Weg

TRADOC DCSINT Threat Support Directorate
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

WORLDWIDE EQUIPMENT GUIDE

Worldwide Equipment Guide
Sep 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Memorandum, 24 Sep 2001 ...................................... *i
Introduction ............................................................ *vii
Table: Units of Measure........................................... ix
Errata Notes................................................................ x
Supplement Page Changes.................................... *xiii

1. INFANTRY WEAPONS ................................... 1-1

Small Arms
AK-74 5.45-mm Assault Rifle ............................. 1-3
RPK-74 5.45-mm Light Machinegun................... 1-4
AK-47 7.62-mm Assault Rifle .......................... 1-4.1
Sniper Rifles...................................................... 1-4.3
SVD 7.62-mm Sniper Rifle............................... 1-4.5
Barrett .50-Cal Anti-materiel Rifle ................... 1-4.6
PKM 7.62-mm General Purpose MG................... 1-5
NSV 12.7-mm Heavy MG ................................... 1-6
AGS-17 30-mm Auto Grenade Launcher ............ 1-7
GP-30 40-mm Under-Barrel Grenade Launcher .. 1-8
W-87 35-mm Auto Grenade Launcher............ *1-8.1
Table: Infantry Weapon Night Vision Systems*1-8.2

Recoilless Weapons
Table: Selected Infantry Weapons ................. *1-8.4
SPG-9 73-mm Recoilless Gun ............................. 1-9
Carl Gustaf M2 84-mm Recoilless Rifle............ 1-10
RPG-7V 40-mm ATGL...................................... 1-11
Panzerfaust-3 60-mm ATGL.............................. 1-13
M67 90-mm Recoilless Gun ........................... 1-10.1
RPG-29 105-mm ATGL .................................... 1-14
Armbrust 67-mm Disposable ATGL.................. 1-15
RPG-22 72-mm Disposable ATGL.................... 1-16
AT-4 84-mm Disposable ATGL........................ 1-17
RPO Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon................. 1-18
RPO-A Series Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon.. 1-19
M40 106-mm Recoilless Rifle ........................... 1-20
B-10 82-mm Recoilless Gun.............................. 1-21
M60 82-mm Recoilless Gun .............................. 1-22
B-11 107-mm Recoilless Gun............................ 1-23

2. INFANTRY VEHICLES................................... 2-1

Armored Personnel Carriers
BOV-M............................................................. 2-4.1
BTR-152............................................................ 2-4.2
BTR-60PA ........................................................... 2-5
BTR-60PB......................................................... 2-6.1
BTR-80................................................................. 2-7
BTR-80A.............................................................. 2-8
BTR-D Airborne APC.......................................... 2-9
M113A1 ............................................................. 2-10
MT-LB Light Armored Multi-purpose Vehicle . 2-11
Pandur ............................................................. 2-11.1

Page

V-150................................................................. 2-12
VTT-323......................................................... 2-12.1
WZ 551........................................................... 2-12.2
YW 531A/531C/Type 63 Vehicle Series........... 2-13
YW 531H/Type 85 Vehicle Series ................... 2-14

Infantry Fighting Vehicles
AMX-10P IFV................................................... 2-15
BMD-1 Airborne Fighting Vehicle.................... 2-17
BMD-3 Airborne Fighting Vehicle.................... 2-19
BMP-1 IFV..................................................... 2-20.1
BMP-1P IFV...................................................... 2-21
BMP-2 IFV........................................................ 2-23
BMP-3 IFV........................................................ 2-25
Marder 1IFV................................................... 2-26.1
Warrior IFV....................................................... 2-27
Kliver IFV/APC Turret.................................... *2-29

3. RECONNAISSANCE...................................... *3-1

Reconnaissance Vehicles
AMX-10RC Armored Recon Vehicle .............. 3-2.1
BRDM-2 Armored Scout Car .............................. 3-3
BRM-1K Armored Recon Command Vehicle..... 3-4
BRM-3K Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle......... 3-5
EE-9 Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle.............. 3-6
Fox Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle................ 3-7
Shorland S55 Personnel Carrier........................... 3-8

Reconnaissance Systems
Horizon Battlefield Surveillance Radar ............. *3-9

4. TANKS/ASSAULT VEHICLES ...................... 4-1

Light Tanks/Assault Vehicles
AMX-13 Light Tank............................................ 4-3
M41A3 Walker Light Tank ................................. 4-4
M1985/PT-85 Light Tank................................. 4-4.1
Type 63A Modernized Light Tank................. *4-4.3
PT-76B Amphibious Tank................................... 4-5
Scorpion Combat Vehicle Recon, Tracked.......... 4-6

Main Battle Tanks
AMX-30............................................................ 4-6.1
Challenger 2...................................................... 4-6.3
Chieftain Mk 5..................................................... 4-7
Leopard 1A1..................................................... 4-8.1
Leopard 2............................................................. 4-9
M60A1/M60A3 .............................................. 4-10.1
T-34 ................................................................ 4-10.3
T-55AMV.......................................................... 4-11

* Denotes new equipment sheet
iii Enclosure 2

Sep 2001

Page

T-62M ............................................................... 4-13
T-64B.............................................................. 4-14.1
T-72B................................................................. 4-15
T-72M1 .............................................................. 4-17
T-80B................................................................. 4-19
T-80U................................................................. 4-21
T-90................................................................. 4-22.1
Type 59-II .......................................................... 4-23
Type 85-IIM....................................................... 4-25

5. ANTITANK ........................................................ 5-1

Antitank Guns
ZIS-3 76-mm Towed Antitank Gun..................... 5-3
SD-44 85-mm Towed Gun................................... 5-4
M36 90-mm Self-Propelled AT Gun ................ 5-4.1
MT-12 100-mm Towed AT Gun.......................... 5-5
2A45M 125-mm Towed AT Gun ........................ 5-6

ATGM Launcher Vehicles
9P148 (AT-4/5) ATGM Launcher Vehicle.......... 5-7
9P149 (AT-6/9) ATGM Launcher Vehicle.......... 5-9
AMX-10 HOT ATGM Launcher Vehicle.......... 5-11
M901/ITOW ATGM Launcher Vehicle ............ 5-13

Antitank Guided Missile Launchers
AT-3 Antitank Guided Missile Launcher .......... 5-15
AT-4/5 ATGM Launcher (9P135) ..................... 5-16
AT-7/13 ATGM Launcher (9P151) ................... 5-17
Eryx ATGM Launcher ....................................... 5-18
Kornet-E ATGM Launcher ............................. 5-18.1
Milan 2 and 3 ATGM Launcher......................... 5-19
Red Arrow-8 ATGM Launcher.......................... 5-20
Tech Report: Gun-Launched ATGMs............. *5-21

6. ARTILLERY...................................................... 6-1

Reconnaissance/C
3

1V13 Artillery Command and Recon Vehicle .. 6-2.1
1V14/15 ACRV................................................. 6-2.2
1V16 ACRV...................................................... 6-2.3
1V18/19 ACRV................................................. 6-2.4
1V110 ACRV.................................................... 6-2.5
1V111 ACRV.................................................... 6-2.6
1V119 ACRV.................................................... 6-2.7
PRP-3/PRP-4M Artillery Mobile Recon Vehicle 6-3
SNAR 10 Battlefield Surveillance Radar............. 6-4
ARK-1M Artillery Locating Radar ................... 6-4.1
BL-904 Artillery Locating Radar...................... 6-4.2
Cymbeline Artillery Locating Radar................. 6-4.3
IL-219 Artillery Locating Radar ....................... 6-4.5
IL-220U Artillery Locating Radar .................... 6-4.6
SORAS 6 Sound Ranging System.................... 6-4.7

Page

Towed Cannon
D-30A 122-mm Towed Howitzer........................ 6-5
M-46 130-mm Towed Gun.................................. 6-6
2A36 152-mm Towed Gun............................... 6-6.1
D-20 152-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer .................. 6-7
G-5 155-mm Towed Howitzer............................. 6-8
GH N-45 155-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer......... 6-8.1

Self-Propelled Cannon
2S1 122-mm SP Howitzer ................................... 6-9
2S3 152-mm SP Howitzer ................................. 6-10
2S5 152-mm SP Gun ......................................... 6-11
2S19 152-mm SP Howitzer ............................... 6-12
Type 83 152-mm SP Gun-Howitzer .................. 6-13
G-6 155-mm SP Howitzer ................................. 6-15
AU-F1 155-mm SP Howitzer ........................... 6-17

Multiple Rocket Launcher
BM-21 122-mm MRL........................................ 6-19
9A51/Prima 122-mm MRL.............................. *6-20
9P132 122-mm Rocket Launcher ................... 6-20.1
M77 128-mm MRL......................................... 6-20.3
9P140 220-mm MRL......................................... 6-21
Fadjr-3 240-mm MRL .................................... 6-22.1
Astros-II 127/180/300-mm MRL....................... 6-23
WM-80 273-mm MRL ...................................... 6-25
9A52-2 300-mm MRL..................................... *6-26

Mortars/Gun-Mortar Systems
MO-120-RT 120-mm Mortar........................ *6-26.1
2S12 120-mm SP Mortar ................................... 6-27
2S23 120-mm SP Combination Gun ................. 6-28

Artillery Ammunition
OPFOR Special Munitions ................................ 6-29
Laser-Guided Projectiles ................................... 6-30
Foreign Course Corrected Rockets.................... 6-31
Foreign Course Corrected Projectiles ................ 6-31
Sensor Fuzed Munitions .................................... 6-32

New Indirect Fire Technologies
TOS-1 220mm Flamethrower Weapon............ *6-33

7. AIR DEFENSE................................................. *7-1

Towed Antiaircraft (AA) Guns
GDF-003 35-mm Towed AA Gun (Skyguard).. *7-2
M1939 37-mm Towed AA Gun ....................... 7-2.1
KS-19M2 100-mm Towed AA Gun.................... 7-3
S-60 57-mm Towed AA Gun .............................. 7-4
Type 65 37-mm Towed AA Gun...................... 7-4.1
ZPU-4 14.5-mm Heavy Machinegun................ 7-4.2
ZU-23 23-mm Towed AA Gun ......................... *7-5

iv

Sep 2001
Page

Self-Propelled AA Guns/Combination Guns
Gepard 35-mm SP AA Gun ............................... *7-6
ZSU-23-4 23-mm SP AA Gun............................. 7-7
2S6M 30-mm SP AA Gun/Missile System.......... 7-8
ZSU-57-2 57-mm SP AA Gun.......................... 7-8.1

Manportable Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs)
SA-7b/GRAIL...................................................... 7-9
SA-14/GREMLIN.............................................. 7-10
SA-16/GIMLET.............................................. 7-10.1
SA-18/GROUSE................................................ 7-11

SAM Launcher Systems
SA-2/GUIDELINE.......................................... 7-11.1
SA-3/GOA ...................................................... 7-11.2
SA-5/GAMMON ............................................... 7-12
SA-6/GAINFUL.............................................. 7-12.1
SA-8b/GECKO............................................... 7-12.2
SA-10b/GRUMBLE ....................................... 7-12.4
SA-10c/GRUMBLE ..................................... *7-12.5
SA-11/GADFLY .......................................... *7-12.6
SA-12a/GLADIATOR and SA-12b/GIANT *7-12.7
SA-13b/GOPHER.............................................. 7-13
SA-15b/GAUNTLET......................................... 7-14
Aspide Mk 1(Skyguard)................................ *7-14.1
Crotale 4000.................................................. *7-14.2
Crotale-New Generation ............................... *7-14.3

Air Defense Radars
Long Track Early Warning Radar.................... 7-15
Tube Arm Air Defense Radar .......................... 7-16
Giraffe Air Defense Radar ............................. *7-17

8. ENGINEER & LOGISTICS ........................... 8-1

Engineer
Land Mine Primer ........................................... 8-2.1
Mine Table ...................................................... 8-2.7
TM-62 Land mine ......................................... 8-2.11
TM-83 Side-attack mine................................ 8-2.13
Helkir Antihelicopter mine............................ 8-2.14
PMR-3 Towed Mechanical Minelayer ............... 8-3
GMZ-3 Tracked Minelaying Vehicle................. 8-4
UMZ Scatterable Minelaying System................ 8-5
KMT-5 Tank-Mounted Roller-Plow Set ............ 8-6
DIM Vehicle-Mounted Mine Detector............ 8-6.1
Tables: Line-charge Minebreaching Systems . 8-6.3
MTK-2 Tracked Mineclearing Vehicle.............. 8-7
BAT-M Tracked Route-Clearing Vehicle.......... 8-8
BAT-2 Armored Route-Clearing Vehicle .......... 8-9
IMR-2M Obstacle-Clearing Vehicle................ 8-10
MT-55A Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge8-10.1
MTU-72 Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge8-10.2

Page

PMP Heavy Folding Pontoon Bridge ............8-10.3
TMM Truck-Mounted Scissors Bridge..........8-10.5

Logistics
UAZ-469 0.6 mt Utility Truck..........................8-11
GAZ-66 2 mt Cargo Truck ...............................8-12
Ural-375D 4.5 mt Cargo Truck ........................8-13
KRAZ-255B 7.5 mt Cargo Truck.....................8-14
BREM-1 Armored Recovery Vehicle...............8-15
T-54-T Armored Recovery Vehicle..................8-16

9. ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT......................*9-1

Light Helicopters
BO-105 ...............................................................9-3
MD-500/Defender ..............................................9-4
Mi-2/HOPLIGHT...............................................9-5
SA-341/Gazelle...................................................9-6

Attack Helicopters
AH-1F/Cobra......................................................9-7
AH-1W/Supercobra............................................9-8
Ka-50/HOKUM..................................................9-9
Mi-24/HIND.....................................................9-11
Mi-28/HAVOC..............................................9-12.1

Utility Helicopters
AS-532/Cougar ...............................................9-13
Mi-8/HIP.........................................................9-14
Mi-17/HIP.......................................................9-15

Multi-Role Helicopters
Lynx................................................................9-16

Transport Helicopters
Mi-6/HOOK....................................................9-17
Mi-26/HALO..................................................9-18

10. FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT.........................10-1

Strike Aircraft
MiG-23/FLOGGER........................................10-3
Su-24D/FENCER............................................10-5

Ground Attack Aircraft
Su-17/FITTER................................................10-7
Su-25/FROGFOOT.........................................10-9

Multi-Role Aircraft
Su-27/FLANKER .........................................10-11

Transport Aircraft
An-2/COLT...................................................10-13
IL-18/COOT .................................................10-14

v

Sep 2001

Page

11. COMMAND AND COMMUNICATIONS 11-1

Command Vehicles
BMP-1KSh Command and Staff Vehicle....... 11-3

Radios
Tactical Single Channel Radios...................... 11-5
Tactical Frequency Hopping Radios .............. 11-7

12. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES.......... 12-1
AT1 ............................................................. 12-2.1
AT2 ............................................................. 12-2.2
D-4.................................................................. 12-3

Page

Shmel-1...........................................................12-4
TU-143/DR-3..................................................12-5
Hermes 450S.................................................*12-7

13. HEAVY ROCKET/THEATER MISSILE..13-1
Table: Luna-M/SCUD-B ................................13-4

14. EQUIPMENT UPGRADES.......................*14-1
Equipment Upgrade Tables...........................*14-1
Countermeasures...........................................*14-9

Glossary ......................................................Glossary-1

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

vi

Sep 2001
Introduction

This Worldwide Equipment Guide (WEG) serves as an interim guide for use in training,
simulations, and modeling until the publication of equipment FM. The WEG supports the draft
OPFOR FM series (100-7) for the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE). It provides
the basic characteristics of selected equipment and weapons systems readily available to the
OPFOR, and generally listed in either FM 100-60, Armor- and Mechanized-Based Opposing
Force: Organization Guide or FM 100-63, Infantry-Based Opposing Force: Organization
Guide. Selected weapons systems and equipment are included in the categories of infantry
weapons, infantry vehicles, reconnaissance vehicles, tanks/assault vehicles, antitank, artillery, air
defense, engineer and logistic systems, rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, and communications
equipment.

The pages in this WEG are designed for insertion into loose-leaf notebooks. Since the
guide and current updates do not include all possible OPFOR systems identified in the
OPFOR FMs, additional equipment sheets for those systems will be published periodically.
Systems selected will be keyed directly to baseline equipment contained in the 100-60 series
and substitute systems in the appropriate substitution matrix. The WEG is published on the
worldwide web for use by authorized government organizations.

WORLDWIDE OPFOR EQUIPMENT

Due to the proliferation of weapons through sales and resale, wartime capture, and
licensed or unlicensed production of major end items, distinctions between equipment as
friendly or OPFOR have blurred. Sales of upgrade equipment and kits for application to
weapon systems have further blurred distinctions between old or obsolete systems and mod-
ern systems. This WEG describes base models listed in the FMs or upgrades of those base
models, which reflect current capabilities. Many less common variants and upgrades are also
addressed.

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

The WEG is organized by categories of equipment, in chapters. The format of the
equipment pages is basically a listing of parametric data. This permits updating on a standard-
ized basis as data becomes available. For meanings of acronyms and terms, see the Glossary.
Please note that although most terms are the same as U.S. terminology, some reflect non-U.S.
concepts and are not comparable or measurable against U.S. standards. For example, if an
OPFOR armor penetration figure does not say RHA (rolled homogeneous armor), do not assume
that is the standard for the figure. Please consult the Glossary often. If questions remain, contact
this office.

vii

7 Nov 2000

System names refer back to the field manuals. However, they also reflect intelligence
community changes in naming methods. Alternative designations include the manufacturers
name, as well as U.S./NATO designators. Note also that the WEG focuses on the complete
weapon system (e.g., AT-4/5 antitank guided missile launcher or 9P148 ATGM launcher ve-
hicle), versus a component or munition (9P135 launcher assembly or AT-4/5 ATGM).

Many common technical notes and parameters are used in chapters 2 through 7, since
the systems contained in those chapters have similar weapon and automotive technologies.
Chapters 1 (Infantry Weapons), and 8 through 12 (Engineer and Logistics, Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles) offer systems that have many unique parameters and therefore may not be consis-
tent with those in other chapters.

Please note the updated Threat Support Directorate website. The WEG and other TSD
products can be downloaded at: http://leav-www.army.mil/threats/index/index.htm.

We solicit your assistance in finding unclassified information which is not copyright-
restricted, and which can be certified for use. Questions and comments on systems data
should be addressed to the author noted for each chapter. For general questions concerning
production, content, and distribution to U.S. government organizations please contact:

Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925
e-mail address: redmant@leavenworth.army.mil

viii

Sep 2001
Units of Measure

The following symbols and abbreviations are used in this guide.

Unit of Measure Parameter

() degrees of slope/gradient, elevation, traverse
cal caliber(tube length in multiples of cannon bore)
GHz gigahertzfrequency (GHz = 1 billion hertz)
hp horsepower (kWx1.341 = hp)
Hz hertzunit of frequency
kg kilogram(s) (2.2 lb.)
kg/cm
2
kg per square centimeterpressure
km kilometer(s)
km/h km per hour
kW kilowatt(s) (1 kW = 1,000 watts)
liters litersliquid measurement (1 gal. = 3.785 liters)
m meter(s)if over 1 meter use meters; if under use mm
m
3
cubic meter(s)
m
3
/hr cubic meters per hourearth moving capacity
m/hr meters per houroperating speed (earth moving)
MHz megahertzfrequency (MHz = 1 million hertz)
mach mach + (factor) aircraft velocity (See Glossary)
mil milliradian, radial measure (360 = 6400 mils, 6000 Russian)
min minute(s)
mm millimeter(s)
m/s meters per secondvelocity
mt metric ton(s) (mt = 1,000 kg)
rd/min rounds per minuterate of fire
RHAe rolled homogeneous armor (equivalent)
shp shaft horsepowerhelicopter engines (kWx1.341 = shp)
m micron/micrometerwavelength for lasers, etc.

ix

7 Nov 2000

ERRATA NOTES

The following changes reflect updated information about data in preceding editions of the
Worldwide Equipment Guide. We recommend that users note the changes in their copies. In a
future edition, we will incorporate changes into published pages.

Page Change

Chapters 2-5 For all direct-fire guns, or armored fighting vehicles with guns, 100 mm and over,
under "MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION", and after "Armor Penetration
(mm)", if penetration number is not available for Frag-HE or HE rounds, add:
"Can defeat IFVs on impact." NOTE: A near miss can cause collateral damage
against IFVs and is likely to cause collateral damage to APCs and most IFVs.

Chapters 2-5 For all direct-fire guns, or armored fighting vehicles with 100-125-mm guns,
under "MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION", maximum aimed range for
HEAT rounds, unless otherwise stated is limited to no greater than 2,500 m.

2-5 Under VARIANTS, delete:
1V118 Reostat. This vehicle is not artillery-related. See sheet for ACRV 1V119.

2-8, etc. For the BTR-80A (2-8), BMD-3 (2-20), BMP-2 (2-24), BMP-3 (2-26), and BRM-
3K (3-5), change 30-mm APDS round penetration to 25 mm at (60) and 1,500 m.
Ammunition data also applies to 2S6M (7-8), Ka-50/HOKUM (9-9), Mi-
24/HIND (9-11), Mi-28/ HAVOC (9-12.1), and Su-25/FROGFOOT (10-9).

2-9 Under VARIANTS, after Artillery command and reconnaissance vehicles:
Change to: ACRV 1V18 and 1V19 are battery and battalion command and ob-
servation vehicles, respectively.

2-11 For MT-LB Light Multipurpose Vehicle, "Max Swim Speed" is changed.

2-17 For BMD-1 AIFV, under VARIANTS, add: BMD-1KShM: Command and
communications vehicle which replaces BMP-1KSh for airborne forces. It has a
raised structure vs turret, six road wheels, a CLOTHESLINE radio antenna, and
an AGS-17 AGL.

2-18, 5-15 For additional information on the AT-3 ATGM launcher and AT-3 on
BMD-1, see sheet for BMP-1 IFV, pg. 2-20.1 in this update, in sections for
ATGM launcher, Ammunition data, and NOTES.

2-21 For the AT-4/AT-5 ATGM launcher, for the 9P148 ATGM Launcher vehicle,
2-23 and for the BMP-1P and BMP-2, add the Indian NAG to the list of ATGMs
5-7 available for export, and which can be launched from the launcher. The fire-and-
5-16 forget (IIR-homing) missile has a 5-6 km range and offers a top-attack mode.
x
2-25 For BMP-3, under FIRE CONTROL, Gunner Night, change to:

Sep 2001
1K13-2 II night channel/NAMUT thermal for "Desert BMP-3"

2-26 For BMP-3, under VARIANTS, change last entry, "BMP-3: UAE" to:
Desert BMP-3: Improved IFV exported to UAE and Kuwait, with NAMUT
thermal sights and other upgrades--the most proliferated version of BMP-3.
Add: BMP-3M: New version of BMP-3 for sale, with improved computer-based
integrated and superior stabilized fire control, one of the first IFV gun autotrack-
ers , thermal sights with an ATGM channel , an increased capacity autoloader for
ATGMs and gun rounds, and other mobility, survivability and lethality upgrades.
Other options include ARENA or SHTORA-1 active protection system.

For all guns or vehicles with guns 76-99 mm, data item "Armor Penetration
(mm):", if penetration number is not available for Frag-HE or HE-type rounds,
add the following: "Can defeat most IFVs on impact." NOTE: A near miss can
cause collateral damage against IFVs and is likely to cause collateral damage to
APCs.

4-6.1 Add NOTE: For all direct-fire guns, or armored fighting vehicles with 105-mm
4-8.1 guns which fit NATO standard rifled ammunition, a new option is the Israeli
LAHAT gun-launched semi-active laser homing ATGM. For tank-directed fires,
this requires a fire control modification to accommodate the laser guidance de-
vice, although a remote designator may be used. The ATGM has a 5+ km range,
tandem HEAT warhead, and a top-attack mode.

4-13 Under line drawing, add the following entry:
T-62M with Bra Armor

After Applique Armor (mm): Bra armor..., add
is common

4-15 Under VARIANTS, add the following entry:
T-72B1: Variant introduced in 1986 without ATGM launch capability.

T-72BV: Under the Russian naming scheme, a T-72B with ERA could be
expected to add V to the name.

7-1 In Ch 7. AIR DEFENSE, change analyst assigned.

7-7 For ZSU-23-4, note clarification of ammunition altitude and fuze data.

7-8 For 2S6M, add , gun ammunition, night sight and NOTES on day/night capabil-
ity.

xi

7 Nov 2000

7-11.1 to 7-12 For SA-2/GUIDELINE, SA-3/GOA, and SA-5/GAMMON, Missile and Space Intelli
gence Center provided comments which were incorporated in replacement pages.

TZ 8-255B: POL truck, capacity 8,000 liters.

9-1 In Ch 9. ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT, change analyst assigned.

10-1 In Ch 10. FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT, change analyst assigned.

G-1 to G-6 In Glossary, new terms and acronyms were added.

xii

Sep 2001
Supplement Page Changes

To Incorporate this supplement into the WEG, please make the page changes as noted below:

System Page Change

Memorandum Replace and change
Enclosure 1 i, ii Replace and chg
Table of Contents iii-vi Replace and chg
Supplement Page Changes xiii, xiv Replace and chg
W-87 Automatic Grenade Launcher 1-8.1, 1-8.2 Add
Table: Infantry Weapon Night Vision Systems 1-8.2, 1-8.3 Add
Table: Selected Infantry Weapons 1-8.4 to 1-8.8 Add
Kliver IFV/APC Turret 2-29, 2-30 Add
Ch. 3 Reconnaissance Chapter Introduction 3-1 to 3-2 Replace and page chg
Horizon Battlefield Surveillance Radar 3-9, 3-10 Add
Type 63A Modernized Light Tank 4-4.3, 4-4.4 Add
Technology Report: Gun-Launched ATGMs 5-21 to 5-25 Add
9A51/Prima 122-mm MRL 6-20 *Replace and page chg
9A52-2 300-mm MRL 6-25/6-26 */Replace and page chg
MO-120-RT 120-mm Mortar 6-26.1, 6-26.2 Add
TOS-1 220-mm Flamethrower Weapon 6-33, 6-34 Add
Ch 7. AIR DEFENSE 7-1 Replace and chg
GDF-003 35-mm Towed AA Gun (Skyguard) 7-2 Add
ZU-23 23-mm Towed AA Gun 7-5 Replace and chg
Gepard 35-mm SP AA Gun 7-6 Add
SA-10b/GRUMBLE 7-12.4 Replace and chg
SA-10c/GRUMBLE 7-12.5 Add
SA-11/GADFLY 7-12.6 Add
SA-12a/GLADIATOR, SA-12b/GIANT 7-12.7 Add
Aspide Mk 1 SAM (Skyguard) 7-14.1 Add
Crotale 4000 SAM 7-14.2 Add
Crotale-New Generation SAM 7-14.3, 7-14.4 Add
Giraffe Air Defense Radar 7-17, 7-18 Add
Tables: Line-Charge Minebreaching Systesm 8-6.3 to 8-6.6 Add
Hermes 450S UAV 12-7, 12-8 Add
Ch 14. EQUIPMENT UPGRADES 14-1 to 14-8 Add
Countermeasures 14-9 to 14-13 Add

* Also replaces sheet on back page of added sheet

xiii

7 Nov 2000

xiv
GLOSSARY

AA - antiaircraft
acquisition range - sensor range against a category of targets. Targets are usually categorized as
infantry, armored vehicles, or aircraft. Acquisition includes four types (or levels of clarity, in
ascending order of clarity): detection, classification, recognition, and identification. Where
the type of acquisition is not specified, the acquisition range will be regarded as sufficient for
accurate targeting. This range is comparable to the former Soviet term sighting range.
AAM - air-to-air missile
AD - antihandling device (mines)
ADHPM - artillery-delivered high-precision munition. This term can be used to describe vari-
ous
artillery precision munitions, including guided, terminally homing, SAL-homing, and
course-corrected mortar and cannon rounds and rockets.
AGL - automatic grenade launcher
AIFV- airborne infantry fighting vehicle
aka - also known as
ALCM - air-launched cruise missile
AL/RDX - aluminized RDX (ammunition) is an enhanced blast filler with aluminum added to
the RDX high explosive, often used in Russian Frag-HE munitions with increased lethality.
AM - amplitude modulated (communications)
antitank - functional area and class of weapons characterized by destruction of tanks. In the
modern context used in this guide, the role has expanded to fit the term "antiarmor" (which
includes systems and munitions which can be employed against light armored vehicles)
AP - antipersonnel
APAM - antipersonnel - anti-materiel (ammunition)
APE - armor-piercing explosive (ammunition)
APERS-T - antipersonnel - tracer (ammunition)
APC - armored personnel carrier
APC-T - armor-piercing capped tracer (ammunition)
AP HE - armor-piercing high explosive (ammunition)
API-T - armor-piercing incendiary tracer (ammunition)
APERS-T - antipersonnel tracer (ammunition)
APT - armor-piercing tracer (ammunition)
APU - auxiliary power unit; auxiliary propulsion unit
ARM - anti-radiation missile. The missile homes in on the radar pulse to kill a radar system.
ASM - air-to-surface missile
AT - antitank
ATGL - antitank grenade launcher
ATGM - antitank guided missile
aux - auxiliary
average cross-country (speed) - vehicle speed (km/hr) on unimproved terrain without a road
AVLB - armored vehicle-launched bridge

Glossary-1

7 Nov 2000

burst (rate of fire) - artillery term: the greatest number of rounds that can be fired in 1 minute
BW - biological warfare, including ammunition type.

cal - caliber
caliber - barrel length to gun bore ratio (for all gun systems), and used as a measure of gun bar-
rel
size or as a component of ammunition/gun size; in the case of US-made infantry weapons,
diameter of ammunition/gun bore only, measured in inches, and used to describe ammuni-
tion/gun size
canister - close-range direct-fire ammunition which dispenses a fan of flechettes forward
C - centigrade
CC - cargo-carrying (ammunition)
CCD - cover, concealment, and deception; also charged-coupled device, an imaging sensor
which operates in the visual and near-IR bands, with day and limited night capability.
CCM - counter-countermeasure
CE - chemical energy: the class of ammunition which employs a shaped charge for the lethal
mechanism. Ammunition types which employ CE include HEAT and HESH (see below).
Chem - chemical (ammunition type)
CM - countermeasure
coax - coaxial
CRV - combat reconnaissance vehicle
CW - continuous wave (communications)
cyclic (rate of fire) - maximum rate of fire for an automatic weapon (in rd/min)

decon - decontamination
direct-fire range - maximum range of a weapon, operated in the direct-fire mode, at which the
bullet's trajectory will not rise above the height of the intended point of impact on the target.
At this range, the gunner is not required to adjust for range in order to aim the weapon. The
comparable Russian term is point blank range.
DPICM - dual-purpose improved conventional munitions (ammunition)
DPICM-BB - dual-purpose improved conventional munitions, base-bleed (ammunition)
DU - depleted uranium (ammunition)
DVO - direct-view optics

ECM - electronic countermeasure
EFP - explosively-formed penetrator (ammunition); kinetic-energy penetrator which is created
by a plate, shaped into a slug by an explosive charge, then propelled by it to a target
EIOC - estimated IOC
EMD - engineering, manufacture and development. Fielding phase between prototype and IOC.
EMP - electro-magnetic pulse, including ammunition type. The pulse can kill electronic
microcircuits in a target area.
EO - electro-optic, electro-optical
ERA - explosive reactive armor
ERFB - extended range full-bore (ammunition)
ERFB-BB - extended range full-bore, base-bleed (ammunition)
est - estimate

Glossary-2
ET - electronic timing (ammunition fuze type)
European - from a consortium of firms located or headquartered in several European countries
EW -electronic warfare

FCS - fire control system
FFAR - folding-fin aerial rockets
FAE - fuel-air explosive (ammunition). This munition technology is employed in aerial bombs
and artillery munitions, and uses a dispersing explosive fill to produce intense heat, a long-
duration high-pressure wave, and increased HE blast area
flechette small steel darts (much like nails) used to fill artillery rounds (and some bombs).
Generally thousands of these darts are fired (similar to a shotgun in an anti-personnel role)
dispensing the flechettes forward over a wide area. Unlike canister rounds, FSU artillery
rounds use a time fuze, permitting close-in direct fire, long-range direct fire, and indirect fire.
FH - frequency-hopper (radio, communications)
FLIR - forward-looking infrared (thermal sensor)
FLOT - forward line of own troops
FM - frequency modulated (communications)
FOV - field of view
frag-HE - fragmentation-high explosive (ammunition)
FSU - former Soviet Union

GCS - ground control station
gen - generation. Equipment such as APS and (thermal and II) night sights are often categorized
in terms of 1st, 2nd or 3rd generation of development, with different capabilities for each.
GP MG - general purpose machinegun
GPS - global positioning system

HE - high explosive (ammunition)
HEAT - high-explosive antitank (also referred to as shaped-charge ammunition)
HEAT-FS - high-explosive antitank, fin-stabilized (ammunition)
HEAT-MP - high-explosive antitank, multi-purpose
HEFI - high-explosive fragmentation incendiary (ammunition)
HEI - high-explosive incendiary (ammunition)
HEP-T - high explosive plastic-tracer (ammunition)
HESH - high-explosive squash head (ammunition)
HF- high frequency (communications)
hps - hops per second (communications)
HUD - head-up display
HVAP-T - hypervelocity, armor-piercing tracer (ammunition)

ICM - improved conventional munition (ammunition, round containing submunitions/grenades)
IFF - identification friend-or-foe
IFV - infantry fighting vehicle - improved conventional munition; frag-He bomblet submunition
II - image intensification (night sighting system)
ILS - instrument landing system

Glossary-3
INA - information not available

7 Nov 2000

incend - incendiary
IOC - interim operational capability
IR - infrared
IRBM - intermediate-range ballistic missile (3,001-5,500 km)
I-T - incendiary - tracer (ammunition)

K-kill - catastrophic kill (simulation lethality data)
kbits - kilobites per second (communications)
KE - kinetic energy: class of ammunition which transfers energy to the target for the lethal
mechanism. Ammunition types which employ KE include AP, APFSDS-T, and HVAP-T.

LAFV - light armored fighting vehicle
LLLTV - low-light-level television
LMG - light machinegun
LRF - laser rangefinder

mach - speed of sound, based on atmospheric conditions (1160 km/h at sea level)
max - maximum
maximum aimed range - maximum range of a weapon (based on firing system, mount, and
sights) for a given round of ammunition, while aiming at a ground target or target set with
sights in the direct-fire mode. The range is not based on single-shot hit probability on a point
target, rather on tactical guidance for firing multiple rounds if necessary to achieve a desired
lethality effect. One writer referred to this as range with the direct laying sight. Even
greater ranges were cited for salvo fire, wherein multiple weapons (e.g., tank platoon) will
fire a salvo against a point target.
max effective range - maximum range at which a weapon may be expected to achieve a high
single-shot probability of hit (50%) and a required level of destruction against assigned tar-
gets. This figure may vary for each specific munition and by type of target (such as infantry,
armored vehicles, or aircraft).
max off-road (speed) - vehicle speed (km/hr) on dirt roads
MCLOS - manual command-to-line-of-sight
MG - machinegun
Mk - Mark
MRBM - medium-range ballistic missile (1,001-3,000 km)
MRL - multiple rocket launcher
MMW - millimeter wave (sensor mode, band in the electromagnetic spectrum)
MVV - muzzle velocity variation (RF tracker for monitoring round-to-round variations in muz-
zle
velocity variations due to tube wear, or for tracking artillery course-corrected rounds for
command course adjustment)

N/A - not applicable
NBC - nuclear, biological, and chemical
Nd - neodymium, type of laser rangefinder
NFI - no further information
normal (rate of fire) - artillery term: rate (in rd/min) for fires over a 5-minute period

Glossary-4
Nuc - nuclear (ammunition type )
NVG - night-vision goggle
NVS - night-vision system

PD - point-detonating (ammunition fuze type)
penaid - Penetration aid, countermeasure system in the warhead to counter air defense weapons
effectiveness.
Ph - probability of hit (simulation lethality data)
PIBD - point-initiating base-detonating (ammunition fuze type)
pintel - post attached to a firing point or vehicle, used to replace the base for a weapon mount
Pk - probability of kill (simulation lethality data)
Poss - possible
practical (rate of fire) - maximum rate of fire for sustained aimed weapon fire against point tar-
gets. The rate includes reload time and reduced rate to avoid damage from overuse. Former
Soviet writings also refer to this as the technical rate of fire.

RAP - rocket-assisted projectile (ammunition type)
ready - rapid detectability under normal mobility conditions (mines)
mirecon - reconnaissance
rd - round
ready rounds - rounds available for use on a weapon, whether in autoloader or in nearby stow-
age, which can be loaded within the weapon's stated rate of fire
RF - radio frequency
RHA - rolled homogeneous armor, often used as a standard armor hardness for measuring pene-
tration of anti-tank munitions
RHAe - RHA equivalent, a standard used for measuring penetrations against various type armors
rpm - rounds per minute (aircraft)
RV - reentry vehicle. That portion of a TBM separating (or multiple separating) warhead which
reenters the atmosphere and maneuvers to the target.

SACLOS - semiautomatic command-to-line-of-sight
SAL - semi-active laser; guidance method used in precision munitions, such as ADHPM, and
ATGMs.
SAM - surface-to-air missile
SHF - super high-frequency (sensors)
SFM- sensor-fuzed munition (artillery ammunition)
shp - shaft horsepower (aircraft)
SLAP - saboted light armor penetrator (ammunition). Small arms/machinegun round with a
sub-caliber penetrator guided down a gun bore by sabots, designed to defeat light armor.
SP - self-propelled
SOF - special operations forces
SRBM - short-range ballistic missile (0-1,000 km)
SSM - surface-to-surface missile (can include IRBM, MRBM, or SRBM, or cruise missile)
stadiametric - in this guide, a method of range-finding using stadia line intervals in sights and
target size within those lines to estimate target range

Glossary-5

7 Nov 2000

stowed rounds - rounds available for use on a weapon, but stowed and requiring a delay greater
than that for ready rounds (and cannot be loaded within the weapon's stated rate of fire)
sustained (rate of fire) - artillery term: rate (in rd/min) for fires over the duration of an hour

tactical AA range - maximum targeting range against aerial targets, aka: slant range
TAR - target acquisition radar
TBM - theater ballistic missile
TEL - transporter-erector-launcher. Vehicle which carries, raises, and launches TBMs.
TELAR - transporter-erector-launcher and radar
thermobaric - HEI volumetric (blast effect) explosive technology similar to fuel-air explosive
and used in shoulder-fired infantry weapons and ATGMs
TLAR - transporter-launcher and radar
TOF - time of flight (seconds)
TTP - tactics, techniques, and procedures
TTR - target tracking radar
TV - television (sensor mode)

UAV - unmanned aerial vehicle, class of unmanned aerodynamic systems which include
remotely piloted vehicles and preprogrammed (drone) aircraft
UHF - ultra-high frequency (communications)
UI - unidentified

VEESS - vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
VHF - very high frequency (communications)
volumetric - class of explosive ammunition fill which produces high long-duration blast and
heat (includes thermobaric and FAE)
vs - versus

w/ - with (followed by associated object)
WMD - weapons of mass destruction (ammunition type). These generally consist of nuclear,
bacteriological, and chemical munitions.
WP - white phosphorus (ammunition)

Glossary-6

REPLY TO
ATTENTION OF
ATIN-L-T (71) 24 Sep 01

MEMORANDUM FOR: See Distribution

SUBJECT: Worldwide Equipment Guide (WEG) Semiannual Update 1-2001

1. This is our fourth supplement to the WEG, the first for the year 2001. This issue is
intended to support

FMs 100-60 (Armor- and Mechanized-Based Opposing Force Organization Guide)
and 100-63 (Infantry-Based Opposing Force Organization Guide).
The draft OPFOR manual series (FM 7-100, posted at the TSD web site), for the
Contemporary Operational Environment (COE).
The spectrum of worldwide systems, to reflect technological and proliferation trends.
These systems also support the expanding scope of U.S. Army training, and ongoing
U.S. Army operations.

2. The WEG (Enclosure 2) is organized as a loose-leaf document to permit page changes
(see page xiii). Accumulated Errata sheets for all the updates are included, with notes
which reflect changes to previous WEG editions. We appreciate comments from users
and the intelligence community.

3. The Threat Support Directorate (TSD) would like to remind users that the WEG is not
a product of the U.S. Army intelligence community. It was developed to support OPFOR
portrayal in training simulations (constructive, virtual, and live) and activities, and is ap-
proved for that use.

4. Due to limited budget, TSD asks that users accept only one copy per office and either
make xerox copies or download additional copies from the TSD web site. The TSD web
site address is: http://leav-www.army.mil/threats/index/index.htm. We solicit your
questions and comments. For specific comments contact authors noted in chapter intro-
ductions. For general comments or questions, requests for distribution, or for address
change, contact Tom Redman, DSN 552-7925, commercial (913) 684-7925, e-mail:
redmant@leavenworth.army.mil.

2 Encls NICHOLAS C. COMER
as GS-14, Director
Threat Support Directorate

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
TRADOC DCSINT, Threat Support Directorate
700 Scott Avenue, Bldg 53
FORT LEAVENWORTH, KS 66027-1323

7 Nov 2000

TRADOC DCSINT TSD OPFOR BASELINE DOCUMENTATION

The following tables list TSD products currently available for use in OPFOR de-
velopment and application. The TSD-produced FM 100-60 series is the most recent
documentation, and is posted at the TSD web site: http://leav-www.army.mil/ threats/
index/index.htm.

TSD-PUBLISHED FIELD MANUALS

Document
No.

Document Title

Published

Posted on
Web Site
Armor- and Mechanized-Based Opposing Force:
Organization Guide
Replaced TP 350-12
16 Jul 97 FM 100-60
Replaced TP 350-14
Yes
PDF File
Infantry-Based Opposing Force: Organization Guide FM 100-63
Replaced TP 350-13
18 Apr 96 Yes
HTML File

New OPFOR FMs are currently in review for describing operations and tactics in
the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE). Those consist of :

FM 7-100 OPFOR Doctrinal Famework and Strategy
FM 7-100.1 OPFOR Operations.
FM 7-100.2 OPFOR Tactics

Future additions to the series will include a COE organization guide FM. This World-
wide Equipment Guide update is the last planned update. In the 2nd Quarter of FY
2002, a COE equipment FM will incorporate and supersede the WEG.

Enclosure 1

Sep 2001

Chapter 1
Infantry Weapons

This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected infantry weapons either in use
or readily available to the OPFOR and therefore likely to be encountered by U.S. forces in vary-
ing levels of conflict. The selection of weapons is not intended to be all inclusive, rather a repre-
sentative sampling of weapons and equipment supporting various military capabilities.

This chapter is divided into two categoriessmall arms and recoilless weapons. Small
arms covers, in order, assault rifles, under-barrel grenade launchers, light machineguns, general
purpose machineguns, heavy machineguns, and automatic grenade launchers. The second cate-
gory, recoilless weapons, contains the US 106-mm Recoilless Rifle M40 and the Russian 73-mm
Recoilless Gun SPG-9. This category also covers a rapidly growing segment of shoulder-fired
(unguided) infantry weapons. While originally limited to shoulder-fired unguided antitank
weapons such as the Russian 40-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-7, the utility of shoulder-
fired weapons has expanded to include multi-purpose systems such as the Swedish 84-mm Re-
coilless Rifle Carl Gustaf M2. This field of weapons is often labeled antitank and also in-
cludes bunker-buster warheads, and weapons fired from close spaces such as the German 67-
mm Disposable Antitank Grenade Launcher Armbrust.

Another emerging battle-tested, lethal, shoulder-fired weapon is the Russian Infantry
Rocket Flame Weapon RPO-A Series (RPO-A/D/Z) capable of firing either a smoke, incendiary,
or a thermobaric warhead to 600 meters. At 200 meters it is accurate to 0.5 m
2
. The thermobaric
warhead has a demolition effect corresponding to a round of 122-mm HE artillery. Due to the
relative low cost, availability, versatility, transportability, trainability, and lethality of this cate-
gory of infantry weapons, trainers should expect to encounter these systems in larger numbers
with increasing levels of lethality, penetration, and utility. For information on guided antitank
weapon systems see Chapter 5.

Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:

Mr. Richard G. McCall
DSN: 552-7960 Commercial (913) 684-7960
e-mail address: mccallr@leavenworth.army.mil

1-1

Sep 2001

1-2

Sep 2001

Russian 5.45-mm Assault Rifle AK-74______________________________________

Ammunition
Types

5.45-mm cartridge
Ball
Ball-tracer
Incendiary-T
AP

Typical
Combat Load

300

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1974
Proliferation: Widespread

Description:
Weight (kg):
Loaded (with magazine): 3.95
Empty (w/o magazine): 3.4
Length (mm):
Overall: 880 (937 including muzzle brake)
Barrel: 415
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Cyclic: 600
Practical:
Automatic: 100
Semiautomatic: 40
Operation: Gas
Feed: 30-rd detachable box magazine (40-rd used by RPK-74
LMG is interchangeable)
Fire Mode: Selective, automatic or semi-automatic

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Fore, pillar; rear, U-notch
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: Yes. AK-74M N3 mounts an NSPU-3

VARIANTS

AKS-74: Folding-stock version with a Y-shaped, tubular stock.
AK-74M: Improves the basic AK-74 design by adding a folding plas-
tic stock, an improved mount for night vision or other sights.
AKS-74U: Submachinegun: modified version with a much shorter
barrel (207-mm) and a conical flash suppressor instead of a muzzle
break. Its overall length is 492 with stock folded.
AK-101: 5.56x45-mm (NATO) variant of the AK-74M.
AK-102: 5.56x45-mm (NATO) short-barrel (314-mm) variant of the
AK-74M.
AK-103: 7.62x39-mm variant of the AK-74M.
AK-104: 7.62x39-mm short-barrel (314-mm) variant of the AK-74M.
AK-105: 5.45x39-mm short-barrel (314-mm) variant of the AK-74M.

AMMUNITION

Name: 7N6
Caliber/length: 5.45x39-mm
Type: Ball
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Maximum: 800
Armor Penetration: INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 880

Name: 7N10
Type: Armor piercing
Range (m):
Effective: INA for AK-74 (800 for RPK-74)
Armor Penetration (mm): 16 @ 100 m 80% of time
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): INA for AK-74 (960 for RPK-74)

NOTES
The AK-74 is basically an AKM rechambered and rebored to fire a 5.45-mm cartridge. The AK-74 can mount a 40-mm under-barrel grenade
launcher and a passive image intensifier night sight. The AK-74 is also the basis for other 5.45-mm infantry weapons including the RPK-74 light
machinegun.

1-3

Sep 2001

Russian 5.45-mm Light Machinegun RPK-74 ________________________________

Ammunition
Types

5.45-mm cartridge
Ball
Ball-tracer
Incendiary-T
AP

Typical Combat
Load

320

SYSTEM

Date of Introduction: Late 1970s

Description:
Weight (kg):
Length (mm):
Overall: 1.07 m
Barrel: 590 mm (including flash suppresser)
Cyclic: 600
Practical:
Automatic: 150
Semiautomatic: 50
Operation: Gas
Feed: 40-rd detachable box magazine (30-rd used by AK-74 is inter-
changeable)

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Fore, cylindrical post; rear, tangent leaf with U-notch; adjustable
to 1,000 m
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: Yes. 1LH51 night sight

VARIANTS

RPKS-74: Folding stock

AMMUNITION

Name: 7N6
Type: Ball
Range (m):
Effective: 800
Maximum: 1,000

Name: 7N10
Type: AP
Range (m):
Effective: 800
Armor Penetration (mm): 16 @ 100 m 80% of time

NOTES
The RPK-74 is the machinegun version of the AK-74, firing the same ammunition. Instead of the prominent muzzle brake used on the AK-74,
the machinegun is longer than that normally used with the AK-74, but the magazines are interchangeable. The RPK-74 has a bipod and is com-
patible with the front firing ports of BMPs. The RPK-74 is the standard squad machinegun in OPFOR infantry units. It generally replaces both
the RPK and PKM 7.62-mm weapons.

1-4

Sep 2001

Russian 7.62-mm Assault Rifle AK-47/AKM _________________________________

Ammunition
Types

7.62-mm cartridge
Ball
Tracer
API
Tracer Incendiary

Typical
Combat Load

120

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: AK, Kalashnikov
Date of Introduction: 1949/1961
Proliferation: Widespread (over 50 million)
Description:
Weight (kg):
Empty (w/o magazine): 4.3/3.14
Length (mm): 870/880
Cyclic: 600
Practical:
Automatic: 100
Semiautomatic: 40
Operation: Gas
Feed: 30-round curved box magazine

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Fore, pillar; rear, U-notch
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: Yes

VARIANTS
Numerous. Many countries manufacture clones of the AK-47 or weapons
using the basic AK action. Some of these are made in different cali-
bers.

AKS: Folding stock.
AKM: Improved AK-47, sights, magazine, and stock. Easier to
manufacture with stamped receiver.
AKMS: Folding stock variant of AKM.

AMMUNITION

Name: M1943 (57N231)
Type: Ball
Range (m):
Effective: 300
Maximum: 2,500

Name: M1943 (T-45)
Type: Tracer
Range of Trace (m): 800

NOTES
Photo is of an AKM. All 7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifles are very dependable weapons. They produce a high volume of fire and are simple
to maintain and produce. The primary difference between the AK-47 and the improved AKM is the receiver. The receiver of the AK-47 is forged
and machined while the receiver of the AKM is stamped metal facilitating easier manufacturing. Both the AK-47 and the AKM can mount a 40-
mm under-barrel grenade launcher. The AK-47 and AKM have been replaced in many armies by the newer AK-74. The AK-74 is basically an
AKM rechambered to fire a 5.45-mm x 39-mm cartridge. The 7.62-mm RPK light machinegun is based on the AK/AKM design while the RPK-
74 is a machinegun version of the AK-74.

1-4.1

Sep 2001

1-4.2

Sep 2001

Sniper and Anti-materiel Rifle Threat

Summary: Sniper rifles in 7.62 mm have been used by all armies for many years. The accepted
U.S. definition of sniper is a highly skilled military marksman detailed to spot and pick
off enemy troops from a concealed position. Most of these weapons have limited armor
penetration ability (lightly armored vehicles). More recently sniper rifles in 12.7 mm
(.50 cal) and above have proliferated to the point that any U.S. force is likely to encoun-
ter them in every combat environment. Within the past ten years another trend is to equip
armies with anti-materiel rifles (a.k.a. hand cannons) generally in 14.5 to 20 mm. Some
of these were designed not to destroy a vehicle but to neutralize a specific capability
mounted externally on the vehicle (see Croatias RT-20 below).

7.62 mm (.308 cal). The representative rifle in this caliber is the widely proliferated 7.62x54R
SVD (Russian and clones). It can penetrate lightly armored vehicles (10 mm @ 200 m).

12.7 mm (.50 cal) Sniper/anti-materiel rifles. These rifles are integral to any modern battlefield.
Although generally categorized as sniper rifles (and capable of being used against per-
sonnel), they are generally employed as anti-materiel rifles. The most widely proliferated
of these rifles, whether labelled as a sniper or anti-materiel rifle, is the U.S. Barrett
M82A1/M95 .50 cal semi-automatic rifle, followed by the Croatian MACS M2-1/M3
(12.7-mm bolt action), then the Russian V-94 (12.7-mm semi-auto). The Barrett M82A1
is employed by all U.S. military forces as well as 27 other countries including Belgium,
Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Por-
tugal, Saudi Arabia, and UK. The Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP) round fired
from the M82A1 can penetrate 19 mm (.75 in) of armor @ 1,500 m. It can also fire a
multi-purpose round (See M82A1 data sheet). Approximately 25 variants of 12.7-mm
sniper/anti-materiel rifles are available.

Larger-caliber Anti-materiel Rifles (14.5 to 20-mm). A trend during the past ten years has been
towards larger-caliber anti-materiel rifles. Although several are manufactured, the Croa-
tian RT20 20-mm hand cannon is the most prevalent (range 1,800 m). It can fire either
HE or API. The RT20 was developed primarily to penetrate the armored casing around
the thermal sight head on M84 tanks (a 20-mm round was the smallest caliber that could
penetrate the casing). During the war in the former Yugoslavia, M84s were frequently
deployed to detect Croatian infantry moving at night, so a method of removing their
night-vision capability was found with this RT20 hand cannon.

Other anti-materiel rifles readily available are:
South African NTW 20-mm (range 1,500 m)
NTW 14.5-mm (range 2,300 m)
Hungary Gepard M3 14.5-mm (range 1,000 m)
Austria Steyr IWS 2000 15.2-mm (range 1,000 m)

1-4.3

Sep 2001

1-4.4

Sep 2001

Russian 7.62-mm Sniper Rifle SVD ________________________________________

Ammunition
Types

7.62-mm cartridge
Light Ball
Heavy Ball
Sniper
Enhanced Penetration
AP-I
Tracer

Typical
Combat Load

40

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Dragunov

Description:
Weight (kg):
Length (mm):
Overall: 1,230
With Bayonet: 1,370
Barrel: 620
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 30
Operation: Gas
Feed: 10-rd detachable box magazine (15-rd available for the
SVD-S)
Fire Mode: Semi-automatic only

SIGHTS

Name: PSO-1
Type: Infrared detection capability for night firing
Magnification: 4x
Field of View (): 6

Night Sights Available: Yes. NSPU-3 . The NSPU-3 increases
accuracy to 1,000 m at night or during poor visibility.
Sighting Range (m): 1,300

VARIANTS

SVD-S: Folding stock, 15-rd magazine
SVU: Bullpup (trigger forward of magazine)
OTs-03AS: SVU w/PSO-1 sight.
6V1: SVD with PSO-1 sight.
6V1-N3: SVD with NSPU-3 night sight.

AMMUNITION

Name: Sniper (7N14)
Caliber/length: 7.62x54R-mm rimmed
Type: Steel core
Range (m):
Maximum: 3,800
With Scope: 1,300
Without Scope: 800

Name: 7N13
Type: Enhanced penetration
Range (m):
Sighting: 2,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA. (Effective against lightly armored
vehicles and crews.)
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): INA

Name: B-32
Type: AP-I
Range (m):
Sighting: 2,000
Armor Penetration: 10-mm @ 200 m

Name: T-46
Type: Tracer
Range of Trace (m): 1,200

NOTES
The bolt mechanism and gas recovery system of the SVD are similar to those of the AK and AKM. The 7.62x54-mm rimmed cartridge of the
SVD is not interchangeable with the 7.62x39-mm rimless round of the AK-47/AKM. The SVD performs best when using target grade ammuni-
tion, however standard (PKM/PKT) 7.62x54-mm rimmed rounds may also be fired. One squad in each OPFOR mechanized infantry platoon has
an SVD. The platoon leader and sniper normally ride in the first squad vehicle. While the sniper has received centralized training on the SVD he
also has an assault rifle (usually AKS-74U) for normal combat. His SVD is carried in the IFV/APC for those instances when he acts as a sniper.

1-4.5

Sep 2001

United States M82A1A .50-cal Anti-Materiel Rifle_____________________________

Ammunition
Types

.50-cal cartridge
Raufoss Grade A
Ball (M2/M33)
AP (M2)
AP-I (M8)
API-T (M20)
Tracer (M10/21)
SLAP (M903)
MP (MK211 Mod 0)

Typical
Combat Load

30

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: Early 1980s
Proliferation: Widespread (27+)

Description:
Weight (kg):
Length (mm):
Overall: 1,448
Barrel: 736
Operation: Recoil
Feed: 10-rd detachable box magazine
Fire Mode: Semi-automatic only

SIGHTS

Name: Unertl
Type: Optical (matches trajectory of .50-cal Raufoss Grade A)
Magnification: 10x

Name: Swarovski
Type: Optical (with ranging reticle)
Magnification: 10x42

Night Sights Available: yes

AMMUNITION

Name: Raufoss Grade A (match)(DODIC A606) (USMC)
Caliber/length: .50-cal BMG/12.7-mm x 99-m (NATO)
Type: Standard operating round
Range (m) (equipment-size targets):
Maximum (w/scope): 1,800

Name: MP NM140 (Nammo) MK211 Mod 0
Type: Multipurpose
Armor Penetration: 11 mm @45 @1,000 m
Fragmentation: 20 fragments after hitting 2 mm steel
Incendiary Effect: Ignition of JP4 and JP8
Accuracy: <15 cm @ 550 m

Name: AP-S NM173 (Nammo)
Type: Armor piercing
Armor Penetration: 11 mm @30 @1,500 m
Accuracy: <15 cm @ 550 m

Name: M903 (Olin)
Caliber/length: .50 cal BMG/12.7-mm x 99-m (NATO)
Type: Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP) (actual bullet is
tungsten .30 inch penetrator wrapped in a .50-cal plastic sabot)
Armor Penetration: 19 mm (.75 in) @1,500 m
Accuracy: INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 1,014

VARIANTS

Model 95: Bullpup bolt action, 5-round magazine

NOTES
The M82A1A provides maneuver commanders with the tactical option of employing snipers with an anti-materiel weapon to augment present
7.62-mm anti-personnel sniper rifles. Recoil equals 7.62x51-mm levels. The USMC uses Raufoss Grade A ammunition, but the rifle is capable
of firing any standard 12.7x99-mm Browning machinegun ammunition.

1-4.6

Sep 2001

Russian 7.62-mm General Purpose Machinegun PKM ________________________

Ammunition
Types

7.62-mm cartridge
Ball
Ball-tracer
Incendiary-ranging
API
API-T

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: (see VARIANTS)
Date of Introduction (PKM/PKT): 1971/1968

Description:
Weight (kg):
Empty (w/o magazine) (PKM/PKT) (kg): 8.4/10.66
Loaded (with magazine): Varies with magazine
Ammo box (only) with 100/200-rd belt (kg): 3.9/8.0
Tripod (lightweight) (kg): 4.75
Length (mm):
Overall (PKM/PKT): 1,160/1,080
On tripod (PKS): 1,267
Barrel: 658
Barrel Change: Yes
Mount Type: Pintle, coaxial, bipod or tripod (Stepanov)
Mounted On: (see VARIANTS)
Cyclic: 650
Practical: 250
Fire Mode: Automatic
Operation: Gas
Feed: Belt, 100-rd belt carried in a box fastened to the right side of the
receiver. 25-rd belts can be joined in several combination lengths
(100/200/250)

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Open iron sights
Sighting range (PKM/PKT) (m): 1,500/2,000
Magnification: None

VARIANTS

PKM: Squad machinegun
PKT: Tank-mounted coaxial, lacks stock, sights, bipod, has sole-
noid electric trigger, longer heavier barrel.
PKS: Lightweight tripod-mounted infantry weapon
PKMS: Lightweight tripod-mounted variant of the PKS
PKB (PKBM): Pintle-mounted on APCs, SP guns, BRDM, BTRs,
has butterfly trigger rather than solenoid, double space grips, and
front and rear sights

AMMUNITION

Name: INA
Caliber and Length: 7.62x54-mm rimmed
Type: Ball
Max Range (PKM/PKT) (m): 3,800/4,000
Practical Range (PKM/PKT) (m):
Day: 1,000/2,000
Night: 300/INA
Armor Penetration @ 0
o
obliquity @ 500 range (mm): 8
Muzzle Velocity (PKM/PKT) (m/s): 825/855

NOTES
The 7.62-mm general-purpose machinegun (PKM) is a gas-operated, belt-fed, sustained-fire weapon. The basic PKM is bipod-mounted but can
also fit in vehicle firing ports. It is constructed partly of stamped metal and partly of forged steel. Compared to the US M-60, the PK-series ma-
chineguns are easier to handle during firing, easier to care for, and lighter. The 7.62x54R is a more powerful cartridge than the US with a slightly
shorter effective range.

