cng hng phn t, nguyn t, ht nhn xy ra vng tn s SCT do
k thut SCT c s dng trong cc lnh vc khoa hc c bn, cm bin t xa, chn
tr y hc v nhit hc.
* Cc lnh vc ng dng chnh hin nay l raar v cc h thng thng tin:
- Tm kim, nh v mc tiu cho cc h thng iu khin giao thng, d tm
ha tin, cc h thng trnh va chmj, d bo thi tit
- Cc h thng thng tin: Long haul telephone, data and TV transmissions;
wireless telecom. Nh DBS: Direct Broadcast Satellite television; PCSs: Personal
communications systems; WLANS: wireless local area computer networks; CV:
cellular video systems; GPS: Global positioning satellite systems, hot ng trong di
tn t 1.5 n 94 GHz.


Chng 2: L THUYT NG DY TRUYN
SNG

2.1 M hnh mch cc phn t tp trung cho mt
ng dy truyn sng

1) M hnh:
- Khc bit mu cht gia l thuyt mch v l thuyt ng dy l ch kch
thc in. LTM gi thit kch thc ca mch nh hn rt nhiu so vi bc sng,
trong khi l thuyt ng dy kho st cc mch c kch thc so snh c vi
bc sng, tc l coi ng dy nh l mt mch c thng s phn b, trong p v
dng c th c bin v pha thay i theo chiu di ca dy.
- V cc ng truyn cho sng TEM lun c t nht hai vt dn nn thng thng
chng c m t bi hai dy song hnh, trn mi on c chiu di z c th
c coi nh l mt mch c phn t tp trung vi R, L, G, C l cc i lng tnh
trn mt n v chiu di.
Hnh (2.1)
R: in tr ni tip trn mt n v chiu di cho c hai vt dn, /m
L: in cm ni tip trn mt n v o chiu di cho c hai vt dn, H/m
G: Dn np shunt trn n v chiu di, S/m.
C: in dung shunt trn n v chiu di, F/m
* L biu th t cm tng ca hai vt dn v C l in dung do v tr tng i
gn nhau ca hai vt dn. R xut hin do dn in hu hn ca cc vt dn v G
m t tn hao in mi trong vt liu phn cch cc vt dn. Mt on dy hu hn
c th coi nh mt chui cc khu nh (hnh 2.1)
- p dng nh lut Kirchhoff cho hnh 2.1 =>
0 ) , (
) , (
) , ( ) , ( = +

t z z
t
t z i
z L t z zi R t z
(2.1a)

0 ) , (
) , (
) , ( ) , ( = +

+
+ t z z i
t
t z z
z C t z z z G t z i


(2.1b)

Ly gii hn (2.1a) v (2.1b) khi z 0 =>

t
t z i
L t z Ri
z
t z

) , (
) , (
) , (

t
t z
C t z G
z
t z i

) , (
) , (
) , (


(2.2a)
(2.2b)
y l cc phng trnh dng time domain ca ng dy (trong min thi
gian), cn c tn l cc phng trnh telegraph.
4
Nu v (z, t) v i (z, t) l cc dao ng iu ha dng phc th (1.2)

) (
) (
) (
Z
Z
I L j R
z
V
+ =

(2.3a)

) (
) (
) (
Z
Z
V C j G
z
I
+ =

(2.3b)
Ch : (2.3) C dng tng t hai phng trnh u ca h phng trnh Maxwell



=
=
E j H
H j E

2) S truyn sng trn ng dy
D thy c th a (2.3 a,b) v dng

0
) (
2 ) (
2
=

Z
Z
V
z
V d

0
) (
2 ) (
2
=

Z
Z
I
z
I d

(2.4a)
(2.4b)
Trong l hng s truyn sng phc, l mt hm ca tn s. Li gii dng sng
chy ca (2.4) c th tm di dng :

Z
o
Z
o Z
e V e V V
+
+ =
) (

5

Z
o
Z
o Z
e I e I I
+
+ =
) (


T 2.5b c th vit di dng :


Z
o
o
Z
o
o
Z
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
I

+
=
) (

(2.5a)
(2.5b)
(2.6)
Chuyn v min thi gian th sng in p c th c biu din bi :
z
o
z
o t z
e z t V e z t V

) cos( ) cos(
) , (
+ +
+ + + + =
(2.7)
Trong : l gc pha ca in p phc

o
V ,
Khi bc sng c tnh bi :

2
= (2.8)
Vn tc pha : f
p

= = (2.9)
3) ng dy khng tn hao:
(2.7) l nghim tng qut cho ng dy c tn hao vi hng s truyn v tr
khng c trng c dng phc. Trong nhiu trng hp thc t tn hao ng dy rt
b, c th b qua khi c th coi R = G = 0 v ta c

LC j C j G L j R j = + + = + = ) )( ( (2.10)
LC = = => , 0
Tr khng c trng:
C
L
Z =
0 l mt s thc (2.11)
Khi :
(2.12a)
Z j
o
Z j
o Z
e V e V V
+
+ =
) (
(2.12b)
Z j
o
Z j
o Z
e I e I I
+
+ =
) (

LC

2 2
= =
(2.13)
LC
p
1
= =

(2.14)




2.2 TRNG TRN NG DY

Trong tit ny chng ta s tm li cc thng s R, L, G, C t cc vector
trng v p dng cho trng hp c th l ng truyn ng trc.
1, Cc thng s ng truyn
Xt on dy ng nht, di 1m vi cc vect E, vect H nh hnh v
- S: Din tch mt ct ca dy
- Gi thit V
0
e
j z
v I
0
e
j z
l p v dng gia cc vt dn.
- Nng lng t trng trung bnh tch t trn 1m dy c dng
) / ( . .
4
*
2
0
*
m H ds H H
I
L ds H H W
s s
m


= => =

(2.15)
- Tng t in nng trung bnh tch t trn n v chiu di l:
) / ( . .
4
*
2
0
*
m F ds E E
V
C ds E E
E
W
s s
l


= => =

(2.16)
- Cng sut tn hao trn mt n v chiu di do dn in hu hn ca vt
dn kim loi l:
6

dl H H
R
P
C C
s
c
*
.
2
2 1

=
(Gi thit

H nm trn S)
Vi

2
1
= =
S
s
R l in tr b mt ca kim loi
- Theo L thuyt mch =>

) / ( .
*
2
0 2 1
m dl H H
I
R
R
C C
s
=

+

(2.17)
- Cng sut tn hao in mi trung bnh trn n v chiu di l :

ds E E P
S
d
*
' '
.
2

=


Vi l phn o ca hng s in mi phc
' '

) 1 (
' ' ' '
jtg j = =
Theo LTM => li G l:

) / ( .
*
2
0
' '
m S ds E E
V
G
S

=

(2.18)
2, V d: Cc thng s ng dy ca ng truyn ng trc trng ca sng TEM
trong ng truyn ng trc c th biu din bi :
z
e
a
b
V
E

=
ln
0
,
z
e
I
H

=
2
0
, ,
' ' '
j =
r
.
0
=

(

v

l cc vector n v theo phng v )

=>
( )
) / ( ln
2
1
2
2
0
2 2
m H
a
b
d d L
b
a

= =



) / (
ln
2
'
m F
a
b
C

=


) / )(
1 1
(
2
m
b a
R
R
s
+ =

) / (
ln
2
"
m S
a
b
G

=

* Cc thng s ng truyn ca mt s loi ng dy
L )
2
( cosh
1
a
D

W
d

C
) 2 / (
1
'
a D Cosh

d
W
'

7
R
a
R
s

W
R
s
2

G
) 2 / (
1
'
a D Cosh

d
W
"

3, Hng s truyn sng, tr khng c tnh v dng cng sut
- Cc phng trnh telegraph (2.3 a,b) c th thu c t h phng trnh
Maxwell
- Xt ng truyn ng trc trn c sng TEM c c trng bi:
E
z
= H
z
= 0 v

= 0 (do tnh i xng trc)

H phng trnh Maxwell
x
E = - j H (2.19a)

x
H = j E (2.19b)
vi = j (c tn hao in mi, b qua tn hao in dn)
(2.19) c th c trin khai thnh:
) ( ) (
1




H H j E z
z
E
z
E

+ =

(2.20a)
) ( ) (
1




E E j E z
z
H
z
H

+ =

(2.20b)
V thnh phn phi trit tiu nn :

) ( z
f
E = (2.21a)

) ( z
g
H = (2.21b)
- iu kin bin = 0 ti
Q
E 0 , = => =
Q
E b a ti mi ni
t (2.20a) => = 0; khi c th vit li :

H j
z
E
=

(2.22a)

E j
z
H
=

(2.22b)
T dng (2.21b) v (2.22a) =>

z
h
E = (2.23)
- S dng (2.21b) v (2.23) =>
) (
) (
z g j
z
z h
=

(2.24a)
) (
) (
z h j
z
z g
=

(2.24b)
=> - in p gia hai vt dn c dng:

a
b
z h d z E V
b
a
z
ln ). ( ) , (
) (
= =

(2.25a)
- Dng in ton phn trn vt dn trong ti a = c dng:
8
) ( . 2 . ) , (
2
0
) (
z g d a z a H I
z

= =

=
(2.25b)
- Kt hp gia (2.24) v (2.25) =>
) (
) (
z LI j
z
z V
=

(2.26a)
) ( ) (
) (
z V C j G
z
z I
+ =

(2.26b)
* Hng s truyn sng :
0
2
2
2
= +

E
Z
E
(2.27)
j + = => =
2 2

Vi mi trng khng tn hao =>
j = vi LC = = (2.28)
* Tr khng sng :

= = = =
H
E
Z
(2.29)
Vi l tr khng ni ca mi trng
* Tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn ng trc

2
ln
2
ln
2
ln
0
0
0
a
b
a
b
H
a
b
E
I
V
Z = = = = (2.30)
* Dng cng sut (theo hng lan truyn Z) c th dc tnh qua vector
Poynting:

*
0 0
2
0
2
*
0 0
2
1
. .
ln 2
2
1
.
2
1
I V d d
a
b
I V
dS H E P
b
a S
= = =

= =

(2.31)
(2.29) trng vi kt qu ca l thuyt mch. iu ny chng t cng sut c
truyn i bi s lan truyn ca trng in t gia hai vt dn.

2.3 NG TRUYN KHNG TN HAO
C TI KT CUI

1, H s phn x in p:
- Xt ng truyn khng tn hao c ti u cui vi tr khng Z
L
.
Khi s xut hin sng phn x trn ng truyn. y l c trng c
s ca cc h phn b
Gi thit c mt sng ti c dng: V
0
+
e
j z
c pht bi mt ngun nh x
min Z<0. T s ca p trn dng ca sng chy ny l Z
0.
V c ti u cui vi
tr khng Z
L
nn xut hin sng phn x c bin xc nh tha mn Z
L
=
V
L
I
L
. Khi
:
- in p tng cng c dng :
z j z j
Z
e V e V V
+
+ =
0 0 ) (
(2.32a)
9
- Dng tng :

z j z j
Z
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
I

0
0
0
0
) (

+
= (2.32b)
- Ti u cui ta c iu kin bin (z = 0)

+
+
+
+

= =>

+
=
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
V
Z Z
Z Z
V Z
V V
V V
Z
L
L
L

* nh ngha h s phn x bin in p :

0
0
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
V
V
L
L
+

= =
+

(2.33)
Khi =>
[ ]
z j z j
Z
e e V V

+ =
+
0 ) (
(2.34a)
[
z j z j
Z
e e
Z
V
I

+ =

+
0
0
) (
]
(2.34b)
- Sng p v dng dng (2.32) l chng cht ca sng ti v sng phn x, gi
l; sng ng. Ch khi = 0 mi khng c sng phn x. nhn c = 0 th Z
L

= Z
0
, khi ta ni ti cn bng tr khng (ph hp tr khng) vi ng dy (hay ti
phi hp)
2, T s sng ng: (SWR: Standing ware ratio)
- Dng cng sut trung bnh dc theo ng truyn ti im Z:

[ ] { }
2
2 2 *
0
2
0
*
) ( ) (
1
2
1
.
2
1
+ = =

+
z j z j
e Z Z e av
e e R
Z
V
I V R P


=> (
2
0
2
0
1
2
1
=
+
Z
V
P
av
) (2.35)
- Nhn xt: Dng cng sut trung bnh bng const ti mi im trn ng
truyn. Cng sut ton phn t trn ti P
av
bng cng sut sng n
0
2
0
2Z
V
+
tr i
cng sut phn x
0
2
2
0
2Z
V
+
nu = 0 cng sut tiu th trn ti cc i (gi thit my
pht c phi hp tr khng vi ng dy sao cho khng c sng phn x t min
Z < 0.)
- Khi ti khng phi hp vi tr khng (mismatched) s c tn hao quay ngc
(return loss RL):
RL = - 20 lg (dB) (2.36)
+ Nhn xt:
o Vi ti phi hp ( = 0 ) RL = dB
o Vi ti phn x ton phn (= 1) RL = 0 dB
- Khi ti phi hp ( = 0) th bin in p V
(z)
= V
0
+
= const, ng dy
c gi l phng (flat).
- Khi ti khng phi hp tn ti sng phng x xut hin sng ng (bin
p trn ng dy khng bng hng).
10
T (2.34a)
) 2 (
0 ) (
. 1
l +
+ =
j
Z
e V V (2.37)
Trong : - : khong cch tnh t ti z = 0 l
- : pha ca h s phn x
j
e . =
=> Nhn xt: + Bin in p dao ng theo ta
+
+ = =
+
=

1
0
1
max ) (
) 2 (
V V V
j
e
Z
l (2.38)
+ Nu tng th t s V
max
/V
min
tng theo, do V
max
/V
min
c th
dng o s mt phi hp tr khng (mismatch) ca ng dy, gi l t s sng
ng (Standing ware ratio, SWR):


+
= =
1
1
min
max
V
V
SWR (2.39)
hay Voltage_SWR, hay VSWR
Nhn xt:
+ 1 SWR , SWR = 1 matched Load
+ Khong cch gia hai cc i lin tip l:

2 2
2

= = l
+ Khong cch gia 2 cc tr lin tip l
4 2

= = l vi :bc sng =
2

+ nh ngha (2.31) v c th tng qut ha cho mi im l trn ng dy
nh sau: vi l =
T s thnh phn phn x trn thnh phn ti l:

l
l
l
l

j
j
j
e
e V
e V

+

= =
) 0 (
0
0
) (
(2.40)
Vi l h s phn x ti Z = 0 cho bi (2.31)
) 0 (

- V dng cng sut bng const, m bin in p thay i theo l tr khng

vo ca on dy + ti phi thay i. l
=> nh ngha tr khng vo ca on dy + ti nhn theo hng thun l
11
0 2
2
) (
) (
1
1
Z
e
e
I
V
Z
j
j
in l
l
l
l

+
= = (2.41)
Dng (2.31) =>

l
l

tg jZ Z
tg jZ Z
Z Z
L L
L
in
+
+
=
0
0
0
(2.42)
3, Cc trng hp c bit:
a) Ngn mch u cui: Z
L
= 0
- t (2.31) => 1 =
- t (2.37) =>
= SWR
- t (2.32) => (2.43a)
z jV V
Z
sin 2
0 ) (
+
=

z
Z
V
I
Z
cos
2
0
0
) (
+
=
(2.43b)
=> V= 0 ti u cui v I = max
- t (2.40) => r khng vo ca on dy l: l

l tg jZ Z
o in
=
(2.43c)
=> Z
in
thun phc, Z
in
= 0 khi = =
in
Z l , 0 (h mch) khi
4

= l
Z
in
bin thin tun hon theo vi chu k l
2

b) H mch u cui: , t (2.31) => =
L
Z = = SWR , 1
z V V
Z
cos 2
0 ) (
+
=
(2.44a)
z
Z
jV
I
Z
sin
2
0
0
) (
+

=
(2.44b)
=> I = 0 ti Z = 0, V = V
max
,
l
l
g jZ Z
o in
cot
) (
=
(2.44c)
12
c) S thay i ca Z
in
(l)
Z
i n

(l =

/2)
= Z
L
(2.45)
(t 2.40) on dy di nguyn ln na bc sng khng lm thay i tr
khng ti bt k gi tr ca tr khng c trng.
Z
i n (l =

/4)
=
Z
0
2
Z
L
(2.46)
on bin i mt phn t bc sng v n bin i nghch o Z
L
d) Ghp hai ng dy : Dng ng dy c tr khng c trng Z
0
nui ng dy
c tr khng c trng khc Z
1

Gi thit b qua sng phn x t ng dy Z
1
( tc n di hoc c kt
cui bi ti c tr khng bng Z
1
)
Khi : =
Z
1
- Z
0
Z
1
+ Z
0
(2.47)
Nhn xt:
- Khng phi tt c cc sng ti u b phn x, mt s s truyn tip ln
ng dy th hai vi bin xc nh bi h s truyn T
- T (1.32a) vi z < 0

[ ]
z j z j
Z Z
e e V V

+ =
+
< 0 0 ) (
(2.48a)
vi z > 0

z j
Z Z
e V V
+
>
=
0 0 ) (
(2.48b)
(B qua sng phn x trn ng dy 2)
- Cn bng (2.46 a) v (2.46b) ti z = 0
T = 1 + = 1 +
Z
1
- Z
0
Z
1
+ Z
0
=
2Z
1
Z
1
+ Z
0
(2.49)
- H s truyn gia hai im ca mt mch thng c biu din theo dB,
gi l tn hao chn (IL: Insertion loss)
IL = - 20 lg T (dB) (2.50)
Ph ch: - T s bin theo n v Nepers (Np)
ln
V
1
V
2
(Np)
- T s cng sut theo Np:
ln
P
1
P
2
(Np)
1Np tng ng vi t s cng sut = e
2

1Np = 10 lg e
2
= 8,686 dB

13
2.4 GIN SMITH
- Gin Smith, do P. Smith a ra nm 1939 ti Bell Telephone Laboratories, l
phng php th c dng rng ri nht cho cc bi ton v tr khng v cc
hin tng trn ng dy truyn sng.
1. th Smith: Thc cht l th cc ca h s phn x in p .
- Gi s c th c biu din di dng cc (theo bin v pha)
j
e = .
Khi mi gi tr c biu din bi 1 im trong h ta cc.
- Trong ta Smith ngi ta dng tr khng chun ha Z =
Z
Z
0
thay Z.
- Vi ng dy khng tn hao c kt ni vi ti Z
L
th h s phn x c th
c vit qua tr khng chun ha nh sau:
j
L
L
e
Z
Z
=
+

=
1
1
(2.51)
Vi Z
L
=
Z
L
Z
0
l tr khng ti chun ha. t quan h ny

j
j
L
e
e
Z

+
=
1
1
(2.52)
- Nu t =
r
+ j
i
v z
L
= r
L
+ j x
L
th t (2.50)
( )
2 2
2 2
1
1
i r
i r
L
r
+

= (2.53a)
( )
2 2
1
2
i r
i
L
x
+

= (2.53b)
- Vit li (2.51) di dng phng trnh ng trn :
2
2
2
1
1
1

+
= +

+

L
i
L
L
r
r r
r
(2.54a)
( )
2 2
2
1 1
1

+
L L
i r
x x
(2.54b)
y l cc phng trnh ca 2 h ng trn trong mt phng
r
,
i
- (2.54a) biu din h cc ng trn in tr v (2.54b) biu din h cc ng
trn in khng.
* V d: Vi r
L
= 1 ng trn (2.54a) c tm ti
r
= 0,5,
i
= 0, bn knh bng
0,5.
* Ch :
- Tt c cc ng trn in tr (2.54a) u c tm nm trn trc honh
(
i
= 0) v i qua im (1, 0) hay im = 1 bn mp phi ca gin .
- Tm ca cc ng trn in khng (2.54b) nm trn trc ng i qua im
(1, 0) hay ng
r
= 1 v cng i qua im (1, 0) hay im = 1.
- Cc ng trn (2.54a) v (2.54b) lun vung gc nhau.
* ng dng: Gin Smith c th dng gii bng th phng trnh (2.42)
cho tr khng ng dy.
14
0
2
2
1
1
Z
e
e
Z
j
j
in
l
l

+
= (2.55)
Vi l h s phn x ti ti u cui l l chiu di on dy.
- D thy (2.55) c dng tng t (2.52) ch khc s hng gc pha trong . Do
nu c th
j
e ti ti th tr khng vo chun ha
Z
i n
Z
0
nhn vo on dy l
cc th tm c bng cch quay im tha mn h (2.54) i theo chiu kim ng h
1 gc l 2 quanh tm ca gin . (Bn knh gi nguyn v ln khng i dc
theo chiu ng dy.)
- d thc hin cc php quay ni trn, trn gin Smith c thang chia
theo n v bc sng theo 2 hng. V l thang tng i nn ch c s khc nhau
theo bc sng gia 2 im trn gin mi c ngha.
V d 1: Cho ti c tr khng Z
L
= 130 + j 90 () kt cui ng dy 50 c
chiu di 0,3 . Hy tm h s phn x ti ti v h s phn x ti u vo on
ng dy, tr kghng vo, h s SWR v RL.
Gii: Tr ti chun ha z
L
=
Z
L
Z
0
= 2,60 + j 1,8
Tm giao im ng trn r
L
= 2,60 v x
L
= 1,8 trn gin M
dng compa o on OM ri i chiu vi thang c = 0,6
SWR = 3,98, RL = 4,4 dB
ko di on OM c c gc pha ca h s phn x ti ti theo vng
chia ngoi gin : 21,8
0
v vng trn bn knh OM
Tm v tr ca tia OM v vng chia theo bc sng hng v ngun pht
(WTG: Wavelengths toward generator) cho gi tr 0,22 .
di chuyn im 0,22 i mt on 0,3 v pha ngun s cho gi tr
0,52 ,gi tr ny ng vi 0,02 .V tia t tm 0 qua im 0,02 ,tia ny ct vng
trn bn knh OM ti im ng vi Z
i n
= 0,255 + j 0,117 sau
Z
i n
= Z
0 Zin
= 12,7 + j 5,8 ()
Gc pha ca ti u on ng dy l 165,8
0
.

2. Gin Smith vi tr khng v dn np kt hp:
- Gin Smith c th s dng cho dn np chun ha theo cch tng t nh
vi tr khng chun ha v c th dng chuyn i gia tr khng v dn np.
- Tr khng vo ca on ng dy bc sng kt cui ti Z
L
l Z
i n
= 1/Z
L
,
y l c s chuyn i mt tr khng chun ha vi mt dn np chun ha.
- rng mt on bin i tng ng vi php quay 180
0
quanh tm
ca gin , do im i xng tm ca 1 im tr khng (hoc im dn np) s l
mt im dn np (hay im tr khng) tng ng ca cng mt on dy c ti kt
cui. Vy cng mt gin Smith c th dng tnh tr khng v dn np cho cng
mt bi tan.
- trnh nhm ln, c th dng gin Smith kp bao gm c gin tr
khng v gin dn np, c dng tng t nhau ch l hnh nh i xng tm ca
nhau.
15
V d 2:
Cho ti Z
L
= 100 + j 50 kt cui ng dy c tr khng c trng 50 .
Tm dn np ca ti v dn np vo ca on ng dy 0,15 .
Gii: + Z
l
= 2 + j 1. c th tin hnh nh cc bc v d 1 ri quay gc /4
trong gin tr khng, sau quay gc 0,15 .
+ Cng c th v im z
L
ri c y
L
tng ng theo thang ca gin
dn np: y
l
= 0,40 j 0,20
Y
L
= y
L
. Y
0
=
y
L
Z
0
= 0,008 j 0,004 (S)
Sau trn thang WTG tm im tham chiu tng ng 0,214 ,di chuyn
on 0,15 cho n 0,,364 , v tia qua im ny ri c im ct vi vng trn
SWR cho gi tr y = 0,61 + j 0,66 Y = 0,0122 + j 0,0132 (S)



2. 5 BIN I BC SNG

1) Tr khng:
Gi thit ti thun tr R
L
kt cui on /4 c tr khng c trng cn tm Z
1

sao cho = 0 ti u vo ca n (on )
l
l

tg jR Z
tg jZ R
Z Z
L
L
in
+
+
=
1
1
1
(2.61)
V
L
in
R
Z
Z
2
1
4
2
,
4
= => = =

l (2.62)
cn c 0 =
L in
R Z Z Z Z
0 1 0
= => = (2.63)
=> Khng c sng ng trn feedline (SWR = 1).
2) p ng tn s:
V d: Xt ti R
L
= 100 ghp vi ng truyn 50 qua b ghp hy
v th bin ca h s phn x theo tn s chun ha f/f
0
vi f
0
l tn s m ti
chiu di on ghp bng /4
Gii: = = 71 , 70 100 . 50
1
Z

0
0
Z Z
Z Z
in
in
+

= vi Z
in
l hm ca tn s cho bi (2.46).