1-5

Sep 2001

Russian 12.7-mm Heavy Machinegun NSV/NSV-T ____________________________

Ammunition
Types

12.7-mm cartridge
API (B-32)
API-T (BZT-44)
HEI

Typical
Combat Load

300

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: NSVS (tripod-stand mounted), Utyos

Description:
Weight (kg):
Total System (w/6T7): 43
Empty: 25
Loaded: INA
Tripod (6T7 tripod): 16
Length (mm):
Overall: 1,560
On 6T7 Tripod: 1,900
Width (on 6T7 tripod) (mm): 860
Height (on 6T7 tripod) (mm): 380
Barrel Life (rds): 5,000
Barrel Change Time (sec): 5
Barrel Weight (kg): 9.2
Mount Type: 6T7 (infantry) tripod or 6U6 (w/seat) universal tripod
Mounted On: (see VARIANTS)
Traverse (): 360
Elevation (): -5 to +75
Cyclic: 680-800
Practical: 100
Fire Mode: Automatic; short bursts (four to six) or long bursts (10 to
15) or continuously
Operation: Gas
Feed: Left or right from metal link belt from 50-rd boxes

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Metallic sights, (tangent leaf rear and folding front post)
Sight Range (m): 2,000
Name: 10P50 Optical
Type: Day optical sight
Magnification: 3-6x
Name: 1PN52-1
Type: Night sight
Magnification: 5.3x
Name: 10P80 (used w/ 6U6 mount)
Type: AA collimating sight (aircraft speed to 300 km/h)
Name: 10P81 (used w/ 6U6 mount)
Type: Ground target sight
Name: K10-T (on NSVT for T-72/T-80)
Type: Reflex AA sight

VARIANTS

NSVT: Tank-mounted, (see NOTES)

AMMUNITION
Name: B-32
Caliber and Length: 12.7x108-mm
Type: Armor Piercing Incendiary
Max Range (ground) (m): 7,850
Effective Range (m):
AA: 1,000
Ground: 2,000
Armor: 800
Night (w/1PN52-1): 1,000
Armor Penetration @ 0
o
obliquity @ 500/1,000m range (mm):
20/13.2

NOTES
A tripod-mount (6T7) version is available for infantry use in a ground role. However, the NSVT appears more commonly mounted on the turrets
of tanks as an antiaircraft machinegun. On the T-72 and the T-80, it has a rotating mount and can be fired from within the tank. The tank com-
mander employs the K10-T reflex sight to engage aircraft. On the T-72/T-80 mount he engages ground targets with metallic sights on the gun
itself. The T-64 tank mounts a modified version with a fixed mount on the commanders cupola. It fires by means of an electrical solenoid when
the tank is buttoned up. An optic serves this purpose. Instead of the normal 50-round ammunition belt container, the NSVT on the T-64 may use
a larger belt container holding 200 rounds.

1-6

Sep 2001

Russian 30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher AGS-17________________________

Ammunition
Types

30-mm grenade
Frag-HE

Typical
Combat Load
(Dismounted)

87

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Plamya (Flame)
Proliferation: At least 12 countries

Description:
Crew: 3 (see NOTES)
Weight (kg):
Empty (without magazine): 30.71
Launcher: 17.86
Sight: .99
Tripod: 11.86
Magazine (loaded): 14.34
Length (m): 1.28
Height (m): INA
Width (m): INA
Tripod Name: SAG-17
Mounts: Tripod, vehicle, or helicopter
Traverse (): 30 total
Elevation (): +7 to +87
Service Life of Barrel (rds): 6,000
Barrel Change Time: Quick disconnect
Practical: 60-100
Cyclic: 100-400 Adjustable with a thumb safety. May be fired
single shot or in short (< 5 rds) or long (6-10 rds) bursts.
Operation: Blowback
Feed: Drum magazine containing 29 round belt.
Fire Mode: Selective, automatic and semi-automatic
Loader Type: Manual

SIGHTS

Name: PAG-17
Type: Illuminated day optical sight
Magnification: 2.7x
Location: Left rear of launcher

VARIANTS

AG-17: Vehicle mounted.
AG-17A: Helicopter mounted, electric trigger, rate of fire increased
to 420-500 rd/min, 300 rd belt.
TKB-722K AGL: Lighter version and possibly the follow-on to the
AGS-17, shoots the same ammunition as the AGS-17

AMMUNITION

Name: VOG-17A, VOG-17M (self-destruct)
Caliber/length: 30x132.8-mm
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m)
Direct Fire Range (m): 700
Effective (m): 1,200
Min Range (m): 50
Max Indirect Range (m): 1,730
Armor Penetration: Lightly armored vehicles.
Accuracy @ 400 m:
Distance: 4.3 m
Deflection: .2 m
Casualty Radius (m): 15 (90% at 7 m)
Complete Round Weight (grams): 350
Grenade Weight (grams): 280
Warhead Explosive Weight (grams): 36
Fuze Type: Impact, activates after 25 spins.

NOTES
The AGS-17 provides the infantry with an area suppressive capability. One AGL can create a damage zone 15 meters wide. The fire from an
AGL platoon covers a sector approximately 90 m across. Although primarily intended for use against personnel, it has a limited capability to
engage lightly armored vehicles. The crew consists of a gunner and two riflemen-assistant gunners, and may have an additional ammunition
bearer. For ground transport the AGS-17 breaks down into four parts: launcher, sight, tripod, and magazine. When dismounted the gunner car-
ries the sight and launcher, the first assistant carries the tripod and a magazine, and the second assistant carries two additional magazines. It is
very accurate in the semiautomatic mode and is quite effective in area coverage in the automatic mode. The 50-meter increments in the range
table atop the receiver indicate accuracy against point targets. The AGS-17 is normally organized in a platoon consisting of 6 launchers, carried
in pairs in three armored vehicles (they can also be carried in trucks, or by individuals). The AGS-17 is capable of mounting night vision sights.

1-7

Sep 2001

Russian 40-mm Under-Barrel Grenade Launcher GP-30_______________________

Ammunition
Types

40-mm grenade
Frag-HE (impact)
Frag-HE (bounding)
Smoke

Typical
Combat Load

10

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: BG-15 Mukha; GP-25 Koster, GP-30 Obu-
vka


Description:
Weight (kg):
Loaded: 1.79
Empty: 1.5
Length (mm):
Overall: 323
Barrel: 205
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4-5
Operation: N/A
Feed: Muzzle-loaded
Fire Mode: Single-shot
Accuracy @ 400 m:
Distance: 6.7 m
Deflection: 3 m
Components: Barrel (w/ mounting bracket and sight),
trigger assembly

SIGHTS

Name: N/A
Type: Front post and rear open U-notched
Location: Left side of mounting bracket
Sighting Range (m): Graduated out to 400

VARIANTS

BG-15, GP-25: (see NOTES)

AMMUNITION

Name: VOG-25
Caliber/length: 40x102-mm
Type: Frag-HE with impact fuze
Weight (kg):
Round: .250
Exposive: .048
Range (m):
Maximum: 400
Minimum: 1040 (arms itself)
Casualty Radius (m): 6; (90% @ 10)
Self-destruct Time (sec): 1419

Name: VOG-25P
Type: Bounding Frag-HE, explodes .5 to 1.5 m from impact
Weight (kg):
Round: .278
Exposive: .037
Range (m):
Maximum: 400
Minimum: 10 40 (arms itself)
Casualty Radius (m): 6; 90% @ 10
Self-destruct Time (sec): 14 19

Name: GRD-40
Type: Smoke
Effective Against: Visual and infrared
Weight (g): 260
Smoke Screening Range (m): 50, 100, 200
Smoke Screen Dispersion (m):
1 sec........... 10x10x10
2 sec........... 20x20x20
3 sec........... 25x25x25
Smoke Screen Duration @ wind speed of 3-5 m/s: At least 60 sec
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 70-75

NOTES
The GP-30 Obuvka

is a widely proliferated, muzzle-loaded, single-shot, detachable, under-barrel grenade launcher. The BG-15, GP-25 and the
GP-30 are all basically the same weapon. Variants can be mounted on all models of Kalashnikov assault rifles. The rifleman can fire the
launcher only when the complete weapon is attached to the assault rifle.

1-8

Sep 2001

Chinese 35-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher W-87 __________________________

Ammunition Types

35-mm grenades
Frag-HE
HEAT

Typical
Combat Load

At least 12

SYSTEM
Date of Introduction: Prior to 1988
Proliferation: At least one
Description:
Weight (kg):
Empty (without magazine): 12
Tripod: 8
Mounts: Bipod (attached) or Tripod
Operation: Blowback
Feed: 6, 9-rd box, 12-rd drum
Fire Mode: Semi or Automatic
Loader Type: Manual
Recoil: Similar to .50 cal rifle

PERFORMANCE
Range (m)
Direct Fire Range: INA
Effective: 600
Max Range: 1,500

AMMUNITION
Name: INA
Caliber/length: 35-mm
Type: Frag-HE
Grenade Fill: HE and 400 3-mm steel balls
Armor Penetration: Penetrates body armor
Lethal Radius (m): 10
Complete Round Weight (grams): 270

Name: INA
Caliber/length: 35-mm
Type: HEAT
Armor Penetration: 80 mm @ 600 m
Lethal Radius (m): 5
Complete Projectile Weight (grams): 270

SIGHTS
Type: Optical

NOTES
The W-87 is significant in that it weighs a little more than a medium 7.62-mm GP MG (PKM 18.5 lbs/U.S. M60 MG 32 lbs). It is smaller and
lighter than the AGS-17 but still provides the infantryman with the ability to destroy lightly armored vehicles at 2 to 3 times the range of the
majority of infantry light AT systems. Ten 35-mm W-87 rounds weigh less than 100 linked 7.62 rounds. The 35-mm rounds are probably more
effective against point targets at medium to long ranges than ball 7.62-mm.

1-8.1

Sep 2001

1-8.2

Sep 2001

Infantry Weapon Night Vision Systems

In the past, most military forces reacted to darkness by: (1) reducing combat activities during the period, and (2) using cover
of darkness to carry out clandestine activities. A selected number of forces, however, learned to exploit the cover of darkness to exe-
cute combat missions. For close combat at night, the most common solution for that vulnerability has been to illuminate the battle-
field ("turn night into day"). Illumination technologies include pyrotechnics (flares, white phosphorus rounds, set fires, etc.). Of
course, non-military illumination sources, including moonlight, civilian illumination, etc. can be used. Night vision technologies with
military applications are: (1) Lights operating in the visual light band, such as vehicle headlights and spotlights. (2) Spotlights and
sensors in the the infrared (IR) band (3) Spotlights and sensors which use other bands of the light spectrum. Other sensors for day and
night use include infrared laser and radio-frequency radars. A critical vulnerability associated with all of these systems is that they are
active systems and emit energy which can be detected, targeted, and engaged with weapons. Some sensors (such as passive sights and
some radars) can use energy from other emitters; but they are subject to limitations on range and availability of emitters. They can
supplement night vision systems; but they would still permit the majority of the operational area to be concealed in darkness. With
the limitations of illumination systems, they concede to the enemy cover of night for widespread clandestine activities.

The need for equipment for commercial and military markets has generated a technology explosion in the night vision field.
With these night vision instruments, goggles, and weapon sights in recent decades, higher tier countries were able to "own the night",
and execute operations with a clear advantage which often led to decisive battlefield success. Cost and budget considerations ex-
cluded many military forces from effective access to these technologies. Most forces worldwide accept the limitations incrementally
upgraded night systems (which may technically inferior to most sights in the US and other western countries). However, that separa-
tion has narrowed. In most areas of the world today, no one force owns the night.

The wide availability of night vision systems and the general consensus for their use in the civilian sector has driven down cost
for some technologies and led to proliferation of new technologies. These technologies generally consist of electro-optic (EO) passive
systems using the infrared light band. The most numerous type of EO sensors is sights (which combine EO processing with viewing
optics); and most sights worldwide employ image intensifier (II) systems. Image intensifiers use ambient light in a portion of the near
IR band (0.7-0.9) and intensify the image in a microchannel plate or photocathode tube. Most Russian armored vehicle sights are
II/IR sights; thus, an II sight can be used in conjunction with an IR searchlight. The sights may be operated passively without the
searchlight, with a corresponding range reduction. In the past, many forces used active infrared much of the time, and sensors in the
passive mode only part of the time. The current trend is to reduce force vulnerability by eliminating active light sources and to reduce
reliance on ambient light sources for II, through widespread use of improved II and thermal sights. Technology improvements in the
II field are categorized into generations, now up to 4th generation. Improvements in range, resolution, resistence to blooming from
bright light, and weight reductions will continue to make II a competitive night vision option.
1-8.3

Sep 2001

With the microcircuit revolution, there has been a corresponding revolution in imaging systems technologies. An immediate
product is charged-coupled device (CCD) TV cameras, which operate in both visual and near-IR bands (0.4-0.9) for day TV and low
light (dusk and dawn) applications. Another resultant technology is thermal imaging. A thermal imaging system uses a camera which
converts a heat (temperature differential) image to a digital electronic signal, then converts the signal back to a display circuit. With a
sight system, the signal is sent to a microchannel plate for viewing. For more sophisticated applications, the signal can be converted
for transmission over cable to a monitor or to a computer and processed for further exploitation. The signal can also be sent as a TV
signal as an RF signal over digital communications nets. Thermal imaging systems (TIS) have seen a variety of technology improve-
ments. Within the 1st generation of thermal imagers (also called Forward Looking Infrared - FLIR), there is a variety of improve-
ments in camera design, processing technologies, application, and display system technologies. Thus, increased capabilities in range,
resolution, weight reduction, variety of applications, and operating time (given coolant requirement) can be noted. A recent develop-
ment is uncooled thermal sensors. Currently, 2nd generation TIS with further improvements in these areas are being fielded. How-
ever, due to limited infantry weapons ranges and cost factors, the most numerous military sensors will continue to be II sights.

The following are examples of night sight capabilities for portrayal of the listed OPFOR equipment. Given the wide variety of
military and commercial systems which can be used, night vision device capabilities vary widely from older 1 gen II sights to thermal
and CCD systems. Although some hand-held and tripod-mounted systems are used, the most proliferated and highest priority sys-
tems are weapon sights. The below table provides data for OPFOR applications, reflecting a mix of older and newer night vision sys-
tems.

Night Vision Capabilities for OPFOR Infantry TOE Weapons

Weapon Lowest Unit Level Description Range vehicle (m) Range Man (m) Ref Comments
GP-30 Grenade Launcher Squad 3 gen II 300-500 300 Mounts on AK-74
Carl Gustaf Recoilless Rifle Squad 2 gen II LRF sight 1,000 500+ Ballistic computer sight
RPK-74 Light MG Squad 4 gen II 1,500 600 Compact and lightweight
BTR-80A APC Squad 1 gen II 800 <800 Upgrade sight available
SVD Sniper Rifle Platoon 4 gen II 1,500 600 Compact weapons sight
RPG-29 AT Grenade Launcher Platoon Wpn Sqd 2 gen II LRF sight 1,000 500+ Ballistic computer sight
PKM General Purpose MG Platoon Wpn Sqd 2 gen II 1,500 600 Wide variety available
Eryx ATGM Launcher Platoon Wpn Sqd Thermal 600+ <600 ATGM range capability
W-87 Automatic Grenade Launcher Platoon Wpn Sqd Thermal hand-held
4 gen II on W-87
2,000 700+ Thermal can adjust fires and
observe for the platoon
Metis-2 ATGM Launcher Company AT Thermal 3,200 >1,000 1st generation thermal
SA-18/GROUSE MANPADS Company II gen 2 Against aircraft 4500 m
Kornet ATGM Launcher Battalion AT Thermal 4,000+ >1,500 1st generation thermal
AT-5b/Konkurs-M ATGM Battalion AT Thermal 3,600 >1,500 Can fit on other launchers.
* Ranges are based on sensor capabilities (and reflect standard range criteria for: detection, classification, recognition or identification). These are capabilities
of
representive marketed foreign sensors fielded on systems or available for OPFOR systems upgrades.

1-8.4

Sep 2001

Selected Infantry Weapons

Automatic Grenade Launchers (AGLs)

Name

Producing
Country
/ Number
of Users
Crew/
Combat Load
Total Weight (kg)
Munition
Nomenclature
(Diameter and Type)
Munition Capabilities:
Range (m)/
Effectiveness (mm)
(HEAT armor penetration)
Sights
Day/night

Comments
W-87
35-mm
China 1
12 or more
12.0 (empty)
HEAT
Frag-HE
600m/80mm D: optical
N: see comment
Shoulder-fired with bipod, pintel or tripod
mount Thermal hand-held or II sights are used
to adjust fire.
QLZ-87
35-mm
China 1
15 or more

HEAT
Frag-HE
600m/80mm D: optical
N: see comment
Shoulder-fired with bipod, pintel or tripod
mount Thermal hand-held or II sights are used
to adjust fire.
RAG-30
30-mm
Slovak Rep
(development)
1
15 or more
11 empty
13.2 full
VOG-30 (Frag-HE)
VOG-17M (Frag-HE self-
destruct)
1,200m/AP and soft targets
casualty radius 15 m
=90% @ 7 m)
D: iron
N: INA
Shoulder-fired with bipod
AGS-30
30-mm
(aka TKB-722K)
Russia
+12
2
90
16.55 less ammo &
sight (includes tri-
pod)
VOG-30 (Frag-HE)
VOG-17M (Frag-HE self-
destruct)
1,200m/AP and light armored
vehicles
casualty radius 15 m
=90% @ 7 m)
D: PAG-17 (2.7x)
N: yes
The AGS-30 is a lightweight variant of the
AGS-17. Tripod= 6 kg, Mag (30 rd)=13.7 kg
Tripod or pintel mount
MK19
40-mm

US
widespread
2
48 rd ammo can
gun (35kg)
tripod (22kg)
HE
HE DP
Buckshot
(HEAT made by Pakistan)
1,500m/55mm
max 2,400m
D: open
N: yes (AN/TVS-5)
The fire control systems for the Striker and the
CIS-40 AGL
Striker
40-mm
(aka CG40)
Sweden
widespread
2
gun (17.5kg)

Same as MK19
ABM (airburst)
1,500m D: optical (8x)
N: yes (Gen III II)
Integrated fire control with LRF, day/night
sight, with video imaging, ballistic computer.

Computer-controlled fire control system manu-
factured by Saco and Bofors/Carl Gus-
tav/CDC.

ABM = Air bursting munitions
CIS-40 AGL
40-mm
Singapore

2
lighter than Mk 19
Same as MK19
ABM
1,500m D: optical
N: yes
Integrated fire control with LRF, day/night
sight, balistic computer.
The ABMS (ABM System made by Singapore
Technologies Kinetics -STK) can be retrofitted
to any new and current 40mm systems includ-
ing US MK 19.

Sep 2001

1-8.5

Sep 2001

Antitank Grenade Launchers (ATRLs)

Name

Producing
Country
/ Number
of Users
Crew/
Combat Load
Total Weight (kg)
Munition
Nomenclature
(Diameter and Type)
Range (m)/
Effectiveness (mm)
Sights
Day/night

Comments
RPG-7V
40-mm
Russia
+40
Variants
+7
2
5
7.9 (Empty)
PG-7VL (93mm HEAT)
PG-7VR (105mm TandemHEAT)
OG-7VM (Frag-HE)

TBG-7V (105mm Thermobaric)
300m/600mm
200m/750+ includes ERA
1000m/rein concrete:+1,500,
Log/dirt: +1,000
200m/INA
D: PGO-7
N: NSP-3, NSP-2 (IR),
NSPU, PGN-1 (II),
1PN58 (II), others.
In addition to AT role, can be used against
personnel and for bunkerbusting and as a
side-attack mine system (See Note 2). Other
countries have developed rounds for RPG-7V.
For TBG-7V see Thermobaric/Bunkerbusters.
Panzerfaust-3
60-mm tube
Panzerfaust 3-T
(with 3-T grenade)

(Systems aka Pzf-3
or Pzf-3T)

Fire Salamander
German
+8
1
INA
12
3-T (110mmTandem HEAT)
PZF3 (110 HEAT-original rd)
Other munitions include:
HEAT-125, HEAT-90, HESH,
MZ-110 (Multipurpose-Frag),
Illumination, IR Smoke, and
Smoke. For BASTEG, see
BUNKERBUSTERS.
500m/700+mm
500m/500mm

D: optical.
The 3-T uses Simrad
IS200 laser
N: yes. IR goggles.
The 3-T uses Simrad
KN205F II night sight
Tube is disposablethe firing post & sight are
reusable. System can fire from enclosures.
Add 3-T & LRF to convert toPanzerfaust 3-T
600. In addition to AT role, Pzf-3 can be used
for AP, bunkerbusting and as a side-attack
mine system (See Note 2). Advanced -tripod
mount with a SIRA sensor package uses
acoustic detection and IR sensor triggering.
Fire Salamander is a 4 x Pzf-3 launcher
mount on a tripod with remote controlled TV
camera, and sensors for auto-launch.
Panzerfaust 3-T 600
60-mm
Pzf 3-IT600
Pzf-3-LR / RS PZF 3
1
INA
12+sight
(+ laser unit for Pzf-
3-LR)
3-T (110mmTandem HEAT)
Other munitions as noted above.
Pzf-N (Tandem HEAT)
IT600 (Tandem HEAT)
Pzf-3-LR (Tandem SAL-H)
600m/700+mm

600m/700+mm, Netherlands
600m/900+mm
800m/700+mm
D: Simrad IS200 laser
rangefinder sight.
N: yes. Simrad KN205F
II night sight

Same as above.
System w/ IT600 grenade is Pzf 3-IT600.
The Pzf 3-LR is a developmental semi-active
laser homing (SAL-H) system. It requires a
CO
2
laser guidance unit and SAL-H grenade.
Carl Gustaf M2/M3
Recoilless Gun
84-mm in-bore round
Sweden
+20
1, 2 if ammo bearer
INA
M2:14.2
M3: 8.5
FFV 551 (HEAT)
FFV 751 (Tandem HEAT)
FFV 502 (DP-HEAT/HE)
FFV 441B (HE)
Smoke and illumination
700m/400mm
500m/500+mm
1000m AP-500m AT/150+mm
1100m/INA

D: optical 3x
Option is CLASS LRF
computerized sight.
N: May be used with
gen 3 II sight, such as
CLASS night channel.
Weapon uses a round with a rocket-propelled
grenade, for shorter flight time and better hit
probability. In addition to AT role, it can be
used against personnel, for smoke/illum sup-
port, and for bunker busting.
The M3 is a lightweight variant of the M2.
Type 69-1
40-mm tube
(similar to RPG-7V)
Chinese
widespread
2
5
5.6
Type 84 (85mm HEAT)
HE/HEAT (HEAT/Frag-HE)

AP (See comments)
HE-Incendiary (76mm)
Illumination (75mm)
Can fire all RPG-7 ammunition.
350m/180mm at 65
1,800m AP/20m lethal radius
300m AT/150mm at 60
1,500m/15m lethal radius
1,500m/15m lethal radius
600m or 1,500m/35 seconds
D: optical
N: yes, II and IR.
See Note 2. The AP is an airburst grenade. It
strikes the ground and bounds up to explode.
*OPFOR could mix Chinese, Russian, and
Bulgarian rounds, as well as well as commer-
cial ammunition for these systems marketed
by western firms. The G-Law SAL-H guided
grenade can be fired from this system.
RPG-29
105-mm in-bore grenade
Russia
+15
2
INA
11.5
PG-29V (Tandem HEAT)

500 or 800m/750+mm
/reinforced cocrete1,500+mm
Log/dirt 3,700+mm
D: optical
N: avail
A tripod variant has an optical sight, laser
rangefinder, and ballistic data computer-
increase the range to 800m against stationary
target. Launch tube folds in half. See Note 2.
RPG-2
40-mm
Russia
widespread
1, 2 if ammo bearer
5/2.8 (empty)
PG-2 (80-mm HEAT) 100m/180mm

D: folding leaf
N: yes, NSP-2 IR

SMAW
83-mm
US
(USMC)
1
INA/7.6
HEDP
HEAA (antitank)
500, 250 for1x2m target
500, 250 for1x2m target
D: optical
N: yes, AN/PVS-4
SMAW (Shoulder-launched Multipurpose
Assault Weapon).
NOTES: 1. All weapons can be shoulder fired, as well as other mounts as noted in comments.
2. Generally, the systems can be employed as a side-attack (off-route) mine, with a break wire. Selected systems can be fitted with a multi-sensor unit for conversion into a sensor-fuzed mine.
3. There is no counterpart U.S. system.
1-8.6

Sep 2001

Antitank Rocket Launchers ( ATRLs - Disposable)

Name

Producing
Country
/Number
of Users
Crew
Combat Load
Total Weight
(kg)
Munition
Nomenclature
(Diameter and Type)
Range (m)/
Effectiveness (mm)
Sights
Day/night

Comments
RPG-18
64-mm
Russia
+15
All have a crew of 1
w/single launchers
2.7
HEAT 200m/Armor: 375

D: Iron
N: No
RPG-18, 22, & 26 are copies of the US M72
LAW. Also penetrates reinforced concrete:
500, brick: 1,000
RPG-22
72-mm
Russia
+15
2.8 HEAT 250/ Armor: 390

D: Iron
N: No
Improved (range) version of the RPG-18
(LAW). Also rein concrete: 1,000
brick: 1,200
RPG-26
72.5-mm
Russia
+ 15
2.9 HEAT 250/ armor: 400

D: Iron
N: No
Improved RPG-22 Also rein concrete: 1,000
brick: 1,500 log & earth: 2,400
RPG-27
105-mm
Russia
+15
8 Tandem HEAT 200/ armor: 750

D: Iron
N: No
Disposable version of RPG-29. Also rein
concrete & brick : 1,500 log & earth: 3,700
RPG-75
68-mm
former Czech
+13
HEAT
HEDP
300/ 300
300/300
D: Iron
N: No
Similar to US M-72 LAW
M-72 LAW
66-mm
US widespread HEAT 300/300 D: Peep
N: Yes, AN/PVS-4

AT-4
(US M136)
84-mm
Sweden
+7
6 AT4 HEAT (HEAT)
LMAW (HEDP)
AT4 (CS Confined Space)
AT4E2 HP-T (High Penetration)
330/420
330/150
330/INA
330/600+
D: popup
N: yes, INA
LMAW = Light Multipurpose Assault Weapon
Grenade is similar to Carl Gustaf FFV 502.
AT4 CS can be fired from confined space.

Armbrust
67-mm
German
+7
6.3 HEAT 400/300 D: reflex
N: no
Low signature and IR detectability. Does not
emit smoke or flash, and no flash can be seen
from the rear. Quieter than a pistol shot.
Only .8 m clearance is required to fire.
Armbrust can be fired from confined space.
APILAS
112-mm
France
+15
9 HEAT 330/720
rein concrete: 2,000
D: optical 3x
N: yes,
(nonexpendable) INA
APILAS-APA mounts on a tripod with break-
wire sensor. Can also be used on a tripod with
the AJAX sensor package. (see Notes)
C-90-C (M3)
90-mm
Spain
+3
3.9 HEAT
Smoke
Incendiary
HE Frag
400/400 D: optical
N: yes
Four variants: C-90-CR-RB (M3) = AT
C-90-CR-AM (M3) = (DP+ AT & AP)
C-90-CR-FIM (M3) = Smoke, incendiary
C-90-CR-BK (M3) = Anti-bunker
RBR M80
64-mm
Former Yugo
+3
3 HEAT 250/300 D: Iron
N: INA
Very similar to US M72 LAW
AT-12-T /
120-mm
Sweden
1
14 Tandem HEAT

300/900 D: popup
N: no

RBR HORNET
120-mm
Former Yugo
+2
10 HEAT 400/700-800

D: optical
N: INA
A reuseable Hornet-S launcher (which
launches this grenade) was in development.
RBR M90
120-mm
Former Yugo
+2
10 HEAT 250/800+

D: optical
N: INA

NOTES: 1. Single disposable ATRLs are issued (to crew of one), as rounds of ammunition. Users are assigned the mission in addition to other duties, to supplement AT fires.
2. All disposable ATRLs can be shoulder fired, as well as other mounts as noted in comments.
3. Generally, the systems can be employed as a side-attack (off-route) mine, with a break wire. Selected systems can be fitted with a multi-sensor unit for conversion into a sensor-fuzed mine.
The AJAX advanced side-attack mine sensor uses acoustic sensors to identify targets and to turn on the IR sensor. When in view of the IR sensor the rocket is fired, destroying the target.

1-8.7

Sep 2001

Thermobaric, Flame, and Smoke Weapons

Name

Producing
Country
/ Number
of Users
Crew/
Combat Load
Total Weight (kg)
Munition
Nomenclature
(Diameter and Type)
Range (m)/
Effectiveness (mm)
Sights
Day/night

Comments
TBG-7V
(Grenade on RPG-7V)
See RPG-7V
3
See RPG-7V
4.5 kg
TBG-7V (105-mm HE)
See Thermobaric above
200m/2 m radius
200m/AT against light armor
See RPG-7V The demolitions effect of the TBG-7V equates
to that of a 122-mm HE artillery round.
RPO
Flame Launcher
Russia
+15
1
2 per pack
22 for a pack
RPO (Napalm-type Pyrogel) 190m/10-40m path
3-4m wide
Post sight Being replaced by RPO-A/Z/D
Pack=launcher & 2 rds
RPO-A
Thermobaric Launcher
(Disposable)
Russia
+15
1
2 per package
11
RPO-A (Thermobaric)
(encapsulated)
600m/50m lethal radius
Post sight OPO-1 LMAW (Light Multipurpose Assault Weapon)
Can be fired from enclosures.

RPO-Z
Flame Launcher
(Disposable)
Russia
+15
1
2 per package
11
RPO-Z (Incendiary) Post sight OPO-1 Can be fired from enclosures.
RPO-D
Smoke Launcher
(Disposable)
Russia
+15
1
2 per package
11
RPO-D (Red Phosphurus)
(encapsulated)

200m/2 m radius

Post sight OPO-1 Can be fired from enclosures.
Smoke screen 55 to 90 m long for 3 to 5 min.
Effective against visual & IR.
NOTES: 1. Disposable ATRLs are issued as rounds of ammunition. Users are assigned the mission in addition to other duties to supplement fires.
2. All grenades have some incendiary and smoke effects. Thermobaric grenades are sometimes classed within the category HE. They have flame effects, and have demolition effects as noted
below.
3. Note other thermobaric, flame and smoke grenades under ATRL listings.

Multi-Purpose and Bunker Buster Weapons

Name

Producing
Country
/ Number
of Users
Crew/
Combat Load
Total Weight (kg)
Munition
Nomenclature
(Diameter and Type)
Range (m)/
Effectiveness (mm)
Sights
Day/night

Comments
SMAW HEPD 83-mm
US HEDP 500, 250 for1x2m target See ATRLs
AT8 Bunker Buster
84-mm Disposable
Sweden/US 1
INA-issued as round
7.2
AT8 (HEDP Multi-purpose) 250m/1-m hole in LAV
/260+mm in concrete
D: Pop-up sight Designed to fit in AT-4 launcher. Grenade is
same as for SMAW.
C90-CR-BK (M3)
90-mm
Spain 1
INA
Fire: 5.1 Trans: 5.4
Tandem HE 350m/70mm
/600mm brick wall
/300+mm concrete reinforced
D: optical
N: yes
Precursor shaped charge for punching a hole
and follow-though HE grenade explodes(400
fragments) inside the bunker.
RPO-A
TBG-7V
(Grenade on RPG-7V)
See RPG-7V
3

4.5 kg
TBG-7V (105-mm HE)
200m/2 m radius
The demolitions effect of the TBG-7V equates
to that of a 122-mm HE artillery round.
BASTEG
(Grenade on Pzf-3, 3-T,
3-T600, 3-IT600) 60-
mm
See Pzf-3 BASTEG (HEMPHigh Explo-
sive Multipurpose, Tandem
110-mm HEAT/47-mm HE)
/15mm armor at 45
/AP fragmentation
BASTEG is Barricade & Street Encounter
Grenade. Other penetrations: 920 mm sand-
bag, 256 mm concrete
NOTES: 1. Disposable weapons are issued as rounds of ammunition. Users are assigned the mission in addition to other duties to supplement fires, or to create a breach.
2. All shaped charge grenades have some penetration effect for bunker-busting and against structures.
3. All high-explosive (HE) warheads have some demolition effects against structures. Thermobaric grenades have superior demolition effects against bunkers and structures, as well as personnel
inside.

Sep 2001

1-8.8

Sep 2001

Russian 73-mm Recoilless Gun SPG-9 _____________________________________

Ammunition
Types

73-mm recoilless gun
RA HEAT
RA HE

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 3
Caliber (mm): 73
Weight (kg):
Firing Position: 47.5
Travel Position: 47.5
Tripod: 12
Length (travel) (m): 2.11
Width (travel) (m): .99
Height (travel) (m): .80
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: Interrupted screw
Feed: Breech load
Traverse (): 30 total
Emplacement/displacement time (min): 1
Fire From Inside Building: No

SIGHTS

Name: PGO-9
Type: Optical and iron
Magnification: Optical 4x, 10 field of view
Location: Left side
Night Sights Available: IR and passive night, PGN-9

VARIANTS

SPG-9D: Airborne version with detachable wheels

AMMUNITION

Range (m):
Maximum Effective:
HEAT: 1,000
HE: 1,300
Minimum: INA
Armor Penetration (mm) @ 1,000 m: 400 (HEAT any range)
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Length (mm): 1,000
Complete Round Weight (kg):
Rocket-Assisted HEAT: 3.5
Rocket-Assisted HE: 4
Max Velocity w/rocket assist (m/s): 700

NOTES
The SPG-9 is a recoilless, smooth-bore, single-shot antitank weapon that fires both antiarmor and antipersonnel ammunition. Several generations
of night vision equipment are available for the SPG-9. It is manportable, but a truck or APC normally carries it. It must be dismounted and
placed on its tripod for firing.

1-9

7 Nov 2000

Swedish 84-mm Recoilless Rifle Carl Gustaf M2 _____________________________

Ammunition
Types

84-mm round
HEAT (tandem)
HEDP
HEAT
HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Date of Introduction: INA
Description:
Crew: 1 or 2 (see NOTES)
Caliber (mm): 84
Weight (kg):
Mount: .8
M2: 14.2
M3: 8.5
Length (mm): 1,065
Rifling: 24 lands/progressive twist
Breech Mechanism Type: Hinged
Fire From Inside Building: INA

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Iron and telescoped
Magnification: 3x
Location: Left side
Weight (kg): 1
Used With Range Finders: Yes, laser
Night Sights Available: May be used with Generation III Image
Intensification Systems.

VARIANTS
M3: Lightweight version of the M2

AMMUNITION

Name: FFV 751
Type: HEAT (tandem )
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Moving: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): +500
Weight (kg): 4

Name: FFV 502
Type: HEDP (with dual mode fuze)
Range (m):
Effective (personnel in open): 1,000
Effective (stationary): 500
Moving: 300
Arming Range: 15-40
Penetration:
Armor (mm): +150
Weight (kg): 3.3

Name: FFV 551
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 700
Arming Range: 5-15
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 400
Weight (kg): 3.2

Name: FFV 441B
Type: HE
Range (m):
Effective (unprotected troops, soft-skinned vehicles): 1,100
Arming Range: 20-70
Weight (kg): 3.1
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): 240

Name: FFV 469B
Type: Smoke
Range (m):
Effective: Up to 1,300
Weight (kg): 3.1

Name: FFV 545
Type: Illumination
Range (m):
Practical: 300-2,100
Burning Time (sec): 30
Illuminated Area, dia: 400-500
Candle Power: 650,000 cd
Weight (kg): 3.1

NOTES
The 84-mm Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle is a one-man portable, direct-fire, single-shot, breech-loading weapon. Several versions of the Carl Gustaf
are produced outside Sweden; however, the ammunition is interchangeable among the variants. While the weapon can be operated by one person
it is better to have twoone to fire the gun, and the other to carry and load the ammunition. In addition to its antitank role, the weapon can be
used as part of an illumination plan, to provide smoke, or for bunker busting.

1-10

Sep 2001

United States 90-mm Recoilless Rifle M67 __________________________________

Ammunition
Types

HE
HEAT
APERS

Target Practice

Typical
Combat Load

7

SYSTEM

Description:
Crew: 3 (see Note)
Caliber (mm): 90
Weight (empty) (kg): 16.4
Length (mm): 1.35
Height (ground-mounted) (mm): 432
Mount: Rear bipod and forward monopod

Feed: Manual
Maximum: 1 each 6 seconds, not to exceed 5 rounds
Sustained: 1

SIGHTS

Name: M103
Type: Optical, (graduated in 50 m intervals up to 400 m, every
100 m up to 800 m)
Magnification: x3
Field of View (): 10
Location: Left center

VARIANTS (INA)

AMMUNITION

Name: INA

Type: HE
Range (m):
Effective: 400
Weight (kg): INA

Name: M371E1
Type: HEAT

Range (m):
Aimed: 800
Effective: 420
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 350
Weight (kg): 4.2
Fuze: Point Detonating

Name: XM590E1

Type: APERS Canister (antipersonnel)
Fill: 2,400 eight-grain flechettes
Range (m):
Effective: 200
Weight (kg): 3.08

Name: XM590E1

Type: Target Practice
Range (m): Ballistically identical to the HEAT M371E1
Weight (kg): 3.08

NOTES
The M67 90-mm recoilless rifle is a lightweight, portable, direct-fire only, crew-served antitank weapon. It is designed to be fired primarily from
the ground using the bipod and monopod, but it may be fired from the shoulder. It is an air-cooled, breech-loaded, single-shot rifle that fires fixed
ammunition. Although intended primarily for use as an antitank weapon, the M67 can be used against secondary targets such as gun emplace-
ments and bunkers. It is also very effective in an anti-personnel role. Although no longer produced in the US, the M67 is still in production by
South Korea.

The crew consists of a gunner, assistant gunner, and ammo bearer. The M67 can be operated with a crew of only two; however, the third crew
member (ammo bearer) is considered necessary for efficient operations. In the absence of an individual to perform the duties assigned to the
ammo bearer, the gunner (crew member 1) lays and fires the 90-mm rifle and is the crew leader. He carries the M67 and a pistol. The loader
(crew member 2) is responsible for loading the rifle and acts as the gunner when required. He secures ammunition and checks the clearance of
the backblast area prior to firing. He carries a pistol, spare parts, cleaning materiel, and 3 rounds of 90-mm. The ammunition bearer (crew mem-
ber 3) is responsible for securing ammunition and providing security for the recoilless rifle position. He carries an assault rifle and 4 rounds of
90-mm.

1-10.1

7 Nov 2000

1-10.2

Sep 2001

Russian 40-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-7V _________________________

Ammunition
Types

40-mm grenade
PG-7V
PG-7VM
PG-7VS
PG-7VL
PG-7VR
TBG-7V
OG-7V
OG-7VM

Typical
Combat Load

5

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 2
Caliber (launcher ) (mm): 40
Weight (kg):
Empty: 7.9
Loaded: Varies with grenade
Length (mm): 950
Grenade Components: Warhead, rocket motor, tail assembly

SIGHTS

Name: PGO-7
Type: Optical w/II
Magnification: 2.7x, 13 field of view
Location: Top of launcher/sight-left side
Sighting Range (m): 500
Night Sights Available: Yes, NSP-3, NSP-2 (IR), NSPU, PGN-1
(II), 1PN58 (II)

VARIANTS
RPG-7D, RPG-7DV1: Folding variants used by airborne troops

AMMUNITION

Name: PG-7V
Caliber (mm): 85
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Moving: 300
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 330
Length (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 2.2

Name: PG-7VM
Caliber (mm): 70.5
Type: INA
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 330
Length (mm): 950
Weight (kg): 2

Name: PG-7VS
Caliber (mm): 72
Type: INA
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): INA
Brick (m): + 1.5
Reinforced concrete (m): + 1
Length (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 2

Name: PG-7VL
Caliber (mm): 93
Type: INA
Range (m):
Effective: 300
Minimum: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 600
Brick (m): 1.7
Reinforced concrete (m): + 1.1
Length (mm): 980
Weight (kg): 2.6

NOTES
The RPG-7V is a recoilless, shoulder-fired, muzzle-loaded, reloadable, antitank grenade launcher. It fires a variety of rocket-assisted grenades
from a 40-mm smoothbore launcher tube. It is the standard squad antitank weapon in use by the OPFOR. The RPG-7V is light enough to be
carried and fired by one person. However, an assistant grenadier normally deploys to the left of the gunner to protect him from small arms fire.
The RPG-7V requires a well-trained gunner to estimate ranges and lead distances for moving targets. Crosswinds as low as 7 miles per hour can
complicate the gunner's estimate and reduce first-round hit probability to 50% at ranges beyond 180 meters.

1-11

7 Nov 2000

Russian Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-7V continued ______________________

Name: PG-7VR (uses RPG-7V1 launcher sights)
Caliber (mm): 105
Type: Tandem
Range (m):
Effective: 200
Minimum: INA
Sighting Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): +750 (all armor including reactive armor)
Brick (m): 2
Reinforced concrete (m): +1.5
Length (mm): 1,306
Weight (kg): 4.5

Name: TBG-7V (uses RPG-7V1 launcher sights)
Caliber (mm): 105
Type: Thermobaric (similar to RPO-A warhead)
Range (m):
Effective: 200
Sighting Range: 800
Penetration:
Armor (mm): INA
Brick (m): +1.5
Reinforced concrete (m): + 1.5
Length (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 4.5

Name: OG-7V
Caliber (mm): 40
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m):
Effective: 950
Length (mm): 569
Weight (kg): 1.7

Name: OG-7VM
Caliber (mm): 40
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m):
Effective: 1,000
Length (mm): 595
Weight (kg): 1.7

1-12

Sep 2001

German 60-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher Panzerfaust-3 ____________________

Ammunition
Types

60-mm grenade
HEAT
Multipurpose-FRAG
BASTEG
Illumination
Smoke
Practice

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Balliste, Pzf 3
Proliferation: At least eight countries

Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm):
Launch Tube: 60
Warhead: 110
Weight (kg): 12
Length (mm):
Firing Position: 1,200
Travel Position: 1,200
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: N/A
Fire From Inside Building: Yes

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Optical
Magnification: INA
Location: Left side
Used With Range Finders: Yes

VARIANTS

Panzerfaust 3-T 600: Simrad IS2000 laser gun sight with range of
moving targets out to 600 m. Can be fitted with Simrad KN205F
night sights.

AMMUNITION

Name: INA
Caliber (mm): 110
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective (moving): 300
Effective (stationary): 500
Penetration:
Armor (mm): + 700
Weight (kg): 3.8
Flight Velocity(m/s): 250
Time of Flight to 300 m (sec): 1.3

Name: BASTEG (Barricade and Street Encounter Grenade)
Caliber (mm): 110
Type: Shaped-charge w/stand-off fuze
Range (m): INA
Penetration:
Concrete (mm): INA
Weight (kg): INA
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): INA
Flight Velocity(m/s): INA
Time of Flight to 300 m (sec): INA

OFF-ROUTE MINE SYSTEM

Target Speed range (km/h): 30-60
Effective Range (m): 150
Operational Time (days): 40
Acquisition: Targets detected by acoustic sensor which activates the
infra-red sensor.
Sensors:
IR Sensor: Passive, two-color
IR Optics: Double parabolic, off-axis
Acoustic: Capacitative microphone.

NOTES
The Panzerfaust 3 is a compact, lightweight, shoulder-fired, unguided antitank weapon. It consists of a disposable cartridge with a 110-mm war-
head and reusable firing and sighting device. The Panzerfaust can be adapted to serve as an off-route mine.

1-13

7 Nov 2000

Russian 105-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-29 ________________________

Ammunition
Types

105-mm grenade
HEAT (tandem)

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Vampir
Proliferation: Former Soviet Union

Description:
Crew: 2
Caliber (tube) (mm): 105
Weight (kg): 11.5
Length (mm): 1,000
Life of Tube/barrel: 300
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
Maximum Target Speed (km/h): INA
Emplacement/displacement time (min): (see NOTES)

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Iron, optical, and night
Magnification: INA
Location: Left side
Night Sights Available: Yes, INA

VARIANTS (see NOTES)

AMMUNITION
Name: PG-29V
Caliber (warhead): 105
Type: HEAT (tandem)
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Penetration (m):
Armor: +750, (650 behind ERA)
Concrete and brick: +1.5
Length (mm): INA
Complete Round Weight (kg): 6.7

NOTES
For ease of transportation the RPG-29 can be broken down into two parts which one soldier can carry. It can be made ready to fire within a few
seconds. A folding bipod is provided to assist aiming during prone firing. An unnamed variant has a tripod mount and guidance and control
system. The guidance and control system of the mounted variant includes an optical sight, laser rangefinder and ballistic data computer for firing
on moving targets. This increases the effective range of the mounted system to 800 m against a stationary target with a hit probability of 80%.

1-14

Sep 2001

German 67-mm Disposable Antitank Grenade Launcher Armbrust ______________

Ammunition
Type

67-mm grenade
HEAT

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Crossbow
Proliferation: At least seven countries

Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 67
Weight (kg): 6.3
Length (mm): 850
Rifling: None
Rate of Fire (rd/min): N/A (disposable)
Fire From Inside Building: Yes (see NOTES)

SIGHTS

Name: N/A
Type: Reflex
Magnification: None
Location: Left side
Sighting Range (m): INA
Night Sights Available: INA

VARIANTS (INA)

AMMUNITION

Name: INA
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum: 1,500
Effective AT: 300
Flight Time (sec) @ 300 m: 1.5
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 300
Reinforced Concrete (m): INA

NOTES
The Armbrust is a preloaded, disposable, shoulder-fired antitank weapon. It has a low signature and low IR detectability and can be safely fired
from small enclosed rooms. The muzzle does not emit smoke or blast and no flash can be seen from the rear. Only .8 m clearance is required
between the rear of the weapon and the wall. It is quieter than a pistol shot. The entire weapon is considered a round of ammunition and the
launcher is thrown away once the weapon is fired. Manufactured by Singapore.

1-15

7 Nov 2000

Russian 72-mm Disposable Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-22 _______________

Ammunition
Types

72-mm grenade
HEAT

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Proliferation: At least three countries

Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 72
Weight (kg): 2.8
Length (mm):
Firing Position: 850
Travel Position: 750
Rifling: None
Fire From Inside Building: No, backblast out to 30 m behind the
weapon.

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Iron, calibrated for 50, 150, 200 m
Magnification: None
Location: Top of launcher
Night Sights Available: No

VARIANTS (None)

AMMUNITION (see NOTES)

Name: INA
Caliber (mm): 72
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 250
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 390
Brick (m): 1.2
Reinforced Concrete (m): 1
Muzzle Velocity(m/s):
Initial: 133
Maximum: 300
Length (mm): 618
Weight (kg): 1.48

NOTES
The RPG-22 is a lightweight, shoulder-fired, preloaded, disposable antiarmor weapon intended for firing one round, after which the tube is dis-
carded. It is basically a scaled-up version of the RPG-18 (similar to the US LAW) and has no dedicated grenadier; however, all soldiers train to
use the squad-level disposable weapon.

1-16

Sep 2001

Swedish 84-mm Disposable Light Antitank Weapon AT4 ______________________

Ammunition
Types

84-mm round
HEDP
HEAT

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: US M136, Bofors AT 4, FFV AT4
Proliferation: At least seven countries

Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 84
Weight (kg): 6
Length (mm):
Firing Position: 1,000
Fire From Inside Building: See AT4 CS

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Popup, preset to 200 m
Location: Top left

VARIANTS (see NOTES)

LMAW: Light Multipurpose Assault Weapon, uses HEDP
AT4 CS: Confined space
AT4 HP: High penetration

AMMUNITION

Name: AT4 HEAT
Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 300
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 420

Weight (kg): 6.7

Name: LMAW (see VARIANTS)
Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEDP, modified Carl Gustaf HEPD FFV 502

(with dual mode
fuze)

Range (m):
Effective: 300
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 150
Concrete (m): INA

Name: AT4 CS (confined space) can fire from confined spaces as
small as 22.5 m
3

Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEAT or HEDP (LMAW) warheads
Range (m):
Effective: INA
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): INA
Weight (kg): INA
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): INA

Name: AT4 HP (high penetration)
Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: INA
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 600

Weight (kg): Less than 7

NOTES
The AT4 is a lightweight, preloaded, disposable antiarmor weapon intended for firing one round, after which the tube is discarded. All AT4
systems share the same launcher but may contain different preloaded munitions. The variant selected depends on the intended use. The AT4s
average recoil is comparable to the M16 rifle.

1-17

7 Nov 2000

Russian Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon RPO _______________________________

Ammunition
Types

Rocket
Rocket-propelled
encapsulated napalm
projectile.

Typical
Combat Load

2

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Rys (Lynx)
Proliferation: FSU

Description:
Crew: 1
Weight (kg):
Empty: 3.5
Pack (launcher and two rounds): 22
Length (ready to fire) (m): 1.44
Rate of Fire (rockets/min): 1
Reaction Time-Travel to Fire (sec): 60
Tube Life: 100 rounds
Launcher Components: Firing tube, firing mechanism, mechanical
sights, collapsing bipod and sling.

PERFORMANCE

Range (m):
Effective: 190
Maximum: 400

Minimum: INA
Accuracy: INA

SIGHTS

Name: N/A
Type: Open metal, front and rear
Location: Left side, rear is on-line with rear of grip
Magnification: None

VARIANTS (None)

AMMUNITION

Name: RPO
Type: Incendiary
Warhead Incendiary Fill (liters): 4
Weight of Incendiary in Warhead (kg): 4
Type of Incendiary: Pyrogel
Burn Temperature (C): 800-1,000
Caliber (mm): 122
Casualty Radius: Fire envelope 10-40 m deep in the direction of
The shot with a spray width of 3-4 m.
Components: Container, warhead canister, propulsion unit

NOTES
The RPO is a combat-tested, shoulder-fired reusable weapon that fires a rocket-propelled encapsulated napalm warhead. It was designed to re-
place the LPO-50. The RPO is carried in two parts that must be connected to fire. Squeezing the trigger ignites the rocket with an electric spark.
Part of the propellant gas enters the container and pushes the canister, kindling the igniter which in turn, ignites the incendiary mixture. The
napalm in the RPO ignites at the initial stage of the flight and upon impact burning pieces are scattered all over the target. Although still in use by
the OPFOR Flamethrower Bn (Encapsulated) at Corps or Army level (and other armies), the RPO has generally been replaced by the Infantry
Rocket Flame Weapon RPO-A Series (RPO-A/D/Z).

1-18

Sep 2001

Russian Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon RPO-A Series (RPO-A/Z/D) _____________

Ammunition
Types

Rocket
RPO-A: Thermobaric-
flammable mixture
RPO-Z: Incendiary
RPO-D: Smoke

Typical
Combat Load

2

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Shmel (Bumblebee)

Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 93
Number of Weapons in a Package: 2
Weight of Package (kg): 12
Total weapon (1) weight (kg): 11
Length (mm): 920
Rate of Fire (rockets/min): 2
Reaction Time-Travel to Fire (sec): 30
Fire From Inside Building: Yes. It can be fired in enclosures of 60 m
3
or greater or with a barrier behind the weapon.
Components: Container, ejection motor, warhead.

PERFORMANCE

Range (m):
Direct Fire: 200
With Optical Sight: 850
Effective: 600
Minimum: 20
Indirect Fire: 1,000
Accuracy @ 200 m: .5 m
2


SIGHTS

Name: OPO-1
Type: Optical calibrated to 600 m
Location: Left, next to grip
Magnification: None

VARIANTS (None)

AMMUNITION

Name: RPO-A
Type: Thermobaric
Casualty Radius (m): 50 (personnel in open)
Lightly armored materiel kill probability at 400 m: 0.7
Burn Temperature (C): 800+
Warhead Explosive Type: Trotyl equivalent (kg) -2
Warhead Mixture Weight (kg): 2.1

Name: RPO-Z
Type: Incendiary
Warhead Mixture Weight (kg): 2.5

Name: RPO-D
Warhead Weight (kg): 2.3
Smoke-Incendiary Type: Based on red phosphorous.
Smokescreen:
Time of Formation (min): 2
Length (m): 55 to 90
Depth (m): INA
Height (m): INA
Duration (min): 3 to 5
Effective Against: Visual and infrared

NOTES
Designed as a follow-on to the RPO, the RPO-A, -Z, and -D are one-shot, disposable, shoulder-fired, combat tested (Afghanistan, Tajikistan,
Chechnya), flame weapons. They are reliable and can be ready to fire within 30 seconds. Any soldier, infantryman, or paratrooper can use this
close-combat weapon with minimal instruction. The RPO-A comprises three basic components: container, ejection motor, and case which is
filled, depending on its purpose, with thermobaric (enhanced blast explosive), smoke or incendiary rockets. At any range the blast effects of the
thermobaric munitions are much more serious than the thermal effects. The RPO-A is known as the infantrymans pocket artillery because the
demolition effect corresponds to the 122-mm HE artillery, and 120-mm mortar projectile. The RPO series of flame weapons also serves as an
extremely effective counter-sniper weapon. The armor- and mechanized -based OPFOR usually issues one RPO-A per BMP (mechanized infan-
try squad). They are also found in the Flamethrower Bn (Encapsulated) at Corps or Army level. One squad per infantry platoon has a RPO-A in
the infantry-based OPFOR. The RPO-A series of flame weapons are issued more along the lines of ammunition rather than a weapon, therefore
the BOI may vary.

1-19

7 Nov 2000

United States 106-mm Recoilless Rifle M40 _________________________________

Ammunition
Types

HEAT
HEAT-T
HEP-T
APERS-T
HEAP

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: (see VARIANTS)

Description:
Crew: 2
Caliber (mm): 106
Weight (kg):
With Spotting Rifle: 130
Gun Only: 113
Length (m):
Total: 3.40
Barrel: 2.85
Width (on M79 mount) (m):
Legs Spread: 1.524
Legs Closed: .8
Height (on M79 mount) (m): 1.3
Bore: Rifled 36 grooves, rh
Breech Type: Interrupted thread
Recoil System: Vented breech
Feed: Manual
Traverse (): 360
Elevation () (M79 Mount): -17/+65
Spotting Rifle: .50 cal M8C
Emplacement/displacement time (min): INA
Complete Round Weight (kg): 13

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Optical
Name: Bofors modernization package
Type: Simrad LP101 laser sight in place of the ranging gun
Magnification: INA
Location: INA
Name: Bofors modernization package
Type: Computerized LASer Sight (CLASS)
Magnification: INA
Location: INA

VARIANTS

M79 Mount: Tripod, ground, or vehicle
M50 Ontos: Six-barrel mount on small tracked vehicle
PAK-66: Austrian M40 on two-wheel carriage

AMMUNITION

Name: M344A1
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum Effective: 1,350
Maximum Range: 2,745
Armor Penetration (mm): INA

Name: 3/A-HEAT-T (Bofors upgrade)
Type: HEAT-Tracer
Range (m):
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 +

Name: M346A1
Type: HEP-T (HE plastic-tracer)
Range (m):
Maximum: 6,870

Name: M581
Type: APERS-T (antipersonnel-tracer) (flechette)
Fill (.5 g ea): 10,000 flechettes

Range (m):
Maximum Effective: 300

Name: HEAP M-DN
Type: HE antipersonnel (steel pellets)
Fill: 1,000 steel pellets

Range (m):
Lethal Radius: 40

NOTES
The US M40 or M40A1 recoilless rifle is an antitank weapon. It uses a .50 cal spotting rifle mounted along the axis of the barrel to determine
proper elevation for the 106-mm barrel. Upgraded systems may have the Simrad laser sight in lieu of the ranging (spotting) gun.

1-20

Sep 2001

Russian 82-mm Recoilless Gun B-10 ______________________________________

Ammunition
Types

HEAT
HE/Frag-HE

Typical
Combat Load

36
12
24

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: RG82
Date of Introduction: 1950s

Description:
Crew: 4
Caliber (mm): 82
Weight (kg):
Firing Position: 85.3, 71.7 without wheels
Travel Position: 85.3, 71.7 without wheels
Tripod: 6.5
Length (travel) (m): 1.85
Width (travel) (m): INA
Height (travel) (m): INA
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: Horizontally hinged
Feed: Breech load
Traverse (): 250 each direction, 360 total
Elevation (): -20/+35
Emplacement/displacement time (min): 1/ 0.5

SIGHTS

Name: PBO-2 combination, and iron
Type: Optical, panoramic and iron
Magnification: Optical 5.5x direct/2.5x indirect
Location: Left side
Sighting Range (m): 1,000 direct
4,500 indirect

Night Sights Available: Direct and indirect (illuminated)

VARIANTS

Type 65: This Chinese variant weighs only 28.2 kg (with tripod but
without wheels). The gun uses the Type 69 combination sight and
fires a mix of ammunition including the Type 65 HEAT round.

Type 65-1: Chinese variant with a two-piece gun tube for long dis-
tance dismounted carry. Estimated weight is still 28.2 kg.

AMMUNITION

Name: BK-881M
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum Aimed Range: 1,000 (direct)
Armor Penetration (mm): 240

Name: Type 65
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum Aimed Range: INA

Name: O-881A
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m):
Maximum Effective: 4,500 (indirect)
Maximum Aimed Range: 1,000 direct/4,500 indirect
Lethal radius (m): INA

NOTES
The B-10 can be mounted on a pintel, but is normally towed on a two-wheeled carriage with an under-slung tripod. The gun can be fired while on
two wheels or on the tripod.

Other ammunition types include O-881 HE and BK-881 HEAT.

1-21

7 Nov 2000

Former Yugoslavian 82-mm Recoilless Gun M60_____________________________

Ammunition
Types

HEAT

Typical
Combat Load

36

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: M60A
Date of Introduction: First sighted 1965

Description:
Crew: 2-5
Caliber (mm): 82
Weight (kg):
Firing Position: 122
Travel Position: 122
Tripod: INA
Length (travel) (m): 2.4 approximate
Width (travel) (m): 1.0 approximate, firing position
Height (travel) (m): 0.83 approximate, firing position
Rifling: Yes, 4 with left rotation
Breech Mechanism Type: Vertically hinged with flange rotate lock
Feed: Breech load
Traverse (): 360
Emplacement/displacement time (min): 0.5/ 0.5

SIGHTS

Name: INA
Type: Optical telescopic
Magnification: INA
Location: Left side

VARIANTS

Distinction between M60 and M60A is unknown.

AMMUNITION

Name: M60
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum Aimed Range: 1,500 stationary target
1,000 moving target

Name: M72
Type: Rocket-assisted HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum Aimed Range: 1,500 stationary/ 1,000 moving
Complete Round Weight (kg): INA

NOTES
The M60 is mounted on a two-wheeled carriage with a trailing leg that is used as a tripod leg for firing, as well as a tow bar for towing the gun.
The gun can be towed behind a variety of vehicles, then moved into position by hand. Gun height is adjustable based on wheel and leg lock
settings. The M60 can also be mounted on a pintel, such as the antitank version of the M-60PB APC, which features two guns. Back-blast safety
area is 45 m deep by 25 m wide.

1-22

Sep 2001

Russian 107-mm Recoilless Gun B-11 _____________________________________

Ammunition
Types

HEAT
HE

Typical
Combat Load

30
10
20

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: RG107

Description:
Crew: 5
Caliber (mm): 107
Weight (kg):
Length (m):
Width (travel) (m): 1.45
Height (m):
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: Interrupted screw
Feed: Breech load
Traverse (): 35 each direction, 360 total with slight move
Emplacement/displacement time (min): 1/1

SIGHTS

Name: PBO-4 combination (direct/indirect) and iron
Type: Optical, panoramic and iron
Magnification: Optical 5.5x direct/2.5x indirect
Location: Left side
Sighting Range (m):
Direct: 1,800
Indirect: 6,650

Night Sights Available: Direct and indirect (illuminated)

AMMUNITION

Name: BK-883
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Max Effective: 450
Max Aimed Range: 1,400 (est)
Max Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 381 at 0

Name: O-883A
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m):
Max Effective: N/A
Max Aimed Range: 1,300 direct/ 6,650 indirect
Max Range: 6,650
Armor Penetration (mm): N/A

NOTES
The B-11 is towed on a two-wheeled carriage with an under-slung tripod. The gun can be fired while on two wheels; but due to recoil effect on
accuracy, it is usually fired from the tripod.

The gun can easily be moved and repositioned by hand.

A unit of fire is 80 rounds.

1-23

7 Nov 2000

1-24
Chapter 2
Infantry Vehicles

Infantry vehicles can vary from general transport assets such as trucks, to specially de-
signed light armored fighting vehicles (LAFVs). The intensity of combat on the modern battle-
field requires infantry vehicles that are mobile, survivable, and lethal. Many ground forces have
programs underway to field infantry LAFVs for modern requirements. Because of budgetary
constraints, many ground forces continue using infantry vehicles which we might consider obso-
lete, but which are well suited for their environment and military role. A number of forces have
aggressive upgrade programs for older systems. The U.S. Army, in its next conflict, is likely to
encounter infantry forces with a mix of older and newer infantry vehicles.

CLASSIFICATION

Infantry LAFVs are generally classed as armored personnel carriers (APCs) or infantry
fighting vehicles (IFVs). The lighter, less protected and less lethal system is the APC. It is in-
tended to carry soldiers to the close combat zone, then dismount them for their commitment to
the fight. An IFV is designed to fight with soldiers onboard, to carry the soldiers forward without
dismounting them if possible, and to support them with direct fires if they do dismount. The
plethora of upgrade options available is permitting both APCs and IFVs to become more mobile,
survivable, and lethal. Thus we see APCs with IFV survivability or IFV lethality, or with
bothwhich transforms them into IFVs. We also see IFVs with vulnerabilities which ill-suit
them for their mission requirement. This chapter highlights key infantry vehicles, with an em-
phasis on their capabilities in mobility, survivability and lethality. Please note that on the mod-
ern battlefield, lack of a capability (swim, night sights, etc.) is in fact a vulnerability.

TRENDS

This chapter highlights infantry LAFV features in terms of mobility, survivability, and
lethality. Armies have been looking at ways to balance the need for increased protection with
limitations that additional armor brings, such as the need to be amphibious. One solution is to
accept a lack of swim capability for a segment of up-armored IFVs, coupled with a distribution
of (less armored) amphibious vehicles within the force. Other armies are looking at limited addi-
tion of applique armor or active protection systems. Several companies have developed light
explosive reactive armor (ERA), which can be used on LAFVs. However, this is a less likely
upgrade, because exploding armor fragments are a hazard to dismounted soldiers.

In the past, higher combat power and cost of tanks justified the wide disparity in fire-
power between tanks and IFVs. However, modern IFVs, when fully manned and equipped, may
have equal or higher combat power and similar cost. Therefore, lethality improvements previ-
ously afforded to tanks are being added to selected IFVs. A wide variety of lethality upgrades
are available for LAFVs. These include larger main weapons and antitank guided missile
(ATGM) launchers, and improved fire control systems (FCS), especially night sights. The sim-
plest but sometimes most costly upgrade is improved ammunition.

2-1

7 Nov 2000

Improved secondary armaments for aerial targets permit the main weapon to focus more
on heavy targets. Thus, several countries are adding remote day sights and night sights and im-
proved ammunition for machineguns (MGs). Others are adding automatic grenade launchers to
supplement MG fires.

The aerial threat to AFVs has prompted ground forces to address that threat. One re-
sponse is proliferation of air defense assets, such as shoulder-fired SAMs. A more direct re-
sponse which is difficult to counter, is cost-effective, and has long-term benefits for force effec-
tiveness, is to better equip the vehicles for counterair fires. Some infantry vehicles have been
fitted with high-angle-of-fire turrets (e.g., BTR-80) and antiaircraft sights (BMP-3). Improved
fire control technology has led to more exotic ammunition solutions. The BMP-3 gun-launched
ATGM has a higher velocity for use against helicopters. Another new development is ballistic
computer-based electronically-fuzed frag-HE rounds, including forward- and side-firing rounds,
which can defeat rotary-wing aircraft and ground-based antiarmor positions at stand-off range.

Infantry vehicles offer the most economical armored vehicle chassis for development of
combat support and service support vehicles, including air defense vehicles, artillery, C
4
, recon-
naissance, etc. Noted variants offer a link to other systems described in the WEG.

This chapter provides a representative sampling of infantry vehicles in use today. The
selection is not comprehensive, rather reflects APCs and IFVs currently available to the OPFOR.
Within this chapter, other types of infantry vehicles are also noted. These include airborne vehi-
cles and multipurpose transporters. Other armored transport vehicles available to infantry units
are armored trucks (e.g., former Soviet BTR-152), amphibious assault vehicles (such as U.S.
LVTP7), jeep-type vehicles (e.g., HMMWV), and fast-attack vehicles (based on so-called dune
buggy designs). Examples of alternative vehicles will be added in later issues of the WEG.

TECHNICAL NOTES

The following notes apply to infantry LAFVs, and to combat vehicles (in other chapters)
that are used for reconnaissance, tank/assault, antitank, air defense, and artillery roles. Weapon,
fire control, and munition-related narrative applies to towed and ground weapon systems.

On each equipment sheet, the top of the page provides an illustration (line drawing or
photo of the system) and a summary of weapons and munitions. Note that a Typical Combat
Load, when available, may be estimated. In actuality, ammunition load depends on specific
country holdings, on time frame, and on scenario tactical considerations.

System and Variants sections provide basic data to assist in understanding current system
status and proliferation, as well as possible upgrade options. Under Description, to assure com-
parability on vehicle dimensions, gun tube length is not included in those dimensions.

In the area, Automotive Performance, the figure max off-road denotes speed on dirt
roads. The figure average cross-country is used for true off-road speed; for selected systems, it
was measured on an approved course. Although some systems have specified radios,
for many OPFOR countries, radios will be replaced to link with their military radio nets.

2-2
Protection figures for use in simulation applications must be measured by certifying
agencies in accordance with specific Army standards. Figures on equipment sheets include pub-
lished data provided for general information use, and may not coincide with vulnerability data
developed by approved agencies. Protection options are available for upgrading systems. The
wide variety of supplemental protection packages include active and passive armor, active pro-
tection systems and countermeasure systems. Although upgrades are being advertised and are
technically possible, that does not mean that they are tactically sound, or that the application fits
the OPFOR to be portrayed. Other options are generally available for installation; but, because
their applicability has not been noted for specific systems, they were not included. Only a few
countermeasure parameters were included. However, specific protection upgrades and systems
are noted for selected OPFOR systems.

System lethality is determined by a variety of interrelated functions and considerations in
the process of bringing destruction upon enemy forces and equipment. Lethality is addressed on
the equipment sheets under the headings of Armament, Fire Control, Sights, and Main Arma-
ment Ammunition. Lethal fires can be delivered by direct fire, in which weapon systems acquire
and observe their targets, or by indirect fire, in which weapons use remote acquisition assets to
direct their fires. Note that direct-fire systems such as tanks can receive remote acquisition re-
ports and engage targets by indirect fire; and indirect fire systems (such as artillery) can employ
direct-fire sights to fire in the direct-fire mode. For the WEG, high-angle fires are not inter-
preted as indirect fires as long as the firing weapon uses its own sights to acquire and aim.

Factors affecting lethality, which are considered in the WEG, include: rates of fire, vari-
ous ranges, accuracy and errors, acquisition/fire control capabilities, lethality effects, ammuni-
tion, and ability to engage targets on the move. Any of these technical factors, and other more
subtle ones, may affect lethality in combat. Note also that various rates of fire are used, with ad-
justing factors, such as movement status and type of target. Generally automatic weapon use life
dictates that, for more than a 3-4 second interval, the number of rounds expended will not exceed
the practical rate of fire. However, maximum rate is critical against fast-closing targets, such as
flying aircraft.

Range is not a fixed figure for most systems. It can be directly affected by four technical
factors: gun/launcher configuration, mount (how it is fixed to the system), acquisition capability,
and specific munition ballistics. Range is also related to less tangible factors, such as movement
status (moving versus stationary, and movement speed), target type, elevation angle (such as for
air defense weapons), visibility conditions, and terrain. Each weapon can have different ranges
listed by ammunition type and model, where munitions are broken out. Generally, the range of
direct-fire frag-HE rounds is greater than munitions designed for point targets, because the ef-
fects area is much greater than those of shaped-charge or kinetic-energy rounds. With fragmen-
tation and blast effects, a near miss may be good enough to inflict severe damage. With these
considerations, the WEG provides a figure called maximum aimed range. This range indicates
the farthest range for system-on-system aimed direct fire.

2-3

7 Nov 2000

The maximum aimed range is based on a combination of tactics, techniques and proce-
dures (TTPs), and on parameters of the technical factors noted above: gun/launcher, mount, ac-
quisition system, and ammunition ballistics. This direct-fire range significantly exceeds the
weapons maximum effective range. The maximum effective range/night denotes the effective
range for a round, given available night acquisition capabilities. The TTPs also call for a "salvo
range" for armored fighting vehicles, which exceeds other ranges and requires one or more vol-
leys of a platoon against a single point target. These figures are less tangible, are based on TTP,
and are not included in the WEG.

Probability of hit data is included for instructional purposes, not for use in simulations
and models. Accuracy for weapons, munitions, and acquisition systems decreases with range.
Antitank guided missiles are an exception; they usually have a singular probability of hit for all
ranges, based on technical precision capability. Limitations, vulnerabilities, and countermea-
sures can affect actual performance. Several of these factors are noted on equipment pages.

Lethality performance given a hit can be measured in terms of radius of effects for frag-
mentation/blast effects against soft targets, and penetration distance (through steel) against hard
targets. The fragmentation and blast effects of a frag-HE round mean that it is less lethal against
hard targets, such as heavily armored vehicles. Another consideration is the level of destruction
required. For many possible adversary forces, the critical requirement against armored vehicles
is not a 100% or catastrophic kill. A mobility kill or firepower kill may be sufficient to render a
system combat-ineffective, and may be counted in lethality data. The OPFOR can employ a mix
of lethal and nonlethal methods. Fires of degrading (versus destructive) munitions such as
smoke, mines, and radio frequency jammers can be used to suppress units and support the effort.
Consult other manuals in the FM 100-60 series and other approved publications for guidance on
these tactics, techniques, and procedures.


Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925

2-4
Yugoslavian Armored Personnel Carrier BOV-M_____________________________

Weapons & Ammunition
Types

7.62-mm MG, M86
Ball-T, API, API-T

Typical
Combat Load

(est) 2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Sometimes referred to as "BOV"
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 8
Combat Weight (mt): 7.0 -9.0, depending on the variant
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.0
Height Overall (m): 2.34 to top of cabin
Width Overall (m): 2.53
Ground Pressure (kg/cm
2
): INA
Drive Formula: 4 x 4

Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 148-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 800
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 95
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: 40
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.1

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 6-10 mm, defeats 7.62 mm AP at 300 m
Applique Armor (mm): Grill armor over windows, sides on variants
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Available
Smoke Equipment: 3 smoke grenade launchers on each side

ARMAMENT
Main Armament: (See NOTES)
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) M86 MG
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
Loader Type: Belt-feed (100-rd belts)
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (): INA
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon: N/A

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 3 firing ports on each side, plus 1 for commander

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: Yes, on MG
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Optical sight, INA
Field of View (): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 1,500
Night: IR night sight on MG
Commander Fire Main Gun: No

VARIANTS
BOV-M: APC was produced in the republic of Slovenia. Some
APCs have a 12.7-mm MG.
BOV-VP: Security version with metal grates on the sides which can
be swung out to direct crowds.
BOV-1/Polo M-83: ATGM launcher vehicle w/6 x AT-3 launchers.
BOV-3: Air defense variant with 3 turret-mounted 20-mm cannon.
BOV-30: Air defense vehicle with 2 turret-mounted 30-mm cannon.
BOV-SN ambulance: Ambulance variant.
LOV: Croatian APC variant without the raised compartment, with a
12.7-mm MG, and optional increased hull protection. The family of
LOV vehicles includes recon and NBC recon vehicles, command
vehicle, rocket launcher, EW vehicle, and AA missile vehicle.

MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
7.62-mm API, API-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000/400-500 on the move
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 8 (RHA) at 500 m

Other Ammunition Types: Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy Ball, Incen-
diary

NOTES
The M86 MG is a license-built copy of the Russian PKT. Vehicle has central tire inflation system. Many vehicles have steel mesh screen over
the windows.
2-4.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Transporter BTR-152 ____________________________________

BTR-152V2 Variant
Types

7.62-mm SGMB MG
Lt ball, ball-T, API

or 12.7mm MG

Optional in side mounts
2x 7.62-mm SGMB MG
Lt ball, ball-T, API

Typical
Combat Load

1,250

1,250-1,750

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BTR-140, Chinese Type 56
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 17
Combat Weight (mt): 9.0
Height Overall (m): 2.04
2
): 3.7

Engine Type: 110-hp Gasoline
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Radio: 10RT-12 or R-123

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 11-15 on hull front (no turret)
Applique Armor (mm): Available
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: N/A

ARMAMENT
Main Armament: Note: 12.7-mm MG can be used instead.
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, SGMB
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical
Loader Type: Belt-fed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 250 in box, 1,000 ready/0
Elevation (): -6 to +23.5
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon: (Optional)
Caliber, Type, Name: 2x 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, SGMB
Mount Type: Optional MGs on side pintel mounts

Day: 1,000/ 400-500 on the move
Night: II sights available
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical each/650 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 3 on each side, 2 in rear doors

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: No
Gunner:
Day: Optical sight
Night: II and IR sights available

VARIANTS
BTR-152: Basic APC; many of which would later be covered and
converted for other uses, such as ambulances, radio stations, and
engineer vehicles. Versions for AA use include an Egyptian M53
gun (4x 12.7 mm) mount, and PLO-held ZU-23-2 gun mount.
BTR-152A: Anti-aircraft version with twin 14.5-mm MG turret
BTR-152D and E: Anti-aircraft versions with 4x 14.5-mm MGs
BTR-152I: BTR-152V version for artillery command vehicle.
BTR-152K: Version similar to BTR-152V3 but with armored roof
BTR-152V: APC variant has central tire inflation system.
BTR-152U: Command vehicle with high rear structure
BTR-152V1: BTR-152V version with winch
BTR-152V2: BTR-152V version without winch
BTR-152V3: BTR-152V with winch and infrared driving lights

7.62-mm API
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 1,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 8 at 500 m

Other Ammunition Types: Light ball, ball-T, hvy ball, API-T, I-T

NOTES
Vehicles are early examples of armored transporters built from converted truck chassis (ZIL-151, and later ZIL-157)

2-4.2
Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-60PA______________________________

Types

12.7-mm DShK MG
APDS, API, API-T,
HE-T, HEI, I-T

2 x 7.62-mm PKT MG
Lt Ball, Ball-T
API, API-T
Typical
Combat Load

500
250
250

3,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BTR-60-PK
Proliferation: At least 30 countries (including variants)
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 12
2
): INA

Engine Type: 2 x 180-hp Gasoline
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: 60
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 7-9mm hull front (no turret)
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7 x 108) heavy MG, DShK
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 (practical)
Loader Type: Belt feed
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 2 x 7.62-mm machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Vehicle top
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A

Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 rd bursts

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 3 on each side

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Gunner:
Day: K10-T
Acquisition Range (m): 1,500 (est)
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
A variety of armament variants for the vehicle were used, including
single 7.62-mm PKT MG, or 12.7-mm MG, or no MG.

Artillery command and reconnaissance vehicles. ACRV 1V18 is a
command and observation vehicle (COP). ACRV 1V19 is a fire
direction center (FDC).

BTR-60PB: The most widely fielded variant has a one- man turret, a
14.5-mm KPV-T MG, a coaxial 7.62-mm MG and day/night sights.

BTR-60PBK: Company commander variant with 3 additional radios

BTR-60 PU: Armored command vehicle (ACV) variant with a 10-m
mast radio antenna and front-to-rear rail antenna for mobile use

BTR-60 PU-12/ -12M: Air defense associated ACV and its upgrade

BTR-60 R-975: Forward air controller turreted variant.

MTP-2: Armored recovery vehicle

R-145BM: ACV with R-111, R-123, and R-130M radios and the
distinctive Clothesline antenna

2-5

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-60PA continued_____________________

12.7-mm, APDS Chinese, Type 54
Day: 1,500 vehicles
Night: N/A

12.7-mm, API/API-T Type 54
Day: 1,500 unarmored ground / 800 armored
Night: N/A

Other Ammunition Types: Incendiary-T, HE-T Type MDZ, HEI
Type ZP, Russian Duplex, Russian Duplex-T

NOTES
This vehicle is a roofed variant of the BTR-60P open-hatch armored carrier. It is widely fielded in original and modified form. The APC has a
top-mounted 12.7-mm MG forward of rectangular gunner's hatch. Where an additional two 7.62-mm MGs are mounted, they are right and left of
the hatch. Because of space restriction, no more than one or two gunners can fit in the opening.

A notable vulnerability is that passengers have to exit the vehicle through top hatches, which makes them vulnerable to fires. Also, gunners must
be at least shoulder high out of the vehicle to operate the weapons.

2-6
Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-60PB______________________________

Types

14.5-mm turret MG
API, API-T

7.62-mm coax PKT MG
Light ball, Ball-T,
API, API-T, I-T

Typical
Combat Load

500

2,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 8
2
): 0.90

Engine Type: 2x 90-hp Gasoline
Speed (km/h):Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 10
Radio: R-123

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 7

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 14.5-mm (14.5 x 114) heavy MG, KPVT
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 50/450
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Coax

Day: 1,000/ 400-500 on the move
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical/650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts

ATGM Launcher: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Gunner:
Day: PP-61AM, 2.6x
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
BTR-60PBK: Command APC variant, with three additional radios.
BTR-60PB FAC: Turreted forward air control variant without gun.

BTR-60PZ: Final production model, with 1PZ-2 roof-mounted
periscope and high angle-of-fire turret.

BTR-70: Similar design with diesel engines and added side doors.
BTR-80: Similar design with many upgrades, including greater
dimensions, larger side doors, high angle-of-fire turret, new radio,
single more powerful diesel engine, smoke grenade launchers, etc.

14.5-mm API-T
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 20 at 1,000 m/ 30 at 500 m

Other Ammunition Types: API, I-T

NOTES
The APC has self-sealing tires and a central tire inflation system. A vulnerability is that troops must dismount from the top. In Afghanistan a
variety of weapons were used, such as the AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher instead of the main gun. Current options include several one-man
turrets, such as the Modular Weapons Station (as on BTR-80A, with a 30-mm gun), or Kliver (with a 30-mm gun, 7.62-mm coax MG, thermal
sights, superior day sights, and four Kornet ATGM launchers).

2-6.1

7 Nov 2000

2-6.2
Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-80 ____________________________________

Types

14.5-mm turret MG
API, API-T

7.62-mm coax PKT MG
Light ball, Ball-T,
API, API-T, I-T

Typical
Combat Load

500

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: GAZ-5903
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 8
2
): INA

Max Off-Road: 60
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-173

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 12.7mm
Smoke Equipment: 6 x 81-mm smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 14.5-mm (14.5 x 114) heavy MG, KPVT
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Coax

Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
ATGM Launcher: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: OU-3GA2M
Gunner:
Day: 1P3-6, 1.2x/4x
Field of View (): 49/14
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
BTR-80A: IFV with a stabilized turret containing a 30-mm 2A42
(BMP-2) automatic gun, coax 7.62-mm MG, and TNP-3 day/night
sights. This vehicle is in prototype and offered for export. The drop-
in turret package is also offered for export. A BTR-80S variant in-
cludes the turret/fire control, but with 14.5-mm versus 30-mm gun.

BTR-80K: Command variant w/ added R-173, R-173P, and R-159
(portable) radios, R-174intercom, navigation aids, and an 11-m mast

1V152: Artillery battalion command vehicle
2S23: 120-mm self-propelled combination gun (howitzer/mortar)
BREM-K: Armored recovery vehicle
RKhM-4: NBC reconnaissance vehicle
UNSh: Standardized expanded chassis for current variants, including
Kushetka-B ACRV and BMM vehicle series.

14.5-mm API-T
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 1,500-2,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 20 at 1,000 m/ 30 at 500 m

Other Ammunition Types: API, I-T

NOTES
BTR-80 is superior to BTR-60/70 with a larger chassis, high-angle-of- fire turret, and single more powerful diesel engine (vs gasoline).
Options include the Kliver turret with a 30-mm gun, 7.62-mm coax MG, thermal sights, superior day sights, and (four) Kornet ATGM launchers.

2-7

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-80A___________________________________

Types

30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE-T
AP-T, APDS-T,
APFSDS-T

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat Load

300

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: GAZ-59034
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 8
2
): INA

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 90
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-163-50U VHF, R-163-UP receiver, R-174 intercom

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Can defeat 12.7-mm
Mineclearing Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun, 2A72
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 200-330 variable cyclic in bursts
Loader Type: Dual-belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 300/ 0
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Day: 1,000 Night: 800+
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 4 right side, 3 left side

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: INA
Infrared Searchlight: OU-5
Gunner:
Day: 1P3-9, 1.2x/4x
Field of View (): 49/14 (est)
Night: TPN3-42 II/IR
Acquisition Range (m): 800

VARIANTS
BTR-80S: APC has the same turret with 14.5-mm vs 30-mm gun.

30-mm APDS-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 25 (RHA) at 1,500 m

30-mm APFSDS-T, M929
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000 m/45 at 2,000 m

30-mm Frag-HE
Day: 4,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm AP-T, HEI-T

NOTES
The drop-in gun/turret package (Modular Weapon System) is offered for export, to upgrade a wide variety of vehicles to BTR-80A standard.
BTR-80A can mount K1-126 bullet-resistant tires.

2-8
Russian Airborne Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-D _________________________

Types

2x 7.62-mm hatch MG
Lt Ball, Ball-T,
API, API-T, In-
cendiary

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BMD M1979
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 1
Troop Capacity: 12 passengers
2
): 0.5

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 61
Max Off-Road: 35
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious

Radio: R-123

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): "Antibullet" (7.62-mm)
Active Protective System: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: 2x2 forward firing smoke grenade launchers
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS)

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 round bursts
Elevation (): INA
Fire on Move: Yes


ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 2 on each side, 1 in left rear door, permit two
5.45-mm RPK-74 light machineguns to be used.

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Sights w/Magnification: Open, 1x

VARIANTS
1V118 Reostat/1V119 Spektr: Artillery command and observation
posts for amphibious and airborne forces.

2S9: 120-mm self-propelled combination gun, with a turreted
breech-loaded mortar/howitzer system.

BMD-KShM: Former Soviet regiment or division command and
staff variant, with large Clothes-line antenna.

BREM-D: Armored repair and recovery variant.

BTR-RD/Robot: An ATGM variant (AT-4/-5) with 2 launchers,
dismounted or mounted on pintles for vehicle launch.

BTR-ZD: Air defense variant with porteed or towed ZU-23 twin 23-
mm air defense gun. Vehicle also carries manpad SAM launchers.

BTR-3D: Air defense variant with a rear-mounted ZU-23 gun.

Sterkh (Malakit/Shmel): UAV transporter and launcher vehicle.

7.62-mm API
Day: 1,000 m / 400-500 on the move
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: 7.62-mm Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy
Ball, API, API-T, Incendiary

NOTES
BTR-D is a variant of the BMD-1, with an additional road wheel, with the turret removed, and with a raised hatch area. The vehicle can be para-
chute landed with airborne troops. The BTR-Ds in grenade launcher units will carry one AGS-17 30-mm AGL in the rear.
Options include the Kliver turret with a 30-mm gun, 7.62-mm coax MG, thermal sights, superior day sights, and (four) Kornet ATGM launchers.

2-9

7 Nov 2000

US Armored Personnel Carrier M113A1 ____________________________________________________________

Types

.50 cal cupola MG
Slap, API, API-T,
Ball, Ball-T,
Incendiary, I-T

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 2
2
): .55

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 64
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 5.8

Radio: Various, including intercom

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): N/ANo turret
Applique Armor (mm): Yesanti-mine armor on bottom
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 cal (12.7 x 99) heavy machinegun, M2HB
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 450-550 cyclic
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A

Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: Open ladder sight, 1x
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
More than 100 variants have been produced in numerous countries,
with 7.62-mm MGs, 40-mm automatic grenade launchers, 90-mm
recoilless rifles, and turrets with 20-to-76-mm cannons. The follow-
ing are US variants. Command variants are M577 and M114 (C&R).
Self-propelled mortars are M125 (81-mm) and M106A2 (4.2-inch).
The M901/ ITV ATGM launcher vehicle is a common variant. The
M163 SP air defense gun has a 20-mm Vulcan cannon; and M730 is
a Chapparral AD missile launcher. Other variants include ambu-
lances, recovery and engineer vehicles.

M113A2: This multi-national variant features mobility improve-
ments. One version is being developed with the Giat TS90 90-mm
cannon. M113A3: Changes for this multi-national variant include a
new power train and increased armor protection.

AIFV: The multi-national IFV variant has M113A3 armor upgrades,
a stabilized turret with 25-mm gun, and a 7.62-mm MG.

VCC-1: Italian M113 copies are supplemented by this variant

.50 SLAP (sabot light armor penetrator)
Day: 2,000
Night: INA

.50 Cal Ball
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A

Other Ammunition Types: Ball-T, Incendiary, I-T, API, API-T

NOTES
The M113A1 is a variant of the gasoline-powered M113. Armors available include Rafael Enhanced Add-on Armor Kit (EAAK), Creusot-
Marrel plate armor, and SNPE explosive reactive armor. Thermal and TV sights are also available.

2-10
Russian Light Armored Multi-purpose Vehicle MT-LB ________________________

Types

7.62-mm Turret MG
Lt Ball , Ball-T,
API, API-T, Incendiary

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: MT-LB-T
Date of Introduction: 1970, modernized in 1995
Description:
Crew: 2
2
): 0.46 standard track / 0.28 wide track

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 61.5/70 modernized
Max Off-Road: 30/45 modernized
Max Swim: 5-6

Radio: R-123 or upgrade to -123M/-173

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 7-14
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): INA
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes

ARMAMENT
Main Armament(s):
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Loader Type: Belt-feed
Elevation (): -5/ +35
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A

Firing Ports: 1 on each side and 1 in each rear door.

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: PP-61AM, 2.6x
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
MT-LB Upgrade: 1995 upgrade includes improved steering and a
new engine.
2S1: 122-mm self-propelled howitzer.
9P149/Shturm-S: ATGM launcher vehicle with AT-6 autoloader.
MT-LB "blade": Dozer version with a blade attached to the vehicle.
MT-LBu: Expanded variant for artillery command and reconnais-
sance vehicles (ACRVs) and other uses.
MT-LBV: Arctic variant with .57m wide track for snow and im-
proved flotation.
MTP-LB: Technical support vehicle.
MT-SON: Ground surveillance radar vehicle with Pork Trough/
SNAR-2 radar.
RKhM: Chemical reconnaissance vehicle.
SA-13: Regimental surface-to-air missile launcher vehicle.
SNAR-10: Ground surveillance radar vehicle with Big Fred radar.

7.62-mm API, API-T
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy Ball, Incen-
diary

NOTES
Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is available for use on MT-LB.

Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and
improved fire control system.

2-11

7 Nov 2000

Austrian Armored Personnel Carrier Pandur ________________________________

Sketch of MICV 1/127 APC
Types

12.7mm MG, M2HB
SLAP, API, API-T, Ball,
Ball-T, Incend, I-T

7.62-mm MG, FN-MAG
Ball-T, API, API-T

Typical
Combat Load

1,000

1,600

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: System featured is MICV 1/127 version
Proliferation: At least 3 countries, 2 more to follow, and the UN
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 8-9
Height Overall (m): 2.64 top of cupola
2
): INA

Engine Type: 210-hp Diesel/265-hp in upgrade
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 105
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 9/11 with Amphibious Vehicle

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 12.7-mm on front 30, 7.62-mm other
Applique Armor (mm): Add-on protection to 14.5 mm available
Smoke Equipment: 6-12 smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament: Note:
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 cal (12.7 x 99) heavy MG, M2HB
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 250 /750
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 51) machinegun, FN-MAG
Mount Type: Turret/cupola mount

Day: 1,500
Night: II sights available
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical each/650-1000 cyclic, in bursts
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 2 on each side, for several APC variants.

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: Optical sight, Swarovski F-450, 2x
Night: II and IR sights available, thermal for cannon variants

VARIANTS
Pandur offers a wide variety of configurations on a modern 6x6 vehi-
cle chassis, with weights varying 9-15t. Base vehicle is the APC,
with flat hull top and 2- and 3-step hull top configurations. A recent
variant is Amphibious Vehicle, stretch flat-hull APC with slab sides
and minimal preparation time for amphibious operation. Options
include 1-3 cupolas and/or drop-in turrets with weapons: 7.62- and/or
12.7-mm MGs, 25-, 30-, or 35-mm autocannon, 40-mm AGL, and 90-
mm cannon. Other variants include recon, fire support, TOW, Hell-
fire, and HOT ATGM launchers, engineer, command and control,
NBC, ambulance, mortar, and logistics vehicles. A recent 8x8 fire
support chassis prototype was displayed with a 105-mm gun.

.50 cal SLAP
Day: 2,000
Night: INA

.50 cal Ball
Day: 1,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Ball-T, API, API-T, Incendiary, I-T

NOTES
A spall liner and mine protection carpet are included on the APC.
2-11.1

2-11.2

7 Nov 2000

US Armored Personnel Carrier V-150 ______________________________________

Types

7.62-mm cupola MG
Ball-T, Match
API, API-T
Typical
Combat Load

3,200

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Commando
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 2
2
): INA

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 89
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 5

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 7.62-mm ball
Smoke Equipment: Optional

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 51) MG, FN-MAG (exam-
ple)
Loader Type: Belt feed, box magazines
Elevation (): INA
Fire on Move: Yes


ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: Open ladder sight
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
Armament options vary widely and include: a turret with 7.62-mm or
12.7-mm MG or turrets with 20-mm, 25-mm, 30-mm, 76-mm, or 90-
mm gun. Another turret offers a 12.7-mm MG and 40-mm grenade
launcher. An 81-mm self-propelled mortar launcher variant and a
TOW ATGM launcher variant are available. Variants include a cargo
carrier, police and security vehicles, an air defense variant with 20-
mm Vulcan cannon.

V-100: This earlier 4x4 APC has a gasoline engine.

V-150S: This slightly larger 4x4 variant has improved drive train and
the above variety of turret and gun options. A Commando command
variant includes a raised compartment area with external-mount 7.62-
mm MG. Taiwan has versions with an open-mount 12.7-mm MG and
a 107-mm (4.2 inch) mortar.

V-200: Variant sold to Singapore with 20-mm turret, 90-mm turret,
air defense variant with RBS-70 surface-to-air missile and a recovery
variant. Another variant has a 120-mm mortar.

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm Ball , NATO
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000 (est)
Day: 1,500
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Ball-T, API, API-T, Match

NOTES
The baseline V-150 is equipped with a variety of pintle-mounted 7.62-mm machineguns. Many MGs are installed by user countries from their
inventories. The Belgian FN-MAG general purpose MG is a widely used MG that represents a common capability.

2-12
North Korean Armored Personnel Carrier VTT-323 ___________________________

Types

2 x 14.5-mm KPVT MG
API, API-T
HE-T

*AT Vehicle
AT-3-Type ATGM
HEAT
HE
SA-7/-14/16 MANPAD
Typical
Combat load

1,000
500
500

4

2

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M1973
Proliferation: At least one country

Description:
Crew: 3
Length Overall (m): 6.20
2
): 0.58

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: 70-80
Max Swim: 10
Radio: INA

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): No
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): No
NBC Protection System: No
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 2 x 14.5-mm (14.5x114) Heavy MGs, KPVT
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 300 practical (2 x 150)
Loader Type: Belt
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon: None

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P111-type
Launch Method: Rail-launched
Guidance: MCLOS
Command Link: Wire
Launcher Dismountable: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: No
Main Gun Stabilization: No (est.)
Rangefinder: No
Gunner:
Day: INA
Night: INA

VARIANTS
North Korean variant of Chinese YW 531A/ Type 63-II APC. An
AT variant also mounts an AT-3-type ATGM launcher, and may
include a SA-14 or SA-16 manportable air defense launcher.

Other vehicles using the chassis are the PT-85 light tank, a 120-mm
combination gun, a 122-mm SP howitzer, 107-mm MRLs (12/18/24
tubes), a 4-barreled 14.5-mm SP AA Gun, the M1985 (AT-3-type 4-
rail) ATGM launcher vehicle, and 82- and 120-mm SP mortars.

Caliber, Type, Name: 14.5-mm API-T
Max Aimed Range (m): 2,000 (EST)
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 20 at 1,000 m/ 30 at 500 m, 38 at muzzle
Other Ammunition Types: API, I-T, HE-T Type MDZ

ANTITANK GUIDED MISSILES See AT-3 for ATGM types.
Name: AT-3c Imp/ Polk (Slovenian)
Warhead Type: Tandem HEAT
Armor Penetration (mm): 580 (RHA)
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Red Arrow-73A (Chinese)
Warhead Type: HEAT
Armor Penetration (mm): 500 RHA
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Red Arrow-73B/C (Chinese)
Warhead Type: HEAT
Range (m): 3,000

Other ATGMs: I-RAAD (Iranian), Malyutka-2 HE (Russian)

NOTES
Thermal sights are available. Slovenian TS-M ATGM thermal night sight ranges are: detection 4,500 m, recognition 2,000 m.
The HE-Blast ATGM is used for killing personnel and destroying bunkers and other fortifications.
2-12.1

7 Nov 2000

Chinese Armored Personnel Carrier WZ 551 ________________________________

APC w/25-mm gun
Types

25-mm automatic gun
API
HE

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat Load

*400
200
200

1,000

*mix estimate
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M1986/1, M1986/2, Type 86
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 10
2
): INA

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 85
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 8

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): INA
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
Smoke Equipment: 8 smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 25-mm automatic overhead turreted gun
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 100/300/500 in bursts, or semi-automatic
Loader Type: Drum feed
Fire on Move: Yes, reduced range (est.)

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Coax
Max Aimed Range (m): 2,000

Day: 1,000
Night: 800+
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical/ 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 4
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: INA
Rangefinder: INA
Infrared Searchlight: IR sight w/searchlight optional
Gunner: Day/night sight
Day: INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: II

VARIANTS
Other versions include APCs with other 25-mm guns, and with 12.7-
mm machinegun. There are also IFV variants with the Dragar 1-man
turret and 25-mm gun, and the BMP-1 turret with 73-mm gun. Other
vehicle types include: C3 vehicle, ambulance, and an engineer vehi-
cle. The ATGM launcher vehicle variants launch Red Arrow-8E (HJ-
8E), and the new Red Arrow-9 (HJ-9) ATGM.

Caliber, Type, Name: 25-mm API
Max Aimed Range (m): INA
Day: 2,000 (est.)
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 2,000 (est)

Caliber, Type, Name: 25-mm HE
Max Aimed Range (m): INA
Day: 2,000+ (est)
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 2,000 (est)
Armor penetration (mm): INA

Other Ammunition Types: INA

NOTES
The tires have run-flat capability.

2-12.2
Chinese Armored Personnel Carrier YW 531A/531C __________________________

YW 531 Baseline APC
Types

12.7-mm MG
APDS, API, API-T,
HE-T, HEI
Typical
Combat Load

1,120
500
620

SYSTEM Data is for YW 531A/C where different
Alternative Designations: Type 63, North Korean M1967
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.44

Engine Type: 260-hp Diesel/320-hp Diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 42/66
Max Off-Road: 32/40
Max Swim: 6.0

Radio: Type 889

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 14, front glacis
Active Protective System: NA

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7 x 108), heavy MG, Type 54
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical/600 air targets in bursts
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 2 left side, 1 right, 1 in the rear/1 each side and rear

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A

Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: Open ladder sight, optical sight, NFI
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
YW531A/Type 63-II: Upgrade APC with gun shield. Other vehi-
cles with this chassis are: YW 531B and Type 54-1 122-mm SP
howitzer, Type 70 130-mm (19-tube) MRL, and a Red Arrow-8
ATGM launcher vehicle with 4-rail launcher and 4 stowed ATGMs.

YW-531C: Variant APC with gun shield, better vision ports, and
ventilation. Other vehicles use this chassis, including YW 750 ambu-
lance, and YW 701A/B and YW 702 command post vehicles. The C,
D and E variants differ in intercom sets and firing ports. Two SP
mortar variants are Type YW-304 (82-mm M-1937 type, 120 rounds,
3,040 m) and Type YW-381 (120-mm, 50 rds, 7,700 m).

YW-531H/Type 85, Type 89, and Type 90: Expanded 5-road wheel
variants. For the -H variant and vehicle series, see sheet.

VTT-323: North Korean variant, also known as M1973 (See sheet).

12.7-mm, APDS (Tungsten Core), Type 54
Max Aimed Range (m): 2,000 (est)
Day: 1,500 vehicles, 1,600 aircraft
Night: INA

12.7-mm, API, Type 54
Day: 1,500 Unarmored ground, 800 armored vehicles
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 21 (RHA) at 500 m, 13 at 1,000 m

Other Ammunition Types: API-T, Russian Duplex, Russian Du-
plex-T, Incendiary-T, HE-T Type MDZ, HEI Type ZP

NOTES
Type 54 MG is a Chinese copy of former Soviet 12.7-mm DShKM.

2-13

7 Nov 2000

Chinese Armored Personnel Carrier YW 531H and Vehicle Series Type 85 _______

Type 85 ATGM Launcher Vehicle with Red Arrow-8 ATGM
Types

12.7-mm MG
APDS, API, API-T,
HE-T, HEI

or

Missile Launcher
(ATGM launcher vehicle)
HEAT ATGM
Typical
Combat Load

1,120
500
620

8

SYSTEM: Data is for APC / ATGM vehicle where different
Alternative Designations: Type 85 is preferred nomenclature
Description:
Crew: 2 / 4
Troop Capacity: 13 / 0 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 13.6 / 13.8
Height Overall (m): 2.85 / INA
2
): 0.59

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65 / 60
Max Off-Road: 46
Max Swim: 6.0

Radio: Type 889 / Type 889 or VRC 83

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 14 front glacis
Active Protective System: NA
Smoke Equipment: 2 x 4 grenade launchers, some versions

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7 x 108), heavy MG, Type 54
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical/600 air, in bursts / 2-3
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 4/4 for ATGM launcher vehicle
Elevation (): -4 to +82 / -7 to +13
Fire on Move: Yes / No

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 6-7 (3 on each side, 1 in rear door, Thai version)

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A

Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: Open ladder sight / day periscope
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000 / 4,000
Night: INA / Thermal sight optional

VARIANTS
Type 85: Export vehicle series derived from the C-variant APC but
expanded, and with addition of a fifth road wheel. Note: Thai ver-
sion has .50 cal (12.7-mm) M2HB MG vs Type 54. The -H APC
sired a new family of combat and support vehicles. Combat variants
include: armored command APC, YW 309 IFV (73-mm gun),
NVH-1 IFV (25- or 30-mm gun), NVH-4 IFV (25-mm gun), Type
70-1/ YW 302 122-mm SP howitzers and YW 306 130-mm MRL.
Support vehicles include a maintenance engineer vehicle, recovery
vehicle, command post vehicle, fire fighting vehicle, and WZ 751
ambulance. Mortars are SP Type 67 82-mm (M1937-type, 120
rounds, 3,040 m max range), and YW 381 120-mm (50 rounds, 7,700
m max range). Each also has a 12.7-mm MG with 540 rounds.

Type 85 ATGM launcher vehicle: Raised hull variant with 4-rail
launcher turret for Red Arrow-8 SACLOS wire-guided ATGM. The
ROF is 2-3 rd/min. See launcher sheet for ATGM data.

Type 89/ YW 534: A 5-wheeled APC, combat, and support vehicle
series (250 mm longer and 74 mm wider) for Chinese forces.

12.7-mm, APDS (Tungsten Core), Type 54
Day: 1,500 vehicles /1,600 aircraft
Night: INA

12.7-mm, API, Type 54
Day: 1,500 Unarmored ground / 800 armored
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 21 (RHA) at 500 m, 13 at 1,000 m

Other Ammunition Types: API-T, Russian Duplex, Russian
Duplex-T, Incendiary-T, HE-T Type MDZ, HEI Type ZP

NOTES None

2-14
French Infantry Fighting Vehicle AMX-10P______________________________________

Types

20-mm Cannon
APDS-T, API-T
HEI, HEI-T

7.62-mm coax MG
Tracer, AP, API, In-
cendiary

Typical
Combat Load

760
(est) 260
500

2,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 3
Length Overall (m): INA
2
): 0.53

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 7

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 12.7-mm frontal

ARMAMENT
Caliber, Type, Name: 20-mm automatic cannon M693 F1
Loader Type: Dual belt feed
Fire on Move: INA

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 51) MG, AAT 52 NF1
Mount Type: Coax

Max Effective Range:
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: INA
Rangefinder: INA
Gunner:
Day: OB 40 Day/ night sight
Night: OB 40 Day/ night sight

VARIANTS
AMX-10P: Variant with Milan or HOT ATGM launcher
AMX-10P/Milan: ATGM launcher vehicle, with two launchers
AMX/HOT: ATGM launcher vehicle (Toucan II turret, 4 launchers)
AMX-10 TM: Mortar carrier towing 120-mm RT-61 mortar
AMX-10 PAC 90: Fire support/AT variant with Giat 90-mm gun
AMX-10P Marine: Improved swim variant w/ 12.7/25/90-mm gun
AMX-10 PC: Command variant with varied command stations
AMX-10 RC: Wheeled (6 x 6) fire support vehicle with 90-mm gun
AMX-10 RAC: The same fire support chassis with 105-mm gun

Caliber, Type, Name: 20-mm (20x139) APDS-T
Day: 1,300
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: API, API-T, HEI, HEI-T

NOTES
A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are available for use on theAMX-10P. However, during dismounted troop
movement, ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely; and ERA application is doubtful.

2-15

7 Nov 2000

2-16
Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-1 ______________________________________

Types

73-mm gun
HEAT
HE

AT-3/a/b/c/Imp ATGM
HEAT
HE

7.62-mm coax MG
2x 7.62-mm bow MG
Typical
Combat Load

40
(est) 16
24

4
3
1

2,000
4,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations:
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 5 passengers (+1)
2
): 0.57

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Max Swim: 7

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 23 or Antibullet
Applique Armor (mm): See NOTES
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): See NOTES
Smoke Equipment: VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm smoothbore gun, 2A28/Grom
Rate of Fire(rd/min): 7-8
Loader Type: Autoloader
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 40 / 0
Fire on Move: Yes, but only 10 km/h or less (est)

Auxiliary Weapons:
Mount Type: Coax
Night: 800

Fire on Move: Yes
Mount Type: Bow (ball-mounted)
Day: 1,000/ 400-500 on the move
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P111
Guidance: MCLOS
Command Link: Wire

Firing Ports: 1 on each side, 1 in left rear door

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: Stadiametric
Gunner:
Day: 1PN22M1, 8x
Acquisition Range (m):
Night: 1PN22M1, 6.7x
Field of View (): 6
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,000, based on light

VARIANTS
BMD-1K: Command IFV (FSU), with added R-126 and R-107.

BMD-1M: Variant with improved ventilation and road wheels.

BMD-1P: Widely fielded IFV with AT-4/5 replacing AT-3.

BMD-1PK: Company commander variant (FSU) of BMD-1P.

BMD-2: Widely fielded variant with a 30-mm automatic gun and
with AT-3 ATGM launcher replaced by AT-4/5 ATGM launcher.

BTR-D: Stretched (6-road wheel) armored multipurpose transporter
variant, with two 7.62-mm MGs but no turret. This chassis has been
used for a variety of other airborne vehicles.

2-17

7 Nov 2000

Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-1 continued____________________________

73-mm HEAT-FS, PG-9
Day: 800, but 600 or less on the move
Night: 800

73-mm HEAT-FS, NFI
Day: 1,000, but 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000
Armor Penetration (mm): >400 (RHA)

73-mm HE, OG-9
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300, 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000

73-mm HE, OG-9M1
Night: 800-1,000

Other Ammunition Types: OG-9M

Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-3, -3A, -B
Range (m): 3,000

Name: AT-3C
Range (m): 3,000

Name: AT-3C Imp/ Polk (Slovenian)
Warhead Type: Precursor with HEAT
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Malyutka-2 (Russian)
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Malyutka HE (Russian)
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Range (m): 3,000

NOTES
Vehicle can be parachute landed with airborne troops onboard. Height can be lowered.

Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4-Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and
improved fire control system. The Russian Volgorod Tractor Plant offers the B30 turret (a drop-in one-man turret with 2A42 30-mm gun, 7.62-
mm coax MG, and a 9P135M launcher for AT-4/-5 ATGM). A Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher is available for BMD-1.

Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine. A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are
available for use on the BMD-1. However, during dismounted troop movement, ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely; and
ERA application is doubtful. For amphibious use, additional armor application is unlikely.

The Slovenian TS-M ATGM thermal night sight has a detection range of 4,500m and a recognition range of 2,000m.

The AT-3 HE-Blast ATGM is used for killing personnel and destroying bunkers and other fortifications.

The AT-3C Polk features a nose probe, an improved motor for increased velocity, lower smoke noise signature and a SACLOS launcher with
improved sights.

2-18
Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-3 __________________________________

Types

30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE
AP-T, APDS-T,
APFSDS

ATGM launcher
7.62-mm coax MG
30-mm grenade launcher
5.45-mm light MG
Typical
Combat Load

860
340/240
160/120

6
2,000
551
2,325

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: N/A
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: passengers: 4 (+3)
2
): 0.32 (wide track) / .48 (standard track)

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-173

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): "Antibullet" (7.62)
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 plow or -10 roller
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers, 3 x each side of turret

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 550 cyclic in bursts/ 200-300 practical
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic grenade launcher, AG-17
Mount Type: Bow left side

Day: 1,200
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 60-100 practical in short (< 5 rds) or long
(6-10 rd) bursts.

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Day: 1,000
Night: 1,000
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 5.45-mm light machinegun, RPK-74
Mount Type: Bow right side
Day: 800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 150 automatic/ 50 semiautomatic

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P135
Launch Method: Tube-launched
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: BPK-2-42
Field of View (): 8
Night: BPK-2-42 II/IR

VARIANTS None

2-19

7 Nov 2000

Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-3 continued _________________________

30-mm AP-T
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 18 (RHA) at 1,500m

30-mm APDS
Day: 2,000
Night: INA

30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000m, 45 at 2,000m

30-mm Frag-HE
Day: 4,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm HEI-T

Name: AT-5B/Konkurs-M
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge (HEAT)
Range (m): 4,000

Name: AT-5/Spandrel
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Range (m): 4,000

NOTES
BMD-3 has variable height control.

Automatic grenade launcher has 290 ready rounds and 261 in the rack. The ATGM launcher has 3 ready rounds (one on the launcher), and two
stowed.

A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are available for use on the BMD-3. However, during dismounted troop move-
ment, ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely and ERA application is doubtful. For amphibious use, additional armor appli-
cation is unlikely. Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine.

The Russian SANOET-1 thermal gunner's sight is available. Thermal sights are available for the ATGM launcher. The Russian Trakt/1PN65
thermal imaging ATGM night sight is optional. Acquisition range is 2,500 m (NFI). For the ATGM launcher in dismount configuration, the
Russian Mulat/1PN86 lightweight thermal ATGM night sight has 3,600 m detection range and 2,000 m identification range.

French-German Flame-V adapter kit permits the BMD-3 to launch Milan, Milan-2 and Milan-3 ATGMs.

Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, a
coaxial 7.62-mm MG and improved fire control system.

2-20
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1 ___________________________________

Types

73-mm gun
HEAT
HE

AT-3/a/b/C/Imp ATGM
HEAT
HE

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat load

40
20
20

5
3
2

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BMP Model 1970, Korshun
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 6 passengers (+2)
2
): 0.57

Engine Type: Diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Max Swim: 7
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 or 10 mine plow available
Radio: R-123, R-M or R-173

Protection:
NBC Protection System: Collective protection
Smoke Equipment: Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS)

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm smoothbore gun 2A28/Grom
Rate of Fire: 7-8 rd/min
Fire on Move: Yes, but only 10 km/h or less (est.)

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Day: 1,000 / 400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: 250 rpm (practical, in 2-10 round bursts)


ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P111
Guidance: MCLOS
Command Link: Wire

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: No
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: 1PN22M1, 8x
Acquisition Range (m):
Night: 1PN22M1, 6x
Field of View (): 6

VARIANTS
Earlier models, referred to as BMP and BMP-A were produced in
small numbers from 1966. The standard BMP-1 (Model 1970) fea-
tures improved fume venting, NBC protection, and swim features.
Copies include: Chinese WZ 501/Type 86, Czech BVP-1, and the
Polish BWP-1. A variety of variant IFVs/APCs and support vehicles
have been developed using this chassis. For instance, the Chinese
WZ 503 is a raised hull APC variant replacing the 73-mm gun with a
12.7-mm MG. The WZ 504 is an ATGM launcher vehicle with 4-rail
AT-3-type ATGM launcher. The WZ 505 is an ambulance vehicle;
and WZ 506 is a regimental command and staff vehicle.

BMP-1K: Company command IFV, with added R-126 and R-107
transceivers. Firing ports and most periscopes are blocked.

BMP-1KSh: Former Soviet regiment or division command and staff
vehicle, with turret mounted erectable 10-meter radio mast. Radios
include R-130, R-111, and R-173.

BMP-1M: Iranian variant with drop rear gate vs double doors.

BMP-1P: Widely fielded FSU IFV with an AT-4/5 ATGM launcher
and smoke grenade launchers (see pp. 2-21 and 2-22).

BMP-1PG: Recently offered upgrade similar to BMP-1P with an
automatic grenade launcher and other options (see p. 2-21).

BMP-1PK: Command variant for BMP-1P (see p. 2-21).

2-20.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1 continued __________________________

BPzV: Czechoslovakian reconnaissance variant with a TALL MIKE
external tripod mounted radar.

BREM-2: Light recovery and repair vehicle with a light crane.

BREM-4: Armored recovery vehicle. Czech version is VPV.

BRM-1, BRM-1K: Reconnaissance command variants with im-
proved sensors and low-profile 2-man turret (see p. 3-4).

BRM-23: Bulgarian reconnaissance variant with a 23-mm cannon,
AT-3 ATGM, navigation system, NBC and artillery reconnaissance
devices, and image intensifier night sights.

IMR: Armored engineer tractor, with crane and dozer blade.

IRM: Engineer underwater reconnaissance vehicle, with mine detec-
tors and mapping capabilities.

MLI-84: Romanian APC variant with a 12.7-mm MG.

MP-31: Modernized command and staff vehicle.

OT-90: Czech APC variant with 14.5-mm and 7.62-mm MGs.

PRAM-S: Czechoslovakian self-propelled 120-mm mortar variant.

PRP-3/PRP-4: Artillery reconnaissance vehicle (see p. 6-3).

Snezka: Czech stretched version battlefield surveillance vehicle,
with a sensor suite (including radar) mounted on a telescoping arm.

SVO: Czechoslovakian turretless mine clearing variant with 24 large
rocket-propelled line charges.

VP90: Czech reconnaissance vehicle with 14.5 and 7.62-mm MGs

Main Armament Ammunition:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm HEAT-FS, PG-9
Day: 800, but 600 or less on the move in 2-4 rd bursts
Night: 800

Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm HEAT-FS, NFI

Day: 1,000/ 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000

Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm HE, OG-9M1
Day: 1,300/ 600-1,000 on the move
Night: 800-1,000

Other Ammunition Types: OG-9, OG-9M

Name: AT-3 Malyutka/-3a, -b Malyutka-M
Range (m): 800-3,000

Name: AT-3c/ Malyutka-P
Range (m): 800-3,000

Name: AT-3c Imp/ Polk (Slovenia)
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Malyutka-2 (Russian)
Range (m): 3,000

Warhead Type: HEAT
Range (m): 3,000

Warhead Type: HEAT
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Malyutka-2 HE (Russian)
Range (m): 3,000

NOTES
Thermal gunner sights are available; however, most upgrades involve adding a thermal sight with an improved gun and improved fire control
system. The Slovenian TS-M ATGM thermal night sight has a detection range of 4,500 m and a recognition range of 2,000 m.

Russian BMP-2 2-man turrets with gun and fire control system are being marketed for BMP-1 customers. The Volgorod Tractor Plant offers the
BMP-1/B30 package with a B30 turret (a drop-in one-man turret with 2A42 30-mm gun, 7.62-mm coax MG, BMP-2-type fire control system,
PZU-8 AA sight, and a 9P135M ATGM launcher for AT-4/-5 ATGM). Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabi-
lized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4-Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and improved fire control system. A Ukrainian turret is also available.

Russian AG-17 30-mm AGL modification is available for use on BMP-1. A French SNPE ERA kit and others are available for use on the BMP-1. Other
options are improved tracks, spall liners, air conditioning, smoke grenade launchers/laser warning receivers, and a more powerful engine (360 hp).

The AT-3-type ATGM can be upgraded by an operator with a new warhead in minutes. Low-mid-level maintenance can upgrade the missile
motor. The HE-Blast ATGM is used for killing personnel and destroying bunkers and other fortifications. The AT-3C Polk features a nose
probe, an improved motor for increased velocity, lower smoke and noise signature, and a SACLOS launcher with improved sights.

2-20.2
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1P__________________________________

Types

73-mm gun
HEAT-FS
HE

ATGM
AT-4/-4B/-5/-5B

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat Load

40
(est) 16
24

4

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BWP-1 (Poland), see NOTES
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.57

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Max Swim: 7

Radio: R-123, or R-173

Protection:
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 plow available
Smoke Equipment: Six 81-mm smoke grenade launchers, VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm smoothbore gun 2A28/Grom

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Coax
Day: 1,000 / 400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: No

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P135M2
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire


FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 1PN22M1
Infrared Searchlight: OU-3GK
Gunner:
Day: 1PN22M1, 8 x
Night: 1PN22M1, 6.7x
Field of View (): 6
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,000 based on light

VARIANTS
BMP-1PG: This recently offered Russian upgrade is similar to
BMP-1P with an added AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher
and other options, including thermal sights.

BMP-1PK: Command variant, with addition of R-126 and R-107
transceiver. A small telescoping antenna is mounted on right rear.
Firing ports and telescopes on right side are blocked off.

73-mm HEAT-FS, PG-9
Day: 800, but 600 or less on the move in 2-4 round bursts
Night: 800-1,000

73-mm HEAT-FS, NFI
Day: 1,000/ 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000

2-21

7 Nov 2000

Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1P continued_________________________

73-mm HE, OG-9M1
Day: 1,300/ 600-1,000 on the move
Night: 800-1,000

Other Ammunition Types: OG-9, OG-9M

Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Range (m): 4,000

Range (m): 4,000

Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Range (m): 2,000

Name: AT-4B/Factoria
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped charge (HEAT)
Range (m): 2,500

NOTES
The prototype IFV, known as BMP, was not fielded. lnitial BMP production variant, BMP-A, was halted with insignificant numbers. The base-
line production IFV, BMP-1, has an AT-3/SAGGER antitank guided missile. The BMP-1P upgrade is widely fielded, with an AT-4/-5 ATGM
launcher replacing the AT-3 launcher. The vehicle also added smoke grenade launchers. This variant should generally be portrayed where
OPFOR calls for the BMP-1. For applications where a robust and modernized OPFOR is expected, use AT-5B ATGM. The AT-4/-4B ATGMs
are less likely to be employed on this vehicle.

Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine. A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are
available for use on the BMD-1. However, during dismounted troop movement, ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely; and
ERA application is doubtful. Additional armor application may jeopardize amphibious capability.

Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is available for use on BMP-1P. Russian KBP offers a drop-in one man turret,
called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and improved fire control system.

The Russian Alis thermal gunner's sight is available. The Slovenian TS-F ATGM thermal night sight has a detection range of 4,500 m and a
recognition range of 2,000 m.

2-22
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-2 ___________________________________

Types

30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE
AP-T, APDS-T,
APFSDS-T

ATGM
AT-5/-5B/-4/-4B

7.62-mm coax MG

Typical
Combat Load

500
340
160

5

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Yozh (Russia), Sarath (India)
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.63

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: 7

Radio: R-123M transceiver or R-173

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): On BMP-2D
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available, see NOTES
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 mine plow available
Smoke Equipment: 6 smoke grenade launchers, VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 550 cyclic in bursts/ 200-300 practical
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:

Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P135M1/M3
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire

Firing Port: 4 on left side, 3 on right side
1 in left rear door

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: BPK-1-42 or BPK-2-42
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: BPK-1-42 or BPK-2-42
Field of View (): 8
Acquisition Range (m): 2,500-4,000 (est)
Night: BPK-1-42 or BPK-2-42 II/IR

VARIANTS
BMP-2D: Variant with add-on plate armor, but which cannot swim

BMP-2E: Variant with 6-mm steel plates added and track skirts

BMP-2K: Command variant with additional radio

30-mm AP-T
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 18 (RHA, 60) at 1,500 m

2-23

7 Nov 2000

Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-2 continued __________________________

30-mm APDS
Day: 2,000
Night: INA

30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000m/45 at 2,000m

30-mm Frag-HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000/ 2,500 point target
Day: 4,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm HEI-T

Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Range (m): 4,000

Range (m): 4,000

Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Range (m): 2,000

Name: AT-4B/Factoria
Range (m): 2,500

NOTES
A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are available for use on the BMP-2. However, during dismounted troop move-
ment, ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely and ERA application is doubtful. For amphibious use, additional armor appli-
cation is unlikely. Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine.

Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is offered for BMP-2.

Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, a
coaxial 7.62-mm MG and improved fire control system.

ATGM load consists of one ready on the launcher and four stowed. They are readily accessible, but require hand loading from an open hatch.
The AT-5 and AT-5B are more likely than AT-4 and -4B.

French-German Flame-V adaptor kit permits the BMP-2 system to launch Milan, Milan-2, and Milan-3 ATGMs.

Thermal sights are available. The Russian SANOET-1 thermal gunner's sight is available. The Russian Trakt/1PN65 thermal imaging (TI)
ATGM night sight is optional. Acquisition range is 2,500 m (NFI). For the launcher in dismount configuration, the Slovenian TS-F ATGM
night sight is available and has a detection range of 4,500 m and recognition range of 2,000 m. The Russian Mulat/1PN86 lightweight TI ATGM
thermal sight has 3,600 m detection range and 2,000 m identification range.

2-24
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-3 __________________________________________________________

Types

100-mm rifled gun
Frag-HE
AT-10/Imp ATGM

30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE
AP-T, APDS-T or
APFSDS-T

7.62-mm coax MG

2 x 7.62-mm bow MG
Typical
Combat Load

40
40
8

500
340
160

2,000

4,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Soviet ICV M1990/1
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.62

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-173, R-173P

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 30-35 front glacis
Applique Armor (mm): Yes on turret
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available, see NOTES
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 plow available
Smoke Equipment: 6 smoke grenade launchers, VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm rifled gun 2A70
Loader Type: Autoloader gun rounds; manual for gun and ATGMs
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22/18 for rounds, 3/5 for ATGMs
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun 2A72
Rate of Fire: 350 rd/min (cyclic) in bursts

Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

Mount Type: Bow left and right
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A70 100-mm gun
Launch Method: Gun-launched
Guidance: SACLOS, laser-beam rider
Command Link: Encoded infrared laser-beam
Launcher Dismountable: No


FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 1K13-2
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: 1K13-2, 8x ; 1P3-10 antiaircraft, 2.6x; PPD-1 stand-by
Night: 1K13-2 II night channel, 5.5x
Commander Fire Main Gun: Yes

2-25

7 Nov 2000

Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-3 continued ___________________________________________

VARIANTS
BMP-3F: Amphibious Armored Combat Vehicle developed for
Naval Infantry.

BMP-3 M1995: ATGM launcher vehicle, with Kornet (AT-14)
launcher and autoloader, and thermal sights.

9P157: ATGM launcher vehicle, with Krizantema (AT-15) ATGM
autoloader, MMW and thermal fire control system.

BMP-3K: Command variant, with electronic round fuze system for
100-mm gun. Bow MGs are removed. Added radios are R-159, R-
143 and R-174.

BREhM-L: Armored recovery vehicle (ARV).

BRM-3K: Combat recon vehicle with radar and 30-mm gun.

BMP-3: UAE upgrade improvements including Namut Thermal
Night sight.

100-mm HE 3UOF17
Day: 4,000
Night: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm HE-Shapnel (HEF/MOD.96)
Focused-fragmentation, electronically-fuzed
Day: 5,200
Night: INA

30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000 m, 45 at 2,000 m

30-mm Frag-HE
Day: 4,000
Night: INA

30-mm AP-T
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 18 (RHA, 60) at 1,500 m

30-mm APDS
Day: 2,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: 100-mm HE-I, 30-mm HEI-T

Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: AT-10/Basnya
Warhead Type: Shaped charge
Command Link: Encoded laser-beam
Range (m): 4,000

Name: AT-10 Improved
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) behind ERA
Range (m): 4,000

NOTES
A French SNPE ERA kit and others are available for use on the BMP-3. However, during dismounted troop movement ERA would be a hazard.
Thus, passive armor is more likely and ERA application is doubtful. Other options are spall liners and air conditioning.

Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is available for use on BMP-3.

Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and

The Namut thermal gunner's sight is available for use on BMP-3. This uses the French Athos thermal camera. Namut sight has 3x and 10x chan-
nels. Night acquisition range: 2,600 m (NFI)

Stowed rounds and ATGMs can be passed from the passenger compartment to the gunner for hand loading. This includes ATGMs.

The "HEF" (or "HE-Shrapnel") round can be employed in indirect fire mode with air burst to 7,000 m.