0 0
0
2 4
2
4
2
f
f
f
f
p
p

= l

16
2. 6 MY PHT V TI KHNG PHI HP TR KHNG

- Xt trng hp tng hp khi my pht v ti khng cn bng tr khng vi
ng truyn Z
0.
Tm iu kin cng sut my pht truyn n ti t cc i.

l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

tg jZ Z
tg jZ Z
Z Z
e
e
I
V
Z
L
L
j
j
in
+
+
=

+
= =

0
0
0 0
2
2
) (
) (
1
1
(2.67)
Vi
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
+

=
l
l
l
(2.68)
in p trn ng dy c th vit d dng
[ ]
z j z j
Z
e e V V

l
+ =
+
0 ) (
(2.69)
- V
0
+
c th tm c nh iu kin bin ti
l = z


[ ]
l
l
l
l
j j
g in
in
g
e e V
Z Z
Z
V V
+

+ =
+
=
0 ) (
=>
l
l
l j j
g in
in
g
e e Z Z
Z
V V

+
+ +
=
1
0 (2.70)

- Dng (2.67)
l
l
l

j
g
j
g
g
e
e
Z Z
Z
V V
2
0
0
0
1

+
+
=
(2.71)
Vi
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
g
g
g
+

= (2.72)

H s sng ng trn ng dy.

l
l

+
=
1
1
SWR (2.73)
- Cng sut t vo ti v ng truyn

+
=
in
e
g in
in
g
Z
R
Z Z
Z
V P
1
2
1
2
2
(2.74)
t v
in in in
jX R Z + =
g g g
jX R Z + =
=>
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
1
g in g in
in
g
X X R R
R
V P
+ + +
=
(2.75)

a) Ti phi hp vi ng truyn:
1 , 0 ,
0
= = = SWR Z Z
l l

v
0
Z Z
in
=
( )
2 2
2
2
1
g g o
o
g
X R Z
Z
V P
+ +
=
(2.76)

b) My pht phi hp vi ng truyn c ti kt cui:
0
Z , , Z l
l
c chn sao cho Z
i n
= Z
g

17
=
Z
i n
- Z
g
Z
i n
+ Z
g
= 0 (2.77)
(Lu : c th tn ti sng ng trn ng truyn nu
l
0)

( )
2
2 2
2
4
2
1
g g
g
g
X R
R
V P
+
=
(2.78)
Nhn xt: Cng sut (2.78) c th nh hn cng sut (2.76).
Cu hi: + Tr khng ti th no l ti u?
+ Tr khng vo ng truyn th no l ti u?
* Phi hp lin kt: Gi thit Z
g
c nh, tm Z
in
P t cc di sau s suy ra
Z
l
khi bit l. Cho o hm ca P theo phn thc v phn o ca Z
in
= 0 iu kin
phi tm.
T (2.75)

( ) 0 0
2 2 2
= + + => =

g in in g
in
X X R R
R
P
(2.79a)

( ) 0 2 0 = + => =

g in in
in
X X X
X
P
(2.79b)
T (2.79a,b) =>
g in g in
X X R R = = ,


Hay (2.80)
*
g in
Z Z =
(2.80) c gi l iu kin phi hp tr khng lin kt

- Khi cng sut ri trn ti l cc i. (t 2.75)
g
g
R
V P
4
1
2
1
2
=
(2.81)
Nhn xt:
- Cng sut (2.81) ln hn (2.76) v (2.78)
-
l
,
g
, c th khc khng. V mt vt l iu c ngha l trong hin tng
a phn x c th xy ra hin tng ng pha dn ti cng sut ln hn khi ch c
sng ti.
- V phng din hiu qu th t hiu qu bcao c iu kin phi hp tr
khng (Z
l
= Z
0
) hay iu kin phi hp lin kt (Z
i n
= Z
g
*
) vn cha . chng hn
khi Z
g
= Z
l
= Z
0
ch c cng sut ca pht ri trn ti tc hiu sut l 50%. Hiu
sut ny ch c th c ci thin nh gim Z
g
nh c th c.
Bi tp chng
1. Cho ng truyn c L = 0,2 H/m, C = 300 p F/m, R = 5 /m v G = 0,01
S/m. Hy tnh hng s truyn sng v tr khng c trng ti tn s 500M Hz. Hy
xt trng hp khng hao tn.
2. Cho mt hnh T
CMR m hnh ny dn ti cng phng trnh Telegraph.
3. Mt ng truyn ng trc bng C
u
vi bn knh vt dn trong l 1mm v
ngoi l 3mm. Lp in mi c
r
= 2,8 vi gc tn hao 0,005. Tnh R, L, G, C ti tn
s 3 GHz, tnh Z
0
v v
p
.
18
19
4. Tnh v v th h s suy gim ca cp ng trc bi 3 theo dB trong
khong tn s t 1 MHz ti 10 GHz.
5. Cho ng truyn khng tn hao c chiu di in l = 0,3 kt cui ti Z
L
=
40 + j 20 (). Tm
L
, SWR trn on l v Z
i n (l + ti)
6. Cho ng truyn khng tn hao kt cui ti 100 .
Tm Z
0
nu bit SWR = 1,5
7. Mt my pht v tuyn c ni vi angten c tr khng 80 + j40 qua cp
ng trc 50 c th cung cp 30W khi ni vi ti 50 th cng sut t vo angten
l bao nhiu
8. Gin Smith c th tnh
a, SWR trn ng truyn
b, T
L
,
c, Y
L
d, Z
i n (l + ti)
e, Khong cch t ti n im c V
max
u tin .
f, V
min
u tin
v hnh
9. Dng gin Smith tm on ng truyn 75 ngn mch u cui ngn
nht c:
a, Z
i n
= 0
b, Z
i n
=
c, Z
i n
= j 75
d, Z
i n
= - j 50
e, Z
i n
= j 10

Chng III: L THUYT MNG SIU CAO TN
3.1 TR KHNG, IN P V DNG IN TNG NG
1) in p v dng in tng ng
tn s siu cao cc php o p v dng rt kh thc hin, tr khi mt cp u
cui c xc nh r rng. iu ny ch thc hin c vi ng truyn sng TEM
(cp ng trc, mch vi di)
V hnh

* Trn hnh v l dng ng sc in trng v t trng ca 1 ng truy
sng TEM gm 2 vt dn
Theo nh ngha
l d E V

+
=
l d H I
C
.

+
=

* Vn s tr nn kh khn hn khi kho st ng dn sng.
- Xt ng dn sng ch nht nh hnh v. Mode truyn sng ch yu l TE
10:

Cng thc (v hnh)

( )
z j
z y x y
e
a
x
A
a j
E

= sin
, ,

= ( )
z j
y
e z y x Ae

, , ( ) a . 4 . 3

( ) ( )
z j
y x x
z j
z y x x
e Ah e
a
x
A
a j
H



= =
, , ,
sin ( ) b . 4 . 3
S dng (3.1) cho (3.4.a) =>

=
y
z j
dy e
a
x
A
a j
V

sin ( ) 5 . 3
Nhn xt: Dng in p (3.5) ph thuc vo v tr x cng nh di ca ng
ly tch phn theo hng trc y. Vy gi tr in p chnh xc l bao nhiu? Cu tr
li l khng c gi tr in p chnh xc hiu theo ngha duy nht hoc thch hp cho
mi ng dng. Vn trn pht sinh tng t cho dng in v tr khng khi sng
khng phi l sng TEM.
* C rt nhiu cch nh ngha in p, dng in tng ng v tr khng
cho sng khng phi TEM v th khng duy nht. Tuy nhin c mt s nhn xt sau:
+ in p v dng ch c nh ngha cho mt mode dn sng c th v c
nh ngha sao cho in p t l vi in trng ngang, cn dng in t l vi t
trng ngang.
+ c c s dng tng t nh p v dng trong l thuyt mch, in p
v dng cn c nh ngha sao cho tch ca chng cho ra dng cng sut ca mode
truyn sng.
20
+ T s p trn dng cho mch sng chy n l cn bng tr khng c trng
ca ng truyn. Tr khng ny c th chn bt k, thng chn bng tr khng
sng ca ng truyn.
* Vi mt mode ng dn sng bt k cc thnh phn trng ngang c th c
biu din:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z j z j
y x
z j z j
y x z y x t e V e V
c
e
e A e A e E
+ +
+ = + =
1
,
, , , ( ) a 6 . 3
( ) ( )
( )
( )
z j z j
y x
z j z j
y x z y x t e I e I
c
h
e A e A h H
+ +
= =
2
,
, , , ( ) b 6 . 3

Trong A
+
, A
-
l bin ca sng ti v sng ngc; e, h l cc thnh phn
trng ngang ca mode c quan h

( )
( )

=
y x e a
h
z
y x
,
, ( ) 7 . 3
vi : tr khng sng.

T (3.6,a,b) c th nh ngha p v dng tng ng:

( )
z j z j
z
e V e V V
+
+ = ( ) a 8 . 4

( )
z j z j
z
e I e I I
+
= ( ) b . 8 . 3
Vi
0
= =

+
+
I
V
I
V

Nhn xt:
- nh ngha (3.8) bao hm quan h t l gia p v dng tng ng vi
in v t trng ngang.
- Cc hng s t l c cho cc mi quan h ny l:

+
+

+
+
= = = =
A
I
A
I
C
A
V
A
V
C
2 1
,

- Dng cng sut ca sng ti:
ds a h e
C C
I V
ds a h e A P
z
s s
z . *
* 2
*
. *
2
1
2 1
2

= =
+ +
+ +
( ) 9 . 3
cng sut *
2
1
* + +
= I V P th phi c

=
s
z
ds a h e C C . * *
2 1
( ) 10 . 3

- Tr khng c trng

2
1
0
C
C
I
V
I
V
Z = = =

+
+
( ) 11 . 3
Nu mun c = :tr khng sng (
0

TE
hoc
TM
) ca mode truyn th :

=
2
1
C
C
( hoc
TE

TM
) ( ) 12 . 3 a
21
gii (3.10) v (3.12) => , => in p tng ng v dng tng ng
1
C
2
C
V d:
Cho mode TE
10
trong ng dn sng ch nht
( )

+ =
+
a
e A e A E
z j z j
y


sin
( )
a
e A e A H
z j z j
TE

sin
1
+

=
( )
z j z j
z
e V e V V
+
+ =
( )
z j z j
z
e I e I I
+
=
( )
z j z j
e V e V
+

=
0
1

*
2
1
+ +
= I V P
dy d H E P
x
s
y

=
+
2
1

*
2
1
*
2
1
4
2 1
2 2
C C A I V A
Z
ab
TE
+ + + +
= = =

Nu chn = th
0

TE

TE
C
C
I
V
= =
+
+
2
1

=>
2
1
ab
C =

2
1
2
ab
C
TE

=

2) Khi nim tr khng: C cc dng tr khng sau:
- Tr khng ni ca mi trng = / ch ph thuc vo mi trng v bng
tr khng sng ca sng phng.
- Tr khng sng Z
VV
=
Ht
Et
=
Yvv
1
c trng cho cc dng sng (TEM, TE, TM)
v c th ph thuc vo loi ng truyn hoc ng dn sng, ph thuc vt liu v
tn s hot ng.
- Tr khng c trng Z
0
=
0
1
y
=
L
C l t s p trn dng cho cc sng chy.
V p v dng l xc nh duy nht cho sng TEM Z
0
cng xc nh vi sng
TEM.
* Quan h gia cc c trng tr khng v nng lng trng EM tch t v
cng sut tiu tn trong mng 1 ca.
ds H E P
s
*
2
1
=
( )
e m
W W j P + = 2
l


22
Vi P
l
: phn thc ca P
Biu th phn cng sut trung bnh tiu tn trn mng, W
m
, W
e
.
Biu th nng lng t trng v in trng tch t trong mng.
- Nu nh ngha e v h l cc vect trng ngang chun ha trn mt kt cui
ca mng, sao cho
( )
( )
( )
z j
y x
z
e e V z y x t E

= , , ,
( )
( )
( )
z j
y x
z
z y x t e h I H

= , , ,
Vi 1 . * =

ds h e
s
th *
2
1
* *
2
1
VI ds h e VI P
s
= =


Khi
( )
2
2
2
1
2
I
W W J P
I
VI
I
V
jx R
e m
in
+
= = = + =

l


2
2
1
I
P
=
Vy : - Phn thc ca ,R lien quan n cng sut tn hao
in

l
P
- Phn o X lien quan n nng lng tng cng tch t trong mng
- Nu mng khng tn hao th
in
thun o v

( )
=

=
2
4
I
W W
X
e m

3.2 MA TRN TR KHNG V MA TRN DN NP

1)Ma trn tr khng v ma trn dn np: V in p v dng c nh ngha ti
cc im khc nhauca mng SCT,nn c th dng ma trn tr khng v ma trn dn
np theo kiu LT mch rng buc nhng i lng ny vi nhau. iu ny s gip
xy dng mch tng ng cho mng SCT bt k, phc v cho vic thit k cc
phn th ng nh cc b ghp, cc b lc.
v hnh
- Xt mng SCT N cng ty , cc cng c th l dng ng dy truyn sng
hoc ng truyn tng ng vi mt mode truyn dn sng n. Nu mt cng
no v mt vt l c nhiu mode truyn th c th thay tng ng bng mt s
cng n mode tng ng.
- Ti cng th n ty in p v dng tng c dng

+
+ =
n n n
V V V ( ) a 24 . 3

+
=
n n n
I I I ( ) b 24 . 3
(dng 3.8 vi ta 0 = Z )
Ma trn tr khng c nh ngha:
Dng cho ti cm khng ( )
e m
W W >
m cho ti dung khng ( )
e m
W W <
23

N NN N N
N
N
N
I
I
I
V
V
V
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
2
1
......
......
......
Hay vit gn hn [ ] [ ][ ] I V = ( ) 25 . 3

Tng t cho ma trn dn np
[ ] [ ][ ] V Y I = (3.26)
R rng [ ] [ ]
1
= Y ( ) 27 . 3

T => ( 25 . 3 )
I
V
i
= j k I
k
= , 0 ( ) 28 . 3

- (3.28) c ngha l Z
i j
c th tm c khi cp dng I
j
cho cng th j, cc cng
cn li h mch v o th m mch ti cng th i, cn li Z
i j
l tr khng truyn gia
cng i v j.
- Z
i i
l tr khng vo ti cng i khi tt c cc cng khc h mch.
- Tng t:
j k V
j
i
k
V
I
Y
=
=
, 0 ( ) 29 . 3

2) Cc trng hp c bit:
- Vy mt mng n cng ty s c th 2N
2
i lng c lp, hay bc t do.
(ng vi phn thc v o ca cc Z
i j
).
- Nu mng l thun nghch, tc khng cha cc mi trng khng thun nghch
(nh ferrile hay plasma) hoc cc linh kin tch cc, th Z i j = Z j i v Y i j = Yj i.
- Nu mng l khng tn hao th Z i j v Y i j l cc i lng thun o.