2-26
German Infantry Fighting Vehicle Marder 1 _______________________________________________________

Types

20-mm automatic cannon
HEI/HEI-T
API-T or APDS-T

7.62-mm coax MG
coaxial
rear/remote turret

Milan ATGM Launcher
Typical
Combat Load

1,250

5,000

5

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4 (3+1 squad member, who dismounts with the squad)
Troop Capacity: 5
Combat Weight (mt): 29.2/35.0* for Marder 1A3
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.79/6.88*
Height Overall (m): 2.99/3.02*
Width Overall (m): 3.24/3.38*
2
): 0.83/0.94*

Engine Type: 590-600-hp Diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 75
Max Off-Road: 65
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.5/2.0 with preparation

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 20 mm/30 mm*
Applique Armor (mm): Available/Standard*
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Brenus ERA available

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 20-mm automatic cannon (92 Cal), Rh202
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 800-1,000
Loader Type: Dual belt feed/manual for Milan
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 345 HE and 75 AP/830 stowed
Fire on Move: No

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) machinegun, MG3
Day: INA

Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) machinegun, MG3
Mount Type: Rear/ turret remote
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher:
Name: Milan, Milan 2, Milan 3
Launch Method: Tube (from canister)
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Launcher Dismountable: Yes, with attached folded tripod.

Firing Ports: Two on each side

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes/removed in later variants
Gunner:
Day: PERI Z 11, 2x and 6x
Night: IR and white light/thermal sight*

VARIANTS
Marder 1A1: Variant includes PERI Z 59 II gunner night sight, and
Milan launcher. Marder 1A1A has original night sight.

Marder 1A3: Variant includes applique armor package, 7.62-mm
MG moved to left side coaxial turret mount, three upper hull doors.
In addition the suspension and turret interior were upgraded. Extra
armor blocks the firing ports.

Roland: German air defense missile launcher vehicle with Marder
chassis.

* Data for Marder 1A3

2-26.1

7 Nov 2000

German Infantry Fighting Vehicle Marder 1 continued ________________________

VCTP: Argentine Army IFV with a Marder chassis, a 720-hp en-
gine, a 20-mm gun on a two-man turret, and two 7.62-mm MGs.

TAM: Argentine Army tank uses the Marder chassis and a 105-mm
gun.

20-mm (20x139) APDS-T, DM43A1
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 32 at 1,000 m

20-mm HEI, DM51A2/HEI-T, DM81
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA

20-mm Shrapnel, DM111 (canister with forward fragment dispense)
Day: INA
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: DM63 APDS-T, canister

Name: Milan
Range (m): 25-2,000

Name: Milan 2
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped charge
Range (m): 20-2,000

Name: Milan 3
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped charge with precursor charge
Range (m): 20-1,920

NOTES
German Brenus ERA and others are available for use on the Marder 1. However, during dismounted troop movement ERA would be a hazard.
Thus, passive armor is more likely and ERA application is doubtful.

All Milan launchers will fire all ATGMs. However, Milan 3 countermeasures will only function with the Milan 3 launcher. All Milan launchers
can mount (and many are fitted with) the MIRA thermal night sight.

2-26.2
British Infantry Fighting Vehicle Warrior________________________________________

Types

30-mm auto gun
HEI-T
APDS-T, APSE-T

7.62-mm coax MG
Ball, Ball-T

Typical
Combat Load

228

2,200
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV 511, MCV-80
Proliferation: At least two countries
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.65

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 75
Max Off-Road: 60
Cross-Country: 48
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.3 Unprepared

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 14.5-mm gun
Applique Armor (mm): Available (see VARIANTS)
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (4 each side of turret)

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic cannon, RARDEN L21A1
Loader Type: Feed tray, clip-fed (3-round clips)
Fire on Move: INA

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm chain gun, L94A1
Max Effective Range: INA

Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: INA
Gunner:
Day: INA
Night: SPAV L2A1 II sight

VARIANTS
Command variant is outfitted with radios, mapboards, other staff
support equipment, and Vickers Defence Turret.

Desert Warrior: Variant with the 2-man turret from LAV-25, with
a US M242 Bushmaster 25-mm automatic cannon, coaxial MG and 1-
2 ATGM launchers. Other modifications are additional passive armor
and three periscopes for improved vision. Sold to Kuwait.

Desert Storm Variant: Changes included passive armor added to
hull sides and a pintle mount for a Milan-2 ATGM launcher.

Mechanized Artillery Observation Vehicle (MAOV): It resembles
an IFV, but is fitted with a dummy cannon, improved artillery recon-
naissance and automation systems, and land navigation. Options
include an Osprey 8-power optical and thermal sight with Nd:YAG
laser designator for the observer.

30-mm APDS-T, L14
Day: 1,100
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm APSE-T (AP Secondary Effects-
T L5, HEI-T L13

NOTES
Variants available but not in production include engineer, recovery,mortar vehicles, armored fighting vehicles with 90-mm and 105-mm guns, an
APC with 7.62-mm chain gun, ATGM launcher vehicles for Milan, HOT and Trigat, and a low-profile chassis for a reduced signature IFV.

2-27

7 Nov 2000

2-28
Russian IFV/APC Turret Kliver_________________________________________________________________________

BMP-1 with Kliver turret
Types

30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE
APDS-T or APFSDS-T

7.62-mm coax MG

ATGM
Kornet-LR
Kornet-LR HE
Typical
Combat Load

300

2,000

4 or 8
(See Notes)

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: TKB-799
Date of Introduction: Displayed first time in 1996
Proliferation: Prototypes displayed on BTR-80, BMP-1 and -3
chassis. This represents upper tier (higher cost) turret upgrades.

Description:
Turret crew: 1, gunner in 1-man turret
Combat Weight (mt): 1.5-2.5
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious vehicle capability retained

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: Not on prototypes, but could be added

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun 2A72
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 rd bursts

ATGM Launcher:
Name: Kornet
Launch Method: Turret mount launcher, with free-slew elevation
Guidance: Laser-beam rider
Launch Method: 4x tube-launched missiles
Launcher Dismountable: No, however Kornet-E spare possible
Elevation (): INA
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2-3, depending on range
Reaction Time (sec): 1-2
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/ 0 APC or IFV, 4 for DF support role

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name:
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane for fire on move
Rangefinder: Laser, built into sight
Gunner: 1K13-2 12x independent 2-plane stabilized sight
Day: TV
Night: Thermal sight

VARIANTS
Prototypes displayed include BTR-80 and BMP-3 chassis. KBP Tula
claims that it can be installed on any vehicle with 1.5-2.5 tonne turret
capacity. Hull opening rework for the turret ring would be required.
KBP (manufacturer) says that a 2-man turret version is available.

BMP-1M: IFV with Kliver upgrade. The turret was designed for
the BMP-1 turret ring.

30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA

30-mm Frag-HE
Day: 4,000
Night: INA

2-29

7 Nov 2000

Russian IFV/APC Turret Kliver continued__________________________________________________________

30-mm APDS
Day: 2,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: 100-mm HE-I, 30-mm HEI-T

Name: Kornet-LR
Alternative Designation: 9M133
Missile Weight (kg): 27
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 1,200
Min/Max Range (m): 100/5,500
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 550
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 22

Other Missiles: Kornet-LR HE (thermobaric, 9M133F)

NOTES
Force could use a partial maneuver unit upgrade, such as one per platoon, or 3-4 per company, to serve the direct-fire support role in an APC or
IFV-based mechanised infantry unit. The cost would be less than conversion of all vehicles, with a significant lethality improvement against
armored vehicles (tanks and IFVs) as well as against aircraft. In the DF support role, 4 more ATGMs and MANPADS launcher could be stowed
in place of 2-4 troops. Stowed rounds and ATGMs can be passed from the passenger compartment to the gunner for hand loading.

Turret installation would not interfere with NBC system, commander's station, or with onboard ammunition stowage.

2-30

Sep 2001
Chapter 3
Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance represents all measures associated with organizing, collecting, and
studying information on the enemy, terrain, and weather in area of upcoming battles. Aggressive
continuous reconnaissance allows the timely accomplishment of combat missions with minimum
losses. Poor reconnaissance can lead to failure. This chapter focuses on the reconnaissance
systems of ground maneuver forces and specialized ground reconnaissance troops such as special
purpose forces. However, there are also dedicated reconnaissance assets which other chapters in
this manual discuss in more detail:
Artillery target acquisition (Chapter 6).
Aerial reconnaissance (Chapters 9, 10, & 12).
Air defense reconnaissance, early warning, and target acquisition (Chapter 7).
Engineer reconnaissance (Chapter 8).
Signals reconnaissance (Chapter 13).
NBC reconnaissance (when published).

As the modern battlefield becomes increasingly mobile and lethal the challenge is to
design and deploy reconnaissance systems with the ability to acquire the enemy, transmit
intelligence, and survive for the next mission. In this era, the struggle for "information
dominance" complements other technological struggles (such as armor/antiarmor and mobility/
countermobility) that characterize the modern battlefield. Reconnaissance developments are
increasingly utilizing the electromagnetic spectrum, integrating C2, navigation systems, data
processing, and fusing technologies, as well as new mobility systems to provide greater
situational awareness and forecasting for the combined arms commander in battlefield
management. Assets are specially designed for different branches and echelons, from tactical to
strategic.

Much of the reconnaissance effort will continue to be executed by assigned maneuver
units. This challenge also translates to reconnaissance as a combined arms mission, not solely
the business of reconnaissance troops. Most forces employ a mix of maneuver vehicles,
including tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, dismounted reconnaissance patrols with ground
sensors, aerial reconnaissance, and reconnaissance vehicles.

Ground sensors include optics (sights, binoculars, and telescopes) that operate in the
visual light (0.4-0.7) bandwidth of the electro-magnetic spectrum. Electro-optical systems,
such as laser rangefinders, laser designators, aiming circles or goniometers, and remote cameras
can operate in the visual band, as well as in the infrared (0.7-13+) band. Television (TV)
systems employ a camera which transforms an image into RF data which can be linked to a
system for processing and transmission. Among current emphases are lightweight hand-
held/tripod mounts, weapons optics, and EO sensors for infantry. Sensor systems increasingly
use acoustic and seismic sensors, and radars. Acoustic sensors include multi-directional
microphones, directional microphones that can be linked for determining azimuth, as well as
sound-ranging arrays and vehicles which intersect azimuths to locate sound sources. Acoustic
sensors can generate a wake-up signal to actuate sensor suites. Weapon sensors continue to be
the preponderent ones for surveillance, target location, and successful reconnaissance operations.
3-1

7 Nov 2000

Radars are finding new applications. Battlefield surveillance radars continue to include
ground radars on tripod mounts and towed carriages, vehicle mounted systems, and on aerial
platforms. Through the use of micro-circuit miniaturization and fire control computer
application technology, target acquistion radars are finding new applications on vehicles and
weapons carriages, such as antitank guns. Compact radars are being marketed for manportable
carry and attachment to weapons, such as automatic grenade launchers. Airborne applications of
imaging radar reconnaissance systems use MTI and synthetic aperture radars and doppler
processing for tactical and operational-strategic surveillance and target acquisition.

A variety of recent sensor systems are fused into sensor suites, which can employ
multiple sensors for day/night integrated detection, location, and target acquisition. The most
common sensor suites incorporate day/night cameras and laser rangefinder/designators. More
sophisticated suites include radars for long-range detection. Several suites can be mounted on
tripods or masts for easy vehicle mounting. Thus, forces are using sensor suites to convert light
armored vehicles or wheeled combat support vehicles into reconnsaissance sensor vehicles.

Digital communication and graphic display technologies support fused intelligence
networks which can incorporate a wide variety of assets, such as reconnaissance vehicles and
aircraft, UAVs, operational-strategic intelligence sources (such as satellite data, map data, and
links to higher-level assets). Modern commercial products such as imageary, simplified ground
station terminals, TV, and internet will contribute to real-time availability of fused intelligence.

Much attention will continue to focus on combat reconnaissance applications. Recent
developments include assets for special operations forces that vary from lightweight manportable
precision location and laser designators, to semi-submersible infiltration landing craft (SILC) for
use by naval special operations forces.

The modern lethal battlefied (increased lethality, mobility, day/night coverage, and
longer range of coverage) poses an increasing hazard to reconnaissance assets and personnel.
Therefore, two other technology trends are on the increase: remote sensors and robotic sensors.
Civilian applications have led to a wide variety of remote cameras, remote mines which can be
used as trigger/alert devices for patrols, and unattended ground sensors (including acoustic, IR,
seismic, tripwire-electronic, and magnetic). Key technology problems, particularly detectibility,
power supply/battery limitations, and signal transmission problems have generally been
resolved. Rechargeable batteries, acoustic/IR wake-up, miniaturization, increased sensor
sensitivity, and other advances contribute to break-throughs. Robotic chassies permit
applications in dangerous areas (e.g., minefields, urban and defilade areas, and open areas
without cover).

Questions and comments on reconnaissance for specific BOSs should be addressed to the
respective chapter POC. Questions concerning data in this chapter should be addressed to:

Walt Williams
DSN: 552-7923 Commercial (913) 684-7923
e-mail address: williamw@leavenworth.army.mil

3-1.1

Sep 2001
Reconnaissance Vehicles

The reconnaissance requirement is for a continuous and pervasive effort throughout the
battlefield at all phases of operation. To accomplish that effort, ground forces employ a mix of
vehicles in areas that vary based on types of threat, and on mobility requirement. Some of the
vehicles must act as independent reconnaissance patrols, combat reconnaissance patrols, and
combat outposts against high threat forces. Many reconnaissance missions will be executed by
maneuver units using organic vehicles, such as APCs, IFVs, tanks, and combat support vehicles.

The spectrum of reconnaissance vehicles currently ranges from older systems ill-suited
for modern requirements, to survivable, mobile, and lethal systems, equipped with complex
sensor arrays and communications suites. A number of forces fielded combat reconnaissance
vehicles (CRVs) designed for operations at or beyond the FLOT, not to initiate combat but to
survive if engaged. They may operate in combat reconnaissance patrols with heavily armed
vehicles such as tanks and IFVs. Swim capability is a valuable asset. Many offer sensors no
better than those on other armored vehicles, and use optics for a variety of combat support
missions, such as fire support. Examples of these are the British Saladin Armored Car and the
Austrian Pandur armored reconnaissance Fire Support Vehicle. Main guns on these vehicles can
range up to 105 mm (South African Rooikat). A growing trend is for CRVs with added sensors
(such as the Russian BRM-3K). It is a versatile vehicle configured for maneuver reconnaissance
with thermal sights and a 30-mm gun, but is also useful for setting up a stationary surveillance
position with its Tall Mike radar. As a command (-K type) vehicle, it employs a mix of radios to
transmit intelligence across several nets in a combined arms force.

Reconnaissance missions closer to the protection of maneuver units or within the area of
responsibility (AOR) still bear some risk. Therefore sensor reconnaissance missions and force
security patrol missions require vehicles with some weapons and armor protection. A recent
trend is the fielding of sensor reconnaissance vehicles with sophisticated multi-sensor arrays
specially designed to operate behind or near the FLOT and provide continuous data to combined
arms forces. Among these vehicles, addition of an elevating mast or arm permits the crew to use
defilade cover yet raise the sensor suite and surveil the battlefield. An example is the Czech
Snezka, or the Chinese Type 85 with HJ-62C radar. Vehicles designed to support specific
branches are included with those branches (such as PRP-3/4 for artillery).

A class of vehicles widely proliferated for such light patrol duties is the armored scout
car. With wheels rather than tracks, light armor, and guns generally of 7.62 - 20 mm, they offer
low cost but are vulnerable to a wide variety of weapons. Examples include the British Ferret
and Russian BRDM-2. A recent category of vehicle which US Army forces will encounter is
lightly armored vehicles on truck or jeep-type chassis with very light armor for security, and
patrol. Some are unarmed; whereas others employ sophisticated weapons stations and lethal
firepower (up to 30-mm guns). Smaller 4x4 scout vehicles (such as French VBL) and ultra-light
fast-attack vehicles have also been built for light patrol and rapid reconnaissance missions. For
site security and other internal security patrol missions, such as MP patrol, light patrol vehicles
may be fashioned with small arms protection, minimum sensors, and troop carrying capacity.

3-1.2

7 Nov 2000

A critical reconnaissance mission for maneuvering forces is route reconnaissance. The
mission requires systems that are highly mobile, with superior sensors as well as superior com-
munications capabilities. Swim capability is generally required. The system should be be sur-
vivable and avoid a fight when possible, but armed sufficiently to fight and survive when neces-
sary. Specialized capabilities to support the route reconnaissance effort on a complex battlefield
include NBC and engineer recon vehicles. They should have comparable mobility and surviv-
ability with accompanied vehicles. Engineer vehicles must clear obstacles, and may be required
to conduct underwater reconnaissance for prospective water crossings. For information on engi-
neer reconnaissance vehicles, see the Engineer chapter.

3-2
French Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle AMX-10RC ________________________

Sep 2001

Types

105-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT-T
HE-T

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat Load

38
(est) 10
9
19

4,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4
Troop Capacity: None

Cruising Range (km): 1,000
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim (km/h): 4.5/7.2 with 2 hydrojets
Fording Depth (m): INA

Radio: INA

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Available, Desert Storm version
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A Active Protective System:
KCBM ATGM IRCM decoy device
Smoke Equipment: 2x2 smoke grenade launchers (16 grenades)

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm (48 Cal) rifled gun, CN-105-F2
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: No

Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm MG, INA
Mount Type: Coax
Day: INA

Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: COTAC M401
Rangefinder: Cilas APX M550 laser
Gunner:
Day: APX M504-04, 10x
Night: DIVT 13 LLLTV

VARIANTS
Desert Storm version: Vehicles have applique armor, an ATGM
IRCM decoy device, and a DIVT 16 thermal sight, range 4,000 m.

105-mm APFSDS-T, OFL 105 Mle F3, Giat
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): Single heavy tank target at 1,000 m

105-mm HEAT-T, OCC 105 F3, French Giat
Day: 1,250
Night: INA

105-mm HE, OE 105 Mle F3
Day: 1,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Smoke

NOTES
The Alis modular thermal sight can be used on AMX-10RC. A 280-hp Baudouin engine replaced the original engine in some upgrades. In 1997
the French army demonstrated a version of the Leclerc Battlefield Management System on the AMX-10RC.

3-2.1

7 Nov 2000

3-2.2

Sep 2001
Russian Armored Scout Car BRDM-2___________________________________________

Types

14.5-mm machinegun
API, API-T, I-T
HE-T

7.62-mm coax MG
Heavy ball, I-T, Light
ball, Ball-T, API-T
Typical
Combat Load

500
160
340

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: GAZ 41-08
Description:
Crew: 4
Troop Capacity: 0 (for this configuration)
2
): INA
Drive Formula: 4 x 4 (+ 4 auxiliary wheels)

Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-123

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 14.5-mm Machinegun KPVT
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 150 practical/600 cyclic
Elevation (): -5 / +30
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Coax
Day: 1,000m / 400-500 on the move
Night: N/A

Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: INA

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: INA
Gunner:
Day: PP-61AM
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
Polish modernized variant has been offered in five versions, with
upgrades such as: 12.7-mm MG, improved PKT MG mount, roof-
mounted AT-4 ATGM, surveillance radar, improved fire control, etc.

Antitank guided missile launcher vehicles:
9P122 variant with 6-rail AT-3 ATGM launcher
9P124 variant with 4-rail AT-2 MCLOS ATGM launcher
9P133 variant with 6-rail AT-3C SACLOS ATGM launcher
9P137 variant with 5-rail AT-5 ATGM launcher
9P148 variant with 5-rail AT-4 or AT-5 ATGM launcher.

BRDM-2Rkh: NBC reconnaissance vehicle

BRDM-2U: Command variant without a turret

SA-9: SAM system transporter-erector-launcher vehicle

14.5-mm API-T
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 20 at 1,000 m/30 at 500 m

Other Ammunition Types: 14.5-mm API, I-T, HE-T Type MDZ

NOTES
Some BRDMs may include an AT-4 launcher and ATGMs for dismounted self-defense.

3-3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Reconnaissance Command Vehicle BRM-1K ________________

Types

73-mm gun
HEAT
HE

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat Load

20
(est) 10
10

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BMP M1976/2
Description:
Crew: 4 (with addition of a navigator)
2
): 0.57

Engine Type: 300-hp diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Max Swim: 7
Radio: R-173, R-130, 2x R-148 manportable, R-014D telegraph

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm smoothbore gun, 2A28/Grom
Elevation () : -4/+33

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coaxial
Day: 1,000 / 400-500 on the move

Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: 1PN22M2, 8x
Field of View (): 15 (est)
Night: 1PN22M2 II channel, 6x
Field of View (): 6 (est)

VARIANTS
BRM-1: Baseline armored reconnaissance vehicle (BMP M1976/1)
without smoke grenade launchers, added comms (R-130, R-014D
telegraph), and Tall Mike radar but with four more passengers.

73-mm HEAT-FS, PG-9
Day: 800, 600 on the move
Night: 800

73-mm HEAT-FS, NFI
Day: 1,000, 600 on the move
Night: 800-1,000

73-mm HE, OG-9
Day: 1,300, 1,000 on the move
Night: 1,000

Other Ammunition Types: 73-mm HE, OG-9M

NOTES
Derived from BMP-1, the vehicle has a 2-man turret and additional sensors. Two manportable SAM launchers are included. BMP-1 options fit BRM-1 and -
1K.
SENSORS: 1PN22M2 sight, 1D8 laser rangefinder, and Tall-Mike battlefield surveillance radar. Radar characteristics: operating band I (9.0 GHz); detection
ranges 30 km personnel, 12 km vehicles. The Russian Alis or Sanoet thermal gunner's sight can be installed. Passengers may dismount from BRM-1K and will
dismount from BRM-1 to form an alternate reconnaissance post.

Sep 2001
3-4

7 Nov 2000

Russian Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle BRM-3K __________________________

Types

30-mm auto gun
HE-I & Frag-HE-T
APDS, APFSDS-T

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat Load

500
340
160

2,000
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Lynx, Rys
Description:
Crew: 6
2
): 0.62

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-163-50U UHF, R-163-50K HF, R-163-10U (dismounts)

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 30-35 mm (front glacis)
Applique Armor (mm): Yes on turret
Smoke Equipment: 6 Smoke grenade launchers, VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Elevation (): -5 to + 60
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Max Effective Range:
Day: 2,000 m
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/2,000 active
Fire on Move: Yes


FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: BPK-2-42
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane, 2E52-1
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: BPK-2-42
Field of View (): 8
Night: 1PN61 II/IR sight
Acquisition Range (m): 1,200-1,500/3,000+ active IR
Commander Fire Main Gun: INA

VARIANTS
N/A

30-mm APDS
Day: 2,500
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/ 2,500 active

30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Day: 2,500+
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/2,500+ active

30-mm Frag-HE
Day: 4,000
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/ 3,000+ active

Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm HEI-T, AP-T
NOTES
BRM-3K is a variant of BMP-3 with a steel hull.

ONBOARD SENSORS: The 1PN71 thermal sight (3.7x/11.5x) has an acquisition range against tanks of 3.0 km. The 1D14 laser rangefinder (73x and 18x
sights) has a day light only acquisition range of 10.0 km. The 1PN61 passive image intensifier night sight uses a laser illuminator. In the passive mode, the
Generation II (7x) sight has a night acquisition range of 1.2-1.5 km. Using the active laser pulse illuminator, the acquisition range can be extended. Tall Mike
Radar has an operating band I (9.0 GHz), and detection ranges: 3.0 km against personnel, 12.0 against moving vehicles.

3-5

Sep 2001
Brazilian Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle EE-9 ____________________________

Types

90-mm cannon
APFSDS-T
HEAT-T, HESH
HE-T

7.62-mm coax MG
.50 cal AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

44
(est) 11
11
22

2,000
500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Cascavel IV
Proliferation: At least 18 countries (all variants)
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: None

Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.0 unprepared

Radio: INA

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 90-mm gun, Engesa EC-90 (Cockerill-type)
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: INA

Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm MG, INA
Mount Type: Coax
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: .50 Cal M2 HB MG
Mount Type: Cupola
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: LV3 laser rangefinder
Gunner:
Day: SS-123, 10x
Night: SS-122 II channel, 5.6x

VARIANTS
Cascavel I: Original vehicle had a US M36 37-mm gun turret.
Cascavel II: Variant with a French 90-mm gun from AML-90.
Cascavel III: Uses the 90-mmCockerill gun and new transmission.
Cascavel IV: Has a new engine and transmission, improved day and
night optics with laser rangefinder, and .a 50 cal antiaircraft MG.

90-mm APFSDS-T, Engequimica-produced
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA

90-mm HE-T, Engequimica-produced
Day: 2,200
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: HEAT-T, HESH-T, Smoke, Cannister

NOTES
Other ammunition maximum effective ranges are (m): HEAT-T - 1,500, HESH-T - 800.

3-6

7 Nov 2000

British Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle Fox_______________________________

Types

30-mm auto-cannon
HEI-T,
APDS-T, APSE-T

7.62-mm coax MG

Typical
Combat Load

99
(est) 66
33

2,600

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV721

Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 0
2
): INA

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 104
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 5.23

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Resistant to heavy MG (NFI)
Smoke Equipment: 2 x 4-barrel smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm auto-cannon, Rarden L21
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-90 cyclic (1-6 round bursts)
Loader Type: Feed tray, manual clip-fed (3-round clips)
Fire on Move: INA

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun L7A2

Mount Type: Coax
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: SPAV L2A1, 5.8/1.6 x
Night: L2A1, II sight


VARIANTS
None of the variants have been fielded.

30-mm APDS-T, L14A2
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 40 (RHA, 45) at 1,500 meters

Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm HE-T, L13A1

Other Ammunition Types: APSE-T (AP Secondary Effects-T
L5A2). The gun can fire the KCB (Oerlikon) family of munitions.

NOTES
These vehicles have been phased out of British service.

3-7

Sep 2001
British Personnel Carrier S55_____________________________________________

S55 without machinegun turret
Types

7.62-mm Turret MG
Ball
Ball-T
API
API-T

Typical
Combat Load

1,500

SYSTEM Unless otherwise stated, data is for Mk 5 upgrade.
Alternative Designations: FV18061, S5 Shorland
Date of Introduction: 1963 original, 1990s for Mk 5

Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 0, 8 passengers in raised roof personnel carrier
Height Overall (m): 1.85, 2.29 for turret
Drive Formula: 4 x 4, with run-flat tires

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 105 Mk 5
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 0.5
Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 11.0, can defeat 7.62-mm ball at 26 m
Applique Armor (mm): Grass-reinforced plastic flooring
Smoke Equipment: 2 x 4 smoke grenade launchers + roof mount

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) GP Machinegun, L7A2
Mount Type: Turret
Rate of Fire: 80-100 (practical)
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM: N/A
Firing Ports: 3 each side, 2 in the rear doors for personnel carrier

FIRE CONTROL
Infrared Searchlight: None, visual searchlight only
Gunner:
Day: Periscopic sight on turret roof
Night: N/A

VARIANTS
The vehicle is produced in several versions, including armored car
(with notchback cab and room for 3), personnel carrier van version.

Upgrades:
Mk 1: Initial version, with 7.25-mm armor and 67-hp engine.
Mk 2: Variant with 8.25-mm armor and 77-hp engine.
Mk 3: Upgrade with 91-hp engine.
Mk 4: Variant with 11-mm armor and 114-hp engine.
Mk 5: Upgrade with improved suspension, wider wheelbase.

Special-Purpose Vehicles:
S53 Mobile Air Defense Vehicle: Vehicle with lightweight multiple
launcher (3 ready, 6 stowed).

S54 Anti-Hijack Vehicle: Version has special rifle marksman turret.

MAIN GUN AMMUNITION
Day: 800
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm RHA):

Other Ammunition Types: Ball, Ball-T, API, API-T

NOTES
Vehicle is based on British Land Rover chassis. Primary use for the vehicle is for military site security, and internal security vehicle for police
and border forces.

Air conditioning is available.

3-8

7 Nov 2000

French Heliborne Battlefield Surveillance Radar HORIZON ____________________

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Helicoptere d'Observation Radar et
d'Investigation sur Zone
Description:
Crew: 4
Platform: Mounted on AS-532UL/Cougar helicopter
Antenna size (m): 3.5 x 5

Radio: INA

RADAR
Antenna:
Mount: Vertical post mount pointing downward from left rear.
Radar stows under helicopter tail on take-off and landings, then low-
ers hydraulically during operation.
Antenna Type: Doppler, with MTI
Mode: Search
Scan Method: Antenna rotates horizontally for azimuth scan. Radar
rotates 10/sec, for a low pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Electronic
for elevation.

Transmitter:
Transmitter Type: Traveling Wave Tube fully coherent, agile
frequency and adaptive burst mode.
Frequency band: I/J
RF maximum (GHz): 12.0
Power (kw): 50
Mode: Doppler MTI radar

Receiver and Processing Requirements:
Aircraft has onboard processing system. The processor is designed
for a low false alarm rate. Ground station is mounted in a 7-mt truck.
Each ground station holds 2 work stations. System receives 60 and
90 sector scans, independent of aircraft flight dynamics. Real-time
digital data link can be integrated into French RITA communications
net. Each moving target is automatically detected, located, analyzed,
and classified. System can operate separately or as part of an intelli-
gence network.

Protection and Electronic Counter-countermeasures:
Radar snapshot mode reduces vulnerability to anti-radiation missiles.
Very low sidelobes reduce ECM effects.
The aircraft carries flares and decoys.

VARIANTS
System derived from the Orchidee system used in Desert Storm.
Orchidee was compatible with the British Astor and US JSTARS
systems.

PERFORMANCE
Surveillance range (km): 200 / 150 in rain clutter
Surveillance rate: 20,000 km
2
every 10 sec
Target location accuracy (m): 40
Datalink range: 120 km, Agatha data link
Surveillance targets: Wheeled or tracked vehicles, moving or hover-
ing rotary wing aircraft, slow-flying FW aircraft, watercraft.
Target speed (km/hr): 4-400, including nap-of-the-earth (NOE)
Flight speed (km/hr): 130
Surveillance altitude (m): 2,000-4,000
Endurance (hrs): 4

NOTES
The system was designed to operate under army control at division level. HORIZON set consists of 2 aircraft, one ground station, navigation
equipment, and Agatha data link.

3-9

Sep 2001

3-10

Sep 2001
Chapter 4
Tanks/Assault Vehicles

The lethality and variety of weapons available to armored, mechanized, and infantry
forces for the close fight require a continued and expanded use of heavily armored fighting vehi-
cles (AFVs). This chapter provides a representative sampling of AFVs in use today and de-
signed for combat assault. The selection is not comprehensive, rather reflects a mix of systems
currently available for the OPFOR and likely to be encountered in varying levels of conflict. The
selection is also used to highlight trends within this field of weapons.

Vehicles used for combat assault in this Guide are divided into two categoriesmain
battle tanks and light tanks/assault vehicles. Tanks are tracked, heavily armored vehicles with
guns of generally 75 mm or more. Among modern trends in AFVs are: increased variety of sys-
tems worldwide, and a wider application of these systems for varied roles and missions on the
battlefield. As a result, technology sharing and proliferation of upgrade packages have blurred
lines among vehicles used for assault, antiarmor, combat reconnaissance and fire support mis-
sions. Another trend is increased weight for all types of armored vehicles. With heavier armor
protection packages, higher-output engines and larger weapons, a significant proportion of me-
dium tanks have grown into the heavy tank weight category. Therefore, the term main battle
tank is more relevant than previous weight categories.

There are still light tanks on the battlefield, although increased armor and gun size on
light armored fighting vehicles such as infantry fighting vehicles and armored reconnaissance
vehicles have blurred lines of distinction. A number of AFVs, such as the British Scorpion and
French AMX-13 can be characterized as reconnaissance vehicles, tank destroyers, fire support
vehicles, or assault vehicles; but they have tracks, armor protection, and guns of 60 mm or
greater. Thus, they can also be used for light tank missions. The term assault vehicle currently
represents a narrow category of older vehicles used by (former) Soviet forces - medium-armored
vehicles with medium-heavy guns and no turrets. None of these vehicles were selected for this
initial publication. Some representative systems will be included in the next iteration. With
blurring of lines among roles and missions for heavier LAFVs and light tanks, the term assault
vehicle will likely broaden to reflect a variety of modern programs for light - medium armored
vehicles with medium to heavy guns, for use in the assault role.

Two notable trends for vehicles in this chapter are a reflection of increasing systems costs
and declines or leveling of military budgets - development of variants off of established systems,
and use of equipment/packages to extend the use life of systems and enhance their effectiveness.
As a result, seemingly old and out-of-date tanks, some of which pre-date World War II, can be a
threat to modern armored and mechanized forces. The WEG highlights a variety of upgrades as
well as limitations for selected tanks. Systems-related trends can be divided among mobility,
survivability, and lethality, as noted on the data sheets.

To improve mobility and compensate for weight increases, many forces have replaced
older engines with more powerful diesel engines. Swim capability is limited to a few light tanks.

4-1

7 Nov 2000

Within the area of survivability, the most obvious consideration is increasing armor pro-
tection levels. A prominent trend is the application of additional armor, such as plate armor or
panels on turrets, side-skirts over tracks, and addition of explosive reactive armor (ERA). Addi-
tional protection measures include use of entrenching blades for self-emplacement, mine-
clearing plows and rollers, nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection, vehicle smoke
emission systems, and smoke grenade launchers. To complement these systems are sensors such
as mine detectors, laser warning receivers, and radar warning receivers. A trend receiving in-
creasing attention is the use of active measures: electro-optical countermeasures, such as infrared
jammers, and active protection systems (also known as defensive aides suites) designed to inter-
cept incoming projectiles and destroy them prior to impact.

The area of lethality has seen a variety of upgrades, including: gun replacement, im-
proved stabilization and fire control systems, additional weapons such as antitank guided missile
systems, and improved ammunition. Critical parameters include fire on the move capability,
which can be linked to stabilization, rate of fire, integrated sights, acquisition ranges, and
weapon range. Note, because weapon range is really a function of sights, gun precision, the type
of mount, and specific round ballistics, the WEG will incorporate those factors in the round data,
as maximum aimed range. That figure conforms to the OPFOR tactics and accounts for techni-
cal capabilities (see Glossary). Maximum effective range is also included (see Glossary).

The WEG notes a variety of new ammunition natures, such as electronically fuzed tank
rounds for use against helicopters, and OPFOR availability of western-style HEAT-multipurpose
rounds, which can be used as both antitank and antipersonnel rounds, for greater flexibility and
lethality. For some systems, the ammunition mix could be determined or estimated. For others,
that data was not available. Within each category, the specific round mix will depend on tactical
considerations, comparative lethality and the intended targets. A general rule for OPFOR is that
tanks will have approximately 50% antitank rounds and 50% rounds for use against soft targets.
Because of the relative increase in protection against HEAT rounds vs kinetic energy rounds,
mix estimates reflect a bias toward KE rounds. The term stowed rounds does not mean rounds
which are not in the tank's autoloader. Rounds in ready reach are ready rounds. Stowed rounds
are those which are in compartments away from the gunner's or loader's positions, requiring a
slower than normal rate of fire (see Glossary). In calculating tank rounds, the figure does not
include the tactical possibility of adding an additional round in the breach.

Secondary arms continue to play an important role for OPFOR tanks, because their use
permits the main gun to focus fires more on heavy and area targets. Tankers will fire main guns
at hovering or slow-flying aircraft; however, the more likely weapon is the antiaircraft machine-
gun. Similarly, OPFOR tanks will fire main guns at personnel and other soft targets as required;
but the more efficient weapon for targets at close range is the coaxial machinegun.


Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925

4-2

Sep 2001
French Light Tank AMX-13 _______________________________________________

AMX-13 Model 51/75 mm Gun
Types

90-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
HE
Cannister

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat Load

34

3,600

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: AMX-13/90
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.74

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 0.6 unprepared, 2.1 with snorkel

Radio: TR-VP118 and intercom

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 25 at 45 impact angle
Smoke Equipment: 2 smoke grenade launchers each side of turret

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 90-mm rifled gun CN-90-F3
Loader Type: Autoloader and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 10 in autoloader, 11/13 in hull
Elevation (): -5.5/+12.5
Fire on Move: N/A

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG, AA52
Day: INA

Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: L862, 7.5x and 8x
Night: OB-11-A, 5x
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,000

VARIANTS
AMX-13 Model 51: Original tank destroyer/recon vehicle, Model
51, w/75-mm gun. Many variants and upgrades have diesel engines
and a 7.62-mm AA MG. Two versions were fitted with 2 x SS-11 or
3 x HOT ATGM launchers
AMX-13/90: This is the variant portrayed on this data sheet.
AMX-13/105: Variant with a GIAT 105G1 105-mm gun.
AMX-13 CD Model 55: Armored recovery variant.
AMX-13 DCA: Air defense variant with twin 30-mm guns.
AMX-13 with LAR: Multiple Rocket Launcher System.
AMX 105-mm Mk 61: Self-propelled howitzer variant.
AMX F3: 155-mm self-propelled gun.
AMX-VCI: Variant used as an APC.

90-mm APFSDS-T, NFI
Day: 2,000
Night: 800-1,000

90-mm HEAT, NFI
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Armor Penetration (mm): 160 (RHA) at 60 impact angle

Other Ammunition Types: HE, Cannister, Smoke

NOTES
Israeli EL-OP thermal sights are available for use on the tank.

4-3

7 Nov 2000

US Light Tank M41A3 ___________________________________________________

Types

76-mm rifled gun M32
APDS-T/APFSDS-T
HEAT -T
Frag-HE
Cannister

7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

65
20
20
20
5

5,000
2,175

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Walker Tank, Walker Bulldog
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.72

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 72
Max Off-Road: 48
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.0 Unprepared, 2.4 prepared

Radio: INA

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun M32
Loader Type: Manual
Elevation (): -9.75/ +19.75
Fire on Move: No

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG, M9194E1
Maximum Aimed Range (m):

Day: INA
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: .50 (12.7 x 99) AA machinegun, M2HB
Mount Type: Cupola AA mount
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: Available
Gunner:
Day: M97A1 and M20A1
Night: Available

VARIANTS
M41 DK-1: Danish variant with diesel engine and LRF-based fire
control. Other upgrades are side skirts, thermal sights, NBC protec-
tion, smoke grenade launchers and 7.62-mm AA MG.
Brazilian M41: Upgrades are similar to DK-1 except for AA MG
and change to 90-mm gun using Cockerill Mk III ammunition.
Uruguayan M41: M41A3 fitted with Cockerill Mk III gun.
YUNG HU: Taiwanese upgrade with diesel engine.
M42/Duster: Air defense gun system with twin 40-mm AA cannon.

76-mm APFSDS-T, AAI M464
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy (57) at 1000 m

Other Ammunition Types: M33A1 and A2 APDS-T, M319 and
M339 AP-T, M496 HEAT-T, HE, Smoke (WP), M363 cannister

NOTES
German Atlas offers the MOLF 1-plane stabilized laser rangefinder fire control system and retrofit kit The FCS includes a thermal night sight.
Israeli EL-OP offers a FCS for the system. Maximum range for the canister round is 155 meters.

4-4

Sep 2001
North Korean Light Tank M1985___________________________________________

Types

85-mm rifled gun
APC-T/HVAP-T
HEAT-FS
AP HE
Frag-HE, HE

ATGM Launcher
AT-3-type ATGM

12.7-mm AAMG

7.62-mm coax MG
Typical
Combat load

47*

4*

500*

*(est) 1,000*

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Often called PT-85
Description:
Crew: 3-4
2
): INA

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 10

Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 30 (est.)
NBC Protection System: INA
Smoke Equipment: INA

ARMAMENT
Main Armament: 85-mm rifled gun, resembles CH Type 62 and 63
Rate of Fire(rd/min): 8
Loader Type: Manual
Elevation () : -5 to + 18
Fire on Move: No (est.)

Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7 x 108), Type 54/DShKM
Mount Type: Cupola

Day: 1,600 unarmored ground / 800 armored (est)
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 1,600 (est.)
Armor Penetration (mm): 21 at 500 m, 13 at 1,000 m

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm Machine gun PKT
Day: 1,000 (400-500 on the move)
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Practical: 250
Cyclic: 650, in 2-10 round bursts

ATGM Launcher:
Name: Similar to 9P111
Guidance: MCLOS
Command Link: Wire

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: None
Rangefinder: None
Gunner:
Day: INA
Acquisition Range (m): 1,500-3,000 (est)
Night: IR, INA
Acquisition Range (m): 800 (est.)


VARIANTS: N/A

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm HVAP-T, BR-365PK
Day: 1,150 (direct fire range)
Night: 800
Armor Penetration (mm): 130 (0) at 1,000 m

4-4.1

7 Nov 2000

North Korean Light Tank M1985 continued _________________________________

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm APC-T, Type 367
Day: 1,150 (est)
Night: 800

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm HEAT-FS (variant of BK-2M)
Day: 1,500/970 direct fire range
Night: 800
Armor Penetration (mm): 100 at 65, 300-400 at 0 all ranges

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm, AP HE,
Max Aimed Range (m): 2,000-3,000 (est.)
Day: 1,500/950 direct-fire range
Night: 800

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm Frag-HE, INA (Copy of O-365K)
Day: 1,500 (est)
Night: 800
Armor Penetration (mm): Can defeat most IFVs on impact

Other Ammunition Types: Chinese Smoke, AP HE. Russian
BR-365P HVAP-T, BK-2M HEAT-FS

Name: AT-3, -3A, -B
Range (m): 3,000

Name: AT-3C
Range (m): 3,000

Name: AT-3C Imp/ Polk (Slovenian)
Warhead Type: Precursor with HEAT
Range (m): 3,000

Warhead Type: HEAT
Range (m): 3,000

Warhead Type: HEAT
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Malyutka-2
Range (m): 3,000

Name: Malyutka-2 HE
Range (m): 3,000

NOTES
Chassis is derived from North Korean stretched VTT-323 APC chassis.

Main gun is of the family which includes Chinese Type 62 and 63 tank guns, Chinese Type 56/ FSU D-44 field guns, and the T-34/85 tank.
Therefore, ammunition options includes the variety of ammunition available for these guns.

The AT-3-type ATGM can be upgraded by an operator with a new warhead in minutes. Low-mid level maintenance can upgrade the missile
motor. The HE-Blast ATGM is used for killing personnel and destroying bunkers and other fortifications.

4-4.2

Sep 2001
Chinese Light Tank Type 63A Modernized __________________________________

Types

105-mm rifled gun
New CH APFSDS-T
M456 HEAT
L35 HESH

7.62-mm coax MG

12.7-mm AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

57

2,000

500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Type 99, Type ZTS 63A
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): INA
Height Overall (m): INA
2
): INA

Engine Type: 1,000-hp Diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 64
Max Off-Road: 28
Max Swim: 7, can swim in 1.3-m waves with waveboard

Radio: A-220A

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 35-mm AP round at 300 m
Applique Armor (mm): Added armor defeats 35-mm at 0 m
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available - degrades swim ability
NBC Protection System: Probable
Smoke Equipment: 8 x smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm rifled gun, similar to German design
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: Probable

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machine gun
Day: 1,000
Night: 800

Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical, 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts

Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) W 85
Mount Type: Turret cupola
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2.000
Day: 1,500 ground/1,600 for air targets (APDS)
Night: N/A, II sights available
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical, 600 air targets 2-10 rd bursts

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: Probable
Rangefinder: LRF
Gunner: Modern day/night sights improved with ballistic computer
Day: INA
Night: Yes
Acquisition Range (m): 1,650 claimed

VARIANTS:
Type 63: Original amphibious tank with 85-mm gun. Modernized
tank is lengthend with boat-shaped hull for improved swim effects,
improved lethality and protection, and a welded turret.

105-mm New CH (Chinese) APFSDS-T
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300

105-mm APFSDS, H6/62
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300

4-4.3

7 Nov 2000

Chinese Light Tank Type 63A Modernized continued _________________________

105-mm HESH, L35 (UK)
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO single heavy target

105-mm HEAT, M456 (multinational)
Day: 1,500-2,500 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 432, NATO single heavy target

Other Ammunition Types: Chinese Type 83/ UK L64/ US M735
APFSDS, UK L52 APDS, multinational M393 HEP-T, French OE
105-F1 HE, L39 Smoke, cannister

NOTES
Next upgrade mentioned in articles is addition of a "35mm shell launcher" (probably a 35-mm automatic grenade launcher similar to a W-87 - see
data sheet this update).

4-4.4

Sep 2001
Russian Amphibious Tank PT-76B ________________________________________

Types

76-mm rifled gun D-56
HVAP, AP-T/API-T
HEAT
Frag-HE

7.62-mm coax MG

Typical
Combat Load

40
10
10
20

1,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.46

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 44
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-123
Protection:

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun D-56B
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x54R) machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Night: 600

Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: Available
Gunner: TShK-66
Day:
Night: TVN-28 IR Available

VARIANTS
Polish PT-76: Variant with a separate commander's hatch and 12.7-
mm MG.

Type 63: Chinese variant with a new turret, 85-mm gun, and 12.7-
mm AA MG.

76-mm HVAP-T, BM-354P
Day: 650
Night: 600
Armor Penetration (mm): 127 at muzzle, 50 at 1,000 m

76-mm HEAT, BK-350M
Day: 650
Night: 600
Armor Penetration (mm): 280 to max range

76-mm, Frag-HE, OF-350
Day: INA
Night: 600

Other Ammunition Types: 76-mm AP-T, BR-350 API-T

NOTES
Original PT-76 was produced in limited numbers with a non-stabilized main gun. Some PT-76s are augmented with 12.7-mm AA MGs.
Israel offers an upgrade package with a 90-mm gun, LRF fire control and a 300-hp engine.

4-5

7 Nov 2000

British Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle, Tracked Scorpion ___________________

Types

76-mm rifled gun
HESH
HE
Cannister

7.62-mm coax MG

Typical
Combat Load

40

3,600

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV101
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.36

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 4/6 with propeller
Fording Depth (m): 1.07, amphibious

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 14.5-mm projectiles
Smoke Equipment: 4 smoke grenade launchers each side of turret

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun L23A1
Loader Type: INA
Fire on Move: N/A

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG, L8A1
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: Laser rangefinder
Gunner:
Day: Barr and Stroud Tank Laser Sight, 10x
Night: GEC Sensors SS100, II, x5.8/1.6

VARIANTS
Scorpion 90: Variant with a 90-mm Cockerill Mk III gun.

A number of vehicles use the same Alvis chassis. They include
the Scimitar armored reconnaissance vehicle, Striker armored
ATGM launcher vehicle, Spartan armored personnel carrier or Milan
ATGM launcher, Stormer modernized APC, Samaritan armored
ambulance, and Saber modernized reconnaissance vehicle.

76-mm HESH, L29

Other Ammunition Types: L24A1/2 HE (max effective range--
indirect fire: 5,000 meters), L33A1 Cannister (max effective range:
100 meters), L32A5 Smoke (BE), L42 Illumination

NOTES
As a reflection of the vehicle's suitability for a variety of roles, in recent times it is referred to as an armored reconnaissance vehicle or combat
vehicle reconnaissance (tracked)--CVR (T).

A British upgrade program includes a diesel engine, thermal sights, and secure communications. The Tank Laser Sight and Avimo LV10
Day/Night LRF sight can accept a thermal channel. Thermal sights are available for use on the tank.

4-6

Sep 2001
French Main Battle Tank AMX-30__________________________________________

Types

105-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT-T
HE

20-mm coaxial cannon

7.62-mm cupola MG
Typical
Combat Load

47

1,050

2,050

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.77/0.85 for AMX-30B2

Engine Type: 720-hp Diesel multi-fuel
Cruising Range (km): 500-600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: 35-40
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.3, 2.2 prepared, 4.0 with snorkel

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 81 KE & CE (RHA) /120 AMX-30B2
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): GIAT Brenus ERA available
Active Protective System: Galix decoys and IR jammer available
Smoke Equipment: 2x2 smoke grenade launchers, VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm (56 Cal) rifled gun CN-105-F1
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: No/Yes, AMX-30B2 with COTAC FCS

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 20-mm (20x139) Auto-cannon M693
Mount Type: Turret Coax
Maximum Aimed Range(m): 2,000

Day: 1,300
Night: INA
Fire on Move: No
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 1,200

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) Machinegun Giat NF1
Mount Type: Turret Cupola
Day: 600
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: None/stabilization for AMX-30B2
Rangefinder: Optical/APX-550 Laser for AMX-30B2
Infrared Searchlight: PH-8-B
Gunner:
Day: M271 telescope, 8x
Field of View (): 9
Night: OB-17-A IR periscope
Acquisition Range (m): 1,000/1,500 white light

VARIANTS
AMX-30S: Export for desert use. The engine is downrated to 620
hp. The FCS is upgraded with Sopelem LRF day/night sight.

AMX-30B2: System is upgraded with improved transmission, sus-
pension, NBC system, gun stabilization, and COTAC FCS with a
thermal night sight. French Army AMX-30s were upgraded to -B2.

AMX-30EM2: Spanish upgrade program with 850-hp engine, new
transmission, Hughes FCS, enlarged ammunition stowage, ERA, and
C-437 APFSDS-T ammunition.

AMX-30 DCA: AD version - 2x30-mm guns on AMX-30 chassis.
GCT/AU-F1: Self-propelled 155-mm howitzer on AMX-30 chassis.
AMX-30D: Armored recovery vehicle.
AMX-30 EBG: Combat engineer tractor.
AMX-30 Bridge Layer: Scissors bridge on AMX-30 chassis.
Pluton: Theater ballistic missile launcher on AMX-30 chassis.

4-6.1

7 Nov 2000

French Main Battle Tank AMX-30 continued_________________________________

105-mm APFSDS-T, OFL 105 F1, French Giat
Day: 1,800
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy target; 5,500 m

105-mm APFSDS-T, M413, Israeli Military Industries
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy target, 6,000+m

Day: 2,500
Night: INA

105-mm HEAT-T, M456A2, Belgian Mecar
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500-8,200
Day: INA
Night: INA

105-mm HE, OE 105 F1, French Giat
Day: 2,500
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Any NATO-standard 105-mm ammuni-
tion can be used. They include Belgian Mecar M1060, Chinese
Norinco 105, German Rheinmetall DM43, Spanish Santa Barbara C-
437, British Royal Ordinance L64A4 and H6/6, US M735 and M833
(depleted uranium), and Canadian FP105 APFSDS-T rounds. Other
types available are: HE-T, smoke, illuminating, HESH-T, HE plastic
tracer (HEP-T), and canister or APERS-T (flechette).

A recent round is the Israeli Military Industries APAM round, which
over-flies the target and disperses fragmenting submunitions outward
and downward over a much wider kill zone.

NOTES
AMX-32: Upgraded tank - did not enter production.
AMX-40: Later upgraded tank - did not enter production.

4-6.2

Sep 2001
British Main Battle Tank Challenger 2 ______________________________________

Types

120-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HESH

7.62-mm MG
coaxial chain gun
cupola AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

52
20
32

4,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.97

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 59
Max Off-Road: 45 est
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.1 Unprepared
Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 500 KE RHA at 2,000 m/800 CE
Applique Armor (mm): INA
Mineclearing Equipment: INA
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (2x5), VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm rifled gun, L30 CHARM
Loader Type: Separate-loading manual
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm McDonnell Douglas Chain Gun
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) AA Machinegun L37A2
Mount Type: Cupola
Day: 800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
ATGM Launcher: None

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: Improved Fire Control System (Marconi IFCS)
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane electric
Rangefinder: SAGEM Laser rangefinder
Gunner: Thermal Imaging and Gun Sighting System (TOGS-2)
Day: Gunner's Primary Sight
Night: Barr & Stroud TOGS-2 (with SAGEM thermal imager)

VARIANTS
Challenger 1: Base tank from which Challenger 2 was derived. The
latter tank includes 150 improvements, including mobility upgrades,
new FCS, guns, and land navigation system, and an APU.
Challenger 2E: The tank has a 1,500-hp engine and L30A1 gun.
Omani Challenger 2: Variant with GPS, air conditioning and addi-
tional radiators.

120-mm APFSDS-T, CHARM 3, depleted uranium
Day: 3,000+
Night: INA

120-mm High-Explosive Squash-Head (HESH), L31
Day: 3,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: L15 APDS, L34 WP Smoke

NOTES None

4-6.3

7 Nov 2000

4-6.4

Sep 2001
British Main Battle Tank Chieftain Mk 5 ____________________________________

Types

120-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HESH

7.62-mm MG

--Coaxial and Stowed

--Cupola AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

64
20
44

6,200

6,000

200

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV 4201
Date of Introduction: 1967 Original Chieftain
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.90

Cruising Range (km): 400-500
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 48
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.1 Unprepared

Radio: C42/Larkspur VHF

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 300 (RHA)
Applique Armor (mm): ROMOR applique on turret, side skirts
Mineclearing Equipment: Plow variant, and AVLB/engineer variant
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (6 each side of turret)

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm rifled gun, L11A5
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8-10 first minute/6 sustained
Loader Type: Separate-loading manual
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) Machine gun L8A1
Day: 800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) AA Machine gun L37A1
Mount Type: Cupola
Day: 800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: Improved Fire Control System (IFCS)
Rangefinder: Laser, Nd-Yag
Gunner:
Day: Barr and Stroud Tank Laser Sight (TLS), 8x
Night: 1R18 Thermal sight, 3x


VARIANTS
Mk 5: Final production variant, with a new engine and NBC system,
modified auxiliary weapons and sights. Mk 6-11 are upgrades to
earlier models, with addition of IFCS. Mk 12 added ROMOR (aka:
Stillbrew) spaced armor boxes. Mk 11 and Mk 12 have Thermal
Observation and Gunnery Sight (TOGS).

A variety of support vehicles were developed from the tank. They
include recovery vehicles, AVLB, dozer, mineclearer, air defense and
155-mm SP artillery systems.

Khalid/Shir 1: Jordanian variant which has chassis, turret and
weaponry of the Chieftain, but which incorporates engine and run-
ning gear upgrades of Challenger I. The fire control has seen a
number of improvements, including a new ballistic computer.

120-mm APFSDS-T, L23A1
Day: 3,000
Night: INA

4-7

7 Nov 2000

British Main Battle Tank Chieftain Mk 5 continued___________________________

120-mm High-Explosive Squash-Head (HESH), L31
Day: 3,000
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: L15 APDS, L34 WP Smoke

NOTES
Early Chieftains and some later modified tanks mount the 50. Cal M2HB machinegun over the main gun as a ranging gun. Iran and Kuwait re-
tained the .50 Cal MG.

The HESH round is used for antitank chemical-energy (CE) antiarmor missions, and for HE effects against personnel and materiel.

The Iranians claim to employ a snorkel system on Chieftain, for fording to 5 meters depth.

A variety of fire control systems and thermal sights are available for Chieftain. At 324 Chieftains have been upgraded with the Barr and Stroud
TOGS thermal sight system. The 1R26 thermal camera can be used with the 1R18 thermal night sight. It has wide (13.6) and narrow (4.75)
fields of view, and is compatible with TOGS format. GEC Sensors offers a long list of sights including: Multisensors Platform, Tank Thermal
Sensor, and SS100/110 thermal night sight. Marconi, Nanoquest, and Pilkington offer day and night sights for the Chieftain.

Charm Armament upgrade program, with the 120-mm L30 gun incorporated in Challenger 1, is available for Chieftain modification programs.

4-8

Sep 2001
German Main Battle Tank Leopard 1A1_____________________________________

Leopard 1A1A1 with applique armor
Types

105-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HESH-T

7.62-mm MG
coaxial
cupola
Typical
Combat Load

60/later 55

5,500
1,250
1,250

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 40/42.4 LA1A1 and after
2
): 0.86/0.88 LA1A1 and after

Engine Type: 830-hp Diesel multi-fuel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.2 Unprepared, 2.25 prepared, 4.0 snorkel

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 250 RHA, KE/230 CE
Applique Armor (mm): Available, standard on L1A1A1 and after
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Brenus available
Smoke Equipment: 2x4 76-mm smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm (51 Cal) L7A3 rifled gun
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: No/Yes (to 28 km/h) Leopard 1A1A1 and after

Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) Machinegun M3
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) Machinegun MG3
Maximum Aimed Range(m): INA
Fire on Move: Yes
ATGM Launcher: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: None/stabilization for -1A1A1 and after
Rangefinder: TEM 2A Optical
Infrared Searchlight: XSW-30-U red/white
Gunner:
Day: TZF 1A telescope, 8x
Night: IR available
Acquisition Range (m): 1,000/1,500 white light

VARIANTS
Leopard 1 was the baseline tank (first production batch) with origi-
nal tracks, and without track skirts, stabilization or thermal sleeve for
gun. The Leopard 1A1 version, as featured, can be fitted with ap-
plique armor. Leopard 1A1A1 is the third production lot, with ap-
plique, air filter intakes. Early tanks have been upgraded to this stan-
dard.

Leopard 1A2: Production batch and -1A1 upgrade with a new cast
turret, improved NBC system, II night sights, and air conditioning.
Italian Leopard 1A2: Upgrade with Sirio thermal FCS, gun stabili-
zation and turret drive.

Leopard 1A3: Production system with previous improvements,
larger welded spaced armor turret, and improved FCS (by country).

Leopard 1A4: Final production system, with AEG-Telefunken FCS.

Leopard 1A5: More than 1,300 1A1/1A2 tanks have been refitted
with an EMES-18 FCS and thermal sights. Leopard 1A5 (BE):
Belgian upgraded -1A1/1A2s, with new FCS, FN MAG 7.62-mm
MGs, and thermal sights.

Leopard 1-V: Dutch version, of -1A1A1, with German EMES-12A3
FCS and PZB II night sight.

A variety of systems use Leopard 1 chassis. These include Gepard air
defense gun, engineer and recovery vehicles, and a bridgelayer.

4-8.1

7 Nov 2000

German Main Battle Tank Leopard 1A1 continued____________________________

105-mm APFSDS-T, DM43, German Rheinmetall
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000+
Day: 1,400/2,000 Leo 1A1 and later
Night: 1,000 IR/1,500 white light/more with thermal
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy target, 5,500 m

105-mm APFSDS-T, M413, Israeli Military Industries
Day: 2,000
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy target, 6,000+m

Day: 2,500
Night: INA

105-mm HEAT-T, M456A2, Belgian Mecar
Day: INA
Night: INA

105-mm HESH-T, DM512, Rheinmetall
Day: 1,500

105-mm HE, OE 105 F1, French Giat
Day: 2,500
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Any NATO-standard 105-mm ammuni-
tion can be used. They include: Chinese Norinco 105, British Royal
Ordinance L64A4 and H6/6, Belgian Mecar M1060, French Giat
OFL 105 F1, Spanish Santa Barbara C-437, US M735 and M833
(depleted uranium), and Canadian FP105 APFSDS-T rounds. Other
types available are: HE-T, smoke, illuminating, HESH-T, HE plastic
tracer (HEP-T), and canister or APERS-T (flechette).

A recent round is the Israeli Military Industries APAM round, which
over-flies the target and disperses fragmenting submunitions outward
and downward over a much wider kill zone.

NOTES
More than a dozen fire control systems, many with thermal sights, are available for this tank. A version with LLLTV sights is the Leopard
1A1A2. Improved stabilization systems include US HR Textron, French SAMM, and German FWM. Other options include a front mounted
dozer blade, improved air conditioning, a 120-mm smoothbore gun, and other secondary

4-8.2

Sep 2001
German Main Battle Tank Leopard 2 _______________________________________

Types

120-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT-MP-T

7.62-mm machineguns

--Coaxial

--Cupola MG/stowed
Typical
Combat Load

42

4750

2000

2750

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Swiss Pz 87, Swedish Strv 121
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.83

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 72
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.0 Unprepared, 4.0 with snorkel

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 700 KE/1,000 against HEAT rounds
Applique Armor (mm): Track skirt
Active Protective System: Galix (See note Strv 122)
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers, 8 each side of turret

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm smoothbore gun M256
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) Machinegun MG3A1
Day: INA
Night: INA

Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) Machinegun MG3A1
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
ATGM Launcher: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: WNA-H22, 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser neodymium
Gunner:
Day: Krupp-Atlas EMES-15, 12x / FERO Z18 secondary, 8x
Night: Zeiss thermal imager

VARIANTS
A variety of MBT variants from 2A1 to 2A4 denote minor changes,
as well as FCS upgrades. Combat support variants include an ar-
mored recovery vehicle.

Pz87: Swiss variant with indigenous machineguns, communications
and FCS, and improved NBC equipment.

Dutch Leopard 2: Uses indigenous equipment as noted above.