3.3 MA TRN TN X
1) Ma trn tn x:
Xt mng N cng nh trong mc trc. nh ngha ma trn tn x tha mn
quan h sau:
V hnh:

+
+

N
NN N
N
N
V
V
S S
S S S
V
V
V
1
1
1 12 11
1
2
1
..........
....
Hay gn hn [ ] [ ][ ]
+
= V S V ( ) 40 . 3
=>
j k V
j
i
k
V
V
S
= +

+
=
, 0

24

- Tc l S
i j
c th c tm khi t vo cng j mt sng ti c in p V
+
j
v o
bin in p sng phn x V
i
-
t cng i, khi tt c sng ti cc cng khc cho
bng zero (hay kt cui vi ti phi hp trnh phn x).
- S
i i
chnh l h s phn x nhn vo cng i khi tt c cc cng khc kt cui vi
ti phi hp.
- S
i j
cn gi l h s truyn t cng j ti cng i khi tt c cc cng khc kt cui
vi ti phi hp.
- C th chng manh rng ma trn [ S ] c th c xc nh t [ Z ] hoc [ Y]
v ngc li.
- Trc tin gi thit rng tr khng c trng ca tt c cc cng, Z
o n
, l ging
nhau. (Trng hp tng qut s c cp sau). tin li cho Z
o n
= 1. T (3.24)
V
n
= V
+
n
+ V
-
n
(3.42a)
I
n
= I
n
+
- I
n
-
= V
+
n
- V
-
n
(3.42b)
T (3.25) v (3,42)
[ Z ] [ I ] = [ Z ] [ V
+
] - [ Z ] [ V
-
] = [ V ] = [ V
+
] + [ V
-
]
tc l c th vit
( [ Z ] + [ U ] ) [ V
-
] = ( [ Z ] - [ U ] ) [ V
+
] (3.43)
Vi [ U ] l ma trn n v
So snh (3.43) vi (3.40)
[ S ] = ( [ Z ] + [ U ] )
1
( [ Z ] - [ U ] ) (3.44)
- Vi mng mt cng: S
11
=
Z
11
- 1
Z
11
+ 1
, y chnh l h s phn x nhn vo ti
vi tr khng vo chun ha Z
11
.
- biu din [ Z ] theo [ S ] c th vit li (3. 44):
[ Z ] [ S ] + [ U ] [ S ] = [ Z ] - [ U ]
[ Z ] = ( [ U ] - [ S])
- 1
( [ U ] + [ S ] (3.45)
2) Mng thun nghch v mng khng tn hao.
a,Mng thun nghch:

-T => ( ) b a, , 42 . 3 ( )
n n n
I V V + =
+
2
1

Hay [ ] [ ] [ ] ( [ ] I U V + =
+
2
1
) ( )a 46 . 3
( )
n n n
I V V =

2
1

Hay [ ] [ ] [ ] ( [ ] I u V =

2
1
)
( ) b 46 . 3


-T => ( 46 . 3 ) [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ]
+
+ = V U U V
1

=>[ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( )
1
+ = U U S ( ) 47 . 3
chuyn v =>[ ] ( 47 . 3 ) [ ] [ ] ( ) { } [ ] [ ] ( )
t
t
t
U U S + =
1

V v [ ] [ ] U U
t
= [ ] Z i xng [ ] [ ] Z Z
t
= nn [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) U Z U Z
t
+ =
1
) ( S
t 3.44 [ ] [ ]
t
S S =
25
Vy [ l ma trn i xng ] S
b,Mng khng tn hao:
Cng sut trung bnh tiu th trn mng phi bng khng. Gi thit tr khng
c trng bng n v cho tt c cc cng
[ ] [ ] { } [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) { } * *
2
1
*
2
1
+ +
+ = = V V V V R I V R P
t t
e
t
e av

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] { } * * *
2
1
+ + + +
= V V V V V V V R
t t t t
e

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 0 *
2
1
*
2
1
= =
+ +
V V V V
t t
( ) 49 . 3

v [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] { } * *
+ +
+ V V V V
t t
c dng A-A* nn l thun o do { } 0 =
e
R
Trong s hng ( 49 . 3 ) [ ] [ ]*
2
1
+ +
= V V
t
biu th cng sut n tng cng ,s hng
[ ] [ ]*
2
1

V V
t
l cng thc phn x tng.V mng khng tn hao nn 2 cng sut trn
phi bng nhau ,Tc l
= [ ] [ ]*
+ +
V V
t
[ ] [ ]*

V V
t
( ) 50 . 3

[ ] [ ][ ]
+
= V S V =>
= [ ] [ ]*
+ +
V V
t
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]* *
+ +
V S S V
t
t

=>nu [ ] 0
+
V th [ ] [ ] [ ] U S S
t
= *
Hay [ ] [ ] { }
1
* S

=
t
S ( ) 51 . 3
vy [ l ma trn unita ] S
- khai trin => ( 51 . 3 )

, S S
N
k
ki
=

=
*
ki
1
S j i, ( ) 52 . 3
=> 1 S
*
ki
1
=

=
N
k
ki
S ( ) a 53 . 3
0 S
*
ki
1
=

=
N
k
ki
S vi i j ( ) b 53 . 3

- Tnh im ca mt ct bt k vi lin hip phc ca n bng n v.
- Tnh im ca mt ct bt k vi lin hip phc ca cc ct khc bng zero
(trc giao)
- Kt lun tng t cho cc hng ca ma trn tn x
3) Php dch mt tham chiu
V cc thng s ca [ S ] lin quan n bin v pha ca sng n v sng
phn x t mng, do mt phng pha tham chiu, tc l mt phng xc nh (V
n
+
,
I
n
+
) hoc (V
n
-
, I
n
-
) phi c xc nh trc. Khi dch chuyn cc mt tham chiu ny
th cc thng s S b bin i.

26
Xt mng SCT N cng cc mt tham chiu ban u nh x ti Z
0
= 0. Vi Z
n
l ta dc theo ng truyn th n cp in cho cng n. Gi [ S ] l ma trn tn x
vi tp hp cc mt tham chiu ni trn.
[ S ] l ma trn tn x tng ng vi v tr mi ca cc mt tham chiu.
[ V
-
] = [ S ] [ V
+
] (3.54a)
[ V
-
] = [ S ] [ V
+
] (3.54b)
trong : V
+
n
= V
+
n
e
j

n
(3.55a)
V
-
n
= V
-
n
e
- j

n
(3.55b)
Vi
n
=
n
l
n
c gi l di in ca php dch ca cng n
- Vit (3.55a,b) di dng ma trn ri thay vo (3.54a)
[ ] [ ] [ ]
+

V
e
e
e
S V
e
e
e
N N
j
j
j
j
j
j

2
1
2
1
0 0
[ ] [ ][ ]
+
= V S V

- Nhn c hai v vi ma trn nghch o ca ma trn u tin bn v tri

[ ] [ ] [
+

= V
e
e
e
S
e
e
e
V
N N
j
j
j
j
j
j

2
1
2
1
0 0
]

So vi (3.54b)


[ ] =

S [ ]

N N
j
j
j
j
j
j
e
e
e
S
e
e
e

2
1
2
1
0 0
(3.56)

- D thy S
n n
= e
2

n
S
n n,
c ngha l pha ca S
n n
di 2 ln di in trong
php dch mt tham chiu n, bi v sng truyn 2 ln qua di ny theo hng ti
v hng phn x.
4) Cc thng s tn x tng qut
Xt mng SCT N cng vi Z
0
l tr khng c trng (thc) ca cng n, V
n
+
, V
n
-

l bin sng ti v sng phn x.

nh ngha :
n
n
n
V
a
0

=
+
( ) a 57 . 3

n
n
n
V
b
0
_

= ( ) b 57 . 3

L cc bin sng mi cho cng n.

27
-T (9.42 a,b) =>
( )
n n n n n
b a V V V + = +
+
=
( ) a 58 . 3

( ) (
n n
n
n n
n
n
b a V V I

= +

=
+
0 0
1 1
) ( ) b 58 . 3

Cng sut trung bnh ri trn cng n:

{ } ( ) { }
n n n n n n e n n e n
a b a b b a R I V R P
* *
2 2
2
1
2
1
+ = =

=
2 2
2
1
2
1
n n
b a ( ) 59 . 3
(v thun o)
n n n n
a b a b
* *

C th ni cng sut trung bnh ri trn cng bng cng sut sng n tr cng
sut sng phn x.
- Ma trn tn x tng qut c nh ngha
( ) [ ] [ ][ ] a S b = 60 . 3
Trong j k a
i
ij
k
a
b
S
=
=
, 0 ( ) 61 . 3

- (3.61) c dng tng t (3.41) cho mng vi tr khng c trng ng nht
ti tt c cc cng.
Dng (3.57) v (3.61) =>
j k V
j j
j i
ij
k
V
v
S
= +

=
, 0
0
0
( ) 62 . 3

Cng thc ny cho bit cch chuyn t cc thng s S cho mng vi tr khng
c trng ng nht (V
-
i
/V
+
j
) thnh cc thng s S cho mng ni vi cc ng
truyn c tr khng c trng khng ng nht.




28
3.4 MA TRN TRUYN (ABCD)
Cc mng SCT thng gp trong thc t bao gm mt mng 2 cng hoc dy
cascade ca cc mng 2 cng. Cc ma trn c trng (S, Z, Y) ca dy cc mng 2
cng bng tch cc ma trn 2 x 2 (ABCD) ca mng 2 cng.
1) Ma trn ABCD: c nh ngha cho mng 2 cng nh sau:


2 2 1
BI AV V + =

2 2 1
DI CV I + =
Hay ( )

2
2
1
1
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
63 . 3
* Ch : Quy c du I
2
ra khi cng 2 l tin li cho vic kho st mng
cascade.
- Khi c 2 mng kt ni cascade
( )

2
2
1 1
1 1
1
1
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
a 64 . 3
( )

3
3
2 2
2 2
2
2
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
b 64 . 3

=> ( )

3
3
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
1
1
I
V
D C
B A
D C
B A
I
V
65 . 3
Hay
* Ch : =

D C
B A

2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
D C
B A
D C
B A
- Th t nhn ma trn phi ging th t cascade.
- C th xy dng mt th vin cc ma trn ABCD cho cc mng 2 cng c s
v dng php phn tch cc mng phc tp thnh cascade ca cc mng c s.
` Bng 3.1 Cc thng s ABCD ca mt s mng c s quan trng.


2) Quan h gia (ABCD) v [ Z ]
T (3. 25), (3. 63) vi quy c du ca I
2
nh trn=>

12 2 11 1 1
= I I V

22 2 21 1 2
= I I V ( ) 66 . 3

21
11
21 1
11 1
0
2
1
2

= =
=
I
I
V
v
A
I ( ) a 67 . 3

12 0
2
1
11 0
2
12 2 11 1
0
2
1
2 2 2
=

= =
= = = v v v
I
I
I
I I
I
v
B


21
21 12 22 1
12
21 1
22 1
11

=
I
I
( ) b 67 . 3
29


21 21 1
1
0
2
1
1
2

= =
=
I
I
V
v
C
I ( ) c 67 . 3

21
22
2
21 22 2
0
2
1
2

=

= =
=
I
I
I
I
D
v (3.67d)


* Nu mng l thun nghch th Z
12
= Z
21
v AD BC = 1
3) Cc s tng ng cho mng 2 cng

Xt chuyn tip gia mt ng truyn ng trc v mt ng vi di vi cc
mt tham chiu nh hnh v t
1
, t
2
.
- Do s gin on v mt vt l ca chuyn tip, nng lng in, t trng c
th b tch t ti chuyn tip v gy ra cc hiu ng phn khng. Cc hiu ng ny c
th o c hoc c phn tch l thuyt nh s hp en ca mng 2 cng nh
hnh v. M hnh phn tch ny c th s dng cho cc trng hp ghp gia cc loi
ng truyn khc nhau hoc cc ch gin on ca ng truyn nh s thay i
nhy bc ca rng hoc cong
- Thng ngi ta thay hp en bng s tng ng cha mt s cc
phn t l tng. C rt nhiu cch, y s kho st mt cch ph bin v hu dng
nht.
- S dng quan h: [ V ] = [ Z ] [ I ] v [ I ] = [ Y ] [ V ] v nu mng l thun
nghch th Z
12
= Z
21
v Y
12
= Y
21
v mng c th c biu din theo s hnh T
hoc TT nh hnh v.
V hnh

- Nu mng l thun nghch th s c 6 bc t do (phn thc v o ca 3 thng
s).
- Mt mng khng thun nghch s khng th c biu din b s tng
ng dng cc phn t thun nghch.