Leopard 2A5/Leopard 2 (Improved): Recent upgrade with spaced
armor added to turret front, and increased armor on hull and side
skirts. Other improvements include improved stabilization, suspen-
sion, navigation, fire control, and hatch design.

Strv 122: Swedish-licensed variant resembling 2A5 with an indige-
nous turret and other upgrades. The tank features French Galix active
protection system and improved command and control. Sweden
developed an HE-T round designed to range 2,000 meters or more for
its Leopard-2 and Strv-122 tanks. With additional armor, Strv 122
will weigh 62 mt.

4-9

7 Nov 2000

German Main Battle Tank Leopard 2 continued ______________________________

120-mm APFSDS-T, DM43
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 450 at 2,000 meters

120-mm APFSDS-T, US Olin GD120
Day: 3,000
Night: INA

120-mm HEAT-MP-T, DM-12A1/US Olin M830
Day: 2,500
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: US-produced M829, M829A1
APFSDS-T; US M830A1 HEAT-MP-T (MPAT), GE DM12A1 (US
copy M830) HEAT-MP-T (MPAT)

NOTES
A variety of upgrade programs and options are available for the Leopard 2. These include the Atlas Elektronik Vehicle Integrated Command and
Information System (IFIS), a digital command and information system.

A new longer gun barrel (L55 gun barrel, 1.30 meters longer) is available. It permits effective use of a new APFSDS-T round, DM53 (LKE II),
with a longer rod penetrator, and which is under development. The German Army has decided not to buy the DM43 APFSDS-T round (aka:
LKE 1), rather to wait and upgrade to the DM53.

4-10

Sep 2001
United States Main Battle Tank M60A1/M60A3_______________________________

M60A1
Types

105-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
HE
APERS-T/Canister

.50 cal AA MG
7.62-mm coaxial MG
Typical
Combat Load

63

900
5,950

SYSTEM (M60A1 / M60A3, where their data differs)
Date of Introduction: 1963/1979
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.87

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 48
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.2, 2.4 Prepared, 4 with snorkel
Radio: AN/VRC-12, or compatible with army net radios

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Available, including modular armor
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): BLAZER and others available
Mineclearing Equipment: GDLS mine roller system available
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (2 x 6) on M60A3
VEESS on later M60A3s

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm 51-cal rifled gun, M68
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: No

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) Machinegun, M73/M240
Day: 1,800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: .50 cal (12.7-mm) AA Machinegun, M85
Mount Type: Cupola
Day: 2,000 (est)
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 450-550 (est)

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: M32E1 day/night periscope / M35 or M36E1 sight
Main Gun Stabilization: Available / poor 2-plane
Rangefinder: M17C coincidence / AN/VVG-2 ruby laser
Infrared Searchlight: Number 2 IR and white light
Gunner:
Day: M31, 8x / M35 or M36E1, 8x
Field of View (): 7.5
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000 / 3,000
Night: None, IR, II available/ None, II, thermal (See NOTES)
Field of View (): INA / See NOTES

VARIANTS
M60: Original tank was derived from M48, but with a 105-mm gun.
Vehicles derived from the M60 include M60 AVLB, the M9 bull-
dozer, and M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle.

M60A1: Features a reshaped turret, added ammunition stowage,
rangefinder, improved fire control, and improved running gear.

M60A2: Unique and less successful tank version with a 152-mm gun
and Shillelagh ATGM from the M-551/Sheridan.

M60A3: This version has better engine, fire control, thermal sights,
ballistic computer, thermal sleeve, and improved stabilizer. A num-
ber of countries have upgraded M60A1s to comparability to the
M60A3 standard. These include Israel, Austria, and Saudi Arabia.

MAGACH-7: Israeli variant with improved engine, track, fire con-
trol system, added stabilized sights, modular armor, armor track
skirts, thermal sleeve, and with two 7.62-mm only cupola MGs.

105-mm APFSDS, UI (New Chinese)
Day: 2,000 / 3,000 (est)
Night: INA

4-10.1

7 Nov 2000

United States Main Battle Tank M60A1/M60A3 continued______________________

Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm APFSDS, H6/62 (UK)
Day: 2,000 / 3,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO single heavy target, 5,000 m

Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm APFSDS, DM23 (GE)
Day: 2,000 / 3,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 150, NATO single heavy target, 60 at
2,000 m

Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm HEAT, M456 (multinational)
Day: 1,500-2,000 / 1,500-2,500 (est.)
Night: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm HESH, L35 (UK)
Day: 2,000 / 2,000-2,500 (est.)
Night: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm HE, HE-OE (FR)
Day: 2,000 / 2,500-3,000 (est.)
Night: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm APERS-T, M494 (Flechette)
Day: 2,000 / 3,000
Night: INA

APFSDS, UK L52 APDS, multinational M393 HEP-T, L39 Smoke,
French OBUS 105 F1 Illuminating, Australian TC800 Canister (balls)

NOTES
A variety of day and night sights (including thermal and stabilized), stabilization systems and ballistic computers are available for M60A1 and
M60A3. The TTS thermal sight (5x and 10x, FOV 6x4 and 12x8) was added to US M60A3, and has been widely fielded.

The Swiss 120-mm Compact Tank Gun is available.

Israeli IMI offers the APAM round with submunitions and a time fuze.

Israeli IAI now offers LAHAT gun-launched ATGM, with semi-active laser homing and tandem warhead; but it requires modified fire control.

Israeli IMI offers several upgrade packages, such as SABRA, for the SABRA MBT. This private venture includes extensive upgrades for mobil-
ity, lethality, and protection, including a 120-mm main gun.

4-10.2

Sep 2001
Russian Main Battle Tank T-34/85 _________________________________________

Types

85-mm rifled gun
APC-T/HVAP-T
HEAT-FS
AP HE
Frag-HE, HE

2 x 7.62-mm MG
(7.62x54R)
Typical
Combat load

55

2,745

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: T-34-85 Model 1944
Proliferation: At least 20 countries with T-34 tanks and variants
Description:
Crew: 5
Combat Weight (mt): 32
2
): 0.88

Cruising Range (km): 300, 500 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 56
Max Off-Road: 35
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.3, 5.5 with snorkel

Radio: R-113, R-123 in later versions

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): No
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): No
Mineclearing Equipment: Plow, roller, and dozer blade available
Smoke Equipment: 2 x BDSh smoke charges

ARMAMENT
Main Armament: 85-mm rifled gun, D-5T or ZIS-S-53
Rate of Fire(rd/min): 3-4
Loader Type: Manual
Elevation () : -5 to + 25
Fire on Move: No

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm MG, SGMT ( early upgrade)
Mount Type: Coaxial
Day: 1,000/ 400-500 on the move
Night: N/A

Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical /650 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm MG, SGMB (early upgrade)
Mount Type: Bow
Day: 1,000/ 400-500 on the move
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical/650 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: None
Gunner:
Day: TSh-15 or TSh-16 articulated telescope, 4.5x
Acquisition Range (m): 1,500 direct fire, 5,200 indirect fire
Night: N/A
Field of View (): N/A
Acquisition Range (m): N/A

VARIANTS:
T-34: The baseline tank, also referred to as T-34/76, has a 76-mm
main gun. Many T-34s have been modified. Earlier versions use the
7.62-mm DTM MG, and later versions 7.62-mm SGMT or PKT MG.
Some countries have replaced 7.62-mm AAMG with a 12.7-mm MG.
Some Chinese variants have LRFs. Egyptian variants have rubber
skirts and a VEESS system. Conversions include 122-mm SP guns,
self-propelled AA guns, armored recovery vehicles, bridgelayers,
bulldozers, and flamethrowers. Most are no longer in service.

OT-34-85: Flamethrower version is indistinguishable from the
T-34/85, with a ZIS-S-53 gun and 60-70 m flame range.

Poland and Czechoslovakia also produced T-34/85.

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm HVAP-T, BR-365PK
Day: 1,150 (direct fire range)
Night: N/A
Armor Penetration (mm): 130 (0) at 1,000 m, 167 (0) at muzzle

4-10.3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Main Battle Tank T-34/85 continued ________________________________

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm APC-T, BR-367
Day: 1,150 (est)
Night: N/A

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm HEAT-FS, BK-2M
Day: 970 direct fire range
Night: N/A
Armor Penetration (mm): 100 at 65, 300-400 at 0 all ranges

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm, AP HE,
Day: 1,150 (est)
Night: N/A

Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm Frag-HE, O-365K
Day: INA
Night: N/A
Armor Penetration (mm): Can defeat most IFVs on impact

Other Ammunition Types: Chinese smoke, Russian HVAP-T BR-
365P, Russian AP-T BR-365 and BR-365K, Russian Frag-HE
O-365, North Korean APC-T Type 367

NOTES
Main gun is in the family which includes D-44 and SD-44 field guns, KS-12 AA Gun and ASU-85 assault gun. Ammunition options include the
variety of ammunition available for these guns.

4-10.4

Sep 2001
Russian Main Battle Tank T-55AMV________________________________________

Types

100-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM

7.62-mm coax PKT MG
12.7-mm AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

(mix est) 43
14
3
21
5

1,250
500

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4
2
): 0.89

Engine Type: 620-690 hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 390/600 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 50
Max Off-Road: 35
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-173, R-173P, R-124 intercom

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 200 (base T-55 armor)
Applique Armor (mm): Rubber screens and box armor
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): 1st Gen raises to KE/700-900
against HEAT; 2nd Gen raises to 450-480 KE/700-900 HEAT
Active Protective System: Russian Drozd APS available
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set, and plows available
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (4x 81-mm each side
of turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm rifled gun, D-10T2S
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: Yes (gun rounds only--ATGMs require a short halt)

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT-T
Day: 800

Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 rpm practical, 800 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts

Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG DShKM
Mount Type: Turret top
Day: 1,500
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical, 600 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts

ATGM Launcher :
Name: D-10T2S gun
Guidance: SACLOS, Infrared laser-beam rider

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: Volna
Main Gun Stabilization: M1 Tsiklon 2-plane
Rangefinder: KDT-2 Laser
Infrared Searchlight: L-4
Gunner:
Day: TShSM-32PV, 3.5x and 7x
Field of View (): 18 and 8
Night: 1K13
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,300, gun rounds only

VARIANTS
More than a dozen countries have produced upgraded T-55 variants
with similar capabilities in protection and lethality. Many countries
have upgraded to a larger main gun.

T-55AMV is derived from a line of variants of T-55 MBT. T-55A
added an NBC protection system. T-55M added the Volna fire con-
trol system (with ATGM launcher), improved gun stabilization and
sights, improved engine, new radio, and increased protection. That
included side skirts, smoke grenade launchers, applique armor, and
fire protection. T-55AM added bra armor, an armor band around the
turret for 180 coverage. The -AMV upgrade means substitution of
ERA for the bra armor. Variants ending with -1 denote replacement
of the engine w/V-46 engine from T-72 MBT.
The Ukraine and Syria will upgrade to the T-55AMV standard.

4-11

7 Nov 2000

Russian Main Battle Tank T-55AMV continued_______________________________

T-55AM2B: Czech version of T-55AMV with Kladivo fire control.
T-55AM2: Variant does not have ATGM capability or Volna FCS.
T-55AM2P: Polish version of T-55AMV but with Merida FCS.
T-55AMD: Variant with the Drozd APS instead of ERA.
T-55AD Drozd: Variant with Drozd but not Volna FCS and ERA.

100-mm APDS-T, BM-8 Russian
Day: 1,500
Night: 800-1,300

100-mm APFSDS-T, BM-25
Day: INA
Night: 800-1,300

100-mm APFSDS-T, BM-412M, Romanian
Day: 2, 000+ (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 418 at 2,000 m, 380 at 3,000 m

100-mm APFSDS-T, M1000, Belgian
Day: 2,500 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy target, 4,500 m

100-mm HEAT, BK-17
Day: 1,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,000 (est)

100-mm Frag-HE, OF-32
Day: <2,500
Night: 800-1,300

Other Ammunition Types: A variety of other rounds within the
range noted above are available. They include the GIAT NR 322/
NR 352 APFSDS-T and Slovak JPrSv AP-T with ranges beyond
2,000 m.

Name: AT-10/BASTION
Range (m): 4,000 (day only, see NOTES)


NOTES
The 1K13 sight is both night sight and ATGM launcher sight; however, it cannot be used for both functions simultaneously.

T-55s with "bra armor", semi-circular add-on armor, have turret protection increased to 330 mm (KE) and 400-450 mm (CE). Other improve-
ments available include a hull bottom reinforced against mines, better engines, rubber track pads, and a thermal sleeve for the gun.

Optional sights and fire control systems include the Israeli El-Op Red Tiger and Matador FCS, Swedish NobelTech T-series sight, and German
Atlas MOLF. The Serbian SUV-T55A FCS, British Marconi Digital FCS, South African Tiger, and Belgian SABCA Titan offer upgraded func-
tion. One of the best is the Slovenian EFCS-3 integrated FCS.

A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian/French ALIS and Namut-type sight from Peleng. There are thermal sights
available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.

4-12

Sep 2001
Russian Main Battle Tank T-62M_______________________________________________

Types

115-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM

7.62-mm coax PKT MG
Typical
Combat Load

(mix est) 40
12
3
20
5

2,500

SYSTEM

Description:
Crew: 4
2
): INA

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 45
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-173, R-173P, R-124 intercom

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Bra armor (+100 on turret) and track skirts
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available, replaces bra armor
Active Protective System: Russian Drozd APS will fit
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set, and plows
NBC Protection System: Nuclear radiation only
Smoke Equipment: Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
2 x 4 Smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 115-mm smoothbore gun, 2A20/Sheksna
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: Yes (gun rounds only--ATGMs require a short halt)

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun PKT
Day: 800
Night: 800

Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 rpm practical, 800 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A20 gun
Guidance: SACLOS, Infrared laser-beam rider

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: Volna
Main Gun Stabilization: M1 Meteor 2-plane
Rangefinder: KTD-2 Laser
Infrared Searchlight: L-4
Gunner:
Day: TShSM-41U, 3.5x and 7x
Field of View (): 18 and 8
Night: 1K13-1
Acquisition Range (m): 850-1,300, gun rounds only

VARIANTS
T-62M is one of a variety of T-62 variants. T-62A: added a 12.7-mm
MG. T-62M adds protection, FCS and ATGM capability. T-62
variants with a V-46 T-72-type engine add -1 to their designation.
T-62M1: Variant with Volna FCS but no missile launch capability.
T-62D: Variant with the Drozd APS vs ERA.
T-62MK: Command variant.
T-62MV: Version with ERA in place of the bra armor. The ERA
includes Kontakt ERA and Kontakt-5 2nd-Generation ERA.

115-mm APFSDS-T, BD/36-2
Day: 2,000+ (est)
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 520 (RHA, 71 angle) at 1,000 m

115-mm APFSDS-T, BM-6 Russian
Day: 1,500
Night: 850-1,300

4-13

7 Nov 2000

Russian Main Battle Tank T-62M_______________________________________________

115-mm HEAT, BK-4
Day: 1,200
Night: 850-1,200
115-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-27
Day: 1,500-2,000
Night: 850-1,300

Other Ammunition Types: BM-3 APFSDS, BM-4 APFSDS, BK-
4M HEAT, BK-15 HEAT, OF-11 Frag-HE, OF-18 Frag-HE

Name: AT-10/Sheksna

Armor Penetration (mm): 700 behind ERA

NOTES
The 1K13 sight is both night sight and ATGM launcher sight; however, it cannot be used for both functions simultaneously.

Other improvements available include a hull bottom reinforced against mines, rubber track pads, and a thermal sleeve for the gun.

Optional sights and fire control systems include the Israeli El-Op Red Tiger and Matador FCS, Swedish NobelTech T-series sight, and German
Atlas MOLF. The British Marconi Digital FCS, South African Tiger, and Belgian SABCA Titan offer upgraded function. One of the best is the
Slovenian EFCS-3 integrated FCS.

A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. There
are thermal sights available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.

4-14

Sep 2001
Russian Main Battle Tank T-64B __________________________________________

T-64BV
Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM

7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm NSVT AA MG

Typical
Combat Load

37
(mix est) 12
2
17
6

1,250
300

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.86

Cruising Range (km): 500 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.8 Unprepared, 5.0 w/snorkel

Radio: R-123M, R-124 intercom

Protection:
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Standard on T-64BV
Active Protective System: Available
Mineclearing Equipment: Mine rollers and plows available

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46-2
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6-8 (lower in manual mode)
Loader Type: Separate-loading autoloader, ATGMs manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 24 in carousel, 6 ATGMs manual/7 stowed
Fire on Move: Yes (30 km/h rounds/low speed or stop ATGMs)

Auxiliary Weapon:

Day: 1,000
Night: 850-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG NSVT
Night: 800-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 210 practical/ 800 air targets in bursts

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46-2 tank gun
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Encoded radio frequency

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E26M 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: 1G42
Night: TPN-1-49-23
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,300 (est)

VARIANTS
T-64A: Production version of base tank. That tank has a history of
reliability problems. It also lacks the high armor protection, track
skirts, a FCS and ATGM launch capability of T-64B.

T-64BK: Command tank version, with 10-m whip antenna.

T-64B1: Version of -B tank without ATGM launch capability.

T-64BV: Variant noted in the above line drawing has Kontakt ERA
mounted. This variant is more likely for encounter by US forces.

4-14.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Main Battle Tank T-64B continued _________________________________

125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 590-630 at 2,000 meters

Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300

125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1300
Armor Penetration (mm): 650-750

125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300

Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian
BM-42 and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a
version of the BM-42M with a DU penetrator.

Antitank Guided Missile:
Name: AT-8/SONGSTER
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) conventional
Range (m): 4,000

NOTES
The night sight cannot be used to launch the ATGM. The daysight can be used at night for launching ATGMs if the target is illuminated. A
variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. There
are thermal sights available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.

The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and increased penetration against conventional armors and ERA. The
BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects. If the
BK-29 HEAT-MP is used, it may substitute for Frag-HE (as with NATO countries) or complement Frag-HE. With three round natures
(APFSDS-T, HEAT-MP, ATGMs) in the autoloader vs four, more antitank rounds would available for the higher rate of fire.

4-14.2

Sep 2001

T-72B w/Kontakt ERA
Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM

7.62-mm coax MG

12.7-mm AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

45
(mix est) 15
3
21
6

2,000

300

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: T-72S (export), SMT M1988
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.90

Cruising Range (km): 500/ 900 with external tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.2 Unprepared/5.0 with snorkel
Radio: R-173 and R-134

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 520/950 against HEAT
Applique Armor (mm): Side of hull over track skirt, turret top
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Kontakt or Kontakt-5 ERA
Active Protective System: Arena available
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (8x 81-mm left side of
turret), and 32 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M/ D-81TM
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4-6/2 in manual mode
Loader Type: Autoloader (separate loading) and manual
Fire on Move: Yes, up to 25 km/h. Depending on the road and
distance to the target, most crews may halt before firing.

Auxiliary Weapon:
Day: 1,000
Night: 800

Fire on Move: Yes

Day: 1,500/1,000 antiaircraft
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 200 practical, 600 cyclic in bursts

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46M
Guidance: SACLOS, Laser beam rider
Command Link: Encoded infrared laser beam

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 1A40-1
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E42-2, 2-plane
Rangefinder: TPD-K1M laser rangefinder
Gunner:
Day: TPD-K1, 8
Field of View (): 9
Acquisition Range (m): 3,000 with LRF, 5,000 without
ATGM/Night: 1K13-495 5.6x (8x ATGM)
Field of View (): 6, 40 min (5 ATGM)

VARIANTS
T-72BK: Commander's variant with additional radios

T-72BM: Version with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armor. This
system is being fielded and is available for export.

T-72S/Shilden: Russian export T-72A upgraded to be comparable to
the T-72BM standard. Although similar to the T-72BM, it may have
less turret front protection. The early T-72S tank has Kontakt ERA,
as shown above.

T-90: Successor to T-72BM. This tank has been tentatively ap-
proved for production and adoption as a standard tank, alongside the
T-80U, for the Russian army. The T-90 uses the gun and 1G46 gun-
ner sights from T-80U, a new engine, and thermal sights. Protective
measures include Kontakt-5 ERA, laser warning receivers, and the
SHTORA infrared ATGM jamming system.

4-15

7 Nov 2000


Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300

Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300

Day: INA
Night: 850-1300

125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300

Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian BM-
42 and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a version
of the BM-42M with a DU penetrator.

Name: AT-11/SVIR
Armor Penetration (mm ): 700 behind ERA/800 conventional
Range (m): 4,000

Name: AT-11B/INVAR
Armor Penetration (mm ): 800 behind ERA /870 conventional
Range (m): 4,000

NOTES
The T-72B is the second main variant from the original Russian T-72 tank (after T-72A).

The 1K13-49 sight is both night sight and ATGM launch sight. However, it cannot be used for both functions simultaneously. A variety of ther-
mal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. Thermal gunner night
sights are available which permit night launch of ATGMs.


4-16

Sep 2001
Polish/Czechoslovakian Main Battle Tank T-72M1____________________________

Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE

7.62-mm coax MG

12.7-mm AA MG

Typical
Combat Load

44
(mix est) 15
7
22

2,000

300

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Russian T-72A

Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 41.5 (without ERA)
2
): 0.90

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.2 Unprepared/5.0 with snorkel

Radio: R-173M

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Side of hull over track skirt, turret top
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): 1st or 2nd Gen ERA available
Active Protective System: Arena or Drozd available
of turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22/22 (22 in carousel)

Auxiliary Weapon:

Day: 1,000
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes

Day: 1,500, 1,000 AA
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 200 practical, 600 cyclic in bursts

ATGM Launcher: N/A

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E28M, 2-plane
Rangefinder: TPD-K1 laser rangefinder
Gunner:
Day: TPD-K1 laser rangefinder sight, 8 x
Field of View (): 9
Acquisition Range (m): 3,000 with LRF, 5000 without
Night: TPN-1-49, 5.5 x
Field of View (): 6

VARIANTS
T-72: Original Russian tank from which T-72 variants were derived.

T-72M: Original Polish and former-Czechoslovakian T-72-series
tank from which Polish/Czechoslovakian T-72M1 was derived.
T-72M differs from T-72 in replacing the right-side coincident range-
finder with a centerline-mounted TPDK-1 LRF.

T-72A: The Russian variant differs from T-72 with the TPDK-1
LRF, added sideskirts, additional armor on the turret front and top,
smoke grenade launchers, internal changes, and a slight weight in-
crease. The Russian export version and Polish/Czechoslovakian
counterparts are called T-72M1. Versions with Kontact ERA are
known as T-72AV /T-72 M1V. Please note that some countries
have inventories of T-72, T-72M and T-72M1, with different versions
of each variant. Also, many variants were upgraded or modified.
Some T-72M1s do not have smoke grenade launchers or track skirts.
Some T-72s/T-72Ms have smoke grenade launchers. More reliable
discriminators are armor and rangefinder/FCS.

4-17

7 Nov 2000

Polish/Czechoslovakian Main Battle Tank T-72M1 continued___________________

T-72AK/7T-2M1K: Commander's variant with additional radios

T-72AM/Banan: Ukrainian T-72A upgrade with ERA, a new en-
gine, and additional smoke grenade launchers. The T-72AG
upgrade has a 1200-hp engine, Shtora-1 ATGM jammer, and 1G46
(T-80U) FCS with thermal night sights.

T-72M1M: T-72M1 variant upgraded to T-72B standard.

T-72M2/Moderna. Slovakian T-72M upgrade with new engine and
fire control, SFIM thermal sight, laser warning receiver, ERA, and 2
x 20-mm AA guns on turret

T-72M4CZ: Czech variant with TURMS FCS with thermal sight,
new engine, increased protection ERA, and 48t weight. T72M3CZ
ia a less radical upgrade-- for instance existing engine is modified.

T-72MP: Ukrainian upgrade with a 1,000-hp engine, added armor,
Shtora-1, and SAGEM FCS and thermal sights.

T-72S/Shilden: Russian export T-72A upgraded to T-72B standard.

M-84: Former Yugoslavian tank upgraded to T-72M1 standard, but
with indigenous sights. With an upgraded engine, the tank is
M-84A. A Croatian improved version of M-84 is M84A4/Sniper,
with improved fire control and thermal night sights. A Slovenian
upgrade uses the state-of-the-art and the well-marketed EFCS-3 FCS.

PT-91/Twardy: Polish upgrade tank with ERA, laser warning re-
ceiver, smoke grenade launchers, and Tiger fire control system.
Sights include a thermal gunner night sight.

Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300

Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300

Day: INA
Night: 850-1300

125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300


NOTES
A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng.


4-18

Sep 2001

Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM

7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm NSVT AA MG

Typical
Combat Load

45
(mix est) 15
3
21
6

1,250
500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: See NOTES
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.87

Engine Type: 1,000-hp or 1,100-hpGas turbine (multifuel),
Cruising Range (km): 370/ 500 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 48
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.8 Unprepared, 5.0 w/snorkel, 12.0 with
BROD-M system

Radio: R-173, R-174 intercom

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Defeat 120-mm rounds (triple layer)
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): 1st Generation ERA available
Active Protective System: Available
Mineclearing Equipment: Mine rollers and plows available

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46-2
Loader Type: KORZINA separate-loading autoloader and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 28 in carousel/17 rounds stowed but readily
available for manual loading
Fire on Move: Yes (30 km/h gun rounds/low speed or stop ATGMs)

Auxiliary Weapon:

Day: 1,000
Night: 850-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes

Night: 800-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46-2 tank gun
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Encoded radio frequency

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: FCS 1A33
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E26M 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: 1G42
Night: 1-4A
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,300 (est)

VARIANTS
T-80BV: Variant noted in the above line drawing has ERA
mounted. This variant is more likely for encounter by US forces.

Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300

4-19

7 Nov 2000


Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300

Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1300

125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300


Antitank Guided Missile:
Name: AT-8/SONGSTER
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) conventional
Range (m): 4,000

NOTES
The T-80B and -BV variants are often misidentified as T-80. They are visibly different and bear other distinctions, such as T-80B/-BV capability
for launching AT-8/ Songster ATGM.

The night sight cannot be used to launch the ATGM. The daysight can be used at night for launching ATGMs if the target is illuminated.
A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng.
There are thermal sights available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.

The 12.7-mm MG NSVT has both remote electronically operated sight PZU-5 and gun-mounted K10-T reflex sight.


The ATGM may be launched while moving slowly (NFI). The AT-8 can be auto-loaded with the two halves mated during ramming; but the stub
charge is manually loaded.

4-20

Sep 2001
Russian Main Battle Tank T-80U __________________________________________

Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM

7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm NSVT AA MG

Typical
Combat Load

45
(mix est) 15
3
21
6

1,250
500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: SMT (Soviet Medium Tank) M1989
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.92

Engine Type: 1250-hp Gas turbine (multi-fuel), diesel on T-80UD
Cruising Range (km): 335 km/600 km with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 48
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.8 Unprepared, 5.0 w/snorkel, 12.0 with
BROD-M system

Radio: R-173, R-174 intercom

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 120-mm ammunition
Applique Armor (mm): Side of hull , over track skirt
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Kontakt-5 2nd Generation ERA
Active Protective System: ARENA is available
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set and plows available
of turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M-1
Loader Type: KORZINA separate-loading autoloader, and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 28 in carousel/17 stowed (manual loaded)
Fire on Move: Yes (gun rounds and ATGMs)

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Turret coaxial

Day: 800
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes

Day: 1,500
Night: 800-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46M-1 tank gun
Guidance: SACLOS, Laser-beam rider

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: FCS 1A42
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E42, 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Gunner:
Day: 1G46/PERFECT, 3.6/12x
Acquisition Range (m): 5,000 (70%P-hit for ATGM)
Night: AGAVA-2
Acquisition Range (m): 2,600 (gun rounds only)

VARIANTS
T-80UD: Version produced in the Ukraine with a 1000-hp diesel
engine instead of the turbine engine, and 1st generation ERA.

T-80UK: Command version with R-163-50K and R-163-U radios,
TNA-4 land navigation system, and an electronic fuze-setting device
that permits use of Ainet Shrapnel Round. The AGAVA thermal
sight provides a 2,600-meter night acquisition range.

T-84: Recent Ukrainian upgrade of T-80UD with a welded turret, a
French ALIS thermal sight, a more powerful engine, optional use of
ARENA active protection system (APS) and SHTORA-1 active IR
ATGM jammer system. Prototypes have been demonstrated, and the
tank is available for export.

4-21

7 Nov 2000

Russian Main Battle Tank T-80U continued _________________________________

Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 800-1,300

125-mm HE-Shapnel Focused-fragmentation, Ainet
Day: 4,000
Night: 800-1,300

Day: INA
Night: 800-1,300

Day: INA
Night: 800-1300

125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: INA
Night: 800-1,300

Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian

Name: AT-11/SVIR
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) behind ERA/800 conventional
Range (m): 5,000

Name: AT-11B/INVAR
Armor Penetration (mm): 800 (RHA) behind ERA /870 conventional
Range (m): 5,000

NOTES
Line drawing is a T-80UD.

GTA-18A Auxiliary Power Unit is used when the engine is off.

The BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects.
The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and 50 mm more penetration.

The electronic round fuzing system for Ainet rounds is available for other tanks. This round uses technology similar to that for French Oerlikon's
AHEAD round. The round is specially designed to defeat targets by firing fragmentation patterns forward and radially, based on computer calcu-
lated settings from the laser rangefinder and other inputs. Targets are helicopters and dug in or defilade priority ground threats, such as ATGM
positions. Rate of fire is 4 rd/min.

The 12.7-mm MG NSVT has both remote electronically operated sight PZU-5 and gun-mounted K10-T reflex sight.

The original night sight is the II Buran-PA (800-1300 meters range). The sight cannot be used to launch the ATGM. The daysight can be used at
night for launching ATGMs if the target is illuminated. A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French
SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. There are thermal sights available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.

4-22

Sep 2001
Russian Main Battle Tank T-90____________________________________________

Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT-MP/HEAT
HE-Shrapnel/Frag-HE
ATGM

7.62-mm coax MG

12.7-mm NSVT AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

43
(mix est) 14
3
20
6

2,000

300

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: T-90S, T-90E
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.87

Engine Type: 1,000-hp Diesel (See NOTES)
Cruising Range (km): 500 km/650 km with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.2 Unprepared, 5.0 w/snorkel

Radio: R-163-504 UHF, R-163-UP receiver/R-173 for T-90S

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 780-810 KE, 1,020-1,220 CE
Applique Armor (mm): Turret roof, front of track skirt
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Kontakt-5 2nd Generation ERA
Active Protective System: TshU-1-7/Shtora-1 countermeasure suite
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set and plows available
Smoke Equipment: 12 x 3D17 smoke grenade launchers, VEESS

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M-1 or -4
Loader Type: Separate-loading autoloader, and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22 in carousel, 15 more at hand /6 (est)
Elevation (): INA
Fire on Move: Yes (gun rounds and ATGMs)

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Turret coaxial
Day: 800
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes

Day: 1,500
Night: 800-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46M-1 tank gun
Guidance: SACLOS laser-beam rider, REFLEKS missile launcher
Command Link: Encoded infrared laser beam

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: FCS 1A45T
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E42-4, 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser sight
Infrared Searchlight: Yes, when II sight employed (See NOTES)
Gunner:
Day: 1A43 and 1G46/PERFECT, 3.6/12x
Field of View (): 20/2.5
Acquisition Range (m): 5,000 detection (70%P-hit for ATGM)
Night: AGAVA-2 (See NOTES)
Acquisition Range (m): 2,600 (See NOTES)

VARIANTS
T-90E: INA
T-90S: Export variant
T-90SK: Export command variant

4-22.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Main Battle Tank T-90 continued___________________________________

Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 2,000-2,600

125-mm HE-Shapnel Focused-Fragmentation, Ainet
Day: 4,000
Night: 2,600

Day: INA
Night: 2,600

Day: INA
Night: 2,600

125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: INA
Night: 2,600

Other Ammunition Types: French Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian

Name: AT-11/SVIR
Range (m): 5,000

Name: AT-11B/INVAR
Range (m): 5,000

NOTES
The original tank version of the tank has an 840-hp diesel engine. The engine in subsequent models is upgraded. Engine options include 950,
1,000 and 1,100 hp.

The tank may be fielded with the original II sight from the T-80 series (Buran-PA, 800-1300 meters range). However, marketing materials feature
the AGAVA-2 thermal sight. There are thermal sights available which permit night launch of ATGMs.

The T-90 may be fielded with full Shtora-1 package (laser warning receiver with auto-slew gun capability, LWR-directed smoke grenade launch-
ers, and EO-IR jammer), with a partial package, or without Shtora-1. Shtora-1 illuminators can be used for night illumination.

An improved gun, 2A46M-4, with improved accuracy and use life is available for fitting to the T-90.

The BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects.
The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and 50 mm more penetration.

The electronic fuzing system for HE-Shrapnel rounds uses technology similar to that for French Oerlikon's AHEAD round. The round is spe-
cially designed to defeat targets by firing fragmentation patterns forward and radially, based on computer calculated settings from the LRF and
other inputs. Targets are helicopters and dug in or defilade priority ground threats, such as ATGM positions. Rate of fire is 4 rd/min.

The 12.7-mm MG NSVT has both remote electronically operated sight PZU-5 with vertical stabilization, night acquisition, and a gun-mounted
K10-T reflex sight.

4-22.2

Sep 2001
Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 59-II _______________________________________

Types

105-mm rifled gun L7
New CH APFSDS-T
M456 HEAT
L35 HESH

7.62-mm coax MG
7.62-mm bow MG
12.7-mm AA MG
Typical
Combat Load

34
12
6
16

2,000
1,000
500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: WZ 120B
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 36.5-37.0
2
): 0.8

Cruising Range (km): 440/600 with external tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 50
Max Off-Road: 25
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Track skirts are fitted to some tanks
Mineclearing Equipment: Mine plows and roller-plows available
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm rifled gun, similar to L7
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: Yes

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machine gun Type 59T
Day: 1,000
Night: 800

Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machine gun Type 59T
Mount Type: Bow ball mount
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes

Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG Type 54
Mount Type: Turret cupola
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2.000
Night: N/A, II sights available
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical, 600 air targets 2-10 rd bursts

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: UI light spot fire control system
Rangefinder: LRF
Gunner:
Day: INA
Night: Type DC 1024/00 II sights, x7
Field of View (): 6

VARIANTS:
Type 59: Original model is a copy of the Former Soviet T-54 MBT
and has a 100-mm main gun.

T-72Z/ Safir 74: Iranian variant which constitutes state of the art for
upgraded 50s-generation former Warsaw Pact tanks. This tank has a
780-hp diesel engine, track skirts, and smoke grenade launchers. An
Iranian ERA package will fit T-72Z. Armament includes an M68
105-mm rifled gun, 7.62-mm Type 59T (PKT) MG, and a 12.7-mm
Type 59 (DShKM) MG. The cannon can launch AT-10/ Bastion
ATGMs (to 4000 meters) and fire a broad range of NATO 105-mm
ammunition. Fire control includes the robust Slovenian EFCS-3-55
fire control system with stabilization, a laser rangefinder, and a ballis-
tic computer. The FCS includes a commander's independent viewer
and target designation system, and II gunner night sights.

4-23

7 Nov 2000

Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 59-II continued ______________________________

105-mm APFSDS, H6/62
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300

105-mm APFSDS, UI (New Chinese)
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300

105-mm HEAT, M456 (multinational)
Day: 1,500-2,500 (est)
Night: 800-1,300

105-mm HESH, L35 (UK)
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300

APFSDS, UK L52 APDS, multinational M393 HEP-T, French OE
105-F1 HE, L39 Smoke, cannister

NOTES
GEC-Marconi Centaur fire control system is available. British Barr and Stroud thermal based FCS can be fitted.

4-24

Sep 2001
Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 85-IIM______________________________________

Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE

7.62-mm coax MG

12.7-mm cupola AAMG
Typical
Combat Load

42
(mix est) 15
6
21

2,000

500

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 3
2
): 0.771

Cruising Range (km): 700/900 with external tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 57
Max Off-Road: 45
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Track skirts. Composite panels available.
Mineclearing Equipment: Mine plows and roller-plow set
Smoke Equipment: 12x 81-mm smoke grenade launchers
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22/23 (22 in carousel)

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machine gun Type 59
Day: 1,000

Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical, 600 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts

Mount Type: Cupola
Day: 1,500 ground/1600 for air targets (APDS)
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical, 600 air targets, 2-10 rd bursts

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: ISFCS-212 (Image-Stabilized Fire Control System)
Rangefinder: LRF
Gunner:
Day: UI stabilized gunner sight
Night: 2nd Generation II sights

VARIANTS
Type 85-IIAP: Variant assembled from Type 59s and Type 69-IIs
and upgrade kits, or from licensed production in Pakistan.

Type 85-III: Upgraded variant with 1,000-hp engine and composite
armor panels. Variant is in prototype stage.

Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300

Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300

4-25

7 Nov 2000

Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 85-IIM continued ____________________________

Day: INA
Night: 850-1300

125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300

Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian BM-42
and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a version of
the BM-42M with a DU penetrator.

NOTES
GEC-Marconi Centaur fire control system is available. British Barr and Stroud thermal based FCS can be fitted.


4-26
Chapter 5
Antitank

As armored combat vehicles have ascended in importance on the battlefield, so have the
systems designed to stop those vehicles. The umbrella term antitank originally denoted systems
specifically designed to destroy tanks. But today it is also more broadly constructed. Modern
combat is combined arms combat. Mechanized forces include other armored combat vehicles,
such as armored reconnaissance vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers,
etc. Tanks cannot survive or achieve their tactical objectives without support from other ar-
mored systems. The more recent term antiarmor may supplant the current term; because anti-
tank weapons which cannot penetrate tank armor can still be a formidable threat if they can de-
feat or damage more lightly armored fighting vehicles. With upgrades and innovative tactics
even older, seemingly obsolete, weapons can be used as OPFOR antiarmor weapons.

Antitank weapons can include guns of various sizes, antitank guided missile launcher
systems, rocket and grenade launchers, mines and their delivery systems, and other obstacle sys-
tems. The rocket and grenade launchers are described in Chapter 1, Infantry Weapons. Mines
and other obstacle systems are noted at Chapter 8, Engineer Systems. Because the OPFOR place
a high priority on stopping and destroying armored combat vehicles, they will use all other avail-
able assets which can doctrinally support the effort. These include fixed and rotary-wing air-
craft, artillery, NBC assets, etc. A number of recent systems have been fielded seemingly for
other roles, but available for use as antitank weapons: light tanks, heavy armored reconnaissance
vehicles with guns of 60 millimeters or more, assault vehicles, fire support vehicles, and artil-
lery/mortar-type combination guns, such as Russian 120-mm 2S9, 2S23, and 2S31. Many
OPFOR countries will employ antitank weapons for roles other than antitank, including AT guns
against personnel and soft targets, and ATGMs against personnel and rotary-wing aircraft.

Antitank guns include towed guns and self-propelled antitank guns (also known as tank
destroyers). A number of guns were designed as field guns, with multi-role capability as both
artillery and antitank guns. The modern focus on maneuver warfare has brought a slight decline
in development of uniquely antitank guns. Thus, the 85-mm D-44 gun, which can be used as
artillery, is effective for use in an antitank role. Although recent systems have been developed,
the number fielded has not kept pace with production of armored combat vehicles. Nevertheless,
their effectiveness and selected armies' continued reliance on linear positional battles and pro-
tracted defenses have kept a large number of these systems in inventories. Based on numbers
fielded and likelihood of their threat to US forces, only towed antitank guns were included.

A number of upgrades are available. These include night sights, such as passive image intensi-
fier sights and thermal sights for the Russian 100-mm MT-12. This is a robust antitank weapon,
with a high rate of fire and rapid mobility. Note the Russian innovation in the MT-12R, an AT
gun with a radar-directed all-weather fire control system. Improved ammunition is critical for
continued effectiveness of antitank weapons. The MT-12 and its variants can fire a variety of
modern ammunition, including the Russian gun-launched ATGM, Kastet.

5-1

7 Nov 2000

The antitank guided missile (ATGM) is the singular greatest threat to tanks today.
These systems are distinguished from other antitank weapons in that they are guided to the tar-
get. Most employ SACLOS guidance (see Glossary). An operator holds crosshairs on the target,
and the missile tracker directs the missile to that point. There is a wide variety of countermea-
sures (such as smoke and counterfire, due to long flight time and operator vulnerability) for use
against ATGMs. Thus, a 90% probability of hit is a technical figure, and does not mean a 90%
probability of success. On the other hand, there is a variety of counter-countermeasures which
the ATGMs, launchers, and operators can use to increase the chance for success. Tactics, tech-
niques and procedures within the antitank arena are critical to mission success.

As armor protection levels and antitank weapon lethality levels continue to rise, armor
protection for many modern tanks has outpaced most AT weapons. However, ATGMs have
been able to increase their size, range, and warhead configurations to threaten even the heaviest
tanks. Among notable trends in ATGMs is the worldwide proliferation and variety of manport-
able and portable antitank guided missile launchers. These include shoulder-launched, short-
range systems, such as the French Eryx, and a variety of copies of former Soviet systems, such
as the AT-3/Malyutka ("Suitcase SAGGER). Another notable trend is in development of up-
grade ATGMs, with increased lethality. The most common type of lethality upgrade is addition
of a nose precursor or tandem warhead. A more recent lethality upgrade has been the use of
warheads that permit the "fly-over, shoot-down" mode. These missiles can over-fly a vehicle
behind a hill, and fire an explosively-formed penetrator (EFP, in the shape of a cannon kinetic-
energy penetrator round) downward through the relatively soft top of armored vehicles. Other
improvements include improved guidance and resistance to countermeasures, reduced smoke and
noise signature, and increased range. A fairly common trend has been addition of night sights,
including thermal sights for the launcher. As the missiles and launchers have been improved,
weight loads have increased. Most of the so-called portable launchers (AT-4 launcher, TOW,
and HOT) have outgrown the portability weight limit, and must be carried in vehicles and only
dismounted short distances from the carriers.

Although there are unique ATGM launcher vehicles with unique ATGMs, most numer-
ous launcher vehicles are military and commercial vehicles adapted with pintel mounts for port-
able ground launchers, with ATGMs manually loaded and launched. Configurations of those ve-
hicles consist of simply pairing of vehicle and launcher, and can be executed with equipment at
hand; therefore, they were not described in this guide. The number of fielded ATGM launcher
vehicles specially designed for the mission numbers no more than a few dozen systems. They
constitute a high level threat to vehicles and rotary-winged aircraft in the US Army.

Systems selected for this chapter are the more common threat systems, or represent the
spectrum of antitank systems which can threaten US Army forces in the world today.


Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925

5-2
Russian 76-mm Towed Antitank Gun ZIS-3 _________________________________

Types

76-mm rifled gun
HVAP-T
HEAT
APC-T
Frag-HE

Typical
Combat Load

INA

SYSTEM

Description:
Crew: 5-7
Length Overall, Travel (m): 6.10
Height Overall, Travel (m): 1.3
Width Overall, Travel (m): 1.4

Mobility:
Mount: Two-wheeled carriage with twin trails
Prime mover: AT-P tractor, light trucks
Towed Speed (km/h):
Max Road: INA
Max Off-Road: INA
Fording Depth (m): N/A
Emplace Time (min): INA
Displace Time (min): INA
Radio: N/A
Protection: Gun shield

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8-10 normal / 15-20 burst indirect fire
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: N/A
Fire on Move: No

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: INA
Night: INA

VARIANTS N/A

76-mm HVAP-T, BR-354P
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
92 at 500 meters

76-mm APC-T , BR-350B
Day: 1,000
Night: INA

76-mm HEAT, BK-354M
Day: 500
Night: INA

76-mm Frag-HE, OF-350A
Day: INA
Night: INA

76-mm Frag-HE
Day: 1,500
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: API-T BZR-350B, Smoke (WP)

NOTES
Although the ZIS-3 is categorized as an antitank gun, some OPFOR forces will employ it for general support, especially against light targets.
Typical combat load is based on the prime mover; and a wide variety of systems can be used as prime movers.

5-3

7 Nov 2000

Russian 85-mm Towed Gun D-44__________________________________________

Types

85-mm rifled gun
HVAP-T
HEAT-FS
AP HE
Frag-HE
Smoke
Typical
Combat Load

21
(est) 3
3
3
9
3

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 8

Mobility:
Mount: Two-wheeled carriage with twin trails and coaster wheel
Prime mover: AT-P tractor, light trucks
Towed Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 35
Emplace Time (min): 2
Displace Time (min): 2
Radio: N/A

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm rifled gun
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8 normal / 15 burst Indirect Fire
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 0 / 140 on prime mover
Fire on Move: No

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: OP-2-7 Direct Fire, 5.5x / PG-1M Indirect Fire
Night: INA

VARIANTS
D-44-N: Variant with II night sight.

SD-44: Airborne version with auxiliary propulsion unit which per-
mits self-propulsion for short distances at speeds of up to 25 km/h on
the road, 5.5 km/h off road.

85-mm HVAP-T, BR-365P/365PK
Day: 1,150
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 180 (RHA) at 1,000 meters
113 (RHA, 30) at 500 meters

85-mm HEAT-FS, BK-2M
Day: 1,500
Night: INA

85-mm AP HE
Day: 950
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 91 (30 angle ) at 500 meters

85-mm Frag-HE, O-365K
Day: 1,500
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: HE, BR-365 and -365K AP-T and APC-
T (obsolete)

NOTES
The gun is variously referred to as artillery, as a field gun or as an antitank gun. It can be used for all roles or specifically for artillery or antitank.
Typical combat load is based on the prime mover; and a wide variety of systems can be used as prime movers.
PG-1M indirect fire sight characteristics are: 4x, 10 field of view. The PG-1 and -M can be used to a limited extent as direct fire sights.

5-4
U.S. Self-Propelled Antitank Gun M36_______________________________________________________________

M36B2
Types

90-mm gun
APFSDS-T, HVAP,
HEAT-T or APC
HE

12.7-mm bustle MG
API, API-T,
APDS-T
Typical
Combat Load

47

1,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 5
Combat Weight (mt): 27.7/30.8 for M36B1/29.9 for M36B2
2
): 0.95/0.86 M36B2

Engine Type: 500-hp Gasoline/375-hp Diesel for M36B2
Chassis: M-10 tank destroyer
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 42/40 M36B2
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 0.91/1.07 M36B2

Radio: INA

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 90-mm (50 Cal) rifled gun, M3
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8 est
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: No

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm machinegun, M2HB
Mount Type: Turret bustle

Day: 2,000
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes

ATGM Launcher: None

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Rangefinder: No
Gunner:
Day: INA
Night: No

VARIANTS
M36B1: Variant uses an M4A3/Sherman tank chassis.
M36B2: Variant uses an M10 chassis with plate canopy protection.

90-mm HVAP, INA
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A

90-mm APFSDS-T, Mecar 90
Day: 1,000+
Night: N/A

90-mm HEAT-T, Yugoslavian M74
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Armor Penetration (mm): 150 (30 impact) at 1,000 m

Other Ammunition Types: HE M71, APC-T M82

NOTES
This type vehicle is historically referred to as a "tank destroyer". The above label is more modern. The baseline vehicle has an open-top turret.

5-4.1

7 Nov 2000

5-4.2
Russian 100-mm Towed Antitank Gun MT-12________________________________

Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
AT-10 ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

20
8
4
4
4

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: T-12A, 2A29
Description:
Crew: 6

Mount: Two-wheeled carriage with twin trails and coaster wheel
Prime mover: MT-LB-T, URAL-375D and other trucks
Towed Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Emplace Time (min): 2-3
Displace Time (min): 2-3
Radio: N/A

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm smoothbore gun 2A29
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6-8/up to 15 indirect fire
Loader Type: Manual
Fire on Move: No

ATGM Launcher:
Launch Method: Gun-launched, 2A29 smoothbore gun
Guidance: Laser-beam rider

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: OP40M-40U direct fire, 5.5x / PG-1M indirect fire
Acquisition Range (m): 3,000/8,200 indirect fire
Night: APN6-40 II sight, 6.8x

Field of View (): 7

VARIANTS
T-12: Original version of Russian gun. MT-12 has changes in car-
riage and obturator, which do not affect lethality performance.

MT-12R: Russian upgrade with radar-directed fire control system,
for use at night and adverse weather.

Topaz: Former-Yugoslav variant of T-12, with the 2A19M gun
mounted on a D-30 carriage. Some have AT FCS-1 (see NOTES).

Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm APFSDS-T, BM-412M, Romanian
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500, 3,000 platoon volley
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 418 at 2,000 m/380 at 3,000 m

Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm APFSDS-T, M1000, Belgian
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000/platoon volley INA
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration(mm): Triple heavy target at 4,000 meters

Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm HEAT, BK-17
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500, 3,000 platoon volley
Day: INA
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Russian BM-2/-20/-25 APFSDS-T; OF-
15 Frag-HE; BK-5M HEAT-FS

Name: AT-10/Kastet
Range (m): 5,000

Name: AT-10b/Kan
Range (m): 5,000

NOTES
Russian 2nd generation II sights are available. The daysight can be used at night if the target is illuminated. Thermal sights are available. The
MT-12R radar FCS can be used for surveillance, acquisition, and tracking. The Serb Iskra AT FCS-1 computerized laser rangefinder FCS is on
is offered for sale. Range is 500-3,000 meters. The ATGM sight and laser guidance device has a 5,000-meter range and is a day sight only.
Ranges (m) for Frag-HE: 8,200 indirect fire/3,000 direct-fire. Rate of fire for indirect fire (Frag-HE) is up to 15 rd/min.

5-5

7 Nov 2000

Russian 125-mm Towed Antitank Gun 2A45M _______________________________

Types

APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
Invar/Svir ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

*60
28
4
20
8
* Mix estimate

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: SPRUT-B (Octopus-B)

Description:
Crew: 7
Height Overall, Travel (m): 2.09, 2.35 with APU (0.90 firing)

Mount: Two-wheeled carriage with three trails and coaster wheel
Prime mover: MT-LB, URAL-4320, and other trucks
Towed Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: INA
Emplace Time (min): 1.5
Displace Time (min): 2.0
Radio: On the prime mover

ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A45M
Loader Type: Manual, separate-loading
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 6/60 on prime mover
Fire on Move: No

ATGM Launcher:
Guidance: Laser-beam rider, with 9S53 guidance device

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: OP4M-48A, 5x, direct fire, 5.5x / 2Ts33 iron PG-1M, 4x,
indirect fire
Field of View (): 11 on OP4M-48A, 10 on PG-1M
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000/8,200 indirect fire

Night: 1PN53-10 II sight, 6.8x; 1PN80 thermal sight available
Field of View (): 7
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,300

VARIANTS
None

Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 800-1,300 II sight

Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Day: INA

Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M
Day: 2,500

Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-26
Day: 2,500
Night: 800-1,300 II sight, direct fire
Armor Penetration (mm): Can defeat IFVs on impact

Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1, and BM-42 and BM-32
APFSDS-T. The Russians may have a BM-42M with DU penetrator.

Name: AT-11/SVIR
Range (m): 5,000

Name: AT-11B/INVAR
Range (m): 5,000

NOTES
The ATGM sight and laser guidance device has a 5,000-meter range, day sight only. The day sight can be used at night if the target is illumi-
nated.

5-6
Russian ATGM Launcher Vehicle 9P148____________________________________

Types

Launcher
AT-5/AT-5B ATGM

Mixed (see NOTES)
AT-4/AT-4B ATGM
AT-5/AT-5B ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

15-20
15

10
10

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BRDM-2/AT-5
Description:
Crew: 2
Platform: BRDM-2M/GAZ-41-08
Height (m):
Overall: 2.31
In Firing Position: INA
Drive Formula: 4 x 4 (+ 4 auxiliary wheels)

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 100
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-123

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Antitank Guided Missile Launcher
Name: 9P135M3 (recent upgrade)
Launch Method: tube-launched
Number of missiles on launcher: 5
Elevation (): INA
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Emplacement Time (min): INA
Displacement Time (min): INA
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously : NA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 15 (launcher + autoloader)/ 0-5 by mix
Loader Type: Automated
Launcher dismountable: No
Auxiliary Launcher: Yes
Fire on the Move: No

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Incandescent bulb
Tracker Type: IR, 9S451M1
Susceptible To Countermeasures: EO jammers, smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: Electro-optical jamming alarm (See note)
Rangefinder: N/A
Gunner:
Day: 9Sh119M1
Night: 1PN65

VARIANTS
9P137: Original launcher vehicle with 5 AT-5 (only) launch rails

AMMUNITION
Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Alternative Designations: Konkurs
Missile Weight (kg): 25.2 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000

Name: AT-5B
Alternative Designations: Konkurs-M

Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Alternative Designations: Fagot

5-7

7 Nov 2000

Russian ATGM Launcher Vehicle 9P148 continued _____________________________

Name: AT-4B
Alternative Designations: Factoria, Konkurs M
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 13.2-14.0

Other Missile Types: N/A

NOTES
A variety of ATGM mixes have been seen with 9P148, between AT-4 and AT-5-type ATGMS. The primary benefit of adaptability is increased
launcher load and adaptability to user countries' inventories of ATGMs. Most common ATGM is AT-5. As AT-5B is produced, it is likely to
replace AT-5 in better-budgeted country inventories.

Reload time for the launcher is 25 seconds.

Russian firms have developed countermeasures, such as encoded-pulse beacons for ATGMs and counter-dazzler adjustments to the 9S451M1
guidance box. Filters can be mounted in front of reticles.

The 1PN66 thermal sight is available for the ATGM launcher. Acquisition range is approximately 2,500 meters.

Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and

5-8
Russian ATGM Launcher Vehicle 9P149________________________________________

Types

Launcher
AT-6 HEAT ATGM
AT-9 HEAT ATGM
AT-6 HE ATGM
AT-9 HE ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

12

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Shturm-S
Description:
Crew: 2
Platform: MT-LB
Height (m):
Overall: 1.8

Cruising Range (km): 500 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 3-4

Radio: R-123M or R-173

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Name: INA
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously: N/A
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 12/ 0
Loader Type: Automated

Auxiliary Launcher: No

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Radio frequency
Beacon Type: INA
Tracker Type: IR
Susceptible To Countermeasures: Smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: 5 encoded frequencies
Rangefinder: INA
Gunner:
Day: INA
Night: Yes

VARIANTS N/A

AMMUNITION
Name: AT-6a/SPIRAL
Alternative Designations: Kokon
Armor Penetration (mm): 750, 600 behind ERA
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 400/5,000
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 14.5

Name: AT-9
Alternative Designations: Ataka
Armor Penetration (mm): 950, 800 behind ERA
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 400/6,000, 5,000 ground use
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 15.0 (12.5 in ground use)

Other Missile Types: AT-6 HE thermobaric, AT-9 HE thermobaric

NOTES
Other missiles (AT-6b and AT-6c) can be launched from helicopters; but their length exceeds the 1832-mm limit for the Shturm-S autoloader.
A modular AT-6 ATGM launcher system with launcher and autoloader is available for installation on vehicles, fixed sites and boats.

5-9

7 Nov 2000

5-10
French ATGM Launcher Vehicle AMX-10 HOT___________________________________

Types

Total
HOT/ HOT 2, 2T/ HOT 3

Typical
Combat
load

18

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4-5
Platform: AMX-10P
Height (m):
Overall: 2.57

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 7 (with optional water jets)

Radio: VHF and intercom

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 12.7-mm frontal (distance NFI)
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available (see NOTES)

ARMAMENT
Name: Lancelot 3
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): INA
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously : INA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/14
Loader Type: Manual

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: INA
Tracker Type: INA
Counter-countermeasures: Infrared CM hardening on later ATGMs
Rangefinder: M427 Laser rangefinder
Gunner:
Day: M509, 3x/12x
Night: Castor Thermal Image System available

VARIANTS N/A

Name: HOT
Alternative Designations: Euromissile
Missile Weight (kg): 32 (in tube)
Probability of Hit (%): INA

Name: HOT 2

Name: HOT 2T
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped Charge (HEAT)
Average Velocity (m/s): INA
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): INA

Other Missile Types: HOT 3--similar to HOT 2T, but with im-
proved countermeasures

5-11

7 Nov 2000

French ATGM Launcher Vehicle AMX-10 HOT continued ________________________

NOTES
The HOT Antitank guided missile is produced by a European consortium which includes France and Germany. It can be launched from a ground
launcher, the same launcher mounted on a variety of vehicles, from infantry fighting vehicles and ATGM launcher vehicles, and from helicopters.
The AMX-10 HOT constitutes a high-end application on that spectrum, and has not been widely proliferated.

The cruciform-based single-tube ground launcher system exceeds the weight limit for the portable class of ATGM launchers. An updated
launcher for HOT-2T offers a Thermal Modular System night sight and a dual band tracker. Alternate mounts for the launcher include the
ATLAS/Commando lightweight launcher (140 kg) mounted on the Spanish Santana (4 x 4 Land Rover light truck).

The Lancelot turret used on AMX-10 HOT can be mounted on other armored fighting vehicles.

The French-produced VAB HOT uses a Mephisto retractable twin-tube launcher, and has an onboard load of 10 HOT ATGMs.

The UTM800 turret holds four HOT missiles, with a stabilized sight and Castor thermal night sight. The UTM800 is used on two applications.
The French VCR/TH employs the turret on a Panhard VCR/TT 6 x 6 APC chassis. The other is the UTM turret on a VAB APC chassis.

The German Jaguar 1 Jagdpanzer is a modified Leopard 1 tank chassis with a single-tube HOT launcher.

French SNPE explosive reactive armor can be employed on AMX-10 type vehicles.

5-12
US ATGM Launcher Vehicle M901 _________________________________________

Types

ATGM Launcher
TOW, ITOW, TOW 2,
TOW 2A, TOW 2B

7.62-mm Cupola MG

Typical
Combat Load

12

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle), ITOW
Description:
Crew: 4-5
Platform: M113A1
Height (m):
Overall: 2.91
In Firing Position: 3.35

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 64
Max Off-Road: INA
Max Swim: 5.8

Radio: Various, including intercom

Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Available. Anti-mine armor on bottom
Smoke Equipment: 4 smoke grenade launchers on each front corner

ARMAMENT
Name: M27 cupola with launcher head ("Hammerhead")
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2
Reaction Time (sec): 4.25
Emplacement Time (min): 0.33
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously : No
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 2/10
Loader Type: Manual

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG
Mount Type: Cupola
Direct Fire Range (m): INA
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: INA

Firing Ports: INA

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Xenon (Infrared), thermal on TOW-2 and after
Tracker Type: INA
Counter-countermeasures:
Rangefinder: INA
Gunner:
Day: Day sight/tracker, 13x
Field of View (): 5.5 x
Night: AN/TAS-4 thermal sight

VARIANTS
ITOW: Launcher variants have been upgraded with new turrets and
launcher heads to fit the later TOW variants, such as ITOW, TOW 2,
2A and 2B. M901A2: Launcher vehicle fitted for TOW 2.

A variety of M113-based vehicles have incorporated TOW "hammer-
head" launcher for use as ATGM launcher vehicles. These include
the Italian VCC-1-based launcher vehicle, and the Dutch Armored
Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV) -based launcher vehicle.

AMMUNITION
Name: TOW
Alternative Designations: BGM-71

5-13

7 Nov 2000

US ATGM Launcher Vehicle M901 continued ________________________________

Name: ITOW
Alternative Designations: BGM-71C
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT, short probe)

Name: TOW 2
Alternative Designations: BGM-71D
Missile Weight (kg): 28.1 (in tube) / 21.5 (missile only)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (Larger HEAT,
long probe)

Name: TOW 2A
Alternative Designations: BGM-71E
Missile Weight (kg): 22.65 (missile only)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (Larger HEAT,
long probe)

Name: TOW 2B
Alternative Designations: BGM-71F
Missile Weight (kg): 22.60 (missile only)
Warhead Type: Dual explosive-formed penetrators (EFP),
top-attack

Other Missile Types: See NOTES, below

NOTES
The loader has side and overhead protection during loading, which requires 40 seconds.

The Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS) was developed for TOW 2 and later. It includes a laser rangefinder, increased acquisition
range, improved night capabilities (second-generation thermal channel), an automatic boresight and greater hit probability.

The UK-developed Further-Improved TOW (FITOW) program is expected to be similar to TOW 2B, but with two smaller warheads.

The Israeli MAPATS is a TOW missile variant with laser-beam rider guidance and a laser guidance system.

The Israeli TAAS tandem warhead is the same diameter as the warhead on the original TOW missile, and appears to be a candidate for retrofit.
The warhead is claimed to be able to penetrate 1,020 mm of armor.