3.5 CC TH TRUYN TN HIU

1) nh ngha: Cc phn t c bn ca gin l node v nhnh:
- Node: Mi cng i ca mng SCT c 2 node a
i
v b
i
. Node a
i
l sng ti v b
i
l
sng phn x t cng.
- Nhnh: Mt nhnh l mt ng trc tip gia mt node a v mt node b, biu
th dng tn hiu t node a n node b. Mi nhnh c mt thng s S kt hp hoc
mt h s phn x.



30
Sng ti vi bin a
1
c tch thnh 2, phn qua S
11
(v ra khi cng 1 nh
mt sng phn x b
1
) v phn truyn qua S
21
ti node b
2
. Ti node b
2
sng ra khi
cng 2. Nu c mt ti vi h s phn x zero c ni vo cng 2 th sng ny s ti
phn x mt phn v i vo mng ti node a
2
. Mt phn s ti phn x ra khi cng 2
qua S
22
v 1 phn c th c truyn ra khi cng 1 qua S
12
.
Cc trng hp c bit:
+ Mng mt cng:

+ Ngun p:

2) Phng php phn tch th dng tn hiu:
+ Lut 1: (Lut ni tip) Hai nhnh m node chung ca chng ch c 1 sng vo
v mt sng ra (cc nhnh ni tip) c th kt hp thnh mt nhnh n vi h s
bng tch cc h s ca cc nhnh ban u.
V
3
= S
32
V
2
= S
32
S
21
V
1
(3. 69)
+ Lut 2: (Lut song song) Hai nhnh gia hai node chung (2 nhnh song song)
c th kt hp thnh 1 nhnh n c h s bng tng cc h s ca hai nhnh ban
u.
V
2
= S
a
V
1
+ S
b
V
1
= (S
a
+ S
b
).V
1
(3.70)

+ Lut 3: (Lut vng n) Khi mt nhnh bt u v kt thc ti mt node c h
s S, th c th trit tiu nhnh bi vic nhn cc h s ca cc nhnh nui node vi
1/(1 S)

=
+ =
2 33 3
2 22 1 21 2
V S V
V S V S V
( )

2 32 3
1
22
21
2
1
71 . 3
V S V
V
S
S
V

1
22
21 32
3
1
V
S
S S
V

=
(3.72)
+ Lut 4: (Lut tch) Mt nt c th tch thnh 2 nt c lp khi v ch khi bt
k mt s kt hp no ca cc nhnh vo v ra (khng phi l cc nhnh vng n)
u dn ti nt ban u.



31
32
Chng IV: PHI HP TR KHNG V TUNING

4.1 M U:

Chng ny p dng cc l thuyt v k thut cc chng trc cho cc bi
ton thc t trong KT SCT. Bi ton phi hp tr khng thng l mt phn quan
trng ca qu trnh thit k h thng SCT.
- Matching network thng l khng tn hao l tng v thng c thit k
sao cho tr khng nhn vo matching network bng Z
0
trit tiu phn x trn
ng truyn, mc d c th c a phn x trn on Matching network v Load.
* Mc tiu phi hp tr khng:
- Ly c cng sut cc i trn ti, gim thiu cng sut tn hao trn ng
truyn.
- i vi cc phn t nhy thu, phi hp tr khng tng t s tn hiu /
nhiu ca h thng (anten, LNA, )
- Phi hp tr khng trong mt mng phn phi cng sut (mng nui anten
mng) s cho php gim bin v li pha.
* Nu Z
L
cha phn thc khc 0 th mng phi hop T
n
khng lun c th tm
c. C nhiu phng n phi hp, tuy nhin cn theo cc tiu ch sau:
+ phc tp: n gin, r, d thc hin, t hao tn.
+ rng bng: cn phi hp tr khng tt trong mt di tn rng, tuy nhin
s phc tp hn.
+ Lp t: Ty vo dng ng truyn hoc ng dn sng quyt nh phng
n phi hp TK.
+ Kh nng iu chnh: trong 1 s trng hp c th yu cu MN hot ng tt
khi Z
L
thay i.



4.2 PHI HP TR KHNG VI CC PHN T TP TRUNG
(L NETWORKS)
1) Gii thiu:
- Dng n gin nht ca PHTK l dng khu L, s dng 2 phn t in khng
phi hp 1 ti ty vi ng truyn c 2 cu hnh kh d.

- Nu tr khng ti chun ha z
L
= Z
L
/Z
0
nm trong vng trn 1 + j x trn gin
Smith th hnh v (4.2a) c dng, nu khng th dng (h4.2b).
- Cc phn t in khng trong hnh 4.2 c th l C hoc L ty thuc vo Z
L
.
Do c 8 kh nng xy ra.
- Nu tn s nh v / hoc kch thc mnh nh th c th dng cc t v
in cm thc (c th n 1 GHz). y l hn ch ca mch L.
2) Li gii gii tch: (dng cho computer aided design program, hoc khi cn c
chnh xc cao hn so vi phng php dng Smith chart)
- Xt mch (h 4.2a), t Z
L
= R
L
+ j X
L
, v z
L
=
Z
L
Z
0
nm bn trong ng trn
1 + j x (r = 1), nn R
L
> Z
0
.
- Tr khng nhn vo matching network c ti pha sau phi bng Z
0
, tc l:
Z
0
= j X +
1
j B + 1/(R
L
+ j X
L
)
(4.1)
- Tch phn thc v phn o ca (4.1)
B (X R
L
X
L
Z
0
) = R
L
Z
0
(4.2a)
X (1 B X
L
) = B Z
0
R
L
- X
L
(4.2b)
=> 2 2
0
2 2
0
L L
L L L
L
L
X R
R Z X R
Z
R
X
B
+
+
=
(4.3a)

L L
L
BR
Z
R
Z X
B
X
0 0
1
+ =
(4.3b)
Nhn xt: T (4.3) c 2 li gii kh d cho B v X, c 2 li gii u kh d v
mt vt l (B < 0 cun cm B > 0 t, X > 0 cun, X < 0 t). Tuy nhin c
mt li gii c th gy ra gi tr nh hn ng k ca cc phn t in khng v c
th l li gii thch hp hn cho rng di tt hn hoc h s SWR trn on gia
b phi hp TK v ti nh hn.
* Vi (h 4.2b) (R
L
< Z
0
): Dn np nhn vo matching networrk phi bng 1/Z
0
hay

1
Z
0
=
1
R
L
+ j (X + X
L
)
(4.4)
B Z
0
( X + X
L
) = Z
0
- R
L
(4.5a)
X + X
L
= B Z
0
R
L
(4.5b)

* phi hp Z
L
vi ng truyn Z
0=
th phn thc ca tr khng vo MN phi
bng Z0, phn o = 0 MN c s bc t do t nht bng 2, l 2 gi tr ca cc
phn t in khng.


4.3 PHI HP TR KHNG DNG ON DY CHM
(Single Stub tuning)

1) Khi nim:
- u im: khng dng cc phn t tp trung d ch to; dng shunt stub c
bit d ch to cho mch ghi gii (microstrip) hoc mch di (stripline)
- Hai thng s iu chnh l khong cch d v Y hoc Z.
- Chng hn vi h4.3a nu dn np nhn vo on dy cch ti 1 khong d c dng
Y
0
+ j B th dn np ca dy chm s c chn l j B.
33
- Vi h4.3b nu tr khng ca on dy ni ti, cch ti on bng d, l Z
0
+jX th
tr khng dy chm ni tip (series stub) c chn l jX.
2) Shunt Stub:
V d: Cho Z
L
= 15 + j 10 (), thit k hai mng phi hp dng 1 dy chm mc
song song ghp vi ng truyn 50 . Gi thit tn s phi hp l 2 GHz v ti
gm c 1 in tr v 1 cun ni tip.
gii: (phng php dng Smith chart)
- Tm im z
L
= 0,3 + j 0,2.
- V ng trn SWR tng ng v chuyn i thnh dn np y
L
(ly i
xng tm ca im z
L
)
- Khi dch trn ng dy th khng i nn tng ng vi php dch
chuyn trn ng SWR.
- ng SWR ct vng 1 + j b ti 2 im y
1
, y
2
(y
0
=
Y
0
+ j B
Y
0
)
- Khong cch d c cho bi 1 trong 2 gi tr tng ng trn thang WTG
d
1
= 0,328 0,284 = 0,044
d
2
= (0,5 0,284) + 0,171 = 0,387 (0,284 tng ng vi y
L
)
y
1
= 1 j 1,33
y
2
= 1 + j 1,33

dn np dy chm cho li gii y
1
l j 1,33 v li gii y
2
l j 1,33.
- Nu dy chm h mch th chiu di ca n c tm bi vic dch chuyn t
y = 0 theo mp ngoi ca gin (g = 0) v pha ngun pht n im j 1,33
l
1
= 0,147
l
2
= 0,353
- nghin cu s ph thuc tn s ca 2 li gii trn, cn tm gi tr ca R v
L tn s cho trc (2 GHz): R = 15 , L = 0,796 nH. Sau v th theo f
(GHz).
* Phng php gii tch: t Z
L
=
1
Y
L
= R
L
+ j X
L
- Tr khng on ng truyn d c ti Z
L
kt cui

d tg t
t jX R j Z
t jZ jX R
Z Z
L L
L L
=
+ +
+ +
= ,
) (
) (
0
0
0 (4.7)

[ ]
0
2
0
2
0 0
2
2
0
2
2
0
) (
) )( (
) (
) 1 ( 1
Z t X X R
t Z X t X Z t R
j
t X X R
t R
Z jB G
Z
Y
L L
L L L
L L
L
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
= + = =
(4.8)
- Chn d (tc t) sao cho: G = Y
0
=
1
Z
0
, t (4.8)
[ ]
0
0
2 2
0
) (
Z R
Z X R Z R X
t
L
L L L L

+
=
, vi
0
Z R
L
(4.9)
- Nu R
L
= Z
0
th t = X
L
/2Z
0
->
34

> +

0 ), (
2
1
0 ,
2
1
1
1
t t tg
t t tg
d

(4.10)

- tm chiu di on dy chm l, dng t trong (4.8b)B v l suy ra t B
S
=- B.
Vi dy chm h mch =>

) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0
1
0
1 0
Y
B
tg
Y
B
tg
S
= =

l
(4.11a)
Vi dy chem. h mch =>

) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0
1
0
1
B
Y
tg
B
Y
tg
S
S

= =

l
(4.11b)
Nu cc chiu di trong (4.11a,b) c gi tr m th chiu di cn tm s c c
nh cng thm on /2.
3) Dy chm ni tip:
V d: Ghp Z
L
= 100 + j80() vo ng truyn 50 dng mt dy chm h
mch mc ni tip.Tn s hot ng 2GHz, ti gm 1 in tr v 1 cun mc ni tip.
Gii: Theo phng php dng gin Smith
- Tm im tr khng chun ha Z
L
= 2 + j1,6 , v vng SWR.
- Vi trng hp dy chm ni tip dng gin tr khng
- ng trn SWR ct vng 1+jx ti 2 im Z
1
, Z
2
.
- i chiu trn thang WTG
d
1
= 0,328 0,208= 0,120
d
2
= (0,5 0,208) + 0,172 = 0,463
- Tr khng chun ha
z
1
= 1 j 1,33 (1)
z
2
= 1 + j 1,33 (1)
- (1) yu cu on chm c tr khng j 1,33. di ca 1 dy chm hmch c
th tm c khi xut pht t z = . Dch chuyn dc theo mp ngoi ca gin (T=
0) v pha ngun ti im j 1,33
l
1
= 0,397
l
2
= 0,103 = 0,25 0,147 = 0,5 0,103 .
* kho st s ph thuc vo tn s ca SWR cn tnh ra
R = 100 v L = 6,37 nH ri v li s mch dng kt qu trn.
V hnh

* Phng php gii tch: t Y
L
=
Zl
1
= G
L
+ B
L
- Dn np vo on d c ti kt cui :
35

d tg t
t jB G j Y
t jY jB G
Y Y
L L
L L
=
+ +
+ +
= ,
) (
) (
0
0
0 (4.12)
=> tr khng vo :
Y
jX R Z
1
= + =

Vi 2
0
2
2
) (
) 1 (
t Y B G
t G
R
L L
L
+ +
+
=
(4.13a)

[ ]
2
0
2
0
0 0
2
) (
) )( (
t Y B G Y
t Y B tB Y t G
X
L L
L L L
+ +
+
=
(4.13b)

- Cn tm d sao cho R = Z
0
= 1/Y
0
t (4.13a)
Y
0
(G
L
Y
0
)t
2
2B
L
Y
0
t + (G
L
Y
0
G
L
2
B
L
2
) = 0

[ ]
0
0
2 2
0
) (
Y G
Y B G Y G B
t
L
L L L L

+
=
, vi
0
Y G
L
(4.14)

0
2Y
B
t
L
=
, vi
0
Y G
L
=

- T t => d :

> +

0 ), (
2
1
0 ,
2
1
1
1
t t tg
t t tg
d

(4.15)
- Dng t v (4.13b) => cm khng X, yu cu X
S
= -X =>
+ Dy chm ngn mch :

) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0
1
0
1
Z
X
tg
Z
X
tg
S S
= =

l
(4.16a)
+ Dy chem. h mch :

) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
X
Z
tg
X
Z
tg
S

= =

l
(4.16b)


4.4 B GHP MT PHN T BC SNG

- Cc b ghp nhiu on c th dng tng hp cc b phi hp tr khng
hot ng nhiu di tn mong mun.
- B ghp ch dng cho ta thun tr .
- Mt ti phc c th c chuyn thnh ti thun tr bi vic s dng mt on
ng truyn c chiu di thch hp gia ti v b phi hp, hoc dng on dy
chm ni tip hoc song song ph hp. K thut ny thng dn ti thay i s ph
thuc tn s ca ti tng ng v gy ra gim rng bng ca s phi hp tr
khng.
36
Trong tit ny chng ta s kho st rng bng thng nh l mt hm ca s mt
phi hp tr khng lm tin cho cc b ghp nhiu khu phn sau.

l
Z Z
0 1
Z = (4.25)

Khi tn s f f
0
, th di in l
0
/4, khi tr khng vo ca on ghp l :

t jZ Z
t jZ Z
Z Z
L
L
in
+
+
=
1
1
1
( 4.26 )
- H s phn x
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
l l
l l
in
in
Z Z Z jt Z Z Z
Z Z Z jt Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
0
2
1 0 1
0
2
1 0 1
0
0
+ +
+
=
+

= ( 4.27 )

l l
l
Z Z jt Z Z
Z Z
0 0
0
2 + +

= (4.28)

[ ] { }
2
1
2 2
0 0
sec ) ( 4 1
1
Z Z Z Z
L L
+
= (4.29)

= cos
2
0
0
l
l
Z Z
Z Z
( 4.30)

- Gi
m
l gi tr bin cc i c th chp nhn c th rng bng ca b
ghp c nh ngha l :

=
m

2
2 (4.31)

o l
l
m
m
n
Z Z
Z Z

=
0
2
2
1
cos (4.32)

rng bng t i
fo
f
thng c biu din theo %:100
fo
f
(%)
rng bng ca b ghp tng nu Z
L
Z
0
Ni sng non TEM (ng dn sng) h s truyn khng cn l hm tuyn tnh
ca tn s do tr khng sng s ph thuc tn s.iu ny lm phc tp hn cc
c trng ca b ghp . Tuy nhin trong thc t rng bng ca b ghp
thng nh sao cho khng nh hng n kt qu.
nh hng ca cc in khng xut hin do s khng lin tc (s thay i kch
thc ng truyn) c th c khc phc bi s iu chnh di ca on ghp.


4.5 B GHP DI RNG
(Multisection matching Transformer)

1) L thuyt phn x nh:
Xt h s phn x ton phn gy bi s phn x ring phn t mt s gin on
nh.
a.B ghp 1 khu:
37

1 2
1 2
1
Z Z
Z Z
+

= (4.34)

1 2
= ( 4.35)

2
21
3
Z Z
Z Z
l
l
+

= (4.36)
C th tnh h s phn x tng

jn h
e e
2
3 2
2
3 21 12 1
+ =

j
j
e
e
2
3 1
2
3 1
1

+
+
= (4.40)
* Nu s gin on gia cc tr khng Z
1
, Z
2
v Z
2
, Z
L
l nh, th :

1
.
3
<< 1 (4.41)

1
+
3
e
2 j
(4.42)
C ngha l h s phn x tng ph thuc ch yu s phn x gy bi tnh
khng lin tc gia Z
1
v Z
2
(
1
) v s phn x u tin do tnh khng lin tc gia
Z
2
v Z
L
(
3
e
2 j
). S hng e
2 j
biu th s tr pha khi sng n vo v ra khi
ng truyn .
b. B ghp nhiu khu:

Xt b ghp nhiu khu gm N phn ng truyn c di nh nhau.

0 1
0 1
0
Z Z
Z Z
+

= (4.43a)

n n
n n
n
Z Z
Z Z
+

=
+
+
1
1
(4.43b)

N L
N L
N
Z Z
Z Z
+

= (4.43c)

- Ga thit Z
n
tng hoc gim n iu dc theo b ghp, Z
l
thun thc. iu
ny c ngha l tt c cc
n
u l s thc v cng du (
n
> 0 nu Z
L
> Z
0
;
n
< 0
nu Z
L
<Z
0
).
Tng t phn trc h s phn x tng c th c tnh sp s.

()
=
0
+
1
e
2 j
+
2
e
4 j
+.+
N
e
2 j N
(4.44)
Gi thit b ghp l i xng sao cho

0
=
N
,
1
=
N 1
,
2
=
N 2
Vy (4.44)
( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
[ ] { } .....
2 2
1 0
+ + + + =

N j N j jN jN jN
e e e e e
(4.45)

Nu N l l th s hng cui cng l :
(N 1)/2
(e
j
+ e
j
), nu N chn th s
hn cui cng l
N/2
.
Phng trnh (4.45) c th vit di dng mt chui Fuorier hu hn cosine
theo .
38

( )
( )

+ + + =

2
1 0
2
1
.... 2 cos cos 2
N
jN
N N e

vi N chn (4.4.6a)

( )
( )

+ + + =

2
1 1 0
2
1
.... 2 cos cos 2
N
jN
N N e

vi N l (4.46b)
Nhn xt: C th tng hp bt k h s phn x mong mun c dng hm theo tn
s () bi vic chn cc h s
n
thch hp v dng s khu (N).
2) B ghp nhiu on dng nh thc:
p ng thng di ca b ghp nh thc nhiu on c u im l c bng
phng gn tn s thit k ti u vi cng mt s lng on ghp.
- B ghp c thit k sao cho h s phn x c dng nh thc:
( 4.47)
( )
(
N
j
e A

2
1

+ = )

( )
N
N
A

cos 2 = (4.48)
Lu rng
( )
0 =

vi
2

= v
( )
0 =

n
n
d
d

ti
2

=
vi n=.2,,N-1;(
2

= tng ng vi tn s trung tm m vi
0
f
4

= l v
2

= = l )
Xc nh t iu kin khi 0 0
0
= f
T 4.47 suy ra
( )
0
0
0
2
Z Z
Z Z
A
L
L N
+

= = (4.49a)
Suy ra
0
0
2
Z Z
Z Z
A
L
L N
+

=

( 4.49b)
- Khai trin nh thc( 4.47)
Suy ra ( 4.50)
( )

=
N
n
jn
N
n
e A
C
0
2
0

vi
! )! (
!
n n N
N
C
N
n

= ( 4.51)
- Bc tip theo la tm iu kin (4.44) ging vi (4.50)
Tc l vi A cho bi (4.49)
C
N
n
n
A =
Suy ra , Cc tr khng Zn c th gii c t h ( 4.43)
Tuy Nhin li gii n gin hn c th tm c nh php gn ng sau y:
+ V gi thit rt nh neen c th vit
( ) n

n
n
n n
n n
n
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
1
1
1
ln
2
1
+
+
+

= dung ln
( )
1
1 2
+

x
x

T (4.52) v (4.49)
ln ( )
0 0
0 1
ln 2 2 2 2 2
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
A
Z
Z
L
N
n
N
N
n
L
L N
N
n
n
n
n
C C C
+

= = (4.53)
y l cng thc truy hi tm tt c Zn
+ rng bng
39
- Gi s l gi tr ln nht cho php , khi t (4.48)
m

m
N N
m
A cos 2 =
- Vi
m
l mp di ca bng thong (
2

<
n
)

=

N
m
m
A
1
1
2
1
cos (4.54)
rng bvng tnh t (4>33) l
( )

m m
f
f f
f
f
=

=
4
2
2
0
0
0

=

N
m
A
coqs
1
1
2
1 4
2

( 4.55)


4.6 TIU CHUN BODE FANO

- Cc tiu chun Bode Fano cho cc dng tr khng ti khc nhau cho bit
gii hn l thuyt ca gi tr h s phn x cc tiu c th c:

- Gi s mun tng hp 1 mng phi hp vi p ng ca h s phn x nh
hnh v (a). Khi nu dng mch ti RC (a) th
w
1
ln w
1
ln
0
d d
m
m

( 4.79)

m
w

=
1
ln <
RC

- Vi ti RC c nh, tng khi
w

m
tng
- ch = 0 khi =0
m

- nu R tng v hoc C tng cht lng phi hp gim tc l mch High-Q

kh phi hp hn Lowen_Q

V ln

1
t l vi tn hao ngc (return loss, dB) ti u vo ca mng phi
hp (MN), (4.79) c th xem nh l yu cu rng din tch gia ng cong tn hao
ngc (RL) v ng = 1 (RL = o dB) phi nh hn hoc bng 1 hng s.
Du = xy ra (trng hp ti u) khi ng RL c iu chnh sao cho =

m
trn ton bng thng v = 1 trong min cn li. iu ny ch c th c
vi s phn t trong MN l v cng.






40



Chng V: CHIA CNG SUT V GHP NH HNG

5.1 GII THIU


- Cc b phn chia cng sut v ghp nh hng l cc cu phn SCT th
ng dng chia hoc ghp cng sut.
- Vi b chia cng sut, mt tn hiu vo c chia thnh 2 hay nhiu tn hiu
c cng sut nh hn. Cc b chia c th l cc cu phn 3 hoc 4 cng, c hoc
khng c tn hao.
- Cc mng 3 cng thng c dng T v dng cho chia cng sut
- Cc mng 4 cng thng dng cho ghp nh hng hoc hn tp.
- B chia cng sut thng c dng chia cn bng (3dB)
- Cc b ghp nh hng c th c thit k cho vic chia cng sut ty ,
cn cc b ghp hn tp thng dng cho chia cng sut cn bng.
- Cc b ghp hn tp thng c gc lch pha gia cc cng ra l 90
0

(quadrature) hoc 80
0
(magic T).
- C rt nhiu loi ghp ng dn sng v chia cng sut c khm ph v
nghin cu ti MIT Radiation Labotory trong nhng nm 40
th
.
- n nhng nm 50
th
, 60
th
chng c pht trin dng cho cng ngh
ng truyn di v vi di.


5.2 CC C TRNG C BN

Trong phn ny s s dng l thuyt ma trn tn x rt ra nhng c trng c
bn ca cc mng 3 v 4 cng, v nh ngha cc khi nim: cch ly, ghp v
tnh nh hng l nhng i lng c bn c trng cho cc b ghp v chia hn
tp.
1) Mng 3 cng (T Junctions)
- L dng n gin nht ca cc b chia cng sut, gm 2 cng ra v 1 cng
vo.
- Ma trn tn x c 9 phn t c lp
V hnh
(5.1)
[ ]

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
S S S
S S S
S S S
S
- Nu cu phn l th ng v khng cha cc vt liu bt ng hng th phi
l thun nghch v [S] phi i xng.
41
42
- Thng trnh tn hao cng sut, cn phi c kt cu khng tn hao v
c phi hp tr khng tt c cc cng, tuy nhin iu ny l khng th thc hin
c.
* Tht vy nu tt c cc cng u phi hp th S
i i
= 0, i =1,3.
(5.2)
[ ]

=
0
0
0
32 31
23 21
13 12
S S
S S
S S
S
- Nu mng l khng tn hao th t iu kin (3.53) ma trn tn x phi l
unita

= +
= +
= +
1
1
1
2
23
2
13
2
23
2
12
2
13
2
12
S S
S S
S S
(5.3a,b,c)
(5.3d,e,f)
0 .
0 .
0 .
13
*
12
12
*
23
23
*
13
=
=
=
S S
S S
S S
Cc iu kin (5.3d-f) -> S
12
, S
23
, S
13
= 0 -> mu thun
- Vy mng 3 cng khng th ng thi thun nghch, khng tn hao v phi
hp tr khng ti tt c cc cng (gi tt l phi hp).
- Nu mng khng thun nghch th S
i j
S
j i
v iu kin phi hp tr khng
ti cc cng v khng tn hao c th c tha mn, mng c gi l mch vng,
cu to t cc vt liu bt ng hng (nh ferrite).
- C th chng minh rng bt k mt mng 3 cng khng tn hao, phi hp,
phi khng thun nghch (tc l 1 mch vng Circulator):
+ ma trn :
(5.4)
[ ]

=
0
0
0
32 31
11 21
13 12
S S
S S
S S
S
+ iu kin khng tn hao =>
(5.5a,b,c) v

=
=
=
0 .
0 .
0 .
13
*
12
23
*
21
32
*
31
S S
S S
S S

= +
= +
= +
1
1
1
2
23
2
13
2
23
2
12
2
13
2
12
S S
S S
S S
(5.5d,e,f)
=> Hoc S
12
, S
23
, S
13
= 0 , 1
13 32 21
= = = S S S

(5.6a)
hoc S
21
, S
32
, S
13
= 0 , 1
31 23 12
= = = S S S (5.6b)
=>
ji
, i,j = 1 3 , tc mng l khng thun nghch
ij
S S
* Mt trng hp khc c th xy ra l mt mng khng tn hao, thun nghch
th ch c 2 trong 3 cng l phi hp.
- Gi s cng 1 v 2 l phi hp, khi :
43
(5.7)
[ ]

=
33 23 13
23 12
13 12
0
0
S S S
S S
S S
S
khng tn hao cn c :