5-14
Russian ATGM Launcher AT-3_________________________________________________

Types

ATGM Launcher
AT-3 HEAT ATGM
AT-3 HE ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

4/ 3 Polk Set
1 on launcher

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Malyutka Complex
Description:
Crew: 3
Primary Mount: Ground mount on "suitcase" launcher
Alternate Mounts: Rail on BMP-1, BMD-1, BRDM, BRDM-2 etc.
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 30.5 launcher + guidance
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 0.86 with AT-3/a/b/c
1.02 with Malyutka-2
Height Overall In Firing Position (m): INA
Width Overall In Firing Position (m): INA

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P111 Case launcher
Launch Method: Rail on case
Elevation (): Fixed for launcher (see NOTES)
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2
Emplacement Time (min): 1.7 POLK set
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/0, 3/0 POLK set

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 9S415/9S415M/9S415M1 guidance panel
Guidance: MCLOS (9S415/-M panel), SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Incandescent infrared bulb (SACLOS)
Tracker Type: N/A for MCLOS, flare tracker for SACLOS
Counter-countermeasures: Offset guidance panel, laser filters
Rangefinder: INA
Frequency: INA
Counter-countermeasures: INA
Gunner:
Day: 9Sh16, 8x
Field of View (): 22.5 (see NOTES)
Night: Available

VARIANTS
Copies include North Korean Susong-Po, Taiwanese Kun Wu, and
the Chinese copy, Red Arrow-73/HJ-73, with indigenous guidance.

POLK: Slovenian Portable Anti-armor Launching Set includes a
new launcher, guidance panel with binocular sight, and 3 ATGMs
similar to AT-3C Improved (nose probes and lower smoke signature).
With a nose probe and improved propellant, the MCLOS-guided
ATGM can reach maximum range in 25 sec and penetrate 580 mm.
A Russian AT-3c/Improved (SACLOS) has similar capabilities.

AMMUNITION
Name: AT-3, -3a, -3b/SAGGER
Alternative Designations: Malyutka, Malyutka-M
Missile Weight (kg): 10.9
Probability of Hit (%): 70 against moving tanks

Name: AT-3c/SAGGER
Alternative Designations: Malyutka-P
Probability of Hit (%): 90 (SACLOS)

Name: Malyutka-2
Alternative Designations: Malyutka (Modernized)
Probability of Hit (%): 90 (SACLOS)

Other Missiles: Malyutka (Modernized) HE, AT-3c Imp, POLK

NOTES
AT-3 is classed by weight as portable (21-40 kg), rather than manportable (<21 kg). The launcher is also a missile carry case. The guidance
panel can be located up to 15 meters from the launcher, and can control up to four launchers. If target is <1,000 meters from launcher, the opera-
tor can joystick the missile to target without using optics. Guidance elevation () is -5/ +10. Because the module is small and can be shifted,
elevation and field of view are operationally unlimited. Improved versions can be used on older launchers, but in the MCLOS mode.
The Slovenian Iskra TS-M thermal sight is available, with detection at 3,000 meters and recognition at 1,800 meters.

Any AT-3 can be modernized to Malyutka-2 with replacement of warhead and or replacement of specific warhead and motor components.

5-15

7 Nov 2000

Russian ATGM Launcher AT-4/AT-5____________________________________________

9P135M3 w/AT-5B and thermal sight
Types

ATGM Launcher Total
AT-4/AT-4B ATGM

AT-5/AT-5B ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

4 or 8
(see NOTES)

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9P135M Firing Post, Fagot/Fagot-M
Description:
Crew: 3
Primary Mount: Ground mount on folding tripod
Alternate Mounts: Pintel (post) on BMP-1P, BTR-D, UAZ-469, etc.
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 22.5
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 1.1/1.3 AT-4/5 tube

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P135 (AT-4 only), 9P135M (AT-4/AT-5), -M1, -M2, -M3
Elevation () (-/+): INA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/0 full dismount, 4/4 on or near vehicle

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 9S451M1 Guidance control box
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Incandescent infrared bulb
Tracker Type: IR, 9S451M1
Counter-countermeasures: EO jamming alarm (see NOTES)
Rangefinder: INA
Gunner:
Day: 9Sh119M1, 4x
Night: Available (See NOTES)

VARIANTS
P135M3: Konkurs-M Complex. Launcher with 1PN65 thermal sight
and AT-5B/Konkurs-M missiles. Night range is 2,500m.

AMMUNITION
Name: AT-5B/SPANDREL-B
Alternative Designations: Konkurs-M

Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Alternative Designations: Konkurs

Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Alternative Designations: Fagot

Other Missiles: AT-4B/Factoria (see NOTES)

NOTES
Because of its weight, the Russians categorize the AT-4/4B system as portable (21-40 kg) rather than manportable. For dismounted carry load is
divided among three packs. Due to the greater weight, AT-5/-5B fits into the "heavy" class (40+ kg), and should only be carried short distances
from vehicles (<500 meters). For crews using both ATGM classes and operating near vehicles, combat load is 8 (4 stowed in the vehicle).

The AT-4B/Factoria is an upgrade ATGM with a 2,500 meter range, 550-mm penetration, and a velocity of 180 m/s (13.2 - 14.0 sec TOF).
Russian firms have developed counter-countermeasures, such as encoded-pulse beacons for ATGMs and counter-dazzler adjustments to the
9S451M1 guidance box. Filters can be mounted in front of reticles.

TPVP/1PN65 thermal sight is available, with the range approximately 2,500 meters (see VARIANTS, above). Weight is 13 kg. Slovenian TS-F
sight and Russian 1PN86-1/1PN86/Mulat have a 3,600 meter detection range.

5-16
Russian ATGM Launcher AT-7/AT-13 __________________________________________

Types

ATGM Launcher
AT-7 HEAT ATGM
AT-13 HEAT ATGM
AT-13 HE ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

4

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9P151Firing Post

Description:
Crew: 2
Primary mount: Ground mount on tripod
Alternate mounts: Shoulder for launch, UAZ-469 pintel mount
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 0.78 with AT-7/Metis
0.98 with AT-13/Metis-M
Height Overall In Firing Position (m): 0.72 with AT-7/Metis

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P151 Firing Post
Launch Method: Tube
Rate of Launch (missiles/min): 3-5, depending on range
Displacement Time (min): 0.33
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/0 (1 on launcher )

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 9S816 Guidance system
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: INA
Tracker Type: IR

Rangefinder:
Frequency: INA

Gunner:
Day: INA
Night: Available

VARIANTS
Metis-M System: 9P151firing post adapted for and including the
Metis-M missile, IOC 1992.

AMMUNITION
Name: AT-7/Saxhorn
Alternative Designations: Metis

Name: AT-13
Alternative Designations: Metis-M (often mislabeled Metis-2)
Armor Penetration (mm): 1,000/900 behind ERA
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 80/1500

Other missiles: Metis-M HE thermobaric

NOTES
The Russians characterize the AT-7 ATGM complex as light or manportable (5-20 kg), permitting long-distance carry by dismounted infantry.
Although the AT-13 complex slightly exceeds 20 kg, it is close enough to fit into the category.

Guidance elevation has a 15 span. Because the module is small and can be quickly corrected by shifting, elevation and field of view are opera-
tionally unlimited, and permit use against hovering or stationary helicopters.

The Russian 1PN86V/Mulat-115 thermal sight is available for use on the launcher, with detection at 3,200 meters and recognition beyond the
missile's 1,500 meter range. Field of view is 4.6.

5-17

7 Nov 2000

French ATGM Launcher Eryx __________________________________________________

Types

ATGM Launcher
Eryx ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

1

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Anti-Char Courtee Portee (ACCP)
Description:
Crew: 1
Primary mount: Ground mount on tripod or shoulder launch
Alternate mounts: Shoulder launch--standing, kneeling or prone
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 3, 4 with tripod
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 0.905
Width Overall In Firing Position (m): INA tripod, 0.16 on shoulder

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: Eryx
Launch Method: Tube (disposable canister/ launch tube)
Elevation (): INA, tripod; unlimited on shoulder launch
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): INA
Reaction Time (sec): 20-30 (includes emplace time)
Emplacement Time (min): See Reaction Time (above)
Displacement Time (min): < 0.03
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 1/ 0

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Infrared laser diode
Tracker Type: Charged couple device (CCD)
Counter-countermeasures: Flight time less than 4 seconds

Rangefinder: INA
Gunner:
Day: INA, 3x
Night: Sopelem OB50 II sight

VARIANTS
N/A

AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missile
Name: Eryx
Alternative Designations: ACCP
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 50/600

Other missiles: N/A

NOTES
The disposable canister/launch tube is attached to the reusable firing post (which includes sight systems).

Eryx employs a recoil reduction system with reduced back-blast, which permits launch from inside of buildings. Signature reduction includes
noise and smoke reduction.

A rest such as a ledge or sandbag is required for launches beyond 350 meters.

The optional French Mirabel thermal night sight is available for use on Eryx. The Mirabel offers an acquisition range of 1,000 meters, but weighs
an additional 3.4 kg.

5-18
Russian ATGM Launcher Kornet-E ________________________________________

Kornet-E system (with Kornet-LR missile)
Types

ATGM Launcher Total

HEAT ATGM
HE ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

3-4

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Kornet, AT-14
Date of Introduction: 1997-98
Description:
Crew: 2-3
Primary Mount: Ground mount on tripod
Alternate Mounts: IFV, APC, ATGM launcher vehicle, jeep
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 30 with thermal sight (11)
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 1.21 (missile canister)

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P163
Launch Method: Tube-launched from carrying canister
Elevation (): INA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 2 for 2-man crew, 3-4 for 3-man crew

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: Laser beam rider
Command Link: N/A
Beacon Type: N/A
Tracker Type: N/A
Counter-countermeasures: Encoded laser beam
Rangefinder: Not included
Gunner:
Day: 1P45-1 elbow sight
Night: 1PN79 / Metis-2 thermal sight
Acquisition Range (m): 3,500 (ID range 2,500)

VARIANTS
Kornet-E: Export version of the Kornet system includes a light-
weight launcher tripod, thermal night sight, and Kornet-LR missile.
A version of the system is available for use in hot desert climates (to
60 C). Since Russian KBP began development of a medium-range
(2,500 m) version, it divided domestic programs into the following:
Kornet-MR: Manportable system with E-type launcher and -MR
missile. This missile is not currently fielded.
Kornet-LR.portable: System with the -LR missile.
Kornet-LR self-propelled: ATGM system on BMP-3 chassis
with twin launchers, auto-loader, automated dual-track FCS with
dual target trackers, Kredo surveillance radar, and improved FLIR.

Kliver: Missile-gun turret upgrade; 1-man turret with 30-mm gun,
7.62-mm MG, automated FCS and 4-tube Kornet ATGM launcher.

KPB displayed a prototype overhead weapons module to mount on a
variety of vehicles (displayed on a HMMWV). It has dual twin (4-
tube) launcher, and a central module with TV/FLIR sights and MG.

AMMUNITION
Name: Kornet-LR
Alternative Designation: 9M133
Missile Weight (kg): 27

Name: Kornet-MR
Alternative Designation: INA
Missile Weight (kg): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): INA
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): INA

Other Missiles: Kornet-LR HE (thermobaric, 9M133F)
Kornet-MR HE (thermobaric).

NOTES
By weight, Kornet-MR can be broken down into a portable (marginally manportable) 2-man system, or into a clearly manportable 3-man system.
Kornet-LR can be manportable with MR missiles or a larger crew, but generally is only portable (short-distance carry See AT-3).
Medium-range and long-range Kornet missiles are interchangeable among Kornet-LR, -MR, and Kornet-E launcher systems.

5-18.1

7 Nov 2000

5-18.2
European ATGM Launcher MILAN 2 /MILAN 3 _______________________________

MILAN 2
Types

ATGM Launcher Total

HEAT ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

1 or 2

SYSTEM (MILAN 2 / MILAN 3, where their data differs)
Alternative Designations: Missile d/Infantrie Leger Antichar
Date of Introduction: 1985 MILAN 2/1996 MILAN 3
Proliferation: At least 39 countries MILAN/MILAN 2/1 MILAN 3
Description:
Crew: 2, 3 with ammo bearer for second missile
Primary Mount: Ground mount on tripod, including operator prone
Alternate Mounts: IFV, ATGM Launcher Vehicle, jeep, helicopter
Height Overall In Firing Position (m): 0.6
Width Overall In Firing Position (m): 0.42

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: MILAN 2/MILAN 3
Elevation (): INA
Ready/Stowed Missiles:
2-man crew (1 on launcher), 0 stowed
3-man crew (1 on launcher), + 1 ready, 0 stowed

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name:
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Pyrotechnic flare, MILAN 2/ xenon bulb, MILAN 3
Tracker Type: IR, 2.2 m/ 0.9 m MILAN 3
Susceptible To Countermeasures: Smoke, counterfire, moving
Counter-countermeasures: Encoded tracker, counters EOIRCM
Rangefinder: INA
Gunner:
Day: Name INA, 7x
Night: MIRA Thermal sight available
Field of View (): 3 x 6
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000 detection/ 2,000 recognition

VARIANTS
The missile launchers can be pintle-mounted for launch from vehi-
cles, such as the Marder 1A3 IFV. A variety of reconnaissance vehi-
cles, such as the French VBL, are fitted with MILAN launchers.

MILAN 2T: Improved ATGM with tandem warhead - not fielded

MILAN 3: Variant with a CCD tracker for the missile beacon.
MILAN, MILAN 2, and MILAN 3 missiles can be fired from all three
launchers; however, the EOIRCM will only work with both MILAN
3 launcher and MILAN 3 missile.

MCT: Compact turret w/two launchers for Spartan and other APCs.

AMMUNITION
Name: MILAN
Probability of Hit (%): >90

Name: MILAN 2
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge

Name: MILAN 3
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge with precursor charge

Other Missiles: N/A

NOTES
Although the launcher is portable and has been labeled man-portable, it is too heavy for one-man carry with missile.

A kit is available for retrofit to MILAN and MILAN 2 launchers, to permit firing MILAN 3 ATGM with EOIRCM (jammer countermeasure).

5-19

7 Nov 2000

Chinese ATGM Launcher Red Arrow-8 _____________________________________

Types

ATGM Launcher Total

HEAT ATGM

Typical
Combat Load

Ground 1-5

Vehicle 8-12

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Hongjian-8, RA-8, HJ-8
Description:
Crew: 4
Primary Mount: Ground mount on tripod, including operator prone
Alternate Mounts: APC, ATGM Launcher Vehicle, jeep, helicopter
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 63

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: Red Arrow 8
Elevation () (-/+): -7 to +12
Ready/Stowed Missiles: INA

FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Incandescent infrared bulb
Tracker Type: IR
Susceptible To Countermeasures: IR jammer, smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: Jamming CM (NFI)
Rangefinder: INA

Gunner:
Day: Name INA, 12x
Night: PTI-32 Thermal sight available (copy of Thorn EMI)
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000 detection/2,000 identification

VARIANTS
Baktar Shikan: Pakistani variant, also called Green Arrow.
Missile data is similar to Red Arrow-8A

AMMUNITION
Name: Red Arrow-8A
Alternative Designation: HJ-8A
Missile Weight (kg): 24.5 (in tube), 22.5 ready for launch

Name: Red Arrow-8E
Alternative Designation: HJ-8E
Missile Weight (kg): 24.5 (in tube), 22.5 ready for launch

Other Missiles: There may be -8, -8B and -8C versions of the
ATGM; however, the above are more likely for encounter.

NOTES
Although the launcher is portable, it too heavy for one-man carry. Vehicle mounts are jeeps, such as the Chinese BJ-212 and BJ 2023 C, and
APCs such as the Chinese WZ-551 and Type 90 APC. A Chinese four launcher turret has been fitted on ATGM launcher vehicles including the
Chinese YW 531, WZ-551, and YW 534, and Chilean Piranha. Helicopter mounts are the Chinese Zhi-9 (license-built SA-354N/Dauphin 2) and
French Antelope.

5-20
Gun-launched Antitank Guided Missiles

A critical element of modern warfare is the use of "high-precision weapons" to extend the
lethal range of ground forces. Maneuver forces can add gun-launched missiles to tanks and anti-
tank (AT) guns to increase accuracy and range. Also, these missiles offer a higher missile speed
than most other ATGMs for intercepting moving targets. Thus they can engage a wider range of
targets (such as fast-moving helicopters or vehicles) at longer ranges in the modern operational
environment.

A gun-launched ATGM must be ballistically matched to a stub case with an eject charge,
which expels the missile from the gun. For the more common laser beam-riding ATGMs, an-
other requirement is a laser guidance unit/designator in its sight. Application to antitank (AT)
guns is even simpler and more cost-effective, with a tripod-mounted laser guidance unit. For
semi-active laser homing ATGMs, a laser designator is not required on the vehicle, as long as
one is coordinated with the gun to start designating, and is within designation range of the target.

There are attractive advantages to the ATGM upgrade. Few countries are producing or buying
significant numbers of modern tanks. Many, however, are upgrading current inventories to ap-
proach the lethality (including range, rate of fire, precision, and penetration) of newer tanks.
Gun-launched ATGMs provide an easy upgrade for older tanks with addition of the missile and
its related FCS. Applications are available for tanks, assault guns, infantry fighting vehicles, and
AT guns in any known gun caliber of 100-125 mm. Current estimate is that 10-20% of 140,000
potential OPFOR tanks (about 21,000) are missile-capable. Nearly all operational Russian-made
tanks, and close to 1,000 BMP-3 IFVs are either equipped with or can be retrofitted with gun-
launched ATGMs.

With upgrade kits available for low-level depot conversion, the task of distinguishing
missile-capable vehicles is much more difficult. The most common upgrade uses a 1K13 sight,
which replaces the vehicle night sight. Other more capable laser projectors and fire controls are
available. Because laser guidance units for AT guns are manportable units, which can be con-
cealed and easily transported, the number of ATGM-launch AT guns cannot be determined.

There are benefits and downsides to this technology. The cost to upgrade a tank for
launching six missiles will run $120,000-$300,000 (subject to varying negotiable costs). Many
modern canister-launch ATGMs currently enjoy a lethality overmatch against certain aspects of
even the heaviest tanks. Because gun-launched ATGMs offer penetration inferior to some
ATGMs, they may be overlooked in the budget-constrained military markets of today. NOTE:
The lethality is limited by gun-caliber which can be expanded using a different attack trajectory
(i.e., dive- or top-attack.) As with other ATGMs, range advantage may be of limited utility in
selected battlefield environments, such as many cluttered, forested, or uneven terrains of Europe
and Asia. However, for many applications in the battlefield environment, such as in urban com-
bat, a gunner can use the increased precision for applications, such as placing the round through
the top-left pane of the third window on the right of that fourth floor apartment. Units lacking
employment discipline could quickly expend missile allocation, then find themselves out-ranged
by enemy guns. For many environments, however, such as in European terrain, limited numbers
of missiles could be used to control line-of-sight in open areas. Once the enemy

5-21

7 Nov 2000

approaches within his effective range, flight time (vs KE round) and the limited penetration of a
bore diameter HEAT warhead can place the firer at risk. Night use and fire-on-the move limita-
tions can reduce opportunities for use of most gun-launched ATGMs.

Ground forces may employ moderate use by balancing selective gun-launched ATGM
upgrades with acquisition of newer more conventional ATGMs. Countries with limited budgets
may select high-priority units for the gun-launched ATGMs. Others may designate specially-
assigned maneuver units for use with the upgrade. Another selective approach would be to con-
figure units with one vehicle per platoon equipped for employing gun-launch ATGMs. Another
critical consideration is missile availability. Under shifting wartime conditions, a force may not
be able to shift missile-launch units, missiles and laser units to support the main effort.

The first successful gun-launched ATGM application was the 125-mm Kobra (aka AT-8/
SONGSTER) radio frequency (RF) guided ATGM, fired from the T-64B Russian tank. Later,
Kobra was adopted for the widely fielded T-80B tank, and is still used today.

Kobra Svir

The Russian SVIR (aka AT-11/SNIPER), for the T-72B tank and other applications has a
configuration which permits it to be handled by the autoloader like conventional separate-
loading ammunition, with the missile loaded in the first stroke, and a second stroke for the stub
case. SVIR uses laser beam-rider (LBR) guidance, which means that the gunner must use the
1K13 sight rather than the daysight.

The T-80U and later tanks use the Refleks fire control system, in which the laser guid-
ance unit is in the day sight rather than the night sight. With this sight, the missile used is called
Refleks; and the range is 5,000 meters. The Russians now offer a tandem warhead version,
INVAR. A new Ukrainian ATGM, Kombat, is an indigenous design missile produced for use
with their T-84 tanks, and for tanks with compatible FCS.

The Russian BASTION missile family (aka AT-10) fits a variety of 100-115 mm guns. It
is a single-piece round combining missile and eject charge configured similary to a unitary
round.

Bastion Round Configuration Bastion Flight Configuration

With different chamber configurations and bore diameters on user guns, the different configura-
tions have their own Russian names. Improved versions include the Bastion-M family with

5-22

7 Nov 2000

Past and Current Gun-launched ATGMs

Designator/Name
(Producer Country)
Number
Users/
Status
Bore
(mm)
Launcher
Platform
(Tank unless noted)
Range
(km)
Shift to
Gun Rd
(km)*
Penetration
(mm)/Type
Warhead
Guidance/
P-Hit
(%)
US Shillelagh
(Obsolete)
At least 1 152 M60A2
M551 recon vehicle
3 1-1.5 500/HEAT
Unitary
SACLOS
Wire/<80
Russian Kobra At least 2 125 T-64B
T-80B
4 2-2.5 700/HEAT Uni-
tary
SACLOS
RF/80
Russian
Bastion

Sheksna

Basnya

Kastet
At least 4
100
100
115
115
100

100

T-55AM
T-55AM2V
T-62D
T-62M
BMP-3 IFV

MT-12 AT Gun

4
4
4
4
4

5

1.0-2.5
1.0-2.5
1.0-2.5
1.0-2.5
.5

1.0-2.5
650/HEAT Uni-
tary
LBR/
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80 on move
90 stopped
90
Russian Bastion-M At least 1 100 BMP-3 IFV
and others
4 .5
1.0-2.5
700/Tandem
HEAT
LBR
90
Russian Arkan At least 1 100 BMP-3 IFV
Poss others
5 .5
1.0-2.5
700/Tandem
HEAT
LBR
90
Russian Svir
Refleks

At least 2
At least 5
125

T-72B/S, 2A45M
T-80U, T-84
T-90
2A45M AT Gun
4
5
5
5
2-2.5
2-3
2-3
2-3
800/HEAT LBR/80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
Russian Invar

At least 1 125 T-72B/S
T-80U, T-84
T-90
2A45M AT Gun
4
5
5
5
2-2.5
2-3
2-3
2-3
870/Tandem
HEAT
LBR/80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
Ukrainian Kombat At least 1 125 T-84
Poss others
5
5
2-3
2-3
UNK/Tandem
HEAT
LBR/80-90
80-90

NOTES: *Average point of shift from using ATGM to gun round is close to the conventional ammunition's maxi-
mum effective range; but the decision involves various factors (Next page).

Recently Marketed And Future Gun-Launched ATGMs

Designator/Name
(Producer Country)

Number
Users/
Status
Bore
(mm)
Launcher
Platform/
# Missiles
Range
(km)
Shift to
Gun Rd
(km)*
Penetration
(mm)/Type
Warhead
Guidance/
P-Hit
(%)
Russian/German
Spear
Near
fielding
105 Leopard 1 tank
or other NATO type
5 1.4-2 700/Tandem
HEAT
LBR
90
Israeli LAHAT

Marketed 105
120
106
Merkava or M60 tank
or other NATO type,
poss M40 recls gun
5-7
5-7
5-7
1.5-2.5
2.0-3.0
1.0-1.5
700+ (est)/
Tandem HEAT
Top-Attack
SAL-
Homing
Israeli Excalibur In R&D 120 Merkava or M1A1 or
other NATO type
Terminal Hom-
ing

5-23
tandem warheads. ARKAN, has a tandem warhead and a control surface adapted from the
SVIR. The initial version fits BMP-3; but it is now being marketed for all variants. A German
and Russian R&D effort will produce SPEAR, a 105-mm ATGM for use with NATO guns.

A recent development is the Israeli LAHAT ATGM, which is initially marketed in 105
mm for NATO-standard cannon, and which can be adapted to NATO-standard 120-mm guns.

LAHAT Round Configuration LAHAT Flight Configuration

There are reports that the LAHAT missile could possibly be adapted for use with the
M40 106-mm recoilless rifle, to extend the usefulness of that well-proliferated older weapon.
The LAHAT's semi-active laser-homing guidance means that the ATGM can be designated with
the vehicle's designator or launched at a target beyond the line-of-sight and homed to target by a
down-range designator. Indirect fire capability allows the option for armored combat vehicles
working in a combined arms formation to extend their lethal range and destroy enemy sensors,
while reducing the enemy's opportunity to detect them and trigger deadly counter-fires.

Technical capabilities and limitations affect use of the systems. The missiles can be
launched at moving targets; but hit probability is highest if the target is stopped or moving
slowly. Smoke and dust can degrade the laser beam and the associated optics. However, effects
of obscurants on ATGM seeker sensitivity have in some cases been shown to improve the hit
performance of certain LBR missiles. Launch rate varies from 2-3 per minute, depending on tar-
get range. As target units approach within the gun's maximum effective range (see Glossary),
the system should cease launching ATGMs and shift to gun rounds. Given the lethality of mod-
ern kinetic energy main gun rounds at 3,000 meters, an ATGM-launch vehicle may not want to
risk a missile's 8-second flight time against a 2-second KE round. Determination of the point of
shift from ATGM to cannon round is primarily dependent on accuracy of the vehicle's gun sight,
and capabilities of specific rounds onboard. For instance, improved KE rounds can range out to
3 km; but most have a max effective range of no more than 2.5 km. The BMP-3 ATGM is the
IFV's only true AT round, and can be employed to its minimum range.

Missile proliferation cannot be determined, because ammunition packaged for transport
is difficult to track. Basic load is 5-8 rounds per vehicle, with another basic load at battalion re-
supply and a half basic load at division. In a gun basic load, the ATGMs substitute for Frag-HE
rounds (used beyond KE round range) and a portion of the of HEAT round allocation.

Most gun-launched ATGM fire control systems do not have a night channel which per-
mits observation for launch at night. The few that do are limited by the range (800-1,300 meters)
of their infrared sensors. However, with proper battlefield illumination, engagements can take
place using its full range. They just need a lot of well-positioned and well-timed

5-24

7 Nov 2000

illumination. Recently, thermal night sights have been introduced with thermal sights (FLIRs)
which permit launch at night, but with restrictions in range based on the technical capability of
the FLIR to detect and recognize targets, and launch on the move.

Laser beam guidance ATGMs have not received as much attention for countermeasures as have
semi-active command line-of-sight (SACLOS) systems. Those ATGMs using LBR guidance are
not susceptible to interference from electro-optical countermeasures. Even electro-optical jam-
mers operating in the same wavelengths as the laser are ineffective because the missile optical
receiver is looking back towards its launch point rather than at the target. Laser decoy devices
used against SAL-homing munitions are also ineffective. The ATGM rider laser beam, however,
can trigger laser warning receivers. Operator counter-tactics can reduce warning time. Conven-
tional reactions against ATGMs, such as obscuration of optics, can degrade performance of gun-
launch missiles. But the longer target range and shorter flight time can reduce a target's aware-
ness and time window in which to react. Explosive reactive armor, stand-off plates, and hard-
kill active protection systems can significantly reduce penetration by HEAT (or shaped-charge)
warheads, characteristic kill mechanisms on most ATGMs.

Considerations such as tactics, specific deployment, and technology of each gun and up-
grade impact on their effectiveness. These upgrades could apply to OPFOR portrayal of numer-
ous systems in this document, especially in chapters for: infantry weapons (Chapter 1), infantry
vehicles (Ch 2), tanks and assault vehicles (Ch 4), and antitank guns (Ch 5). Similar upgrades
could be added to heavy reconnaissance vehicles (Ch 3). For more information see the subject
white paper, which will be added on the TSD website.

5-25

5-26
Chapter 6
Artillery

This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected artillery weapon systems either
in use or readily available to the OPFOR. Therefore, the artillery systems discussed in this chap-
ter are those likely to be encountered by U.S. forces in varying levels of conflict. The selection
of artillery systems is not intended to be all-inclusive, rather a representative sampling of weap-
ons and equipment supporting various military capabilities.

This update is divided into the following categoriesartillery reconnaissance, towed ar-
tillery systems, mortar/gun-mortar systems, and multiple rocket launchers. Later updates of this
guide will include data sheets addressing the aforementioned categories as well as ground
mounted mortars, artillery locating radars, sound and flash systems, and surface-to-surface mis-
siles (SSMs).


Mr. Walter L. Williams
DSN: 552-7923 Commercial (913) 684-7923

6-1

7 Nov 2000

6-2
Russian Artillery Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle 1V13 ________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

12.7-mm DShK MG

Typical
Combat Load

500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M1974-1
Description:
Crew: 6
Platform (chassis): MT-LBu

Engine Type: YaMZ-238, 240 hp diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 26
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5

Radio: R-123M radio (3 each)

Protection:
Armor Turret Top (mm): INA
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm heavy machinegun, DShK
Mount Type: Pintle
Direct Fire Range (m): 1,500
Day: 1,500
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 80-100 (practical)

VARIANTS
1V13M: INA

SENSORS/COMPONENTS
Navigation: 1T121-M Navigation System

Fire direction:
Automated: APK automated firing data receiver
Manual: PUO-7

Other equipment: DSP-30 rangefinder, K-1 collimator, roof
mounted periscopic aiming circle, VOP-7 vision blocks and drivers
periscopes.

NOTES
The MT-LBu-based 1V12 Maschina ACRV set was first noted in 1974. The set provides the command and control vehicles for SP cannon battal-
ions. The eight vehicle set consists of three 1V13 battery senior officers vehicles, three 1V14 battery commanders vehicles, one 1V15 battalion
commanders vehicle, and one 1V16 battalion FDC/chief of staffs vehicle. The 1V12M Faltset ACRV set is a modernized version of the system.
The installation of an upgraded electronics package in the vehicles necessitated the requirement for an external-mounted power generator (the
1V12 Machina ACRV generator was mounted internally). In addition to freeing a small amount of space inside the vehicle, the external mount-
ing reduces the internal noise level.

The ACRV 1V13 is the battery FDC of the 1V12 ACRV Complex. The battery senior officer, assisted by fire direction and communications
personnel mans the vehicle. It has direct radio communications with the battery COP, the battalion COP, and the battalion FDC. The vehicle is
equipped with a land navigation system and has a roof mounted periscopic aiming circle. The roof mounted periscopic aiming circle allows the
battery senior officer the ability to lay the howitzers for direction from within his vehicle. There is no battlefield observation equipment present
on the 1V13.

6-2.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Artillery Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle 1V14/1V15 ___________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

7.62-mm MG

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M1974-2A (1V14), M1974-2B (1V15)
Description:
Crew: 1V14 (6)/1V15 (7)

Engine Type: YaMZ-238, 240hp diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 26
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5

Radios:
1V14: R-123M (3 each), R-107M (1 each)
1V15: R-123M (2 each), R-107M (1 each), R-111 (1 each),
R-130M (1 each)

Protection:
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Mount Type: Pintle
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 650 (cyclic), 2-10 round bursts

VARIANTS
1V14M/1V15M: INA

SENSORS/COMPONENTS

Fire direction:
Automated: 1V520.
Manual: PUO-7

Other equipment: 1D15 laser rangefinder, DSP-30 rangefinder,
1PN44 day/night sight, PAB-2AM aiming circle, DS-1 stereoscopic
rangefinder, VOP-7 vision blocks and drivers periscopes.

NOTES

The ACRV 1V14 and ACRV 1V15 are the battery and battalion commanders vehicles of the 1V12 ACRV Complex. Both vehicles are equipped
with the 1T121 land navigation system, a 1D15 laser rangefinder, and the 1PN44 day/night sight mounted in a basketed turret. The observer uses
an analog coordinate converter to translate the polar location data when determining rectangular target coordinates. The 1V14 has an internal
power generator. The 1V15 can be distinguished from the 1V14 by the external antenna bracket on the rear of the vehicle. The 1V520 fire direc-
tion computer may be transported internally and dismounted at a command observation post. The artillery commander, assisted by target acquisi-
tion, fire direction and communications personnel mans the vehicle. The artillery commander decides how to attack targets of opportunity and
targets relayed to him by the supported maneuver unit.

6-2.2
Russian Artillery Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle 1V16 ________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

12.7-mm DShK MG

Typical
Combat Load

500

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 7

Engine Type: YaMZ-238, 240hp diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 26
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5

Radios:
R-123M (2 each), R-111M (1 each),
R-130M (1 each, R-326 receiver (1 each)

Protection:
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm HMG, DShK
Mount Type: Pintle
Day: 1,500
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 80-100 (practical)

VARIANTS
1V16M: INA

SENSORS/COMPONENTS

Fire direction:
Automated: 9V59
Manual: PUO-7

NOTES

The 1V16 is the simplest of the vehicles in the 1V12 ACRV Complex and serves as the battalion FDC/chief of staffs vehicle. Normally, the
battalion chief of staff, assisted by fire direction and communication personnel mans the vehicle. It has neither battlefield observation optics nor a
navigation system. However, the vehicle is equipped with the standard VOP-7 vision blocks and drivers periscopes. It is equipped with extra
radios and has an extendable antenna mast mounted on the vehicle rear. The 9V59 fire-direction computer is mounted in the vehicle.

The 9V59 fire-control computer comes in several different models believed to be designated as the 9V59-1, -2, and 3. For example, the 9V59-2
is associated with 152-mm artillery units. The 9V59 fire-control computer is probably a 4-bit computer and, although quite rugged, is assessed to
have a low mean time between failures because of a large number of discrete components. The 1V510 is assessed to be a replacement for the
9V59 fire-control computer. The 1V510 is capable of performing survey calculations and technical firing data. The system is assessed to be 33%
faster than the 9V59.

6-2.3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Artillery Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle 1V18/1V19 ___________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M1979-2A (1V17), M1979-2B (1V18)
Description:
Crew: 6
Platform (chassis): BTR-60PB

Engine Type: 2 GAZ-49B 90 hp(180 hp total) in-line, water-cooled
gasoline
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: 60
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10

Radio:
1V18: R-123M (3 each), R-107M (1 each)
1V19: R-123M (2 each), R-107M (1 each), R-111 (1 each),
R-130M (1 each)

Protection:
Armor Hull (mm): INA
Smoke Equipment: No

VARIANTS None

SENSORS/COMPONENTS

Fire direction:
Automated: 1V520
Manual: PUO-7

Other equipment: 1D15 laser rangefinder, 1PN44 day/night sight,
PAB-2AM aiming circle, DS-1 stereoscopic rangefinder

NOTES
In 1979, the Soviet Union introduced a similar wheeled ACRV set for multiple rocket launcher and towed cannon units. The eight-vehicle set
consists of three 1V110 battery senior officers vehicles, three 1V18 battery commanders vehicles, one 1V19 battalion commanders vehicle, and
one 1V111 battalion chief of staffs vehicle. Early versions of the 1V17 ACRV set included a 1V111 equipped with a modified ZIL-130-
mounted 9S77M instead of the ZIL-131. There have been no upgrades to the 1V17 like that of the 1V12 to 1V12M.

The ACRV 1V18 and 1V19 are the battery and battalion commanders vehicles of the 1V17 ACRV Complex. Both vehicles are equipped with
the 1T121 land navigation system, a 1D15 laser rangefinder, and the 1PN44 day/night sight. The observer uses an analog coordinate converter to
translate the polar location data when determining rectangular target coordinates. The 1V520 fire direction computer may be transported inter-
nally and dismounted at a command observation post.

6-2.4
Russian Artillery Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle 1V110 _______________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 5
Platform (chassis): GAZ-66B, 4x4 wheeled, Box Body Van

Engine Type: ZMZ-66, 115 hp V-8, water-cooled, gasoline
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 87
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Fording Depths (m): .80

Radio: R-123M radio (3 each)

VARIANTS
None

SENSORS/COMPONENTS
Navigation: See NOTES.

Fire direction: No computation system is installed. The vehicle is
equipped with the APK automated firing data receiver.

Other equipment: DSP-30 laser rangefinder, K-1 collimator

NOTES

The ACRV 1V110 battery FDC serves the same function as the ACRV 1V13 (1V12 ACRV Complex) and is similarly equipped. However, the
land navigation system is a different model.

6-2.5

7 Nov 2000


Weapons &Ammunition
Types

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 7
Platform (chassis): ZIL 131 6x6 box body van

Engine Type: ZIL 131 61, 150 hp V-8, water-cooled, gasoline
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA

Radio: R-111M (I each), R-123M (2 each) radios; R-130M short-
wave radio (1 each), and R-326 receiver (1 each)

VARIANTS
None

SENSORS/COMPONENTS

Fire direction: 9V59 fire-control computer

NOTES

The ACRV 1V111 battalion FDC/chief of staffs vehicle serves the same function as the ACRV 1V16 (1V12 ACRV Complex) and houses the
fire-direction computer. Like the 1V16, it is the simplest of the vehicles in the 1V17 ACRV Complex and lacks a land navigation system.

6-2.6

Artist Drawing From Photo
Weapons &Ammunition
Types

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 1V119 Spektr
Description:
Crew: 6
Platform (chassis): BMD-1

Engine Type: Type 5D20, 240 hp V-6, liquid-cooled diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 61
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10

Radio: R-123M (3 each), R-107M (1 each)

Protection:
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: No

VARIANTS None

SENSORS/COMPONENTS

Fire direction:
Automated: 1V520.
Manual: PUO-7

Other equipment: 1D15 laser rangefinder, DSP-30 rangefinder,
1PN44 day/night sight, PAB-2AM aiming circle, DS-1 stereoscopic
rangefinder, VOP-7 vision blocks and drivers periscopes.

NOTES
The ACRV 1V119 is associated with the deployment of the 2S9 Nona-S 120-mm Combination Gun and can be parachute landed with airborne
troops. The 1V119s sensor and fire direction package is similar to the ACRV 1V14. The 1V118 Reostat is classified as a command and recon-
naissance vehicle and is not associated with an ACRV complex.

6-2.7

7 Nov 2000

6-2.8
Russian Artillery Mobile Reconnaissance Vehicle PRP-3/PRP-4M_______________

Types

7.62 PKT MG

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 5
Platform (chassis): BMP-1

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 7

Radio: R-173

Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): 23
Armor Hull (mm): 19
Smoke Equipment: Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS)

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Mount Type: coax
Day: 1,000 / 400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts

VARIANTS
None

SENSORS/COMPONENTS

PRP-3 Sensors/Components:
Navigation: 1G25 gyrocompass and 1G13 gyro course indicator Fire
Direction: 1V520 Ballistic Computer
Right Side Sensors: 1PN61 Night Vision sensor and 1D11 Laser
Rangefinder
Left Side Sensors: None
Radar: 1RL126 Small Fred Radar
Operating Band: K (36.2 37.0 GHz)
Detection Range: 20 km
Tracking Range: 712 km

PRP-4 Sensors/Components:
Navigation: 1G25-1 gyrocompass and 1G13 gyro course indicator
Fire Direction: 1V520 Ballistic Computer
Right Side Sensors: 1PN61 Night Vision sensor and 1D11M-1 Laser
Rangefinder
Left Side Sensors: 1PN59 Thermal Imaging Night Vision Device
and 1D14 Laser Rangefinder
Radar: 1RL133M-1 Tall Mike Radar
Operating Band: I (9.0 GHz)
Detection Range (personnel): 3.0 km
Detection Range (vehicle): 12 km

NOTES
The PRP-4M has improved 1PN71 night vision sensors. The vehicles are also equipped with a NBC filtration and overpressure system.

6-3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Battlefield Surveillance Radar SNAR 10_____________________________

SNAR 10 with radar raised and the turret mounted 7.62 PKT MG pointed to the rear
Weapons &
Ammunition Types

7.62 PKT MG

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BIG FRED, 1RL232, 1RL232-1
Description:
Crew: 5
Height Overall (m): 2.72 (est.)

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 26
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): INA

Radio: R-123M radio, 2 each

Protection:
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Mount Type: Coax
Day: 1,000 / 400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts

VARIANTS
None

RADAR
Performance Capability
Antenna Type: Parabolic
Operating Band: K (34.55 to 35.25 GHz)
Detection Range Against Moving Targets, Without MTI (km):
Vehicles: 16.0
Ships: 30.0
Shell Impact: 10.0
Detection Range Against Moving Targets, With MTI (km):
Vehicles: 10.0
Emplacement Time (minutes): 5.0
Displacement Time (minutes): 5.0

NOTES
The primary mission of the Big Fred radar is to detect and track both moving ground and water surface targets. Additionally, the radar can be
used to provide friendly fire correction data to artillery units. The SNAR 10 is not capable of amphibious operations (unlike other members of the
MT-LBu family) due to the heavy turret. The vehicles are also equipped with a NBC filtration and overpressure system.

6-4
Russian Artillery Locating Radar ARK-1M Rys ______________________________

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 4

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 26
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5

Radio: R-123M radio

Protection:
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: No

RADAR
Antenna:
Antenna Type: Reflector

Receiver:
Noise Figure (dB): 8.0

Detection Range (km):
Mortar: 13.0
Gun/howitzer: 8.0
MLRS: 25.0
Tactical Missile: 30.0
Max Number of Targets (tracks/min): 3
Emplacement Time (minutes): 5.0
Displacement Time (minutes): 5.0

NOTES
The ARK-1M power supply is located on the rear of the vehicle.

6-4.1

7 Nov 2000

Chinese Artillery Locating Radar BL-904 ___________________________________

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Type 704 and Type 704M
Proliferation: Ready for production
Description:
Crew: 4
Platform (chassis): Dong Feng EQ2100E6D, 2500 kg, 6x6
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.84 (est.)
Width Overall (m): 2.40 (est.)

Engine Type: Cummins 6BT5.9 Diesel
Cruising Range (km): INA
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 85
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

RADAR
Antenna:
Antenna Type: Phased-Array
Antenna Gain (dBi): 43.3
Mode: Search
Scan Method: Electronic
Scan Type: Sector (azimuth)
Scan Width (deg):
Narrow: 30.0
Wide: 90.0

Mode: Verification
Scan Type: Nonperiodic
Mode: Track

Transmitter:
Transmitter Type: Traveling Wave Tube
RF minimum (GHz): 8.0
RF maximum (GHz): 12.0
Mode: All

Receiver:
Single Pulse Processing: Coherent
Multiple Pulse Processing: Doppler Filters

Detection Range, Wide Scan Mode (km):
82-mm Mortar: 15.0
122-mm Howitzer: 16.0
Detection Range, Narrow Scan Mode (km):
273-mm Rocket: 30.0
Emplacement Time: 10.0 (2 vehicle configuration)
Displacement Time: 10.0 (2 vehicle configuration)

NOTES
Versions of the BL-904 have been offered for sale by NORINCO Industries since at least 1991. While Chinas army is a prime candidate for the
deployment of the BL-904, there is no evidence of it being fielded to operational units. Additionally, the system has not been exported. It was
initially named the Type 704. Later an improved-performance version was called the Type 704M. The system is similar to the U.S. AN/TPQ-36
in both appearance and performance (as claimed by the manufacturer). The system can be used to track friendly artillery fire. The system calcu-
lates the impact error of friendly artillery rounds and provides automatic correction parameters for increased accuracy. The radar system is em-
ployed as a two-vehicle set. One vehicle carries the radar while the other vehicle carries the command cabin and the system power supply. The
command cabin contains the operation and control panel, data processing equipment, computer monitors/displays, etc.

6-4.2
British Artillery Locating Radar Cymbeline _________________________________

Alternative Designations: MUFAR/PIF-518
Description:
Crew: 3
Platform (chassis): MK 1 version trailer
Combat Weight (kg): 980
Chassis Length Overall (m): 2.90 (transit)
Height Overall (m): 1.80 (transit)
Width Overall (m): 1.78 (transit)

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: INA
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

RADAR
Antenna
Antenna Type: Reflector

Search Mode:
Scan Method: Mechanical
Scan Type: Sector
Scan Width (): 40

Transmitter
Transmitter Type: INA
RF Minimum (GHz): 8.0
RF Maximum (GHz): 12.0
Mode: Search

Receiver
Noise Figure (dB): INA
Multiple Pulse Processing: MTI Optional

Min: 1.0
Max: 20.0

NOTES
The primary power source for the Cymbeline radar is a Wankel-engined driven generator delivering 1.5 kW at 28 volts d.c. The generator is
capable of operating for a period of eight hours prior to refueling. Normally, the radar is transported on a two-wheeled trailer towed behind a
prime mover like a Land Rover (or similar type vehicle). Four men for short distances can carry the radar. Additionally, the Cymbeline radar
may be mounted on a self-propelled vehicle like the British FV432 Armored Personnel Carrier.

6-4.3

7 Nov 2000

6-4.4
Russian Artillery Locating Radar IL-219 ____________________________________

Alternative Designations: Zoopark-1
Date of Introduction:
Description:
Crew: 3
Platform (chassis): MT-Lbu
Combat Weight (mt): INA

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 26
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5

Radio: R-123M radio

RADAR
Antenna
Antenna Gain (dBi): 40.0
Search Mode:
Scan Type: Sector
Scan Width (): 60
Verification Mode:

Scan Type: Nonscanning
Scan Width (): N/A
Track Mode:
Scan Width (): 6 (azimuth - nominal value indicated, equal to
10% of the maximum scan)
Scan Width (): 4 (elevation - nominal value indicated, equal
to 10% of the maximum scan)

Transmitter
Transmitter Type: INA
Mode: All

Receiver
Single Pulse Processing: INA
Multiple Pulse Processing: INA

81-mm Mortar: 12.0
120-mm Mortar: 15.0
122-mm Rocket: 12.0
220-mm Rocket: 20.0

NOTES
The Zoopark-1 automated multifunctional reconnaissance and control complex consists of the IL259 radar mounted on a MT-LBu chassis, IL30
maintenance van on a URAL-43203 truck, and the trailer-mounted ED30-T230P-1RPM power station. The MT-Lbu engine driven generator
allows for autonomous operation. The ED30-T230P-1RPM power station provides power during vehicle and radar maintenance.

The Zoopark-1 is capable of tracking friendly artillery fire. The system calculates the impact error of friendly artillery rounds and provides auto-
matic correction parameters for increased accuracy. Additionally, the system is also capable of controlling (simultaneously) several remote pi-
loted vehicles (RPVs) using an automatic screen indication with a topographic mapping of calculated and real RPV flight routes. The radar is
capable of conducting air traffic control around an airfield or operating area. The radar tracks and establishes the current position of aircraft in
the operating area of responsibility and provides real-time data transmission of data received to the air control center.

The antenna beam is electronically phase-steered in azimuth and elevation. The reflect-array is composed of 3328 phase shifters, space-fed by a
monopulse horn located on the front side of the array and electronics enclosure. After coming into position, and after the array is raised from the
travel position, it is rotated so that its boresight is centered in the assigned coverage sector. The search scan elevation angle is probably fixed,
nominally at a low angle in the range of 30 to 50 mils. The search mode will be interrupted by verification and track mode scans during periods
when targets are detected. Verification is most likely a non-scanning mode, with the beam pointed at the same elevation angle as the search scan.
Also, verification may be repeated for some targets. During the track mode, the radar tracks the target by scanning in both azimuth and elevation.
6-4.5

7 Nov 2000

Ukrainian Artillery Locating Radar IL-220U__________________________________

Date of Introduction: Ready for production
Description:
Crew: INA
Platform (chassis): GM-5951 ATV

Engine Type: INA
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: INA

Radio: INA

RADAR
Antenna
Antenna Gain (dBi): INA
Search Mode:
Scan Type: Sector
Scan Width (): 60

Verification Mode:
Scan Type: Monopulse
Scan Width (): 2.3 (single beam position is assumed)
Track Mode:
Scan Type: Monopulse
Scan Width (): 6 (10% of the full azimuth sector assumed for
a crossing trajectory)

Transmitter
Transmitter Type: Traveling Wave Tube (TWT)
Mode: Pulsed

Receiver
Single Pulse Processing: Coherent
Multiple Pulse Processing: MTI and Doppler Filters

Mortar: 30.0
Tube Artillery: 20.0
Rocket: 40.0
Max Number of Targets (tracks/min):

NOTES None

6-4.6
Swedish Sound Ranging System SORAS 6 _________________________________

For system description and operation, see NOTES

Radio: INA
Calculator
Dimension:
Length (mm): 400
Width (mm): 535
Height (mm): 565
Weight (kg): 52
Memory: 200 targets
Length of microphone cable (km): 1 - 8
Data Output: Display and Paper Strip

Microphones
Total Number: 9
Dimension:
Circumference (mm): 255
Height (mm): 52
Weight (kg): 2.8
Sound Frequency (Hz): 2 to 150
Length of microphone cable (km): 1 - 8

Meteorological Unit
Mast height (m): 15
Mast weight (kg): 40

Minimum: INA
Maximum: 30.0
Precision:
Under 10 km: 1% of the measured distance
Under 30 km: 2% of the measured distance
Emplacement Time (min): Varies
Displacement Time (min): Varies

NOTES
SOund RAnging System (SORAS) 6 is a fully automated, EMP-protected, completely passive sound ranging system capable of accurately locat-
ing enemy gun positions. Each microphones is surveyed into position, and acoustically designates an azimuth to each firer. The computer termi-
nal then calculates intersection points with the azimuths, for target locations. The system operates in temperatures ranging from -40 to +55 C.
Normally, it takes between 2 and 45 seconds for the calculator to calculate target coordinates. But, the target coordinate calculation time depends
on the number of sound sources within the same interval of time. Nine microphones are deployed in an area 8 km wide and 1-2 km deep. The
microphone positions are determined by conventional surveying methods or by special equipment. An alarm on the calculator is automatically
triggered if contact is broken with any of the microphones. Two people can connect the meteorological unit and raise the mast in 15 to 20 min-
utes.

The above schematic is representative of the system, and does not reflect the actual Soras 6 computer terminal and associated hardware.

6-4.7

7 Nov 2000

6-4.8
Russian 122-mm Towed Howitzer D-30A ___________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

122-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 122-mm D-30A Lyagushka
Description:
Crew: 5 (section of 6)
Carriage: D-30
Chassis Length Overall (m):
Firing Position: INA
Width Overall (m):
Towing Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 25
Max Cross-Country:

Prime Mover: MT-LB; Ural-375, or equivalent

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm, 2A18M canon
Barrel Length (cal): 38 (approximately)
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 4
Loader Type: Semi-automatic
Breech Type: Vertical sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Multi-baffle
Traverse: ():
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation () (-/+): -7/+70

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1M Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: OP 4M-45
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None

VARIANTS
Saddam: Iraqi produced version of the D-30
D30J: Yugoslavian produced version of the D-30
SP 122: Egyptian self-propelled howitzer (M109A2 chassis and
turret with an Egyptian made D-30 howitzer).
Type 85: Chinese self-propelled howitzer (Chinese Type 85 APC
chassis and a licensed produced version of the D-30 in a semi-open
superstructure.)

Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 1000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.76 (OF-56)
Muzzle Velocity: 680 m/s
Fuze Type: RGM-2 PD

122-mm, HEAT-FS
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): 460 (@ 0 obliquity any range)
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.58
Fuze Type: GPV-2 PIBD

122-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted
Minimum Range: INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.76 (3OF-56)
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: PD

Other Ammunition Types: Incendiary, Chemical, Flechette,
Semi-active laser-guided Kitolov-2M Frag-HE

NOTES
The D-30A is a midlife product improvement of the D-30. The original D-30 was fielded in 1963 and the midlife product improvements occurred
in the mid to late 1970s. The original D-30 is in use with at least 50 different countries.

6-5

7 Nov 2000

Russian 130-mm Towed Gun M-46 ________________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

130-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: M-46
Width Overall (m):
Max Road: 50
Max Off-Road: 20
Max Cross-Country: 10
Emplacement Time (min): 6
Displacement Time (min): 7

Prime Mover: AT-S 59, KrAZ-255 or equivalent

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 130-mm, canon
Barrel Length (cal): 52 (approximately)
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 5
Loader Type: Manual
Breech Type: Horizontal sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Multiperforated (pepperpot)
Traverse: ():
Left: 25
Right: 25
Total: 50
Elevation () (-/+): -2.5/+45

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1 Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: OP 4-35
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

130-mm Frag-HE, OF44
Minimum Range: INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 33.40 (OF33)
Fuze Type: V-429 PD

130-mm, APC-T
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1140
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 33.49 (BR-482B)
Fuze Type: DBR BD

Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: V-429 PD

130-mm Frag-HE, ERFB-BB
Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: ML-5 PD

Other Ammunition Types: Smoke, Chemical, Illumination

NOTES:
The M-46 gun crew is provided limited frontal protections by virtue of a frontal V-shaped shield (approximately 7-mm thick). Otherwise, the
crew, ammunition supply, and equipment are vulnerable to casualties and damage from small arms fire, artillery fire, and bomb shrapnel. The
Extended Range Full Bore-Base Bleed round was specifically designed by NORINCO Industries (China) for use with the Chinese 130-mm Type
59 Field Gun. However, this round may be fired by the M-46.

6-6
Russian 152-mm Towed Gun 2A36 ________________________________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

152-mm gun

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 2A36 Giatsint-B
Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: 2A36
Width Overall (m):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 20

Prime Mover: KrAZ-4556, KrAZ-255B, or AT-S tractor

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, cannon
Barrel Length (cal): 49
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 6
Normal: 5
Sustained: 4
Muzzle Brake Type: Multi baffle
Traverse ():
Left: 25
Right: 25
Total: 50
Elevation () (-/+): -2/+57

FIRE CONTROL
Direct Fire: N/A
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS: None

152-mm Frag-HE, OF-39 (RAP)
Minimum Range: 9,100
Fuze Type: V-429 PD

152-mm, HEAT, BP-540
Minimum Range: 0
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD

Minimum Range: 0
Fuze Type: V-429 PD

Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, DPICM-BB, Incendiary,
Chemical, Flechette, Semi-active laser-guided Krasnopol-M Frag-HE

NOTES
The most distinguishing feature of the 2A36 is its lower carriage. The large system weight required the use of tandem walking-beam axles and
four wheels to provide mobility. A hydraulically powered firing pedestal is mounted on the front of the lower carriage and serves as part of the
travel lock (similar to the D-20). Although the trails do not have the folding summer spades of the D-20, they do have two large spades similar to
those found on the M-46/M-47. The weight of the 2A36 normally requires it to be towed by a heavy truck (like the KrAZ-255B). The KrAZ-
255B is equipped with a special winch used to lift the trails in order to attach the guns lunette to the towing pintle.

6-6.1

7 Nov 2000

6-6.2
Russian 152-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer D-20_________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

152-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: 122-mm gun D-74
Width Overall (m):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 30

Prime Mover: AT-S Tracked vehicle; MT-LB; Ural-375; Ural-
4320

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 5-6
Normal: INA
Sustained: 1 (65 rounds the first hour)
Loader Type: Manual
Muzzle Brake Type: Double flared
Traverse: ():
Left: 29
Right: 29
Total: 58
Elevation () (-/+):-5/+45

FIRE CONTROL
Direct Fire: OP 4M
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

Minimum Range: 4600
Fuze Type: V-90 PD

Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD

Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: PD

Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, DPICM-BB, Incendiary, Ex-
pendable Jammer, Chemical, Flechette, Semi-active laser-guided
Krasnopol-M Frag-HE

NOTES
The D-20 was the first 152-mm cannon system to incorporate a semiautomatic vertical-sliding-wedge breech block. Although the ammunition for
the system was not changed, this modification allowed a slightly higher rate of fire to be achieved (6 rounds per minute rather than 4), although
the sustained rate of fire was unchanged. Because the carriage is based on that of the 122-mm gun D-74, the D-20 cannot be elevated above 45.

6-7

7 Nov 2000

South African 155-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer G5 _____________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

155-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: G5
Width Overall (m):
Max Road: 90
Max Off-Road: 50

Auxiliary Propulsion Unit Performance:
Engine Type: 76 hp air-cooled diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 16
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: 3
Max Swim: N/A

Prime Mover: Samil 100 6x6 artillery tractor or a 10 ton equivalent

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 3
Normal: 2
Sustained: 2

Breech Type: Interrupted screw
Muzzle Brake Type: Single baffle
Traverse: ():
Left: 41
Right: 41
Total: 82
Elevation () (-/+): -3/+75

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: Digital Panoramic Telescope
Direct Fire: Trunnion mounted telescopic sight
Collimator: INA

VARIANTS
G-5 MkIII Upgrade of G-5 (see NOTES)

155-mm Frag-HE, M1 HE
Minimum Range: 3000
Fuze Type: PD M841

155-mm Frag-HE BB, M1 HE
Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: PD M841

Other Ammunition Types: See NOTES

NOTES
The G5 is fully compatible with NATO standard 155-mm ammunition and has a direct fire range of 3000 meters (using a Frag-HE round). The
APU, combined with the tandem walking-beam suspension, gives the G5 excellent self-propelled mobility over short distances. The four wheels
are all powered and give the gun excellent traction over most terrain. But, the APU serves purposes other than mobility. It provides power to
open and close the trails, raise and lower the trail wheels, and raise and lower the firing platform. However, there is no power traverse or eleva-
tion. Although designed for an eight-man section, the South African Defense Force normally operates the G5 with a five-man section. However,
the G5 can operate with minimum of two people when all of the powered systems are working. The G-5 MkIII includes 35 reliability modifica-
tions and performance improvements. The improvements include the addition of the AS2000 Gun Monitor, an improved braking system, bigger
diameter and wider trail wheels (specifically designed for sand), and incorporation of the REUTECH ACV 58 Communications System.

6-8
Austrian 155-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer GH N-45 _____________________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

155-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 6
Carriage: GH N-45
Combat Weight (mt):
GH N-45: 8.90
GH N-45 APU: 11.00
Travel Position (GH N-45 APU): 9.55
Firing Position (GH N-45 APU): 11.53
Height Overall (m): (at 0 elevation)
Width Overall (m):
Max Road: 90
Max Off-Road: 50

Auxiliary Propulsion Unit Performance:
Engine Type: 125 hp air-cooled diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 35
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: 3
Max Swim: N/A

Prime Mover: 10 ton 6x6 truck or artillery tractor

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 155-mm, cannon
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 7
Normal: 3
Sustained: 2
Muzzle Brake Type: Multi-baffle
Traverse ():
Left: 30
Right: 40
Total: 70
Elevation () (-/+): -5/+72

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: INA

VARIANTS
GH N-45 A1 Upgrade of GH N-45 (See NOTES)

155-mm Frag-HE, SN-101
Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: PD

155-mm Frag-HE ERFB
Minimum Range: INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s):: 895
Fuze Type: PD


NOTES
The GH N-45 is fully compatible with NATO standard 155-mm ammunition. The APU, combined with the tandem walking-beam suspension,
gives the GH N-45 excellent self-propelled mobility over short distances. The four wheels are all powered and give the gun excellent traction
over most terrain. But, the APU serves purposes other than mobility. It provides power to open and close the trails, raise and lower the trail
wheels, and raise and lower the firing platform. However, there is no power traverse or elevation. The GH N-45 also includes an optional chain
system (reducing the ground pressure) to improve cross-country mobility in deep, muddy, or sandy terrain. The GH N-45 A1 includes reliability
modifications and performance improvements.

6-8.1

7 Nov 2000

6-8.2
Russian 122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer 2S1 _______________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

122-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
HEAT-FS
Smoke
Illumination
Typical
Combat Load

45

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 122-mm 2S1 Gvozdika
Description:
Crew: 4 (section of 6 with 2 in ammo carrier)

Engine Type: V-8, 300 hp, Diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 30
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Armor Turret Top (mm): 10
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm, canon, 2A31
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 5
Normal: 4
Sustained: 1-2
Fire from Ground: INA

Muzzle Brake Type: Double baffle
Traverse: ():
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation () (-/+): -3/+70

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

Minimum Range: 1000
Fuze Type: RGM-2 PD

122-mm, HEAT-FS
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): 460 (@ 0 obliquity any range)
Fuze Type: GPV-2 PIBD

122-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted
Minimum Range: INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.76 (3OF-56)
Fuze Type: PD

Other Ammunition Types: Incendiary, Chemical, Flechette,
Expendable Jammer, Semi-active laser-guided Kitolov-2M Frag-HE

NOTES
The 2S1s ammunition stowage rack is not mechanized. The 2S1 is manually loaded with a semiautomatic ramming capability. The four-man
crew consists of the commander, driver, gunner, and loader.