= +
= +
=
0 . .
0 . .
0 .
13
*
33 12
*
23
33
*
23 13
*
12
23
*
13
S S S S
S S S S
S S
(5.8a,b,c)

= + +
= +
= +
1
1
1
2
33
2
23
2
13
2
23
2
12
2
13
2
12
S S S
S S
S S
(5.8d,e,f)
Cc phng trnh d-e =>
23 13
S S =
nn t (5.8a) => S
13
= S
23
= 0. Do
1
33 12
= = S S

* Nhn xt: Mng bao gm 2 cu phn tch bit, mt phn c phi hp 2
cng, 1 phn khng phi hp, 1 cng
* Trng hp mng 3 cng c tn hao th c th thun nghch v phi hp; y
l trng hp ca b chia tr tnh.
2) Mng 4 cng (Cc b ghp nh hng)
(5.9)
[ ]

=
0
0
0
0
34 24 14
34 23 13
24 23 12
14 13 12
S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S
Vi mng thun nghch, cc cng u phi hp
- Nu mng khng tn hao, s c 10 phng trnh t iu kin ca ma trn unita.
Chng hn xt tch ca hng 1 v hng 2, hng 3 v hng 4:
(5.10a,b)
0 . .
0 . .
23
*
24 13
*
14
24
*
14 23
*
13
= +
= +
S S S S
S S S S
Nhn (5.10a) vi , (5.10b) vi , tr ln nhau =>
*
24
S
*
13
S

0 ) (
2
24
2
13
*
14
= S S S
(5.11)
Tng t cho hmg (1,3); (2,4) =>
(5.12a,b)
0 . .
0 . .
23
*
34 12
*
14
34
*
14 23
*
13
= +
= +
S S S S
S S S S
Nhn (5.12a) vi S
12
, (5.12b) vi S
34
v tr nhau =>

0 ) (
2
34
2
12 23
= S S S
(5.13)
44
a) Nu S
14
= S
23
=0, ta c b ghp nh hng
* T tch ca cc hng vi chnh n =>

1
1
1
1
2
34
2
24
2
34
2
13
2
24
2
12
2
13
2
12
=
=
=
=
S S
S S
S S
S S
(5.14a,b,c,d)
=>
24 13
S S =
v
34 12
S S =

* Vic gin c tip theo c thc hin bi vic hcn goc pha tham chiu trn 3
trong 4 cng. gi s chn S
12
= S
34
= ; S
13
= e
j
v S
24
= e
j
vi v l cc s
thc, v l cc hng s pha cn tm (1 trong 2 c chn trc ty ).
- Tch chp hng 2 v 3 =>
(5.15)
0 . .
34
*
24 13
*
12
= + S S S S
=> Quan h gia hng s pha :

n 2 + = +
(5.16)
Trong thc t thng xy ra hai trng hp :
1,Ghp i xng:
2

= =
( pha ca cc s hng c bin cchn
bng nhau ), Khi :
(5.17)
[ ]

=
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 . 0
0




j
j
j
j j
S

2,Ghp phn i xng: = 0, = ( pha ca cc s hng c bin c
chn ngc pha), khi :
(5.18)
[ ]

=
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0




S
Ch : - 2 dng b ghp ch khc nhau vic chn cc mt tham chiu.
- Cc bin , tun theo chng trnh :
(5.19)
1
2 2
= +
=> Ngoi gc pha tham chiu, mt b ghp nh hng l tng ch c 1 bc
t do
b) Nu
24 13
S S = v
34 12
S S =
45
- Nu chn pha tham chiu sao cho S
13
= S
24
= v S
12
= S
34
= j (tho 5.16) th t
(5.10a) => v t (5.12a) =>
0 ) (
*
14 23
= +S S 0 ) (
23
*
14
= S S
+ Nu 0
23 14
= = S S -> li gii tng t cho php nh hng.
+ Nu 0 = = , tc l
0
34 24 13 12
= = = = S S S S
, y l trng hp ca mng 2
cng ring bit.
* Kt lun: Bt k mng 4 cng thun nghch khng tn hao v phi hp u l 1
b ghp nh hng.
* Hot ng ca b ghp nh hng:
- Cng sut cung cp vo cng 1 c ghp ti cng 3 vi h s ghpS
13

2
=

2
, phn cn li ca cng sut cung cp c ly n cng 2 vi h sS
12

2
=
2
=
1 -
2
. Trong b ghp nh hng l tng, khng c cng sut no c ly ra
cng 4 (Isolated port)
+ Cc i lng c trng cho b ghp nh hng:
- ghp (Coupling) = C =10lg(P
1
/P
3
)=-20lg (dB) (5.20a)
- nh hng (Directivity) :
D = 10lg(P
3
/P
4
) = 20lg(/S
14
) (dB) (5.20b)
- cch ly (Isolation) :
I = 10lg(P
1
/P
4
) = -20lgS
14
(dB) (5.20c)
=> I = C + D (dB) (5.21)
* B ghp hn tp : l trng hp ring ca b ghp nh hng vi h s ghp l
3dB hay
2
1
= = . C 2 dng ghp hn tp tng ng gc lch cng 2 v 3 l
2

vi :

[ ]

=
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
2
1
j
j
j
j
S
(5.22)
V gc lch pha 180
0

gia ng 2 v 3 v ghp bt i xng .

[ ]

=
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
2
1
S
(5.23)

46
5.3 B CHIA CNG SUT T - JUNCTION

1) Gii thiu: T Junction powerdivider l trng hp n gin ca mng 3 cng,
c th s dng cho chia cng sut hoc cng cng sut v c th c thc hin cho
hu ht cc dng mi trng ng truyn.

2) B chia khng tn hao:
- C s tch t nng lng do s gin on ti junction, dn ti nng lng tch
t c th quy cho dn np tp trung B.

- iu kin phi hp tr khng u vo (Z
0
)

0 2 1
1 1 1
Z Z Z
jB Y
in
= + + =
(5.24)
- Nu cc ng truyn l khng tn hao th cc tr khng c trng l thc, tc
B = 0 v

0 2 1
1 1 1
Z Z Z
= +
(5.25)
- Trong thc t B thng b nh cc phn t in khng (trong di tn s hp).
- Cc gi tr Z
1
, Z
2
c th c chn thay i t s chia cng sut. C th
dng cc on 1/4 thay i cc tr khng ng ra (Z
1
, Z
2
)
- Nu cc ng ra c phi hp th ng vo s c phi hp, nhng s
khng c s cch ly gia 2 cng ra v s c s mt phi hp khi nhn vo cc cng
ra.
V d: Tm Z
1
, Z
2
mt b chia T khng tn hao c Z
0
= 50 v cng sut
c chia theo t l 2/1. Tnh h s phn x nhn vo cc cng ra.
3) B chia tn hao: (b chia tr tnh)
Mt b chia T c tn hao c th phi hp ti tt c cc cng mc d cc cng ra
c th khng c cch ly.
Hnh bn minh ha mt b chia dng cc in tr tp trung, c chia u cho
2 cng ra (- 3 dB) .
Quan nim rng tt c cc cng u c kt ni vi Z
0
th tr khng Z nhn
vo cc in tr Z
0
/3 theo sau bi cc ng ra l:

3
4
3
0
0
0
Z
Z
Z
Z = + =
(5.26)
Vy tr khng vo ca b chia l :

0
0 0
3
2
3
Z
Z Z
Z
in
= + =
(5.27)
Tc l li vo phi hp vi feed line. V mng l i xng cho tt c cc cng
nn phi hp ti tt c cc cng, tc l S
11
= S
22
= S
33
= 0
Ti tm ca mng :
1
0 0
0
1
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
V
Z Z
Z
V V =
+
=
(5.28)
47

1 3 2
2
1
V V V = =
(5.29)
=>
2
1
S S S
23 31 21
= = =


- Cng sut pht ra mi cng thp hn cng sut vo 6 dB.
- Ma trn tn x:

[ ]

=
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
2
1
S
(5.30)
C th chng minh [S] khng unita
- Cng sut u vo :

0
2
1
2
1
Z
V
P
in
=
(5.31)
- Cng sut cc u ra :

( )
in
P
Z
V
P P
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
2
1
3 2
= = =
(5.32)
=> Mt na cng sut cung cp b tn hao trn cc in tr.



5.4 B CHIA CNG SUT WILKINSON

1) Gii thiu: Dng cho mch di hoc vi di.
V hnh
C th phn tch mch wilkinson bng cch tch thnh 2 mch n gin hn
bng k thut phn tch mode chn l.
2) Php phn tch mode chn l:
n gin, c th chun ha tt c cc tr khng theo Z
0
v v li (h.b) vi
cc ngun th ti cc cng ra.
Hai in tr ngun c gi tr chun ha bng hai mc song song cho 1 in
tr gi tr 1, biu th tr khng ca ngun phi hp.
on /4 c tr khng c trng, chun ha Z v tr shund c gi tr chun
ha r (vi chia cn bng z = 2 v r = 2).
nh ngha: Hai mode ring r ca s kch thch mch (h5.4.2): mode chn
vi V
g 2
= V
g 3
= 2V v mode l vi V
g 2
= - V
g 3
= 2 V. Khi chng chp 2 mode s c
kch thch vi V
g2
= 4, V
g3
= 0, t tm ra cc thng s S ca mng.
a. Mode chn: V
g 2
= V
g 3
= 2 V
e
2
= V
e
3
v khng c dng qua cc in tr
r/2 v qua ngn mch gia cc input ca 2 ng truyn ti cng 1 c th tch i
mng (h5.4.2) vi vic h mch ti nhng im ni trn c s sau:
48
Khi nhn vo cng 2 thy tr khng

2
2
Z
Z
e
in
=
(5.33)
V ng truyn ging nh on /4 .Vy, nu 2 = Z th cng 2 s phi hp
vi mode chn, v .Tip theo s tm t phng trnh ng truyn. V V
e
1
2
= 1 =
e
in
Z
e
V
1
Nu t x = 0 ti cng 1 v x = -/4 ti cng 2 th in p trn on ng
truyn c th c vit:

) (
) (
x j x j
x
e e V V

+ =
+
Vi V jV V V
e
1 ) 1 (
4
2
= =

=
+

(5.34)

1
1
) 1 ( ) 0 (
1

+
= + = =
+
jV V V V
e

H s phn x c nhn ti cng 1 v pha in tr chun ha 2 nn
2
2 2
2 2
1
jV V
e
= =>
+

= (5.35)

b. Mode l:
V V V
g g
2
3
= =
=> v c mt in p khng dc theo on
gia ca mch (h54.2) do c th tch bng cch ni t ti 2 im trn machj ct
gia ca n c s sau:
0
3
0
2
V V =
- Nhn vo cng 2 thy tr khng r/2 v on ng truyn song song l /4 v
ngn mch ti cng 1 (nn c th xem nh h mch ti cng 2). Vy cng 2 s c
phi hp nu chn r = 2. Khi v . Vi mode kch thch ny tan b
cng sut ri trn r/2, khng c cng sut ti cng 1
V V 1
0
2
= 0
0
1
= V
3) Trng hp cc cng 2 v 3 kt cui vi ti phi hp:
Tng t nh mode chn v V
2
= V
3
s tng ng
V s
(Khng c dng chy qua tr chun ho 2 nn c th b nh h.b)
=>
( ) 1 2
2
1
2
= =
in
Z
(5.36)
4) Cc b chi Wilkinson khng cn bng v N way
- V s + cng thc
- Gi s
2
2
3
K
P
P
=
Cc phng trnh thit k sau c th s dng:

3
2
0 03
1
K
K
Z Z
+
=
(5.37a)

) 1 (
2
0 03
2
02
K K Z Z K Z + = =
(5.37b)

+ =
K
K Z R
1
0
(5.37c)
49
Nu K = 1 b chi cn bng. Cc ng ra phi hp vi cc tr
K
Z
R K Z R
o
0
3 2
, = =
. Cc b ghp phi hp c th c dng chuyn i cc tr
khng ra ny.
* Cc b chia Winkinson cng c th c thit k c N way divider hoc
combiner nh hnh v.
Mch ny c th phi hp ti tt c cc cng vi s cch ly gia tt c cc cng.
Hn ch ca mch l yu cu c in tr ngang khi N 3, l hn ch khi ch
to dng planar.
Winkinson divider c th thc hin vi cc on bc thang tng rng
bng



5. 5 GHP NH HNG NG DN SNG.

1) Gii thiu:Cc b ghp nh hng l cc mng 4 cng c cc c trng c bn
- Cng sut ti ti cng 1 s ghp ti cng 2 (through port) v ti cng 3
(coupled port) nhng khng ti cng 4 (isolated port).
- Tng t, cng sut ti cng 2 s qua cng 1 v 4, khng qua 3 .
- T s cng sut ghp t 1 n 3 l C: ghp (5.20a).
- Cng sut r t 1 n 4 l I: cch ly (5.20c)
- nh hng D = I C (dB) l t s cng sut ti cng ghp v cng cch ly.
- B ghp l tng c nh ngha c I v D = , l b ghp khng tn hao
v phi hp tt c cc cng.
- B ghp nh hng c th c nhiu dng: ghp ng dn sng, ghp hn tp (3
dB, quadrature hoc magic T) .
2) B ghp l Bethe:
c tnh nh hng ca tt c cc b ghp nh hng c c l nh s dng
cc sng hoc cc thnh phn sng ring r, ng pha cng ghp v trit tiu nhau
cng cch ly. Phng php n gin nht l dng 2 ng dn sng c chung 1 l nh
trong vch ngn chung gia 2 ng, b ghp nh vy gi l Bethe hole coupler.