6-9

7 Nov 2000

Russian 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer 2S3M _________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

152-mm howitzer
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

7.62 PKT MG

Typical
Combat Load

46

1500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 152-mm 2S3M Akatsiya
Description:
Crew: 4
Platform (chassis): Modified SA-4 Ganef

Engine Type: 520-hpV-59 V-12 multi-fuel diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 25
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, 2A33
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 4
Normal: 3
Sustained: 1
Loader Type: Semiautomatic
Traverse: ():
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation () (-/+): -4/+60

Auxiliary Weapon:
Max Effective Range (m)`:
Day: 1000 /400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 650 (cyclic)

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
2S3M1: Upgrade of 2S3M

Minimum Range: 4600
Fuze Type: V-90 PD

Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD

Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: PD


NOTES
The 2S3M is an upgrade version of the 2S3. The 2S3M turret contains the 2A33 cannon, fire-control equipment, ammunition storage space, and
work positions for commander, gunner, and loader. The cannon extends beyond the vehicle front and has an electrical loader/rammer attached to
the cradle. Ammunition is stored in the rear of the chassis and can be replenished through a hatch in the rear panel.

6-10
Russian 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun 2S5 ___________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

152-mm howitzer
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

7.62 PKT MG
Typical
Combat Load

30

1500

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 152-mm 2S5 Giatsint-S
Description:
Platform (chassis): Modified 2S3

Engine Type: 520-hp V-59-V-12 multi-fuel diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 63
Max Off-Road: 25
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): INA
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Smoke Equipment: None

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 6
Normal: 5
Sustained: 1-2
Muzzle Brake Type: Multi baffle
Traverse: ():
Left: 15
Right: 15
Total: 30
Elevation () (-/+): -2/+57

Auxiliary Weapon:
Day: 1000 /400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
Direct Fire: N/A
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

Minimum Range: 9100
Fuze Type: V-429 PD

Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD

Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: V-429 PD


NOTES
The 2S5 is more powerful, has a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the 2S3. However, the 2S5 has a limited main armament traverse and
a narrower elevation range than the 2S3.
6-11

7 Nov 2000

Russian 152-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer 2S19 ______________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

152-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

12.7-mm MG
Typical
Combat Load

50

300

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 152-mm 2S19 Msta-S
Description:
Platform (chassis): Modified T-72

Engine Type: 840-hp V84-A diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 25
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): Unprepared: 1.5
Emplacement Time (min): 1-2
Displacement Time (min): 1-2

Radio: R-173

Protection:
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Self-Entrenching Blade: Capable of digging a complete firing pit
in 40-60 minutes
Smoke Equipment: Six Type 902 smoke grenade launchers and

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 2
Fire from Ground: 6-7
Loader Type: autoloader
Traverse: ():
Left: 360
Right: 360

Total: 360
Elevation () (-/+): -4/+68

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm NSVT machinegun
Mount Type: PZU-5 AA
Day: 1500 (AA)/1500 (Ground)
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: 1P22 Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: 1P23
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

Minimum Range: 6500
Fuze Type: RGM-2 PD

Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD

152-mm Frag-HE BB, OF-91
Minimum Range: 6710
Fuze Type: KZ-88 PD

Other Ammunition Types: All standard 152-mm artillery rounds
NOTES
The 2S19s gun crew can load the gun at any angle of elevation. The 2S19 can also produce a smokescreen by injecting diesel fuel into the ex-
haust outlet. The 21-hp gas turbine AP-18D Auxiliary Power Unit provides power for turret operations when the vehicle engine is shut down.
6-12
Chinese 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer Type 83 _______________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

152-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

12.7-mm MG

7.62-mm MG

Typical
Combat Load

30

650

650

SYSTEM
Description:
Crew: 5
Platform (chassis): Type 83

Engine Type: Type 12150L, V-12, 520-hp liquid-cooled diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 55
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: Type 889D

Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): INA
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, Type 66 cannon
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 4
Normal: INA
Sustained: INA

Loader Type: Semiautomatic
Traverse: ():
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation () (-/+): -5/+65

Auxiliary Weapon:
Day: 1500 ground/1600 for air targets (APDS)
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 80-100 practical, 600 for air targets in 2-10 round
bursts

Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62 (7.62 x 54R) Machinegun Type 59
Day: 1000
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 250 practical, 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: Panoramic
Direct Fire: INA
Collimator: INA

VARIANTS
425-mm Mineclearing Rocket Launcher Type 462: 2-round
rocket launcher for use in clearing minefields.

120-mm SP Anti-Tank Gun: The AT gun is fitted with a 120-mm
smoothbore mounted inside a turret on a Type 83 Gun-Howitzer
chassis.

6-13

7 Nov 2000

Chinese 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer Type 83 continued ______________

152-mm Frag-HE, Type 66
Minimum Range: 9600
Fuze Type: Liu-4 PD and Proximity

152-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted Projectile
Minimum Range: INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): INA
Fuze Type: PD

152-mm Frag-HE Type 83
Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: Liu-4 PD and Proximity

Other Ammunition Types: HE-I, Illumination, Smoke

NOTES
The Type 83 152-mm SP Gun-Howitzer is capable of firing all standard types of 152-mm rounds. The main armament cannon is based on the
Chinese 152-mm Towed Type 66 mounted on a vehicle hull similar to the Russian 152-mm SP Gun-Howitzer 2S3. The crew communicates with
each other using the Type 803 intercom system. There are reports of the Type 83 being equipped with an anti-tank rocket launcher referred to as
the Type 40. However, it is suspected that the rocket launcher is really the 40-mm anti-tank rocket launcher Type 69-1 (an upgraded variant of
the Russian RPG-7).

6-14
South African 155-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer G6 ___________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

155-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

.50 Cal. M2 HB MG
Typical
Combat Load

45

900

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 155-mm G6 Rhino
Description:
Crew: 6
Platform (chassis): Purpose built 6x6 wheeled

Engine Type: 525-hp air-cooled diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 85
Max Off-Road: 30
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): See NOTES
Armor Turret Top (mm): See NOTES
Armor Hull (mm): See NOTES
Smoke Equipment: 8 81-mm grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 3
Normal: 2
Sustained: 1

Muzzle Brake Type: Single baffle
Traverse: ():
Left: 40
Right: 40
Total: 80
Elevation () (-/+): -5/+75

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 (12.7x99) heavy machinegun, M2HB
Day: 1000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 450-550 (cyclic)

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: INA

VARIANTS
None

155-mm Frag-HE, M1 HE
Minimum Range: 3000
Fuze Type: PD M841

155-mm Frag-HE BB, M1 HE
Minimum Range: INA
Fuze Type: PD M841


6-15

7 Nov 2000

South African 155-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer G6 continued __________________

NOTES
The G6 is a three-axle, six-wheeled, heavily armored system mounting a modified version of the G5 cannon. The G6 is fully compatible with
NATO standard 155-mm ammunition and has a direct fire range of 3000 meters (using a Frag-HE round). The rigid chassis is actually divided
into two parts, a drivers/engine compartment and a crew compartment. In order to distribute its weight and to maintain mobility over sand and
soft terrain, the G6 employs large 21x25 run-flat tires. The driver controls a central tire-inflation system to vary the ground pressure. The system
can also be used to maintain some degree of tire pressure in case of air leakage from small punctures. The G6 is equipped with an electronically
controlled hydraulic flick rammer that provides an initial rate of fire of 3 rounds per minute.
The vehicle hull and turret provide protection against 7.62-mm small arms fire and artillery shrapnel. The frontal 60 arc provides protection
against 20-mm type ammunition. Additionally, the shape and armor thickness of the chassis hull allows it to withstand at least three mine detona-
tions (against TM46 antitank landmine or equivalent) before being immobilized. The separation of the driver/engine compartment from the crew
compartment also facilitates survival against mines. The connection between the two is perforated with blowout holes to direct the force of the
blast upwards, away from any personnel compartments. The separation also allows the driver to be beyond the detonation point before the mine
is activated. The driver also has bullet-resistant glass windows that can be further protected by armored shutters, although it limits him to the use
of a periscopic viewing port. The vehicle commander has limited steering and braking capability if the driver becomes a casualty. The crew
compartment has four firing ports (two each side) so the crew can engage targets without exposing themselves to return fire.
A 45-hp (34 kw) Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) provides power for turret operations, recharging the batteries, and the driver/crew compartment
air conditioning system. A wide range of optional subsystems is available to increase the efficiency of the G6 and its crew. They include the
following:
Inertial navigation and laying or back-up laying systems
Night vision equipment
Barrel cooling and thermal warning systems
Fire control computer interface
Muzzle velocity analyzer
Explosion control for fuel tanks

6-16
French 155-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer AU-F1 ______________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

155-mm howitzer

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

.50 Cal. M2 HB MG
Typical
Combat Load

42

800

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 155-mm GCT (Export Version)
Description:
Crew: 4
Platform (chassis): Modified AMX-30

Engine Type: Hispano-Suiza HS110, 720-hp water-cooled multi-fuel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 40
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Emplacement Time (min): 1-2

Radio: TRC 559 (VHF-FM)

Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): See NOTES
Armor Turret Top (mm): See NOTES
Armor Hull (mm): See NOTES
Smoke Equipment: 4 grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 2-3 (manual loading)

Traverse: ():
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation () (-/+): -4/+66

Auxiliary Weapon:
Day: 1000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: M 589 Optical Gonimeter
Direct Fire: INA
Collimator: INA
Gun Display Unit: ATILA fire direction system

VARIANTS
AU-F1T: Ugrade of AU-F1

155-mm Frag-HE, OE-155-56/69
Minimum Range: 9600
Fuze Type: PD

155-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted H3
Minimum Range: INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): INA
Fuze Type: PD

Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, Illumination, Smoke

NOTES
The export version of the AU-F1 is known as the GCT (Grande Cadence de Tir or high rate of fire). The AU-F1T is fitted with the Sagem Cita 20
inertial navigation system as well as a 20-24 hp gas turbine auxiliary power unit (APU). A four-man gun crew can reload the AU-F1 in 15 min-
utes. A two-man gun crew can reload the AU-F1 in 20 minutes. The AU-F1s armor provides crew protection against artillery shrapnel and small
arms fire.

6-17

7 Nov 2000

6-18
Russian 122-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher BM-21 ___________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

122-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical Com-
bat Load

40

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BM-21 GRAD (Hail) MRL
Description:
Crew: 5 (8 with 9K51 Complex)
Chassis/Carriage: Ural 375-D 6x6 wheeled

Engine Type: ZIL 375, 180 hp water-cooled, V-8 gasoline engine
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 75
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Armor, Front (mm): None
Armor Side (mm): None
Armor Roof (mm): None
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm, 9P132
Number of Tubes: 40 (4 rows of 10 tubes)
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: 40 rounds in 20 seconds
Single Rocket Interval: .5 seconds per rocket
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: 10 minutes
Launcher Drive: Electric
Traverse: ():
Left: 102
Right: 70
Total: 172
Elevation () (-/+): - 0/+55

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1
Position Location System: None

VARIANTS
BM-21V: Russian 12-tube version for airborne divisions
BM-21B: Russian 36-tube MRL on a 6x6 ZIL-131 chassis
Grad-P: Russian 1 round rocket launcher
BM-11: North Korean 30-tube version
Type 81: Chinese 40- rail-launched version
RM-70: Czechoslovakian 40-tube version
Sakr: Egyptian 40- tube version

122-mm Frag-HE, 9M22U
Minimum Range: 5000
Warhead Weight (kg): 18.4 (M21OF)
Rocket Length: (m): 2.87
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: MRV-U (PD)

122-mm Frag-HE, 9M28F
Minimum Range: 1500
Fuze Type: MRV-U (PD) or AR-6 (proximity)

122-mm Frag-HE, Type 90A (Chinese)
Fuze Type: PD

Other Ammunition Types: Smoke, Incendiary, Chemical, RF
Jammer, Illumination, Antitank mines, Antipersonnel mines

NOTES
The BM-21 is unquestionably the worlds most widely used MRL. The launcher with supporting equipment is referred to as the complex 9K51.
A special electric generator powers the launcher. The 9V170 firing device is cab mounted. But, the rockets can be fired using a remote-firing
device that has a 64-meter-long cable.
6-19
Russian 122-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 9A51/PRIMA______________________

7 Nov 2000

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

122-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical Com-
bat Load

50

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9A51
Description:
Crew: 3
Chassis/Carriage: Ural 4320 6x6 wheeled

Engine Type: KAMAZ-740, 210 hp, diesel engine
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 85
Max Off-Road: 40
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-173M FM-VHF

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm, Prima
Number of Tubes: 50
Launch Rate:
Single Rocket Interval: 0.6 seconds per rocket (est)
Loader Type: Transloader, crane hoist
Traverse: ():
Left: 58
Right: 58
Total: 116

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm Frag-HE, 9M53F
Min Range: 5,000
Max Range: 20,500
Warhead Weight (kg): 26
Fuze Type: Prox

Other Ammunition Types: All standard 122-mm rockets

NOTES
The 9A51 Prima launcher assembly incorporates 50 launch tubes, a thermal shroud, and a remote electronic fuze setter. The remote fuze setter
increases the ease with which the crew can adjust to changing target situations. Small boxes on the upper right surface of the exit end of the
launcher tube contain the fuze setter for each rocket. The launch tubes are arrayed from top to bottom: 11-11-11-10-7. A 51
ST
tube in the center
of the fourth row is blocked and used for electronics. The elevating arms are mounted in the center of the bottom row (like the 9P138) in order to
reduce the height of the system. The 9A51 Prima is capable of firing older 122-mm rockets as well as the newer 122-mm rockets. The new rock-
ets are equipped with a separating, parachute-retarded warhead that has more lethality. The launcher vehicle and the 9T232M ammunition resup-
ply vehicle constitute the 9K59 rocket complex.
Both the 9A51 Prima and the 9T232M-ammunition resupply vehicle are based on the same Ural-4320 5-ton, 6x6 truck used for the BM-21-1.
The 9A51 Prima is equipped with manually emplaced hydraulic firing jacks to enhance firing stability. The 9T232M ammunition resupply vehi-
cle carries 50 rockets arranged in racks on the vehicles rear deck. The crew manually reloads the launcher. The 9A51 Prima is capable (under
optimum conditions) of firing a 50 rocket salvo that covers an area of 190,000m
2
.

6-20
Russian 122-mm 1-Round Rocket Launcher 9P132___________________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

122-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical
Combat Load

1

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: DKZ-66, BM-21P, Grad-1P, 9K510
Date of Introduction: Mid to late 1960s

Description:
Crew: 4-5 (includes ammunition bearers)
Combat Weight (kg):
Loaded: 101
Unloaded: 55
Length (m): 2.50
Width (m): 1.53
Height (m): 1.00

Radio: R-107M

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Number of Tubes: 1
Launch Rate: 1 round per minute
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: .67 minutes (approximately 40 seconds)
Traverse():
Left: 7
Right: 7
Total: 14
Elevation () (-/+): +10/+40

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

122-mm Frag-HE, 9M22M
Maximum Velocity (m/s):: 450
Fuze Type: PD

122-mm Illuminating Rocket Projectile, 9M42
Rocket Weight (kg): 27

Other Ammunition Types: Smoke

NOTES
The 9P132 is a lightweight, man-portable rocket launcher used by guerrilla, special purpose forces, or other light forces. The 9P132 is only effec-
tive as a harassment or interdiction weapon. When used to fire a new illumination rocket (9M42) the system has been referred to as the 9K510.
The 9P132 is broken down for manpack transport into two one-man loads the tube (27 kg) and the tripod sight assembly with a remote firing
device (27 to 28 kg). The tripod legs also fold for ease of handling. Each 9M22M rocket is broken down into two one-man loads for transport. It
takes approximately 2 minutes for assembly of the rocket. When assembled, the launcher has three course elevation positions, with the final
elevation set by means of an elevation screw. The crew uses an electrical remote control with an electrical impulse generator and battery to fire
the launcher. The 9P132 is incapable of firing the 9 foot version rockets of the BM-21 and similar 122-mm systems.

6-20.1

7 Nov 2000

6-20.2
Yugoslav 128-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher M77 ____________________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

128-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical
Combat Load

32

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M-77 Oganj
Description:
Crew: 5
Chassis/Carriage: Modified FAP-2026 BDS/AV 6x6 wheeled

Engine Type: Model 2F/002A, 200 hp water-cooled, 8-cylinder
diesel engine
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 128-mm
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: 32 rounds in 25.6 seconds
Single Rocket Interval: 8 seconds per rocket
Loader Type: Hydraulic
Traverse: ():
Left: 180
Right: 180
Total: 360
Elevation () (-/+): 0/+50

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
128-mm Single Tube Launcher

128-mm Controlled Frag-HE
Maximum Velocity (m/s):: INA
Fuze Type: PD

Other Ammunition Types: DPICM

NOTES
The M77 is configured and operated in the same manner as the Czechoslovakian 122-mm (40 round) multiple rocket launcher RM-70. The
launcher is mounted over the rear axles with the reloader located behind the cab. During reloading, the launcher is rotated to the rear, two hydrau-
lic cylinders raise the reloader, and then the rockets are pushed into the launcher. Unlike the RM-70, the M77 uses hydraulic cylinders rather than
a sprocket and chain drive mechanism. The modified FAP2026 truck has four hydraulically emplaced firing jacks to provide firing stability. The
rockets can be fired from inside the cab or with a remote-firing device. The M77 MRL is capable of mounting an antiaircraft machinegun for
protection.

6-20.3

7 Nov 2000

6-20.4
Russian 220-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 9P140 ___________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

220-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical Com-
bat Load

16

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9P140 Uragan
Description:
Crew: 4
Chassis/Carriage: ZIL-135LM 8x8 wheeled

Engine Type: 2 each - 177 hp, 8 cylinder, 4-stroke gasoline engines
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Number of Tubes: 16 (2 rows of 6 tubes and 1 row of 4 tubes)
Launch Rate:
Single Rocket Interval: 1.25 seconds per rocket
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: 15-20 minutes
Traverse: ():
Left: 30
Right: 30
Total: 60
Elevation () (-/+): -0/+55

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

220-mm Frag-HE, 9M27F
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)

220-mm DPICM, 9M27K

220-mm Antitank, 9M27K2

6-21

7 Nov 2000

Russian 220-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 9P140 continued __________________

MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION (continued)
220-mm Antipersonnel, 9M27K3

220-mm Antitank, 9M59

Other Ammunition Types: None

NOTES
The 9P140 Uragan (previously referred to incorrectly as BM-22 or BM-27) is the worlds first modern fin and spin-stabilized heavy rocket sys-
tem. Essentially a scaled-up version of the BM-21, the 9P140 use many of the same design features. The launcher, 9T452 transloader, rockets,
and support equipment constitutes the 9K57 complex.

The 9P140 and its transloader are both based on variants of the gasoline-powered ZIL-135LM 8-ton 8x8 chassis. The truck is unusual in that it
uses two engines, each driving the wheels on one side of the truck, and only the front and rear axles steer. The 9P140 cab has a blast shield that is
raised during firing, and the vehicle is stabilized during firing by two manually emplaced hydraulic jacks at the rear of the chassis.

The launcher has electrically powered traversing and elevating mechanisms. During travel, the launcher assembly is oriented rearward and a light
sheet metal cover over the muzzle end of the tubes prevents foreign material from entering the tube. This is a safety feature that is designed for
travel when loaded. There is no such cover for the muzzle end of an unloaded launcher.

6-22
Iranian 240-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher Fadjr-3____________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

240-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical Com-
bat Load

12

SYSTEM
Proliferation: At least 1 country and Hezbollah Units
Description:
Crew: 5
Chassis/Carriage: Mercedes Benz 6x6 wheeled

Engine Type: 280 hp, V-8 liquid-cooled, diesel engine
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 25 (est)
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 240-mm, Fadjr-3
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: 12 rounds in 48 seconds (est)
Single Rocket Interval: 4 seconds per rocket (est)
Reload Time: 12 to 15 minutes (est)
Launcher Drive: Manual
Traverse: ():
Left: 90
Right: 100
Total: 190
Elevation () (-/+): -0/+57

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: INA
Collimator: INA

VARIANTS
None

Caliber, Type, Name: 240-mm Frag-HE, Fadjr-3
Min Range: INA
Max Range: 43,000
Fuze Type: PD

Other Ammunition Types: INA

NOTES
The system is stabilized by 2 firing jacks mounted on the rear of the vehicle and 2 more located behind the cab. The system has a dedicated re-
supply vehicle with a crane to assist in reloading. Shahid Bagheri Industries of Iran developed the system with possible technical assistance from
North Korea.

6-22.1

7 Nov 2000

6-22.2
Brazilian 127-mm, 180-mm, & 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher ASTROS II _____

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

127-mm rocket
Frag-HE

180-mm rocket
Frag-HE

300-mm rocket
Frag-HE

.50 Cal. M2 HB MG
Typical Com-
bat Load

32
16
4
INA

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: ASTROS II AV-LMU
Description:
Crew: 3
Chassis/Carriage: TECTRAN 10-ton 6x6 wheeled

Engine Type: 280 hp, water-cooled turbocharged, diesel engine
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 40
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 127-mm, 180-mm, 300-mm, ASTROS
Number of Tubes: 127-mm (32), 180-mm (16), 300-mm (4)
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: INA
Single Rocket Interval: INA
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: INA
Traverse: ():
Left: INA
Right: INA
Total: INA
Elevation () (-/+): INA

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Cab AA mount
Day: 1000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: INA
Collimator: INA
Fire Control Computer: FIELDGAURD Radar or the FILA Sys-
tem
Position Location System: INA

VARIANTS:
None

127-mm Frag-HE, SS-30
Minimum Range: 9000
Warhead Weight (kg): INA
Fuze Type: INA


Fuze Type: INA

Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, HE-Incendiary, Antitank
mines, Antipersonnel mines, Runway Denial

6-23

7 Nov 2000

Brazilian 127-mm, 180-mm, & 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher ASTROS II
continued _____________________________________________________________

Fuze Type: INA


Fuze Type: INA


NOTES
The ASTROS (Artillery SaTuration ROcket System) II is a modular multiple rocket launcher capable of firing three different caliber wrap-around
fin rockets (for improved accuracy) using several types of warheads. The universal modules enable the system to accomplish fire missions with
ranges from 9 to 90 kilometers.

The ASTROS II system consists of the following vehicles:
Universal Multiple Launcher (AV-LMU), Ammunition Supply Vehicle (AV-RMD), Command and Control Vehicle/Fire Control Unit (AV-
VCC), Mobile Workshops (for field maintenance), and the Optional Electronic Fire Control Unit (AV-UCF). All of the ASTROS II vehicles use
the Tectran Enginharia 10 ton, 6x6, wheeled vehicle chassis.

A typical firing battery consists of six AV-LMU launchers, six AV-RMD ammunition supply vehicles, and one AV-VCC fire control unit. A
AV-VCC command and control unit and two mobile workshops are found at battalion level. The battalion level AV-VCC can coordinate and
direct fire missions for three ASTROS batteries. The AV-RMD ammunition supply vehicle carries two complete loads for each launcher.

6-24
Chinese 273-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher WM-80___________________________

Types

273-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical Com-
bat Load

8

SYSTEM
Proliferation: Ready for production
Description:
Crew: 5
Chassis/Carriage: TA 580 8x8 wheeled

Engine Type: 525 hp air-cooled, diesel engine
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): Unprepared: INA
Emplacement Time (min): 3 to 5
Displacement Time (min): 3 to 5

Radio: INA

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 273-mm,
Launch Rate:
Single Rocket Interval: .5 seconds per rocket
Loader Type: Manual

Reload Time: 5-8 minutes
Traverse: ():
Left: 20
Right: 20
Total: 40
Elevation () (+/+): +20/+60

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: INA
Collimator: INA

VARIANTS
None

273-mm Frag-HE, WM-80
Min Range: 34,000
Max Range: 80,000
Maximum Velocity (m/s): 1,140
Fuze Type: WJ-6A (PD)

273-mm DPICM, WM-80
Min Range: 34,000
Max Range: 80,000
Maximum Velocity (m/s): 1,140
Fuze Type: MD-23A (proximity)


NOTES
The WM-80 is currently being advertised heavily on the open-market by NORINCO Industries. The WM-80 Rocket System is composed of the
multiple rocket launcher, the ammunition transloader, fire command and control vehicles, and the maintenance vehicles. The fire command and
control is composed of a brigade/regiment command vehicle, battalion command vehicle, surveillance/spotting radar, and meteorological radar.

6-25

7 Nov 2000

Russian 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 9A52-2___________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

300-mm rocket

Frag-HE

Typical Com-
bat Load

12

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9A52-2 Smerch-M
Description:
Crew: 4 (7 with 9K58 Complex)
Chassis/Carriage: MAZ-543M 8x8 wheeled

Engine Type: 518 hp, V-12 diesel engine
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 300-mm, 9A52
Launch Rate:
Single Rocket Interval: 3 seconds per rocket
Traverse: ():
Left: 30
Right: 30
Total: 60
Elevation () (-/+): -0/+55

FIRE CONTROL
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

Caliber, Type, Name: 300-mm Frag-HE, 9M55F
Min Range: 20,000
Max Range: 90,000

Caliber, Type, Name: 300-mm DPICM, 9M55K
Min Range: 20,000
Max Range: 90,000

Caliber, Type, Name: 300-mm Sensor-fuzed (MOTIV-3M),
9M55K1
Min Range: 20,000
Max Range: 90,000

Ammunition Note: All of the above warheads fit on a n inertially
course-corrected rocket, with time-fuze adjustment. These provide
greatly improved accuracy, with error of 0.019 percent of range.

Other Ammunition Types: Smoke, Incendiary, Chemical, Leaflet,
Fuel Air Explosive (FAE), R-90 expendable miniature UAV
(experimental)

NOTES
The 9A52-2 launcher with all supporting equipment, including the 9T234-2 Transloader, and the 1K123 Vivary Fire Control System, is referred
to as the complex 9K58.

6-26
French 120-mm Mortar MO-120-RT ________________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

120-mm mortar

Frag-HE

Typical Com-
bat Load

70

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: RT-61
Description:
Crew: 4-6
Prime Mover: VAB M120 4x4 wheeled
Wheeled Carriage/Tube Support Mechanism (kg): 220
Baseplate (kg): 194
Bipod (kg): N/A
Ground Clearance (m): 0.35

Engine Type: Renault VI MIDS, 220 hp, diesel engine
Cruising Range (km): 1,000
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 92
Cross-Country: 30 (est)
Max Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor, Front (mm): INA
Armor Side (mm): INA
Armor Roof (mm): INA
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm, mortar, MO-120-RT
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 18
Normal: 10
Sustained: INA
Loader Type: Manual
Traverse: ():
Left: 7.5
Right: 7.5
Total: 15
Elevation (): +30/+85

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: INA
Collimator: INA

VARIANTS
120 2R2M: Mounted in light armored vehicles such as the
MOWAG Piranha APC or the Turkish FMC-NUROL mortar vehicle.

Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm Frag-HE, PR14
Min Range: 1,100
Max Range: 8,135
Complete Projectile (kg): 18.60
Fuze Type: M557 PD

Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm HE-RA, PRPA (Rocket Assist)
Min Range: 1,100
Max Range: 13,000
Complete Projectile (kg): 18.60
Fuze Type: M557 PD

Other Ammunition Types: All standard 120-mm smoothbore mor-
tar projectiles without fold-out fins

NOTES
The RT-61 is a rifled mortar capable of firing pre-engraved spin-stabilized and smoothbore 120-mm mortar projectiles with or without rocket
assist. However, it is not capable of firing smoothbore mortar projectiles with fold out fins (spring-loaded tail assemblies with straight fins). The
RT-61 is a three-piece mortar system consisting of a rifled tube, a baseplate, and a wheeled carriage. Trigger firing is the normal method of firing
for this mortar. Drop firing can be accomplished only with smoothbore mortar projectiles.

6-26.1

7 Nov 2000

6-26.2
Russian 120-mm Self-Propelled Mortar 2S12-RT ____________________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

120-mm mortar

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

Typical
Combat Load

48

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 120-mm 2S12 Sani (Sled)
Date of Introduction: early 1980s
Description:
Crew: 5
Vehicle Platform (chassis): GAZ-66
2B11 Mortar
Combat Weight (kg): 210 (firing) /297 (traveling)
Wheeled Carriage 2L81 (kg): 87
Baseplate (kg): 80
Bipod (kg): 55

Engine Type: ZMZ-66, 115 hp V-8 water cooled gasoline
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 87
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Emplacement Time (min): 3 (est)
Displacement Time (min): 3 (est)

Radio: R-123M

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): None
Armor Turret Top (mm): None
Armor Hull (mm): None
Smoke Equipment: No

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm, mortar, 2B11
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 15
Normal: 10
Sustained: 4 (est)
Loader Type: Manual

Traverse ():
Left: 5 (on bipod)/26 (moving the bipod)
Right: 5 (on bipod)/26 (moving the bipod)
Total: 10 (on bipod)/52 (moving the bipod)
Elevation () (-/+): +45/+80

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: MPM-44M
Direct Fire: INA
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

120-mm Frag-HE (3OF843B)
Minimum Range: 450
Fuze Type: GVMZ-7 PD

120-mm Smoke
Muzzle Velocity (m/s):: INA
Fuze Type: PD

120-mm Illumination, S-843
Muzzle Velocity (m/s):: INA
Fuze Type: T-1 TSQ

Other Ammunition Types: All standard 120-mm mortar rounds

NOTES
The 2S12 is a self-propelled version of the towed 120-mm mortar 2B11 (M-120) carried on the bed of GAZ-66 truck. The SP version provides
greater mobility for this versatile mortar. The 2S12 has a special safety device to prevent double loading when the mortar round is not fired or
removed from the tube. When a round is loaded, it trips a tab on the tube, preventing another round from being loaded. The tab shifts to the
ready position when the round fires, allowing the 2S12 to be reloaded.

6-27

7 Nov 2000

Russian 120-mm Self-Propelled Combination Gun 2S23 _________________________

Weapons &Ammunition
Types

120-mm mortar

Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination

7.62-mm MG
Typical
Combat Load

30

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 120-mm 2S23 Nona-SVK
Description:
Crew: 4
Platform (chassis): Modified BTR-80 APC

Engine Type: 260 hp V-8 water cooled diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: 60
Cross-Country: 40
Max Swim: 10
Emplacement Time (min): 1 (est)
Displacement Time (min): 1 (est)
Radio: R-173

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 12.7-mm
Smoke Equipment: Six 81-mm smoke grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm, gun-mortar, 2A60
Barrel Length (cal): INA
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 10
Normal: 6
Sustained: 4
Loader Type: autoloader
Breech Type: combined semi-automatic breechblock with wedge
locking mechanism and powder gases plastic obturator
Muzzle Brake Type: None
Traverse ():
Left: 35
Right: 35
Total: 70
Elevation () (-/+): -4/+80

Auxiliary Weapon:
Mount Type: Coax
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 650 (cyclic), 2-10 round bursts

FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: INA
Direct Fire: INA
Collimator: K-1

VARIANTS
None

120-mm Frag-HE (3VOF49)
Fuze Type: B35 PD

120-mm, HEAT
Minimum Range: 40
Fuze Type: PD

120-mm Frag-HE rocket assisted
Fuze Type: B35 PD

Other Ammunition Types: All standard 120-mm rifled mortar rds

NOTES
2S23 has a device for loading projectiles from the ground. During traveling the device is externally attached on the right side near the side door.

6-28

OPFOR Special Muntions Chart for Training Simulation

WEAPON SMOKE
(km)
SCATTERABLE
MINES (km)
CHEMICAL
(km)
122-MM: 2S1 SP, D-30 TOWED HOWITZER 15.3 N/A 15.3
152-MM: 2S3/2S3M SP, D-20 TOWED HOWITZER 17.2 N/A 17.2
152-MM: 2S19 SP, 2A65 TOWED HOWITZER 24.0 N/A 24.0
152-MM: 2S5 SP, 2A36 TOWED GUN 28.4 N/A 28.4
122-MM: BM-21 MRL 20.5 13.4 20.5

REMARKS: Currently, Russia has developed and is testing 122-mm rockets with various warheads (Frag-HE, AT/AP mines, jammers, and
sensor-fuzed munitions) achieving firing ranges between 32-35 kilometers. These rockets could be deployed within the next 2-5 years.

6-29

7 Nov 2000

Advanced Artillery Munitions: Laser-Guided Projectiles

NAME COUNTRY CALIBER WEIGH
T (kg)
LENGTH
(mm)
TYPE WARHEAD GUIDANCE SYSTEM TARGET
DESIGNATION
RANGE (km)
(1)

RANGE (km)
MIN MAX
STATUS /
PROLIFERATION
BUSSARD Germany 120-mm
mortar
17 1,050 Tandem (precursor and
main charge); 800+ mm
RHA penetration
IR Focal plane array (3-5
terminal homing), semi-active
laser homing (SAL- 1.06)
3-5 .8 12 Developmental
Terminally
Guided Mor-
tar Bomb
Ukraine
/Poland
120-mm
mortar
18 1,200 (+) HEAT;
550-mm RHA
SAL (1.06) 3-5 .5 7 Testing
Kitolov-2 Russia 120-mm
mortar,
combo gun
25 1,220 Frag-HE SAL (1.06) 3-5 .5 9 Limited production/
1 country
Smelchak Russia 240-mm
mortar
134 1,635 Frag-HE SAL (1.06) 3-5 3.6 9.2 Limited production/
1 country
Kitolov-2M
(KM-3)
Russia 122-mm
howitzer
27 1,225 Frag-HE SAL (1.06)

3-5 .8 14 Limited production/
2 countries
Krasnopol Russia 152-mm
howitzer
51 1,300 Frag-HE, 6.5 kg
AL/RDX
Inertial (middle stage of
flight)
SAL (final stage of flight)
3-5 5 20 Full production/
14 countries
Krasnopol-M
(KM-2)
Russia 155-mm
howitzer
43.0 955 Frag-HE, 6.2 kg
AL/RDX
Inertial (middle stage of
flight)
3-5 4 17 Full production/
2 countries
Santimeter-1 Russia 152-mm
howitzer
49.5 1,195 Frag-HE, 6.5 kg
AL/RDX
SAL (1.06) 3-5 3 18 Limited production/
3 countries
Aurora Russia 152-mm
howitzer
47 (+) 955 Frag-HE, 12.0 kg
AL/RDX
SAL (1.06) 3-5 5 25 Ready for production,
waiting for export cus-
tomer
Ugroza
(2)
Russia 122-mm
rocket
65.5
(est.)
3,037
(est.)
Tandem HEAT
dual main charge;
600-mm penetration
SAL (1.06) 3-5 1 20-
32
Limited production/
2 countries
Copperhead United
States
155-mm
cannon
62 1,370 HEAT Inertial (middle stage of
flight)
3-5 4 16 Production complete/1
country

NOTES:
(1) The Target Designation Range column portrays an engagement of a tank size target moving at 10-15 km/h.

(2) The Ugrozas range is dependent upon the warhead being fitted on a rocket body containing either an older rocket motor (20 km) or new rocket motor (32 km).

6-30

7 Nov 2000

Foreign Course Corrected Rocket Programs

NAME COUNTRY CALIBER
(mm)
WEIGHT
(kg)
LENGTH
(mm)
WARHEAD TYPE GUIDANCE
SYSTEM
ACCURACY
(CEP, m)
RANGE
(km)
STATUS/
PROLIFERATION
9M55-series Russia 300 ~800 7,200 Varies - ICM, SFM, HE, thermo-
baric, scatterable mines
Inertial 150 @ max range
(0.21% of range)
70 Fielded
2 countries
9M5xx-
series
Russia 300 ~800 7,200 Varies - ICM, DPICM, SFM, HE,
thermobaric, scattererable mines
Inertial 171@ maximum
range (.19% of range)
90 Production/ Ex-
ported, 2 countries
AccuLAR Israel/Romania 160 120 3,700 DPICM, SFM RF Ground Track 90-135 45 Late development
IOC 2003
MLRS-TCS Israel 227 308 3,940 DPICM SFM RF Ground Track 70-120 32 Late development
IOC 2001
Angel-100 China 300 ~800 7,200 Varies - ICM, SFM, HE Inertial 210 @ max range
(0.21% of range)
100 Development
IOC 2005-7
CORECT Switzerland-
Germany
227 308 3,940 DPICM, AT-4 mines GPS+Inertial and
magnetometer
50 (independent of
range)
32 Late development
IOC 2003-5
MARS-
NAW
Germany 227 308 3,940 DPICM, SMArt-155 GPS+Inertial 50 65-70 Late development
IOC 2003-2005
LT-2000
Mk45
Taiwan 227 308 3,940 DPICM GPS+Inertial 50 75 Development
IOC 2008
Diehl RM-70
Upgrade
Germany, France,
Slovakia
122 77 3,220 DPICM, Multimode
(HEAT, HE, Incendiary)
GPS+Inertial 50 36 Development
IOC2008
Other countries with course corrected rocket development programs: Indonesia, South Africa, India, Ukraine, Brazil, Iraq.

Foreign Course Corrected Projectile Programs

(mm)
WEIGHT
(kg)
LENGTH
(mm)
WARHEAD TYPE GUIDANCE
SYSTEM
ACCURACY
(CEP, m)
RANGE
(km)
STATUS/
PROLIFERATION
TCM Sweden 155 47 955 Varies (DPICM, SFM, HE) Inertial+GPS 50-70 60 Development
IOC 2006
Diehl GPS
Geschoss
Germany 155 47 955 Varies (DPICM, SFM, HE) Inertial+GPS 10 40 Development
IOC 2003-5
Poleaxe UK 155 54 1,650 DPICM, SFM Inertial+GPS 50 80 Development
IOC 2014
Pelican France 155 50 1,350 DPICM, HE, SFM Inertial+GPS 50-80 80 Development
IOC 2014
BWB GPS
Fin-stabilized
Germany 155 55 1,650 DPICM, SFM, HE Inertial+GPS 20-50 100 Development
IOC 2012
Ramjet Projectile Holland-Sweden 155 55 1,500 DPICM, SFM GPS+Inertial 20-50 80 Research IOC 2018
BROMSA Sweden 105/155 Fuze N/A Any Projectile GPS or MVV
RF tracker
2-4X improvement over
ballistic projectiles
25-30 Development
IOC 2007
SAMPRASS France 105/155 Fuze N/A Any Projectile GPS 2-6X improvement over
ballistic projectile
25-40 Development
IOC 2005-7
STAR UK 105/155 Fuze N/A Any Projectile GPS 2-6X improvement over
ballistic projectile
25-40 Development
IOC 2005-7
Other countries with course corrected projectile development programs: Israel, South Africa, Ukraine, and others.
6-31

7 Nov 2000

Advanced Artillery Munitions: Sensor-Fuzed Munitions

DELIVERY SYSTEM
TARGETING SENSOR SEARCH
ALTITUDE
ARMOR
PENETRATION
TYPE
WARHEAD
RANGE
(km)
STATUS/
PROLIFERATION
BONUS France/
Sweden
155-mm cannon 2-color IR sensor
with laser altimeter
175 120-135-mm at 150
meter slant range
Tantalum EFP 27 (39-cal.
cannon)
35 (52-cal.
cannon)
Full Production
SMArt Germany 155-mm cannon 94 Ghz MMW Sensor
(Active and Passive),
3-5 IR sensor
150 135-mm RHA pene-
tration
@ 100 meters
Tantalum liner,
COMP-B fill
with unique
waveshaper
25 Full Production
Indian Sensor
Fuzed Munition
India 120-mm mortar
155-mm cannon
MMW 100 (est) 50-70-mm RHA
penetration
@ 100 meters
Copper
penetrator
7 EIOC 2002-2003
Israeli Top-Attack
Sensing
Submunition
Israel 227-mm rocket Ka-Band (Active and Passive) 100 (est) 100-mm RHA pene-
tration
@ 100 meters
Copper
penetrator
32 Developmental
Meteor Poland 122-mm rocket 2 color IR sensor with laser
diode altimeter
150 80-100-mm RHA
penetration
@ 100 meters
Copper
penetrator
30 EIOC 2003
Motiv-3M Russia 300-mm rocket 2 color IR sensor 100 (est) 70-mm RHA pene-
tration @ 150 me-
ters and 30
Copper
penetrator,
Ball slug
90 Full
Production
Universal
Submunition
Russia 120-mm mortar,
122-mm, 220-mm,
and 300-mm rockets
W-band MMW Sensor
1-2 and 8-14 IR sensor
100 (est) 60-70-mm RHA
penetration @ 100
meters and 30
Copper
penetrator,
Ball slug
33 (122-mm)
35 (220-mm)
90 (300-mm)
Limited
Production
MCS-E1 Russia 152-mm cannon 35 Ghz MMW
(Active), 3-5 IR sensor
100 (est) 90-mm RHA pene-
tration
Copper
penetrator,
Ball slug
24 EIOC 2003-2004
MCS-E2, 152-mm Russia 152-mm cannon W-band MMW Sensor
tration @ 125 me-
ters and 30
Copper
penetrator,
Ball slug
20 Developmental,
EIOC 2007-2008
MCS-E2, 155-mm Russia 155-mm cannon W-band MMW Sensor
tration @ 125 me-
ters and 30
Copper
penetrator,
Ball slug
25 Developmental,
EIOC 2007-2008
SADARM US 155-mm cannon 35 Ghz MMW Sensor (Active
and Passive), 8-14 IR sensor
130 (est)
165 (est) P3I
135-mm RHA pene-
tration
@ 100 meters
INA 24 Limited
Production

6-32

Russian 220-mm Flamethrower Weapon TOS-1______________________________

Original 30-rocket TOS-1
Current launcher holds 24 rockets
Weapons &
Ammunition Types

220-mm rockets
(Original launcher)
Fuel-Air Explosive

Current launcher
Fuel-Air Explosive
Incendiary

Typical Com-
bat Load

30

24

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Buratino
Description:
Crew: 3 in vehicle
Chassis/Carriage: T-72 tank chassis (data based on T-72M1)

Cruising Range (km): 550 without external fuel tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA

Radio: R-173M
Protection:
Applique Armor (mm): Side of hull over track skirt

Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (4x 81-mm front hull)

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type: 220-mm rocket launcher
Number of Tubes: 30/24 current launcher
Launch Rate, Full Salvo Time: 30 rounds in 7.5 seconds/6 sec current
Loader Type: Crane hoist on truck transloader

FIRE CONTROL
Direct Fire: Unidentified gunner and commander sights
Laser rangefinder: Yes
Fire Control Computer: Ballistic computer with roll sensors

Type: FAE rocket
Range (m):
Maximum Range: 3,500/6,000 current launcher
Minimum Range: 400
Area of effects, 30-rocket salvo (m): 200 x 400 assured destruction
Much larger area for suppression
NOTES
Launchers are maintained with chemical troops, but are often employed with artillery. Other applications include defoliation and mine clearing.

A variety of enhanced blast mixtures (varying from improvised out of common matericals to sophisticated) can be used to produce thermobaric or
fuel-air explosive (FAE) effects. The sophisticated mix for TOS-1 may be enhanced with powdered tetranite. The primary FAE effect is a long-
duration high-pressure blast wave, which creates a vacuum - then precipitates a reverse wave. The pressure/vacuum surges (up to 427 pounds per
sq inch) cause a ripping effect on soft materials (such as airplane skin, radar surface, human lung tissue). Walls and surfaces within the affected
area do not necessarily shield victims, rather cause multiple pressure waves which amplify the tearing effects and can topple structures. A secon-
dary effect is high-temperature heat - 2,500-3,000 C. An incomplete explosion renders a near-devastating effect, wide-area long-duration high-
temperature flame. Even those outside of the blast area will be rendered ineffective with debilitating mental and physical trauma.
Primary TOS-1 use considerations are: (1) it works best under conditions which normally protect targets from weapons:
(2) it has a high assurance of devastation within a large area. The TOS-1 is designed primarily for use
against emplacements, defilade areas (such as terrain folds and tunnels), fighting positions, ships, buildings, as well as personnel and other soft
targets. High angles-of-fire and steep impact angles support its use in defilade and urban areas. Despite the seeming short range, the weapon was
effectively used in Chechnya to disable defenders within a specific sector just prior to an assault, to halt assaults, and to level buildings.

Chinese Type 81 and Type 87 heavy rocket launchers employ FAE rockets for minefield clearing, and other missions (with lethal effects).

6-33

7 Nov 2000

6-34
Chapter 7
Air Defense

This chapter provides an overview of selected air defense systems either in use or readily
available to an OPFOR. The selection of weapons is not intended to be all-inclusive, but rather a
representative sampling of weapons and equipment supporting various OPFOR military capabili-
ties.

This chapter is divided into three categoriestowed AA guns, self-propelled AA
guns/combination guns and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). Towed AA guns covers, in order,
the KS-19M2 100-mm gun, S-60 57-mm gun and the ZU-23 23-mm gun. The next category,
self-propelled AA guns/combination guns, contains the ZSU-23-4 23-mm gun and the 2S6 30-
mm gun/missile system. The final category of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) consists of the
SA-7b, SA-8b, SA-14, SA-15b and the SA-18.

Tactical air defense is used to protect ground force units and other potential targets from
attack by enemy fixed-wing aircraft and armed helicopters. Due to increases in performance and
the sheer number of air defense systems, specifically manportable systems, the selected systems
represent some of the most formidable threats to aircraft of all types.

Some trends in air defense development will become more widespread in the near future.
These include the production of authorized and unauthorized copies of existing systems and the
development of hybrid systems. The sensor package may consist of one or more radars, direct
view optics, and electro-optics systems. The sensor package is the single most important aspect
of air defense systems since these devices perform the surveillance and tracking functions. As
the data classification permits, all attempts have been made to provide the user with as much in-
formation as possible in these areas. Radar systems have traditionally been the most popular
sensor for air-defense systems, however, with the latest generation weapons they are usually sup-
plemented with a variety of optic or electro-optic sensors such as; TV cameras, night vision
sights, and laser rangefinders. As the trends become more defined and more information be-
comes available, updates to the systems will be produced.


Pamela Senterfitt
DSN: 552-7983, Commercial (913) 684-7983
e-mail address: senterfp@leavenworth.army.mil

7-1

7 Nov 2000

Swiss 35-mm Towed AA Gun GDF-003 (with Skyguard AA Gun-Missile Battery) __

Types

35-mm automatic cannon

Typical
Combat Load

238

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Skyguard System
Date of Introduction: Circa 1981-84

Description:
Crew: 3
Carriage: 4-wheeled/2-axle towed chassis
Combat Weight (kg): 6,400
Length Overall (m):
Length of Barrel (m): INA
Height (m):
Width Overall (m):
Prime Mover: Medium (5t 6x6) truck

Max. Towed Speed (km/h): 60
Battery Emplacement Time: 15

ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 35x228 35-mm automatic gun
Number of Barrels: 2
Operation: Gas-operated
Rate of Fire(rd/min):
Cyclic: 1,100 (550/barrel)
Practical: INA, bursts up to 25 rounds
Loader Type: 2x56-rd magazine
automatic feed
Reload Time (sec):
Traverse (
o
): 360
Traverse Rate (
o
/sec): 120
Elevation (
o
): -5 to +92

Elevation Rate (
o
/sec): 60
Reaction time (sec): INA

FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/magnification:
On-carriage: lead-computing sight or
GUN KING electro-optical system
Off-carriage:
SEC-Vidicon TV tracking system
Laser rangefinder
Search and track radars:
Name: Skyguard Mk II (SW)
Function: Fire control tracker
Detection Range (km): INA
Tracking Range (km): 25
Frequency: 8-20 GHz
Frequency Band: I/J doppler MTI
Rotation Rate/min: 60
Mean Power (W): 200
Link: Digital data, virtually
invulnerable to ECM,
including frequency jumps

VARIANTS
System used in complex with radar,
2 Aspide missile launchers, and gen-
erators. Other radars and missiles can
be used with the system. Base radar
range was 20 km.

GDF-001: System has a simple sight.
GDF-002: Add Marconi digital FCS
GDF-005: Upgrade (available for
-003 in NDF-C kit) has autonomous
sight, onboard power supply, and
automatic reloader.

Skyshield 35-AHEAD gun configura-
tion with Skywhip gun mount is de-
signed for AHEAD ammunition.

Type: HEI-T
Range (m):
Tactical AA range: 4,000 (self-destruct)
Tracer range: 3,100+
Effective Altitude (m): 3,100-4,000
Self-destruct time (sec): 6-12

Type: Semi-armor-piercing HEI-T (SAPHEI-T)
Range (m): 4,000
Effective Altitude (m): 4,000 (est)

Penetration (mm, KE): 40 at 1,000 m

Type: APDS-T
Range (m): 4,000
Tactical AA range: 4,000
Tracer range: 2,000

Type: APFSDS-T
Range (m): 4,000
Tracer range: INA
Penetration (mm, KE): 115+ at 1,000 m

Type: Frangible APDS (FAPDS) - on impact
with the target surface, the penetrator breaks into
several KE fragments. The round has Frag-HE
effects with the higher velocity and flat trajectory
of a sabot round.

AG 35x228/AHEAD (Advanced Hit Efficiency
and Destruction) round uses a programmable
time fuze and HE charge to dispense a cloud of
152 pellets (3,800 from a 25-round burst) at or in
the path of a target helicopter, LAV, or soft tar-
get. Other fuze modes include proximity and PD.
NOTES
System can also be used against ground targets.

An upgrade kit (gun computer, software, muzzle velocity sensor, and electronic fuze programmer) permits -003 gun to fire the AHEAD round.

System uses a wire link among major components.
7-2
Russian 37-mm Towed AA Gun M-1939 ____________________________________

Weapons & Ammuni-
tion Types

1 x 37-mm AA gun

HE

HE-FRAG-T
AP
AP-T
HVAP
HVAP-T

HEI-T

Typical
Combat Load

200

SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: None

Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: Four-wheels
Length of Barrel (m): 2.73
Prime Movers: Utility, small,
medium trucks

Cross Country (km/h): 25
Emplacement Time (sec): 30
Displacement Time (sec): 30

ARMAMENT
Gun
Caliber, Type: 37-mm rifled
Breech Mechanism: Rising Block
Cyclic: 180
Practical: 80
Clip Capacity (rds): 5
Feed: Gravity
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time (sec): 2
Traverse (): 360
Traverse Rate (/sec): 61
Elevation () (-/+): -5/+85
Elevation Rate: (/sec): 22

FIRE CONTROL

AZP-37 Optical sight

AMMUNITION
Type: HE, HE-FRAG-T, AP, AP-T, HVAP,
HVAP-T, HEI-T
Range (m):
Max. Range (ground): 9,600
Max. Eff Range (slant): 3,000
Max. Altitude: 6,700
Armor Penetration (mm): 55 @ 500 m
Projectile Weight (kg):
HE: 0.74
AP: 0.77
HE-FRAG-T: 0.73

HVAP: 0.62

HEI-T: INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s):
HE: 880
AP: 880
HVAP: 960

HEI-T: INA
HE-FRAG-T: 880
Self-Destruct (sec): 8 to 12

Self-Destruct Range (m): 3,700 to 4,700

VARIANTS
Type 55: Chinese designation
Type 65: Chinese twin barrel
Twin barrel exports

NOTES
The M-1939 is a towed 37-mm antiaircraft gun mounted on a four-wheeled carriage. During traveling, it can be fired from wheels at halts or fired
while traveling. Normal emplacement however, requires the wheels to be removed and a jack placed under each axle for support prior to firing.
The M-1939 is manually loaded with clips of five rounds each. The rounds are gravity fed into the vertically opening sliding breech with the
empty cartridges automatically extracted. The M-1939 is a derivative of the BOFORS L60. Because it lacks a radar and powered gun laying
motors, the M-1939 is considered to be effective only during daylight and in fair weather.

7-2.1

7 Nov 2000

7-2.2
Russian 100-mm Towed AA Gun KS-19M2 ___________________________________

Weapons & Ammuni-
tion Types

100-mm gun

Frag-HE
AP-T
APC-T

Typical
Combat Load

100

SYSTEM

Description:
Crew: 15
Carriage: Towed 2-axle, 4-wheel carriage
Height (m):
Overall: 2.2
Travel Position: INA
Prime Mover: Towing vehicle AT-S or AT-T


ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 100-mm gun
Service Life of Barrel (rds): 2,800
Maximum: INA
Practical: 10-15
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time (min): INA
Traverse (
o
): 360
Traverse Rate (
o
/sec): 20
Elevation (
o
) (-/+): -3 to 89
Elevation Rate (
o
/sec): 12
Reaction time (sec): 30

FIRE CONTROL
On-carriage:
PO-1M telescope
Field of View (
o
): 14
Power: 5x
PG panoramic telescope:
Field of View (
o
): 10
Power: 4x
Off-carriage:
Rangefinder: D-49 (off carriage)
Radar:
Name: SON-9/SON-9A (FIRE
CAN)
Function: Fire Control
Detection Range (km): 80
Frequency: 2.7-2.9 GHz
Frequency Band: E
Peak Power (kW): 300
PUAZO 6-19 or 6-19M fire control
director

VARIANTS
Type 59: Chinese variant.

Types: Frag-HE, AP-T, APC-T
Range (m):
With on-carriage sight: 4,000
With off-carriage radar: 12,600
Frag-HE: 15.61
AP-T: 15.89
APC-T: 16
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 900-1,000
Fuze Type: Proximity and Time
Self-Destruct (sec): 30

NOTES
The KS-19M2 may also be employed in a ground support role.

7-3

7 Nov 2000

Russian 57-mm Towed AA Gun S-60_______________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

57-mm gun

FRAG-T
APC-T

Typical
Combat Load
200

SYSTEM

Description:
Crew: 7
Carriage: Four-wheel
Weight (kg): 4,500
Length Overall (m):
Height (m):
Overall:
Width Overall (m):
Prime Mover: Ural-375D


ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 57-mm automatic cannon
Number of Barrels: 1 each
Service Life of Barrel (rds): INA
Cyclic: 105-120
Practical: 70
Loader Type: 4 rd clip, manual
Reload Time (sec): 4-8
Traverse (
o
): 360
Traverse Rate (
o
/sec): 40
Elevation (
o
) (-/+): -4 to +87
Elevation Rate (
o
/sec): 34
Reaction time (sec): 4.5

FIRE CONTROL
On-carriage:
Optical mechanical computing sight
AZP-57:
Target Range (m): 5,500
Direct fire telescope

Off-carriage: (see NOTES)
Rangefinder: D-49
Radar:
Name: SON-9/SON-9A
Frequency Band: E
Peak Power (kW): 300
PUAZO 6-60 fire control director

VARIANTS
Type 59: Chinese variant
SZ-60: Hungarian license-built variant

Type: FRAG-T, APC-T
Range (m):
With on-carriage sight: 4,000
With off-carriage radar: 6,000
FRAG-T: 2.81
APC-T: 2.82
Fuze Type:
FRAG-T: Point detonating
APC-T: Base detonating
Self-Destruct (sec): 13-17

NOTES
Some versions may have the FLAP WHEEL as the primary fire control radar. A S-60 battery will generally consist of six guns, a fire-control
radar, and a fire-control director. Four-round clips feed ammunition horizontally into weapon. The S-60 also has an ammunition ready rack that
can hold 4 four-round clips near ammunition feed mechanism on left side of the breech. The S-60 can also be used in a ground support role.

7-4
Chinese 37-mm Towed AA Gun Type 65____________________________________

Types

37-mm automatic cannons

Typical
Combat Load

400

SYSTEM
Date of Introduction: Circa 1965

Description:
Crew: 5 to 8
Carriage: 4-wheeled/2-axle towed chassis
Height (m): 2.080
Overall: INA
Prime Mover: INA

25 cross-country
Turning Radius (m): 8

ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 37-mm automatic gun
Operation: Recoil
Service Life of Barrel (rds): 2,500+
Barrel Change time (min): 2-3
Cyclic: 320-360 (160-180/barrel)
Practical: 80
Loader Type: 5-round clip
Traverse (
o
): 360
Traverse Rate (
o
/sec): INA
Elevation (
o
): -5 to 85
Elevation Rate (
o
/sec): INA
Reaction time (sec): INA

FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/magnification: Optical
mechanical computing sight

VARIANTS
Russian twin-barreled variant of M-1939
export version
M1985: NKPA has mounted the 37-mm Type
65 on an open turret APC chassis.

Types: AP-T, HE-T, HEI-T
Range (m):
Max Range: 8,500
Altitude:

Max Altitude: 6,000
Effective (m): 1,768 at 45
o

2,865 at 65
o


Self-destruct range (m): 3,700-4,700

NOTES
Tire Size is 6.50 x 20. The gun can be employed on an SP tracked vehicle mount. A Chinese built direct copy of the Soviet twin barrel export
version of the M-1939. The Type 65 consists of two recoil operated automatic cannons mounted on a towed, four-wheeled carriage. All tracking
and loading operations are performed manually by a five to eight man gun crew. Because it lacks a radar and powered gun laying motors, the
Type 65 is considered to be effective only during daylight and in fair weather.

Ammunition is interchangeable among Types 55, 65, and 74 AA guns.

Strengths: Highly reliable, rugged and simple to operate.

Weaknesses: Short range, small projectile. No organic radar.

7-4.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian 14.5-mm Heavy Machinegun ZPU-4 ________________________________

Types

4 barreled KPV 14.5-mm
heavy machinegun
AP-T
API
API-T
HEI
HEI-T

Typical
Combat Load

4,800 rds
(1,200 rds/barrel)

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 5
Carriage: 4 wheeled/2 axle towed chassis
Length Overall (m):
Height (m):
Overall: INA
Prime Mover: INA


ARMAMENT

Gun:
Caliber, Type: 14.5 mm machinegun
Max: 2,200-2,400 (600/barrel)
Practical: 600 (150/barrel)
Loader Type: Belt of 150 rds
Traverse (
o
): 360
Traverse Rate (
o
/sec): 48
Elevation (
o
): -8 to +90
Elevation Rate (
o
/sec): 29
Reaction time (sec): 8

FIRE CONTROL

Optical mechanical computing sight
Telescope, ground targets

VARIANTS

Type 56: Chinese and NK variant.
MR-4: Romanian single axle variant


Types: API, API-T, HEI, AP-T, HEI-T
Range (m):
Max: 8,000
Min: INA
Altitude (m):
Max: 5,000
Effective: 1,400

NOTES
The ZPU-4 can be fired with wheels in travel position if necessary.

The ZPU-4 may also be employed in a ground support role.

Strengths: Highly reliable, rugged and simple to operate. Quick reaction time, widely deployed, explosive round.

Weaknesses: The short-range small projectile requires a direct hit. No organic radar (except the NK Type 56 and M1983).

7-4.2
Russian 23-mm Towed AA Gun ZU-23 _____________________________________

Weapons & Ammuni-
tion Types

2 x 23-mm AA guns

HE-I
HEI-T
API-T
TP

Typical
Combat Load

2,400

SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: ZU-23-2

Description:
Crew: 5
Carriage: Two-wheeled
Length Overall (m):
Height Overall (m):
Width Overall (m):
Prime Movers: GAZ-69 4 x 4 truck,
MTLB-T, BMD-2

Emplacement Time (sec): 15-20
Displacement Time (sec): 35-40

ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 23-mm, gas-operated gun,
2A14 or 2A14M
Breech Mechanism: Vertical Sliding Wedge
Cyclic: 1,600-2,000
Practical: 400 in 10-30 rd bursts
Feed: 50-rd ammunition canisters fitted on
either side of the upper mount assembly
Loader Type: Magazine
Traverse (
0
): 360
Traverse Rate (
0
/sec): INA
Elevation (
0
) (-/+): -10to +90
Elevation Rate: (
0
/sec): 54
Reaction Time (min): 8 (est.)

FIRE CONTROL

Optical mechanical sight for AA fire
Straight tube telescope for ground targets

VARIANTS
ZU-23M: Egyptian produced ZU-23, also
referred to as the SH-23M.

BTR-3D: Russian BTR-D APC with ZU-23
mounted on rear deck, for SP AA gun.

BTR-ZD is BTR-D with towed ZU-23 and
MANPADS.

Type: HE-I, HEI-T, API-T, TP, APDS-T,
FAPDS (frangible APDS)
Range (m):
Max. Range: 2,500
Min. Range: 0
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 0
HE-I: 0.18
HEI-T: 0.19
API-T: 0.189
TP: 0.18
Fuze Type:
HE-I: Point detonating
HEI-T: Point detonating
API-T: Base detonating
TP: Dummy
Penetration (mm): 19@ 1000 m API-T

NOTES
Highly mobile air droppable system. Fires the same ammunition as the ZSU-23-4. The reload time will depend on the proficiency of the crew to
manually reload. Can fire from the traveling position in emergencies. The ZU-23 can also be used in a ground support role.