* Nguyn l hot ng: L ghp c th thay bng cc ngun bt x tng
ng, gm cc moment in v t. Moment in v moment t dc bc x sng c
tnh cht i xng chn v moment t ngang bc x sng i xng l. Bng cch
iu chnh bin tng i ca cc ngun ny c th lm trit tiu bc x theo
hng ca cng cch ly v tng cng bc x theo hng cng ghp. iu ny c th
c thc hin nh iu chnh thng sS (h5.51a) v (h5.51b).

50
* Cu hnh song song (h5.51a). Gi thit c sng TE
10
n cng 1,
z j
y
e
a
x
A E

= sin
(5.38a)
z j
x
e
a
x
Z
A
H

= sin
10
(5.38a)
z j
z
e
a
x
aZ
A j
H

= cos
10
(5.38a)
Vi

0 0
10
k
Z = : tr khng sng ca mode TE
10
- Bin ca sng ti v sng v ca ng dn sng bn di l :

=
+
a
s
a a
s
Z a
s
P
A j
A
m
e

2
2 2
2
2
2
10
0 2
0
10
10
cos sin sin
(5.40a)

a
s
a a
s
Z a
s
P
A j
A
m
e

2
2 2
2
2
2
10
0 2
0
10
10
cos sin sin
(5.40b)
Nhn xt: Bin sng ti cng 4 ( ) ni chung khc vi bin sng ti
cng . trit tiu cng sut ti cng 3 ( ) cn iu kin:
+
10
A

10
A
) ( 2
4
2
sin 0
2 2
0
0
2 2
0
2 10
a
a k a
s
A

= <=> =
+

(5.41)
Khi h s ghp l : ) (
A
lg 20
-
10
dB
A
C = (5.42a)
H s nh hng l : ) (
A
A
lg 20
10
-
10
dB D
+
= (5.42a)
* Cc bc thit k
- Dng (5.41) tm S (v tr ca l)
- Dng (5.42) xc nh r
0
(bn knh l) tha mn D, C cho trc.
* Cu hnh xin: L t ti v tr S = a/2, iu chnh , trit tiu sng n cng
4. Trong trng hp ny in trng khng thay i theo nhng thnh phn t
trng ngang thay i theo h s cos , do c th dng (5.40) vi vic thay
m
=

m
cos .
Khi vi
2
a
s =

=
+

cos
2
10
0
0
10
10
Z P
A j
A
m
e (5.43a)

cos
2
10
0
0
10
10
Z P
A j
A
m
e (5.43b)
iu kin ->
0
10
=
+
A
2
2
0
2
cos

k
= (5.44)
H s ghp : ) (
3
4
lg 20
A
lg 20
3
0
2
0
-
10
dB
ab
r k A
C

= = (5.45)
51
V d: Thit k b ghp bethe song song cho di bng tn x - ng dn sng hot
ng 9 GHz, h s ghp 20dB
Gii: Cc hng s cho X band waveguide ti 9GHz, a = 0,02286m , b =
0.01016 , m 0333 , 0
0
= , k
0
= 188,5m
-1
, , Z
1
129

= m
10
= 550 , P
10
= 4,22.10
-7
m
2
/ .
T (5.41) =>
mm
a
s 69 , 9 972 , 0 sin
1
= =

(5.42) => 10 10
20
20
10
= =

A
A
=> t (5.40) => r
0
theo iu kin : 0,1 =1,44.10
6

=> r
3
0
r
0
= 4,15mm.


52
53
Chng VI: B LC SIU CAO TN

6.1 GII THIU

nh ngha: B lc siu cao tn l 1 mng 2 cng dng iu kin p ng
tn s 1 v tr xc nh trong h thng SCT, bao gm cc loi tng t nh b lc
tn s thp
ng dng: bao gm tt c cc dng thng tin SCT, radar, cc h thng o dc
v thy in.
Lch s: T u th chin II, bi Mason, Sykes, Darlington, Fano, Lawson v
Richards.
- u nhng nm 503, cc nh nghin cu Stanford Research Institute ng
dng phng php thng s nh nghin cu cc b lc SCT.
- Hin nay hu ht cc b lc SCT c thit k s dng cc phn mm CAD
trn c s phng php tn hao chn.
- y vn l lnh vc ang c nghin cu mnh vi vic nghin cu tng hp
b lc vi cc phn t phn b, ng dng siu dn nhit thp v cc linh kin tch
cc.
- Cc cu trc tun hon c cp trc tin do cc ng dng trong cc h
thng sng chm, khuch i sng chy v do chng c p ng lc chn di, l c
s cho phng php thng s nh.
- Cc phng php thng s nh v tn hao chn u s dng m hnh cc phn
t tp trung do vi cc b lc SCT, cc phng php ny cn phi c s iu
chnh cho cc phn t phn b, chng hn dng cc tr khng bc thang v cc ng
ghp hoc cc b copng hng ghp.

6.2 CC CU TRC TUN HON

1) Gii thiu:
- Mt ng truyn hoc mt ng dn sng v hn mc ti c chu k vi cc
phn t in khng c gi l mt cu trc tun hon.
- C th c nhiu dng, ty thuc vo mi trng ng truyn.
- Thng cc phn t ti c to thnh t cc ch gin on trong ng
truyn. chng c th c m hnh ha nh l cc in khng tp trung mc ngang
ng truyn nh hnh v:

2) Phn tch cu trc tun han v hn:
Xt cu trc m hnh nh (h6.2.2), mi cell n v chiu di d c dn np shunt
qua im gia ca cell, b l dn np chun ha so vi Z
0
. Coi ng truyn l mt
Cascade ca cc mng 2 cng ging nhau. in p v dng in ti 2 pha ca cell
th n c quan h:
(6.1)

+
+
1
1
n
n
n
n
V
V
D B
C A
I
V

Ch : A, B, C, D l cc thng s ma trn cho dy Cascade ca mt on ng
truyn d/2, mt dn np shunt b v mt on ng truyn d/2, do t bng (3.1)

2
cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
1
0 1
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos




j
j
jb
j
j
D C
B A

=

+
+


sin
2
cos )
2
cos
2
(sin
)
2
cos
2
(sin ) sin
2
(cos
b b b
j
b b
j
b
(6.2)
Vi kd =
* Vi sng truyn theo hng +Z phi c :
(6.3a)
z
z
e V V

=
) 0 ( ) (
(6.3b)
z
z
e I I

=
) 0 ( ) (
Vi mt phng pha tham chiu ti z =0
- Ti cc nt :
(6.4a)
d
n n
e V V

+
=
1
(6.4a)
d
n n
e I I

+
=
1
=.>

+
+
+
+
d
n
d
n
n
n
n
n
e I
e V
V
V
D C
B A
I
V

1
1
1
1
=> (6.5)

+
+

1
1
n
n
d
d
V
V
e D C
B e A

Cho li gii khng tm thng th phi c :

(6.6) ( ) 0 e e D
d d 2
= + + BC D A A

AD BC =1 =>

sin
2
cos
2
b D A
d Cosh =
+
=
(6.7)
* Nu j + = =>

sin
2
cos sin . sinh
b
d d j d dCosh Cosh d Cosh = + =
(6.8)
=> 0 = hoc 0 = (V v phi thun thc)
54
+ Trng hp 1: = 0, o : trng hp khng suy gim (sng) v c nh
ngha l gii thng ca cu trc. Khi (6.8)
sin
2
cos
b
d Cosh =
(6.9a)
c th gii tm nu ln ca v phi 1, v khi s c v s gi tr
tha mn (6.9a).
+ Trng hp 2: 0, = 0,: sng b suy gim theo chiu di ng truyn,
y l gii chn (stop band) ca cu trc. V ng truyn l khng tn hao nn cng
sut b phn x ngc tr li u vo ca ng truyn t (6.8)

1 sin
2
cos =
b
d Cosh
(6.9b)
- (6.9b) ch c mt li gii > 0 cho sng chy dng. Nu 1 sin
2
cos
b

th (6.9.b) thu c t (6.8) bng cch cho = . Khi tt c cc ti tp trung trn
ng truyn u l cc on
2

do tr khng vo ging nh trng hp = 0.

* Vy ty thuc vo tn s v gi tr dn np chun ha m ng truyn ti
tun hon c th l Pass band hoc Stopband v do c th xem nh l mt b lc.
in p v dng ch c ngha ti cc u cui ca Unit cell. Sng p v dng lc ny
c tn l cc sng bloch, tng ng nh cc sng n hi lan truyn qua mng tinh
th tun hon.
+ nh ngha: Tr khng c trng ti cc u cui ca cell n v

1
1
0
+
+
=
n
n
B
I
V
Z Z
(6.10)
(V cc V
n+1
l cc i lng chun ha)
Cc Z
B
c tn l cc tr khng Bloch.
- T (6.5) =>
( ) 0
1 1
= +
+ + n n
d
BI V e A


V t (6.10) =>
( )
d
B
e A
BZ
Z

=
0

t (6.6) =>
( ) 4 2
2
0
+

=

D A D A A
BZ
Z
B
m
(6.11)

Vi cc cell n v i xng , A = D

1
2
0

=
A
BZ
Z
B (6.12)
Cc li gii tng ng tr khng c trng cho cc sng chy dng v m.
Vi mng i xng, cc tr khang ny ng thi c chp nhn v khi chiu ca
I
n + 1
c nh ngha ngc li tr khng dng.
T (6.2) B lun thun o
- nu 0 , 0 = => Z
B
thc
- nu 0 , 0 = = => Z
B
o
55

3) Cu trc tun hon c kt cui: Z
L
Gi s cu trc hot ng Passband
(6.13a)
nd j nd j
n
e V e V V
+
+ =
0 0

nd j
B
nd j
B
nd j nd j
n
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e I e I I

+
+
+
+ = + =
0 0
0 0 (6.13b)
Vi : sng ti (6.14a)
nd j
n
e V V
+ +
=
0
: sng phn x (6.14b)
nd j
n
e V V
+ +
=
0
=> ,
+
+ =
n n n
V V V

+
+
+ =
B
n
B
n
n
Z
V
Z
V
I
(6.15)
- Ti ti (n = N) :

+ = = + =

+
+
+
B
V
B
V
Z I Z V V V
N N
L N L N N N (6.16)

1
1

= =

+
+

B
L
B
L
n
n
Z
Z
Z
Z
V
V
(6.17)
Nu cell dn v l i xng (A = D) =>
B B B
Z Z Z = =
+

B L
B L
Z Z
Z Z
+

= (6.18)



6.3 THIT K B LC BNG PHNG PHP
THNG S NH

1) Tr khng nh v hm truyn cho cc mng 2 cng:
Xt mng 2 cng ty nh hnh v:
nh ngha:
+ Z
i1
: Tr khng vo ti cng 1 khi cng 2 kt cui vi z
i2
.
+ Z
i2
: Tr khng vo ti cng 2 khi cng 1 kt cui vi z
i1
.
Vy c 2 cng u phi hp khi cng kt cui vi cc tr khng nh ca
chng. Chng ta s tm biu thc cho Z
i1
, Z
i2
theo ABCD:

2 2 1
2 2 1
DI CV I
BI AV V
+ =
+ =
(6.22)
Tr khng vo ti cng 1 khi cng 2 kt cui vi Z
i2
:

D CZ
B AZ
DI CV
BI AV
I
V
Z
i
i
in
+
+
=
+
+
= =
2
2
2 2
2 2
1
1
1
(6.23)
(V ). AD BC =1 =>
2 2 2
I Z V
i
=
56

1 1 2
1 1 2
AI CV I
BI DV V
+ =
=
(6.24)
=>
D CZ
BI DV
AI CV
BI DV
I
V
Z
i
in
+
+
=
+

=

=
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2
2
2
(6.25)
- Z
in1
= Z
1
, Z
in2
= Z
2
=>

(
1 2 1 i i i
CZ A Z B D Z ) =
(6.26)
=>
AC
BD
Z
CD
AB
Z
i i
= =
2 1
, (6.27)
V
A
DZ
Z
in
in
1
2
=
Nu mng i xng (A=D) th Z
i1
= Z
i2
* Hm truyn in p : xt mng nh (h.6.3.2)
1
1
1 1 2
V
Z
B
D BI DV V
i

= =
(6.28)
(V ) =>
1 1 1 i
Z I V =

( BC AD
A
D
Z
B
D
V
V
i
= =
1 1
2
)
(6.29a)

( BC AD
D
A
A
I
V
C
I
I
= + =
1
1
1
2
)
(6.29b)
+ H s
A
D
nghch o nhau (6.29a) v (6.29b) v c gi l t s chuyn
i ngc.
+ Phn cn li c nh ngha l h s lan truyn ca mng

BC AD e =

(6.30)
=>
AD = cosh
(6.31)
57