7-5

7 Nov 2000

German/Swiss 35-mm SP AA Gun System Gepard ___________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

2 x 35-mm cannons
HEI-T
SAPHEI-T
FAPDS
APDS-T/APFSDS-T

Typical
Combat Load

680

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 5PFZ-B2L
Upgrade variant known as FlakPz 1A2
Date of Introduction: 1976 original

Description:
Crew: 3
Chassis: Leopard 1 tank chassis
Height (m):
Radar up: 4.23
Radar down: 3.01

Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 65

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor (mm): 40
Smoke Protection: 8 grenade launchers

ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type, Name: 35x228 gun, KDA
Number of barrels: 2
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 1,100 (550/barrel)
Reaction time (sec): 6-10
Ammunition Loader: Twin belt
Fire on Move: Yes (est)

FIRE CONTROL
FC System: EADS digital computer-based
Stabilized video sights for -1A2 upgrade
Magnification: INA
Field of View(): INA
Night sights: Thermal for -1A2 upgrade
IFF: Yes, MSR-400
Navigation system: Computerized
Laser Rangefinder: ND Yag (1.06)
Linked to Air Defense Net?: Yes

Radars:
Name: INA, Siemens Manufacture
Function: Target Acquisition
Tracking Range (km): INA
Frequency Band: S
Search on the Move: Yes

Name: INA
Function: Target tracking
Frequency Band: Ku

VARIANTS
Gepard 1A2: Upgrade variant with new
FCS, including stabilized thermal sight and
video auto-tracker, integrated C
2
, increased
range, reduced reaction time, and FAPDS.

Gepard CA1: Dutch variant (also called
95 Cheetah) uses Signaal I-band MTI radar
and dual I-band K-band tracking radars.

PRTL-35mm GWI: Upgrade Dutch variant,
with upgrades similar to 1A2 and new radios,
but with different radars. Range with FAPDS
is claimed to be 3,500-4,500.

Type: HEI-T
Range (m):
Tracer range: 3,100+
Effective Altitude (m): 3,100-4,000

Type: Semi-armor-piercing HEI-T (SAPHEI-T)
Range (m): 4,000


Type: APDS-T
Range (m): 4,000
Tracer range: 2,000

Type: APFSDS-T
Range (m): 4,000
Tracer range: INA
Penetration (mm, KE): 115+ at 1,000 m

Type: Frangible APDS (FAPDS) for upgrades.
On impact with the target surface, the penetrator
breaks into several KE fragments. The round has
Frag-HE effects with the higher velocity and flat
trajectory of a sabot round.

Other Ammunition Types: HEI

NOTES
Auxiliary power unit has 90-hp engine.

KMW is developing an upgrade with 2x Stinger MANPADS missile launchers added to a gun, and integrated with the FCS.

7-6
Russian 23-mm SP AA Gun ZSU-23-4 ______________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

4x 23-mm AA guns

HE-I
HEI-T
API-T

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: Shilka

Description:
Crew: 4
Chassis: GM-575 Tracked, six road
wheels, no track support rollers
Length (m): 6.5
Height (m):
Radar up: 3.75
Radar down: 2.60
Width (m): 3.1

Engine Type: V6R-1 diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 50

Radio: R-123

Protection:


ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type, Name: 23-mm liquid-
cooled AA 2A7/2A7M
Practical: INA
Cyclic: 850-1,000
Reload Time (min): 20
Elevation (
o
): -4 to +85

Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
Day and night vision devices:
Driver periscope: BMO-190
Driver IR periscope: INA
Commander periscope: TPKU-2
Commander IR periscope: TKH-ITC
IFF: INA

Radar: 1RL33M1
Name: GUN DISH
Function: Search and Tracking
Frequency: 14.8 to 15.6 GHz
Frequency Band: J

Optical-mechanical computing sight: Part
of fire-control subsystem designated
as RPK-2

VARIANTS
(see NOTES)

Types: HE-I, HEI-T, API-T
Range (m):
Max. Effective Range: 2,500
Min. Range: INA
Altitude (m):
3,500 if self-destruct fuze
is included
Min. Altitude: INA
HE-I: 0.18
HEI-T: 0.19
API-T: 0.189
Muzzle velocity (m/s): 950-1,000
Fuze Type:
HE-I: Point detonating, self-destruct option
HEI-T: Point detonating, self-destruct option
APT-T: Base detonating

NOTES
Ammunition is normally loaded with a ratio of three HE rounds to one AP round. ZSU 23-4 Shilka, is capable of acquiring, tracking and engag-
ing low-flying aircraft (as well as mobile ground targets while either in place or on the move). Resupply vehicles carry an estimated additional
3,000 rounds for each of the four ZSUs in a typical battery. Recent (October 1997) information details ZSU-23-4 updates/modernization being
offered by the Ukrainians that include: a new radar system replacing the GUN DISH radar, plus a sensor pod believed to include day/night cam-
era, and a laser rangefinder; and mounted above radar/sensor pod is a layer of six fire-and-forget SAMs, believed to be Russian SA-18/GROUSE.

7-7

7 Nov 2000

Russian 30-mm SP AA Gun/Missile System 2S6M____________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

2 x 30-mm twin-barrel
cannons

AP-T, APDS
Frag-T
HE-I
APE

SA-19/GRISON

Typical
Combat Load

1,904

8

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 2K22M,
Tunguska-M

Description:
Crew: 4
Chassis: GM-352M tracked vehicle
Height (m):
TAR up: 4.02
TAR down: 3.36

Engine Type: V-12 turbo diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 65
Max. Swim: INA

Radio: R-173

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm gun, 2A38M
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4,800 (four gun total)
Reload Time (min): gun ammunition and
missiles in about 16 min.
Elevation () (-/+): -10 to + 87
Fire on Move: Yes

Missile: 9M311
Name: SA-19/GRISON
Range (m):
Max. Range: 8,000-10,000 (see
NOTES)
Min. Range: 2,500
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 15
Dimensions:
Length (m): 2.83
Weight (kg): 57 (in container)
Missile Speed (m/s): 600-900
Guidance: SACLOS
Seeker Field of View() : INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Fuze Type: Proximity
Self-Destruct (sec): INA
System Reaction Time (sec): 6-12
Fire on Move: No (must be at a halt to fire
the missile)

FIRE CONTROL
Stabilized optical sight 1A29M
Magnification: 8x
Field of View(): 8
o

Commanders position IR day/night sight
Night sight: 1TPP1 thermal available
IFF: Yes

Radars: HOT SHOT radar system
Name: 1RL144 (TAR)
Detection Range (km): 18-20
Frequency: 2-3 GHz
Frequency Band: E

Name: 1RL144M (TTR)
Function: Target Tracking
Frequency: 10-20 GHz
Frequency Band: J

VARIANTS
(see NOTES)

Type: AP-T, APDS, Frag-T, HE-I, APE
Range (m):
Max. Range: 4,000
Min. Range: 200
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 0
Projectile Weight (kg): INA

NOTES
Range out to 10 km for hovering aircraft and low flying targets. In addition to the 8 mounted ready missiles two additional missiles can be car-
ried inside. There is a 2S6M1 variant/upgrade, which has improved missile control, range and altitude capabilities of 1.5-10 km, and 0.015-6 km
respectively. However, as of November 1997 the 2S6M1 is not known to be fielded.

Main operating mode is radar mode, with day/night capability. The 1TPP1 thermal module is available for mounting on 2S6M. This sight has a
range of 4,000-6,000 m.

7-8
Russian 57-mm Self Propelled SP AA Gun ZSU-57-2 _________________________

Types

Twin 57-mm automatic
cannons

Frag-HE
AP-T
APC-T

Typical
Combat Load

300

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 6
Carriage: 4 road wheels/T-54 modified chassis
Length of Barrel (m): INA
Prime Mover: A shortened T-54 chassis with
thinner armor and only four road wheels.

Emplacement Time (min): N/A
Displacement Time (min): N/A
Engine Power (hp): 520
Max Road Speed (km/h): 50

Armor Protection: 13 mm front hull and turret

ARMAMENT

Gun, Caliber, Type:
57-mm recoil-operated air-cooled
cannons, S-68
Cyclic: 210-240 (105-120/gun)
Practical: 140 (70/gun)
Loader Type: 5-round clip, manual
Traverse (
o
): 360
Traverse Rate (
o
/sec): 30
Elevation (
o
): -5 to +85
Elevation Rate (
o
/sec): 20

FIRE CONTROL

Optical mechanical computing reflex
sight (not radar controlled)
Later variants were fitted with a
more sophisticated sighting system,
identified by two small ports in
forward upper portion of the turret.

VARIANTS

Type 80 Chinese variant


Types: APHE, Frag-T, APC-T, HVAP-T, HE-T
Range (m):
Max Range: 12,000
Altitude:

Max Altitude: 8,000
Effective (m): 2,835 at 45
o

4,237 at 65
o

Frag-T: 2.81
APC-T: 2.82
HE-T: 2.85
Fuze Type:
Frag-T (point detonating fuze)
APC-T (base detonating fuze)
HE-T (Yugoslavian, impact [super quick] ac-
tion with pyrotechnical self-destruct)
Self-Destruct time (sec): 13-17
Armor penetration (mm): 96 APC-T at 1,000 m

NOTES
The ZSU-57-2 can be employed in a ground support role.

No NBC system and no amphibious capability.

Fuel drums can be fitted on rear of hull.

Absence of a tracking radar, a night vision device, and an enclosed turret makes this a daylight, fair weather weapon system only.

Auto traverse with manual backup.

Uses same ammo as the towed single S-60.

7-8.1

7 Nov 2000

7-8.2
Russian Manportable SAM System SA-7b/GRAIL ____________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

ready missile
Typical
Combat Load

1

SYSTEM
Alternative Designation:
9K32M Strela-2M
Proliferation: Worldwide

Description:
Crew: 1

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P54M
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.47
Diameter (mm): 70
Weight (kg): 4.71
Reaction Time (acquisition to fire) (sec): 5-
10

Time Between Launches (sec): INA

Missile
Name: 9M32M
Range (m):
Max. Range: 5,500
Min. Range: 500
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 18
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.40
Diameter (mm): 70
Weight (kg): 9.97
Missile Speed (m/s): 580
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster and solid fuel
sustainer rocket motor.
Guidance: Passive IR homing device (oper-
ating in the medium IR range)
Seeker Field of View(
o
): 1.9
Tracking Rate(
o
/sec): 6
Warhead Type: HE
Fuze Type: Contact (flush or grazing)

FIRE CONTROL
Launcher has sighting device and a target acquisition indi-
cator. The gunner visually identifies and acquires the
target.
Gunner:
Field of View (
o
): INA

IFF: Yes (see NOTES)

VARIANTS
SA-N-5: Naval version
HN-5A: Chinese version
Strela 2M/A: Yugoslavian upgrade
Sakr Eye: Egyptian upgrade

Mounted in several types of vehicles in four, six, and eight-
tube launcher varieties.
Can be mounted on several helicopters (Mi-24, S-342 Ga-
zelle)

NOTES
The seeker is fitted with a filter to reduce the effectiveness of decoying flares and to block IR emissions. This missile is a tail-chasing heat (IR)
seeker that depends on its ability to lock on to heat sources of usually low-flying fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. An identification friend or foe
(IFF) system can be fitted to the gunner/operators helmet. Further, a supplementary early warning system consisting of a passive RF antenna and
headphones can be used to provide early cue about the approach and rough direction of an enemy aircraft. The main difference between the SA-7
and SA-7b is the improved propulsion of the SA-7b. This improvement increases the speed and range of the newer version.

7-9

7 Nov 2000

Russian Manportable SAM System SA-14/GREMLIN__________________________

Weapons & Ammu-
nition Types

ready missiles

Typical
Combat Load

1

SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: 9K34 Strela-3
Proliferation: Worldwide

Description:
Crew: 1

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P59
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.40
Diameter (mm): 75
Weight (kg): 2.95
Reaction Time (sec): 14
Time Between Launches (sec): 35-40

Missile
Name: 9M36 or 9M36-1
Range (m):
Max. Range: 6,000
Min. Range: 600
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 50
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.4 m
Diameter (mm): 75 mm
Fin Span (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 10.3
Propulsion: 2-stage solid-propellant
rocket
Guidance: passive IR homing
Seeker Field of View: INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Fuze Type: Contact/grazing

FIRE CONTROL
Launch tube has simple sights
Gunner:
Field of View (
o
): INA
IFF: Yes

VARIANTS
Igla 9M39 (SA-N-8): Naval version

7-10
Russian Manportable SAM System SA-16/GIMLET ___________________________

Weapons & Ammuni-
tion Types

Ground mount

SP Artillery mount

MANPAD transporter

Typical
Combat Load

1

2

5

SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: 9K310 Igla-1

Description:
Crew: 1

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P322 launch tube
9P519 launcher gripstock
Dimensions (m):
Length: 1.708
Diameter: 0.08 tube, 0.33 overall
Weight (kg): 7.1
Reaction Time (sec): 5-7 seconds
Time between launches: INA
Reload time (sec): <60

Missile
Name: 9M313
Range (m):
Max. Range: 5,200 receding
4,500 approaching
Min. Range: 600
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 3,500 receding slow
3,000 slow approach
2,500 receding fast
2,000 fast approach
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 1,593
Diameter: 72
Weight (kg): 10.8
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster and dual-thrust
solid fuel sustainer rocket motor.
Guidance: Passive IR homing
Seeker Field of View: 80
Tracking Rate: INA
Fuze Type: Contact

FIRE CONTROL
Front hooded ring, rear optical
Gunner:
Field of View (
o
): INA

IFF: Yes

VARIANTS
Specialized applications include an LUAZ
utility carrier designed for a manpads firing
unit. The vehicle has a rack for mounting
five 9P322 SA-16 launcher tubes. This rack
could be used in other manportable AD unit
vehicle applications.

Djigit: Russian twin launcher complex
mounted on a rail frame with operator's seat
and tripod. Missiles can be simultaneously
launched using centrally mounted sight. A
Hungarian mount with this system on a GAZ-
630 4x4 truck is called Igla-1E.

Igla-1E: Russian export variant. Unlike the
base system, fuel remnants are not fuzed with
the warhead. IFF interrogator can be tailored
to customer specifications.

Igla-1M: Export variant similar to -1E, but
lacks an IFF interrogator.

NOTES
Launcher deployment time is 5-13 seconds. Missiles are preloaded in the launch tube for quick loading to the gripstock. A tube can be used up
to five times. The missile is cooled by a disposable bottle of refrigerant. The bottle and launcher battery are useable for 30 seconds after activa-
tion. The ATGM is more vulnerable to EO/IR decoy countermeasures than is the SA-18. Because the nose extends past the launcher tube, the
nose is protected with an extended cap, which is removed before launching.

The unusually wide (80) FOV seeker permits the missile to respond more quickly to fast-maneuver targets, such as helicopters.
Maximum speed for engaged targets varies from 320 m/s rear aspect, receding targets, to 360-400 m/s head-on, approaching targets.

The gunner may have an optional portable electronic plotting board, which warns of location and direction of approaching target(s) with a display
range of up to 12.5 km.

7-10.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Manportable SAM System SA-18/GROUSE__________________________

Weapons & Ammuni-
tion Types

ready missiles

Typical
Combat Load

1

SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: 9K38 Igla

Description:
Crew: 1

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P39
Dimensions (m):
Length: 1.708
Diameter: INA
Weight (kg): 1.63
Time Between Launches (sec): 16

Missile
Name: 9M39
Range (m):
Max. Range: 6,000
Min. Range: 500
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 1708
Diameter: 70
Weight (kg): 10.6
Missile Speed: Mach 2
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster and dual-
thrust solid fuel sustainer rocket mo-
tor.
Guidance: Passive IR homing
Seeker Field of View: INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Warhead Type: HE
Fuze Type: Contact

FIRE CONTROL
Launcher has fore and rear sights
Gunner:
Field of View (
o
): INA

IFF: Yes

VARIANTS
Igla-V: Air-to-air version
Igla-D: Use in airborne forces
Igla-N: Increased lethality
Igla-S: Improved version of Igla-N

NOTES
The SAM gunner is provided information about location and direction of approaching target(s) using a portable electronic plotting board. Two
variants (Igla-D and Igla-N) can be separated in two parts for easier portability, but this adds 60 seconds to the reaction time. Igla-N is heavier
due primarily to the warhead mass increased to 3.5 kg.

7-11
Russian SAM System SA-2/GUIDELINE ____________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

Single rail ground
mounted

Typical
Combat Load

Six launchers per
battery

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: V75SM, S-75 Dvina,
V-75 Volkhov

ARMAMENT
Launcher
Description: Single-rail, ground- mounted, not
mobile but transportable
Name: INA
Dimensions: INA
Weight (kg): INA
Reload Time (min): 10-12
Fire on Move: No
Emplacement Time (min): < 4 hours
Displacement Time (min): < 4 hours
Normal Salvo: 3 missiles at six-second intervals

Missile: V750K
Name: INA
Range (km):
Max. Range: 35-50 Volga 55, Volga-M 67
Min. Range: 7-9
Altitude (m):

Volga, Volga-M 30,000
Min. Altitude: 100
Dimensions:
Length (m): 10.70
Diameter (m): 0.70

Weight (kg): 2,300-2,450 at launch
Missile Speed (mach): 4.5
Propulsion:
Solid fuel booster 5 sec duration
Sustainer liquid <70 sec duration
Guidance: Command RF
Warhead Types: HE, Nuc

Bursting Radius (m): 125-135

Kill Radius (m): 65

CEP (m): 76.3

Fuze Type: Proximity or Command

Command destruction at (sec): 115
Warhead Weight (kg): 195 HE

FIRE CONTROL
Radar:
Name: FAN SONG, A-F variants
Control Range (km): 60-120 A, B
70-145 for C, D, E
INA for F

Frequency Band: E/F for A, B G
for C, D, E, INA for F
Location: Within battery formation

Radar:
Name: SPOON REST, P-12
Function: Target Acquisition, Early
Warning
Frequency Band:
A=A (VHF)
B=VHF below A band
Location: Outside battery formation

Radar:
Name: FLAT FACE, P-15
Function: Early warning, target acquisition
Frequency Band: C
Location: At regimental HQ

Radar:
Name: SIDE NET, PRV-11
Function: Height Finding Radar
Frequency Band: E
Location: At regimental HQs in some cases

VARIANTS
SA-2a (Mod 0): FAN SONG A

SA-2b (Mod 1): FAN SONG B, longer missile

SA-2c (Mod 2): FAN SONG C, longer range,
lower altitude engagement

SA-2d (Mod 3): FAN SONG E, EW enhanced

SA-2e (Mod 4): FAN SONG E nuc variant

SA-2f (Mod 5): FAN SONG F, EW enhanced

Backup optical, home-in on jam-capable
missile
SA-N-2: Naval test version, unsuccessful

HQ-2: Chinese variant (CSA-1)

Volga-M upgrade: Mid 90s, digital sub-
systems, 41 miles range, less maintenance

Iraqi Mod: Infrared terminal guidance/missile

NOTES
The SA-2/Guideline is a two-stage medium-to-high altitude, long-range, radar-tracking SAM. The weapon is a national-level asset usually found
in the rear area with the mission of defending static assets such as supply and command installations. It is fired from a single-rail ground-
mounted launcher that can be moved by a truck. The missiles are carried on a special transloader-semi-trailer towed by a Zil truck. An SA-2
regiment consists of three battalions, each having a single firing battery. Each battery has six launchers arranged in a star formation, a centrally
located FAN SONG fire control radar, and a loading vehicle. The two forward batteries usually locate 40 to 50 km behind front lines; the third
battery locates approx 80 km behind.

Limitations include limited effectiveness against updated ECM, restricted mobility, and limited effectiveness against low-altitude targets.

7-11.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian SAM System SA-3/GOA __________________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

Launch rails

Typical
Combat Load

2 or 4

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: S-125 Neva, S-125
Pechora (export)
Date of Introduction: Twin launcher 1961/
quadruple launcher 1973.

LAUNCHER
Description: Towed twin or quad-rail launcher
Name: INA
Dimensions: INA
Weight (kg): INA
Reload Time (min): 50 (quad launcher)
Fire on Move: No

ARMAMENT
Missile:
Name: 5V24, 5V27
Range (m):
Max. Range: 29,000
Min. Range: 2,400
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 4.5
Dimensions:
Length (m): 6.10
Diameter (mm): 550
Weight (kg): 946
Missile Speed (m/s): 650-1,150
Velocity (mach): 3.5
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster
Guidance: Command RF
Fuze Type: Proximity RF

FIRE CONTROL
Radar:
Name: LOW BLOW
Function: Tracking/Command guidance
Control Range (km): 85
Frequency Band: I
Tracking Capability: 1 target simultaneously
(1-2 missiles)
Radar:
Name: FLAT FACE/P-15
Frequency Band: C

Radar:
Name: SQUAT EYE/P-15M
Function: Target Acquisition (low altitude,
instead of FLAT FACE)
Frequency Band: C

VARIANTS
SA-3a: Two-rail launcher. Missiles without
interstage fins.
SA-3b (GOA Mod 1): Two-rail launcher.
Missiles have interstage fins.
SA-3c: Four-rail launcher.
S-125 Pechora: Export version

NOTES
The SA-3/GOA is a two-stage, low- to medium-altitude SAM. Two ready missiles travel in tandem on a modified truck or tracked vehicle from
which the crew loads the missiles onto a ground-mounted, trainable launcher for firing. The truck-mounted FLAT FACE radar acquires the tar-
gets, while the LOW BLOW radar carries out the fire control function. It is principally a point/small area defense weapon. The SA-3 system is
not mobile. It is movable, but its displacement time is considerable.

7-11.2
Russian SAM System SA-5/GAMMON______________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

Single-rail ground
mounted

Typical
Combat Load

Six launchers per
Battalion

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: S-200, Vega

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Description: Single-rail, ground- mounted, not
mobile but transportable
Dimensions: INA
Weight (kg): INA
Fire on Move: No
Emplacement Time (min): Days
Displacement Time (min): Days

Missile: (See NOTES)
Name: INA
Range (km):
Max. Slant Range: 300
Effective Range: 250
Min. Range: 17
Altitude (m):
Effective ceiling: 30,000
Min. Altitude: INA
Dimensions:
Length (m): 10.7
Diameter (mm): 750
Weight (kg): 7,100
Wrap around Boosters:
Length (m): 4.9
Diameter (mm): 500
Missile Speed (m/s): 1,100
Propulsion: 2-stage liquid fuel, four wrap-
around solid fuel rockets

Guidance: Semi-active homing
Warhead Type: Conventional (HE)
or nuclear
Fuze Type: INA
Warhead Weight (kg): 60 HE
Booster separation at (km): 2

FIRE CONTROL
Radar:
Name: SQUARE PAIR
Function: Tracking
Effective Range (km): 350
Frequency (GHz): 6.62-6.94
Frequency Band: H
Located: With firing units

Associated Radars:
Name: BACK NET initially
BAR LOCK B (P-50) follow-on
Function: Surveillance/ early warn-
ing
Range (km): 250/ 390
Frequency Band: E-band (2-2.5
GHz) / E & F bands

Location: Generally with separate
early warning or Signals Recon-
naissance bns

Name: SIDE NET/PRV-11 initially,
ODD PAIR, E-band follow-on
Function: Height Finding Radar
Range: INA
Frequency Band: E-band
Location: Generally with separate
early warning or Signals Recon-
naissance bns

Name: TALL KING
Function: Very long-range early warning
Effective Range (km): 500-600
Frequency Band: A-band (150-180 MHz)
Location: Generally with separate early warning
or Signals Reconnaissance bns

Name: BACK TRAP
Function: Very long-range early earning
Effective Range (km): INA
Frequency Band: A-band (172 MHz)
Location: Brigade Level

Name: BIG BACK
Function: Very long-range early warning
Frequency Band: 3-d L-band
Location: Brigade Level

VARIANTS
Possibly as many as 5 missiles/variants

NOTES
The SA-5/Gammon is a long-range, strategic semi-active guided missile system for targeting medium-to-high altitude high-speed aircraft.

The missile has a long cylindrical body with a conical nose, four long chord cruciform delta wings, four small cruciform rectangular control
surfaces at the extreme rear, and four jettisonable, wraparound solid-fuel boosters with canted nozzles. It uses a liquid propellant, dual thrust
rocket engine, and the missile travels about 2 km before booster separation. The sustainer has four cropped delta wings and steerable rear fins.
Control is assisted by ailerons.

7-12

7 Nov 2000

Russian SAM System SA-6/GAINFUL ______________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

Launch rails

Typical
Combat Load

3

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Kub, Kvadral

Description:
Crew: 3
TEL Chassis: Modified PT-76
Length (m): 6.09
Height (m): 4.45
Width (m): 3.04

Engine Name, Type: V-6R, 6 cyl diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 45
Max. Swim: N/A

Radio: INA

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: 2P25
Reaction Time (min): INA
Fire on Move: No
Emplacement Time (min): 5 or less

Missile:
Name: 3M9, 9M9
Range (m):
Max. Range: 25,000
Min. Range: 4,000
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 50
Dimensions:
Length (m): 6.20
Diameter (mm): 335
Weight (kg): 599
Missile Speed: Mach 2.7
Propulsion: Solid fuel
Guidance: Semi-active radar homing
Warhead Type: Frag HE

FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/Magnification: EO sighting system on
vehicle. Commander and driver have IR.

IFF: Pulse-doppler

Radar:
Name: STRAIGHT FLUSH
Function: Fire control /target acquisition
Frequency: I-low altitude (tracking); G/H-med
altitude (acquisition); H (detection)

Radar:
Name: LONG TRACK
Function: Battlefield surveillance/target acquisi-
tion
Frequency: 2.6 GHz
Frequency Band: E

Radar:
Name: THIN SKIN
Function: Height Finding
Frequency Band: H

VARIANTS
SA-6b/GAINFUL: Mounted on MT-LB, has
integrated radar. The TELAR can operate in-
dependently for surveillance.

NOTES
The SA-6 is a two-stage, solid-fuel, low-altitude SAM. It has radio-command guidance with semi-active radar terminal homing. Targets are low
to medium altitude fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. Two or more missiles may be launched at a target during an engagement. The associated
STRAIGHT FLUSH fire control/target acquisition radar vehicle uses the same chassis as the SA-6a TEL. The LONG TRACK target acquisition
radar is also associated with the SA-6 system. The LONG TRACK surveillance radar acquires target data, the STRAIGHT FLUSH missile site
radars take over target acquisition and fire control.

SA-6 regiments organic to mechanized and tank divisions consist of 20 TELs in five batteries, 4 TELs to a battery. The SA-6b system includes
the FIRE DOME fire control radar. When the SA-6a TEL battery is replaced with an SA-6b TELAR, the battery doubles its capability to acquire
and engage targets. Each battery has four triple launchers, one STRAIGHT FLUSH vehicle, and two reload vehicles (3 missiles each). Normally,
three of these batteries are deployed approximately 5 km behind the front line; the remaining two are deployed about 10 km farther back, filling
the gaps between the three forward batteries.

7-12.1
Russian SAM System SA-8b/GECKO ______________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

SA-8b in canisters

Typical
Combat Load

6

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9K33M3 Osa-AKM

Description:
Crew: 3
TELAR: BAZ-5937 6x6 amphibious cross-
country capable vehicle
Length (m): 9.14
Height (m): 4.2 (with surveillance radar folded
down)
Width (m): 2.75

Engine Type: D20K300 diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 80
Max. Swim: 8

Radio: R-123M

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: 9P35M2
Dimensions:
Length (m): 3.2
Diameter (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 35
Fire on Move: No
Displacement Time (min): Less
than 4 (est.)

Missile:
Name: 9M33M3
Range (m):
Max. Range: 15,000
Min. Range: 200
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 3158
Diameter: 209.6
Weight (kg): 170
Propulsion: Solid propellant rocket
motor
Guidance: RF CLOS
Fuze Type: Contact and proximity

FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/Magnification: INA
LLLTV/optical assist (for target tracking in low
visibility and heavy ECM)

IFF: Yes

Radar:
Name: LAND ROLL
Tracking Range (km): 20-25
Frequency: 6-8 GHz
Frequency Band: H

Radar:
Name: Monopulse Target Tracking Radar
Function: Target Tracking
Frequency Band: J

2 Missile tracking radars:
Frequency: 10-20 GHz

VARIANTS
SA-8a: Initial production model that carries four
missiles on exposed rails.
4K33 Osa-M (SA-N-4): Naval variant

NOTES
The first production version of this system was identified as SA-8a, which only had 4 launcher rails and exposed missiles. The SA-8b typically
has two BAZ-5937 resupply/transloader vehicles, carrying 18 missiles each (boxed in sets of three) that supports a battery of four TELARs. A
target can be brought under fire both with one missile as well as a volley of two missiles. This system is also air transportable.

7-12.2

7 Nov 2000

7-12.3

Russian SAM System SA-10b/GRUMBLE ___________________________________

Missiles

SA-10b in canisters on-
board

Typical
Combat Load

4

SYSTEM

System Designation: S-300PMU
Alternative Designations: SA-10b GRUMBLE
(NATO)
Primary Components:
1- Launch vehicle with command shelter
(5P85SU)
2 -Launch vehicles without command shel-
ter (5P58DU)
1- FLAP LID B Target engagement radar

ARMAMENT

TEL:
Name: 5P85SU or 5P58DU (see NOTES)
Crew: 6
Fire on Move: No
Displacement Time (min): < 5
Missiles Fired Simultaneously: 12 (2 per target)
Targets Tracked Simultaneously: 6

Chassis: MAZ-7910 (8x8)
Engine: D12A-525 V-12 water cooled
Horsepower: 525
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 60
Weight (kg): 20,000
Dimensions (m):
Length: 9.4
Width: 3.1
Height: 3.7

Missile:
Name: 5V55RUD
Range (km):
Max. Launch Range: 90
Min. Range: 5
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 25
Speed (m/sec):
Max Target: 1,200
Max SAM: 2,100
Dimensions:
Length (m): 7
Diameter (mm): 450
Weight (kg):
In Canister: 2,100
Guidance: Track-Via-Missile
(TVM)
Warhead Type: HE
Fuze Type: Contact

VARIANTS

SA-10a: Semi-fixed version de-
ployed on trailers.
SA-10c: Improved, longer range
(150 km), TOMBSTOME
radar, expanded C
2
.
HQ-10/HQ-15: Chinese licensed
copy of SA-10.
HQ-9/FT2000: Chinese based on
S-300PMU (SA-10b).
SA-N-6: Russian naval version.

For additional infomation on
variants and options, see SA-10c
(next page).

ASSOCIATED RADARS

Radar:
Name: 30N6
NATO Designation: FLAP LID B
Function: Target Engagement
Unit Associated With: Firing battery
Detection Range (km): 90 km
Interception Altitude (m): 25 and higher
Target Speed (km/h): 4,200
Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6
Missiles Guided Simultaneously : 12
Frequency (GHz): 10
Frequency Band: I/J

Radar:
Name: 76N6
NATO Designation: CLAM SHELL
Function: Low Altitude Search and Acquisition
Unit Associated With: Battalion/regiment
@ 1,500 feet altitude: 93
@ 3,000 feet altitude: 120
Targets Tracked Simultaneously: 180 low level
targets
Resolution of Target Radar Cross Section (RCS):
.02 m
2
@ 1,400 kts
Frequency (GHz): INA
Frequency Band: I

Radar:
Name: INA
NATO Designation: BIG BIRD
Function: Target Detection/Command Guidance
Unit Associated With: Regiment
Frequency (GHz): 3.3
Frequency Band: F

NOTES
The missiles (5V55R) are in a sealed transport launch canister and do not need to be tested or adjusted during their service life of 10 years. They
are launched vertically by the canister without turning the launcher toward the target. Each battery has one 5P85SU launcher vehicle with a
command shelter mounted behind the cab and one or two 5P58DU launcher vehicles without the command shelter. Two missiles are normally
fired at each target increasing probability of hit. The line drawing is of the 5P58DU TEL (without the command shelter).

7-12.4

7 Nov 2000

Russian SAM System SA-10c GRUMBLE (export variant) _____________________

Missiles

SA-10c in canisters on-
board TEL or trailer
launcher

Typical
Combat Load

4

SYSTEM
System Designation: S-300PMU1
Alternative Designations: SA-10c
Primary Components:
83M6E automated C
2
system, consisting of the
Baykal-1E or 54K6E battle management CP
vehicle, and 64N6E radar vehicle. The system
can contol up to 6 missile complexes (72 mis-
siles, against 36 targets). System also has vehi-
cles and technical support facilities.

90Zh6E missile complex, with 30N6E radar,
battalion CP, and up to 12 5P85SE launcher
vehicles or 12 5P85TE trailer launchers. Com-
plex includes vehicles (e.g., trucks, UAZ-
452T2 survey vehicle) and equipment.

48N6E air defense missile

ARMAMENT
Trailer Launcher and TEL
Name: 5P85SE TEL, in ground force units
5P85TE trailer launcher for site defense

Missiles per launcher: 4
Reaction Time: 8-10 sec
Crew: 4-6
Fire on Move: No
Emplacement Time (min): 5 TEL
30 trailer launcher
Displacement Time (min): < 5 (est) TEL
INA trailer launcher

For TEL, see SA-10b.

The 5P85TE trailer launcher is normally towed
by a KRAZ-260B 6x6 truck.

Missile:
Name: 48N6E
Type: Single-Stage, solid-fuel
Launch Mode: Vertical launch
Range (km):
Max Range TBMs: 40
Targets .5-1 km high: 28-38
Min. Range: 5
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 10
Speed (m/sec):
Max Target: 2,800
Max SAM: 1,900-2,000
Dimensions:
Length (m): 7.5
Diameter (mm): 519
Weight (kg):
In Canister: 2600
Guidance: Track-Via-Missile
Fuze Type: radio command

VARIANTS
SA-10b: See previous page.

SA-10c: Upgrades C
2
,

missiles,
and radars. It is a more mobile
system with an engagement range
increase to 150 km. Forces may
use a mix of earlier and later assets.

Favorit: Later improved system
with upgraded C
2
(83M6E2 and
90Zh6E2), radars (6N6E2 and
30N6E2), and the 48N6E2 missile.
Engagement range is 200 km.

Recent L6LE all-altitude target
designation upgrade radar vehicle
can replace CLAM SHELL.

ASSOCIATED RADARS
Radar:
Name: 64N6E
NATO Designator: INA
Function: Surveillance radar
Unit: Brigade, 3-6 90Zh6E complexes (bns),
total 18-72 launchers
Mobility: Vehicle-mounted
Detection range (km): 200
Number of Targets detected: up to 200
Targets for Simultaneous Lock and Track: 100
Frequency Band: INA, 3-D phased array

Radar:
Name: 30N6E
NATO Designation: INA
Function: Multifunction - Illumination, guidance,
and automatic tracking
Unit: 90Zh6E complex (battalion),
2-6 fire units, total 6-12 launchers
Mobility: Vehicle-mounted
Targets Engaged Simultaneously: up to 6
Missiles Guided Simultaneously : up to 12
Frequency Band: INA 3-D phased array

Radar:
Name: 76N6 (optional supplement to 90Zh6E)
NATO Designation: CLAM SHELL
Function: Low Altitude Search and Acquisition
Unit Associated With: Battalion
Mobility: Mounted atop 40V6 trailer tower
Antenna station is on a 5T58 truck
Operation: Station can operate 500m from radar.
Emplacement time (hrs): 1-2
@ 500 m altitude: 90
@ 1,000 m altitude: 120
Targets Tracked Simultaneously: up to 180
Target Generation Time/Target (sec): 3
Resolution of Target RCS: .02 m
2
@ 1400 kts
Frequency Band: I-band 3-D radar
NOTES
Ground force brigade structure probably differs, with 3-4 battalions and 18-36 total launcher vehicles (vs 36-72 for area defense brigade).

The 83M6E automated C
2
system can be used with other AD missile system complexes, such as SA-5, earlier SA-10, and SA-11. With this C
2
and compatible nets, this system can be used as the base for an integrated air defense system. The 83M6E (Baykal-1E) system can also pass
pass detections directly to the Rubezh-2M air intercept control net.

The missiles (48N6E) are launched vertically by the canister without turning the launcher toward the target. Two missiles are normally fired at
each target increasing probability of hit.

The Osnova-1E integrated air defense system C
2
vehicle can process 120 targets at a time. It can simultaneously sort out aircraft ECM (with the
AKUP-22 system) and pass up to 80 targets to Baikal-1E or other AD missile systems, as well as up 60 targets to Rubezh-2M.

7-12.5
Russian SAM System SA-11/GADFLY______________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

Launch rails, Total
TELAR
Loader-launcher

Typical
Combat
Load

4
8

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BUK-M1
Date of Introduction: 1979/ 83 for -M1
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 32.34 for TELAR
36 or less for all
Chassis: For CP, TELARs, launcher-
loader, radars, GM-569 armored, tracked
TELAR:
Length (m): 9.3
Height (m): 3.8 travel/7.72 deployed
Width (m): 3.25

Engine Name, Type: 700-hp diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 65
Max with launchers ready: 30
Fording depth (m): 1
APU: Yes for TELARs, LL, radars, CP
Radio: INA

Protection:
Amor protection: Small arms (est)
NBC Protection System: INA

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: 9A310M1
Reaction Time (min): 0.25-0.5
0.1 for low-flyers
Fire on Move: No
Emplacement time from march (min): 5
Emplace time, reposition (sec): 20 for a
100-200 m survivability move. TEL does
not have to be lowered and locked down.

Missile:
Name: 9M38M1
Range (m):
Max. Range: 36,000
Min. Range: 3,000
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 15
Dimensions:
Length (m): 5.55
Diameter (mm): 400
Weight (kg): 690
Max target speed (m/s): 830
Max missile Speed (m/s): 1,200
Propulsion: Solid fuel
Guidance: RF command, inertial correction,
Semi-active radar homing
Warhead Type: Frag HE
Warhead lethal radius (m): 17

PROTECTION/COUNTERMEASURES
Jam ECCM: Noise jam 240-330 w/MHz
Passive Jam ECCM: 3 Packets/100m
Measures: One launcher operates radar,
while others are passive. Other guidance
modes reduce radar illumination time.
IFF: Pulse-doppler

FIRE CONTROL
Sights: TV optical auto-tracker
Acquisition range (km): 20
Navigation systems: Available on all
Radar:
Name: 9S18M1/SNOW DRIFT
Function: Battery target acquisition radar
Description: Armored tracked chassis with
phased array radar and dipole antenna
Detection range (km): 100-160
Range precision (m): 400
Detection altitude (km): 25
Frequency: INA

Radar:
Name: FIRE DOME
Function: Launcher tracker, illuminator
Detection Range (km): 80 (2 m
2
)
100 (3 m
2
)
Targets tracked: 1
Frequency: 6-10 GHz
Frequency Band: H/I

OTHER VEHICLES:
Support:
Name: 9A39M1
Function: Launcher-loader vehicle
Missile load: 8
Fire on Move: No

C
2
Vehicle:
Name: 9S470M1
Function: Battery Command Post
Data links: Wire and radio AD net, and
can link to SA-10/Osnova integrated net.
Targets tracked: 15 (6 assigned to TELs)

Other support equipment: TM-9T229
Transporter vehicle, maintenance vehicles,
mobile test unit.

VARIANTS
BUK: Original system used unsuccessful
TUBE ARM, replaced by SNOW DRIFT

BUK-M1-2: Export-based upgrade with,
adaptation of SA-17/9M317 SAM to BUK
launcher system. Orion passive radar
system can also be added. Range extends
to 45 km. New 9A310M1-2 launcher
vehicle with a phased array radar permits
launcher multi-target missions. SNOW
DRIFT upgrade available. Software/
ECM upgrades are included.

NOTES
The 9K37M1 complex consists of a CP vehicle, TA radar, 6 TELARs, 3 launcher-loaders, and 48 missiles. A battery can engage up to 6 targets
(up to 12 missiles) simultaneously. Launcher-loader can launch missiles on TELAR command when necessary. The TELARs can be located 5-
10 km apart and operate autonomously. Target types include helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, UAVs, anti-radiation missiles, and cruise missiles.

7-12.6

7 Nov 2000

Russian SAM System SA-12a and SA-12b __________________________________

SA-12a/GLADIATOR on 9A83 TELAR

SA-12b/GIANT on 9A82 TELAR
Missiles

SA-12a canisters on TELAR

SA-12b canisters on TELAR

Typical
Combat
Load

4

2

SYSTEM
System Designation: Antey S-300V
Primary Components: System consists of
Battalion CP vehicle, 12-24 TELARs or
(heavy or light) launcher-loaders, and radars.

ARMAMENT
TELARs:
Crew: 4
Name: 9A82, GIANT
9A83, GLADIATOR
Reaction Time (sec): 40 alert to operation
15 missile launch
Time Between Launches (sec): 1.5
Brigade missile load: 96-192 (4-8/TELAR)
Fire on Move: No
Emplacement/displacement time (min): 5
Navigation equipment: FCS embedded
Onboard fire control: Illumination radar on
9A83

Launcher-Loader Vehicles (LLVs):
Name: 9A84, for GIANT
9A85, for GLADIATOR
Function: Primary role is to reload missiles
on TELARs. Vehicles use same chassis, but
replace the radar with a crane. If there is
insufficient reload time, LLVs can launch.

NOTE: All of the vehicles have onboard
navigation, an APU, and communications
equipment to minimize response/set-up time.

Chassis: 9M83 and 9M82 are on MT-T (Type
830) heavy tracked chassis
Engine: 525-hp Diesel
Max. road speed (km/h): 50
Weight (mt): 48
Dimensions (m):
Length: 12.3 LLVs and 9A85, 14.5 9A82
Width: 3.38
Height: 3.78

MISSILES
Name: 9M82 (aka GIANT, Zur-1)
Type: Two-Stage, solid-fuel
Primary Target: TBMs-IRBMs
Range (km):
Max. Range: 40 TBMs
100 aircraft
Min. Range: 13
Altitude (km):
Max. Altitude: 25 TBMs, 30 aircraft
Min. Altitude: 2 TBMs, 0.025 aircraft
Speed (m/sec):
Max Target: 3,000
Max SAM: 2,400
Dimensions:
Length (m): 8.5
Diameter (mm): 800
Weight (kg): 4,600
Guidance: inertial, radar semi-active
homing (SAH)
Warhead Type: Focused Frag-HE
Fuze Type: radio command or proximity

Name: 9M83 (aka GLADIATOR, Zur-2)
Type: Two-Stage, solid-fuel
Primary Targets: Dual - aircraft/missiles
Range (km):
Max Range TBMs: 30
Min. Range: 6
Altitude (km):
Max. Altitude: 25
Min. Altitude: 0.025
Speed (m/sec):
Max Target: 3,000
Max SAM: 1,700
Dimensions:
Length (m): 7.0
Diameter (mm): 800
Weight (kg): 2,400
Guidance: inertial, radar SAH
Warhead Type: Focused Frag-HE
Fuze Type: radio command or proximity

COMMAND AND CONTROL
Name: 9S457-1
Function: Command Post tracked vehicle
Unit: Brigade, links to up to 4 9S15
Targets Detected: 200
Targets tracked: 70, 24 assigned at a time

ASSOCIATED RADARS
Name: 9S15
NATO Designator: BILL BOARD
Function: Search radar
Unit Associated with: Brigade
Mobility: Tracked vehicle-mounted
Detection range (km): 10-250
Range accuracy (m): 250
Sweep: 360 in 6-12 sec
Number of Targets tracked: up to 200
Frequency Band: F (3-4GHz), phased array
ECCM: Operation in jamming to 1kW/MHz at
200 km

Name: 9S19
NATO Designation: HIGH SCREEN
Function: Sector search and track, TBMs
Unit Associated With: Brigade
Targets Tracked: 16-20 based on jamming

Name: 9S32-1
NATO Designation: GRILL PAN
Function: Missile guidance station, remotely
controls TELAR illumination radars
Unit: Battery, receives mission from CP
Detection Range (km): 150, 140 automatic
Targets Tracked Simultaneously: up to 12
Missiles Guided Simultaneously : up to 6

VARIANTS
Antey-2500: In 5 units around Moscow,
upgrade system with 9M82M and 9M83M
missiles offers increased velocity, range and
altitude, and counter-stealth protection.
NOTES
The system can be linked into integrated air defense net, and can employ C2/radar assets noted for SA-10c (e.g., Osnova-1 automated complex).
A battery can have 1-2 SA-12b TELARS and 2-4 SA-12a TELARS. A brigade can have 2-4 batteries. The structure is flexible. When launcher-
loaders are used to launch missiles, illumination radars on nearby TELARs will guide the missiles.

7-12.7
Russian SAM System SA-13b/GOPHER ____________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

9M333 missiles

Ready
Reload

7.62-mm MG RPK
Typical Combat
Load

8

4
4

INA

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Strela-10M3,
9K35M3

Description:
Crew: 3
TELAR: 9A34M3 or 9A35M3 vehicle
Chassis: MT-LB
Length (m):
Launch position: 6.45
Travel position: >6.45
Height (m):
TAR up: 3.8
TAR down: 2.22
Width (m): 2.85

Engine Type: V-8 diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 61.5
Max Swim: 6

Radio: INA

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: INA
Dimensions: INA

Length (m): INA
Diameter (mm): INA
Weight (kg): INA
Time Between Launches (sec): <5
Fire on Move: No, stop or short halts
Displacement Time (min): <1.0

Missile:
Name: 9M333
Range (m):
Max. Range: 5,000-7,000
Min. Range: 800
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 2,223
Diameter: 120
Weight (kg): 42
Missile Speed (m/s): Up to 800/517 average
Propulsion: Single-stage solid propellant
Guidance: Photo contrast or dual IR homing
Warhead Type: HE with fragmenting rod
Fuze Type: Laser proximity/contact

Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm MG, RPK
600 cyclic, in bursts
Loader Type: 40/75-rd magazine

Elevation (): INA
Fire on Move: Yes

FIRE CONTROL
Electro-optical/Infrared system:
Range: INA

IFF: 1RL246-10-2/PIE RACK (RF)

Radar:
Name: 9S86/SNAP SHOT
Function: Range only
Tracking Range (km): N/A
Frequency: INA
Frequency Band: INA

VARIANTS
Missile Variants: Strela-10M has un-
cooled lead sulphide (PbS) IR seeker.
Strela-10M2 has uncooled PbS seeker or
cooled indium antimonide Mid-IR single-
mode seeker.

Czech SNAP SHOT radar: Version with
height adjustment capability, and improved
automation and communications

SAVA: Yugloslav variant of Strela-10M/
SA-13a on a BVP M80A IFV chassis.

Strijela-10Croal: Croatian variant with a
TAM 150.B 6x6 vehicle chassis, TV-based
fire control and thermal night sight.

NOTES
Associated equipment includes a 9V915M maintenance vehicle, 9I11 external power supply system, and a 9V839M test vehicle. The DOG EAR
battery acquisition radar has an MT-LBu tracked chassis, operates in F and G band, and provides 80 km detection and 35 km tracking.

The battery set uses centralized digital target warning net; but each launcher must individually acquire and launch against targets. One of the four
launchers (9A35M/TELAR-1) has a 9S16/FLAT BOX -B passive radio DF system (range to 30 km). In a battery set, the TELAR-1 can pass data
to the other launchers (9A34M/TELAR-2). The TELARs have a gasoline-powered APU.

The launcher module can be installed on other vehicles, such as BRDM-2. The launcher permits electro-mechanical aiming, and lock-on auto-
matic slewing to track target. Launcher elevation () is -5 to +80 . Maximum target speed is 420 m/s.

The MT-LB hull offers only 7 mm of protection, versus twice that for the SA-9 BRDM-2. However, the SA-13 tracked chassis improves mobil-
ity, increasing capability for dispersion and survivability. The SA-13 can launch SA-9 SAMs, and can mix the SAMs.

7-13

7 Nov 2000

Russian SAM System SA-15b/GAUNTLET __________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

ready missiles

Typical Combat
Load

8

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9K331 Tor-M1

Description:
Crew: 3
TLAR: 9A331 combat vehicle
Chassis: GM-355
Length (m): 7.5
Height (m): 5.1 (TAR up)
Width (m): 3.3

Engine Type: V-12 diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 65

Radio: INA

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: INA
Dimensions: INA
Length (m): INA
Diameter (mm): INA
Weight (kg): INA
Time Between Launches (sec): (see NOTE)
Fire on Move: Yes
Displacement Time (min): Less than 5

Missile:
Name: 9M331
Range (m):
Max. Range: 12,000
Min. Range: 100
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 2,900
Diameter: 235
Weight (kg): 167
Propulsion: INA
Guidance: Command
Fuze Type: RF Proximity

FIRE CONTROL
Electro-optical (EO) television system:
Range: 20 km

IFF: Yes

Radar:
Name: INA
Frequency: INA
Frequency Band: H-band Doppler

Radar:
Name: INA
Function: Target Tracking and Guidance
Frequency: INA
Frequency Band: K-band Doppler, Phased
Array

VARIANTS

NOTES
SA-15b is designed to be a completely autonomous air defense system (at division level), capable of surveillance, command and control, missile
launch and guidance functions from a single vehicle. The basic combat formation is the firing battery consisting of four TLARs and the Rangir
battery command post. The TLAR carries eight ready missiles stored in two containers holding four missiles each. The SA-15b has the capabil-
ity to automatically track and destroy 2 targets simultaneously in any weather and at any time of the day.

7-14
Italian Aspide Mk 1 SAM System (with Skyguard AA Gun-Missile Battery)________

Aspide 4-canister configuration
Weapons &
Ammunition Types

Launch canisters

Total missiles

Typical
Combat Load

4/6
(depending on
confiiguration)

12

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Skyguard system
Date of Introduction: 1986.

LAUNCHER
Description: Towed 4/6 canister launcher
Name: INA
Reaction Time (sec): 11
Fire on Move: No
Number of fire channels: 2

ARMAMENT
Missile:
Name: Aspide
Range (km):
Max. Range: 15+
Min. Range: 0.75
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 6,000+
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions:
Length (m): 3.65
Diameter (mm): 203

Weight (kg): 230
Velocity (mach): 2.0
Maneuver capability (Gs): 35-40
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster
Guidance: J-band radar semiactive
homing. Seeker also can be used in
home-on-jam mode.
Fuze Type: Proximity and contact

FIRE CONTROL
Onboard Fire Contol: Tracker and
illuminator radars, I/J-band
Off-carriage Fire Control
Electro-optical system: SEC-
Vidicon TV tracking system
Laser rangefinder

Radar:
Name: Skyguard Mk II (SW)
Function: (1) Fire control search and
(2) track, I-band, doppler
Tracking Capability: 1 target, 1-2 missiles
Frequency: 8-20 GHz
Frequency Band: J, doppler illuminator
Rotation Rate/min: 60
Mean Power (W): 200

VARIANTS
Amoun: Egyptian Aspide/Sparrow system

Aramis: Brigade SAM system with 6-canister
launcher.

Spada: Italian Air Force launcher version.

Sparrow: System from which Aspide is de-
rived, and is interchangeable in the launcher.

LY-60: Chinese ground/naval variant

NOTES
GPS is used for surveying systems in position. Skyguard connection link is 1,000-m cable link or 5000-m radio link.

The system can also be used with Supergiraffe AD battalion EW radar.

Other missile systems can be used with Skyguard system instead of Aspide. They include ADATS, ASRAD, AIM-7E/Sparrow, SAHV-IR, and
Chinese LY-60.

7-14.1

7 Nov 2000

European SAM System Crotale 4000_______________________________________

Weapons &
Ammunition Types

R440 missile canisters

Typical
Combat Load

4

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: TSE 5000
Date of Introduction: 1971, 4000 in 1988
Description: Data is for vehicle w/launcher
TELAR: P4R 4x4
Crew: 2 launcher vehicle
Length (m): 6.22
Height (m): 3.41
Width (m): 2.72

Engine Type: INA
Max. Road Speed (km/h): 70
Fording depth (m): 0.68

Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor protection (mm): 3-5

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: Crotale
Weight (mt): INA
Set-up time (min): 5
Reaction Time (sec): 6.5
Time Between Launches (sec): 2.5
Fire on Move: No

Missile:
Name: R440
Range (m):
Max: 10,000
Max, slow movers: 14,600
Min. Range: 500
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 15
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 2890
Diameter: 150
Weight (kg): 84, 100 with canister
Maneuver capability (Gs): 27
Propulsion: Solid propellant motor
Guidance: RF CLOS
Warhead Type: Focused frag-HE
Lethal radius (m): 8

FIRE CONTROL
Day Camera: TV tracker, low elevation
Range (km): 14.0
Optical sight: back-up binocular tracker
Day/Night Camera: Thermal, optional v
Field of view ():8.1/2.7
Elevation (): 5.4/1.8
Range (km): 19.0
Missile Tracker: IR, for remote control

IFF: Yes, on ACU (See Notes)

Radar:
Name: Mirador IV pulse doppler
Function: Surveillance
Antenna rotation rate (rpm): 60
Detection Range (km): 18.5
Altitude coverage (m): 0 - 4,500
Target Detection: 30 targets per rotation
Multiple target tracking: 12 targets.
Frequency Band: E

Radar:
Name: INA, on launcher vehicle
Function: tracking
Targets tracked: 1
Missile guidance, simultaneous: 2
Altitude coverage (m): 0 - 5,000
Frequency (GHz): 12-18
Frequency Band: J, monopulse
Associated radar: I-band (8-10 GHz) command

VARIANTS
System is mounted on vehicles, shelter, ships
Crotale 1000: Initial version with cable link.
Crotale 2000: Variant with TV and IFF.
Crotale 3000: Variant has TV auto-tracker.
Crotale 4000: Variant with radio data link and
thermal sight option
Crotale Improved: Has new radar
Cactus: SA variant for SAHV-3 missile.
FM-80/HQ-7: Chinese variant.
Shahine: Upgrade has R460 15-km missile on
AMX-30 tank chassis. Shahine 2 features
radar range increase to 12.0 , M3.5 velocity,
and 5-m minimum altitude (slow movers).
Thales Crotale: Upgrades for French air force
and navy variants and Saudi variants.

NOTES
The all-weather system is deployed in platoons. A platoon includes an Acquisition and Coordination Unit (ACU) vehicle and 2-3 "firing units"
(launcher vehicles). A battery includes two platoons. Battery reloads are deliverd on trucks. An ACU uses the same P4R chassis with the sur-
veillance radar, IFF interrogator, battle management computer, digital RF datalink, and VHF radios. With the RF datalink, interval can be up to
10 km between ACUs, and up to 3 km between ACU and launcher vehicles.

An off-chassis remote control system can be used to guide the missile.

7-14.2
European SAM System Crotale-New Generation _____________________________

XA-181 SAM Launcher Vehicle
Weapons &
Ammunition Types

VT-1 missile canisters

Typical
Combat Load

8

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Crotale-NG,
XA-181 (Finnish SAM Launcher vehicle)
Proliferation: At least 5 countries, all variants
Description: Data is for vehicle w/launcher
TELAR: XA-181 is XA-180 (PASI) 6x6 APC
with Crotale NG launcher system
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 23.0 launch-ready
Length (m): 7.35
Height (m): 2.3 for vehicle hull +2-3 m (est)
Width (m): 2.9

Engine Type: 240-hp diesel
Swim capability: No
Radio: INA

Protection:
Armor protection: 6-12 mm

ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: VL-VT-1
Weight (mt): 4.8
Reaction Time (sec): <6
Time Between Launches (sec): 1-2
Fire on Move: No

Missile:
Name: VT-1
Range (m):
Max. Range: 11,000
Min. Range: 500
Altitude (m):
Min. Altitude: 5
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 2300
Diameter: 170
Weight (kg): 75
Missile Speed (m/s): 1,250
Maneuver capability (Gs): 35
Propulsion: Solid propellant motor
Guidance: RF CLOS
Warhead Type: Focused frag-HE
Fuze Type: Proximity
Lethal radius (m): 8

FIRE CONTROL
Day Camera: Mascot, CCD TV
Field of view (): 2.4
Elevation (): 1.8
Range (km): 15
Night Camera: Castor, thermal
Field of view ():8.1/2.7
Elevation (): 5.4/1.8
Range (km): 19
Missile Tracker: IR missile localiser
on the CCD camera
IFF: Yes

Radar:
Name: TRS 2630
Function: Surveillance
Antenna: Planar
Aircraft: 20
Hovering rotary wing aircraft: 11
Altitude coverage (m): 0-5000
Multiple target tracking: Automatic track-
while-scan for up to 8 targets.
Frequency (GHz): 2-3
Frequency Band: S
ECCM: Low sidelobes, wide-band frequency
agility, search on the move capability

Radar:
Name: INA
Function: Engagement, tracking
Frequency (GHz): 35
Frequency Band: Ku
ECCM: Wideband frequency agile

VARIANTS
System is designed to fit on a modular pod,
on ships, and for variety of chassis. They
include APCs, e.g., M113, Korean IFV,
Piranha 10x10, and the XA-180 as noted

Russian Fakel VL-VT-1 launcher upgrade
gives VT-1 hypervelocity missile (HVM)
vertical 40-m rise before pitch-over to target.

Pegasus: South Korean system with a dif-
ferent missile

NOTES
The modular all-weather system includes acquisition, tracking, firing and computer units integrated on one vehicle, for management by a single
system operator.

7-14.3

7 Nov 2000

7-14.4
Russian SAM Radar System LONG TRACK _________________________________

SYSTEM


Date of Introduction: IOC 1967

Description: Twenty-five foot high single conventional parabolic
mesh reflector antenna with multiple stacked feeds that is vehi-
cle mounted.

Functions: Early warning radar, surveillance and target acquisition

Chassis: A modified version of the AT-T heavy tracked transporter
or truck mounted.

Mobility: On/off road capable mobility is very good. The LONG
TRACK was the first highly mobile early warning radar. The
antenna is folded for transport.

ADA Unit Level: Employed at both battalion and brigade levels

Frequency Band: E- band, 2.6 GHz

Sweep Rate (rpm): 15

Effective Range (km): >150

Effective Altitude (km): 30

Track Targets on Move: No



Associated SAMs: SA-4/GANEF, SA-6/GAINFUL, SA-8/GECKO

VARIANTS
Polish Jawor (circa 1965) and Polish Farm Gate (Truck mounted).

Exports: Restricted outside of former Warsaw Pact.

NOTES None

7-15

7 Nov 2000

Russian SAM Radar System TUBE ARM____________________________________

SYSTEM

Alternative Designation: INA

Date of Introduction: Circa 1983

Description: Eighteen foot high cut parabolic cylindrical antenna
that is track vehicle mounted.

Functions: Acquisition and surveillance

Chassis: MT-LBu tracked vehicle

Mobility: On/off road capable mobility is very good.

Associated SAMs: SA-11 GADFLY

ADA Unit Level: Employed at both battalion and brigade levels

Frequency Band: H/I bands

Sweep Rate: INA


Effective Altitude (km): INA

Track Targets on Move: INA



VARIANTS
None known

Exports: None known due to problems with entire SA-11 system.

Follow-on/Replacement systems: 9S18M1 SNOWDRIFT

NOTES
This radar was originally developed for the SA-11/GADFLY. As a result of problems with the TUBE ARM surveillance radar, the 9S18M1
SNOWDRIFT radar was developed to replace it.

7-16
Swedish SAM Radar System Giraffe _______________________________________

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: See Variants
Proliferation: Various configurations in at least 18 countries

Description: Radar has a broadband fully coherent travelling-
wave-tube (TWT) transmitter, and a vertically polarized parabolic
reflector antenna lifted on an elevating arm. Hydraulic elevating
arm height is 13m, 7m for Giraffe 50AT and HARD.
Crew: INA
Chassis: The most mobile systems are Giraffe 50AT and Hard, on
a Swedish Hagglunds Bv208 All Terrain Tracked Carrier, with an
articulated chassis. It is a diesel-engined variant of Bv206.

Data for Giraffe 50AT chassis (Bv208)
Weight (kg): 6.34, INA with arm
Length (m): 6.9, INA with arm
Width (m): 1.9
Height (m): 2.4 for chassis, INA with arm
Engine Type: 125-hp Mercedes Benz OM Diesel
Mobility: Off road mobility is very good on tracked chassis, off-
road speed is slightly reduced due to arm.
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious; however, arm may affect it.

Associated AD systems: RBS70, RBS90, RBS 23/BAMSE,
Stinger, Rapier, Mistral, AA guns, and any other air defense
systems with compatible C
2
networks.

ADA Unit Level: Employed to support short-range and medium-
range firing units and air defense and coastal defense networks.

RADAR CAPABILITY
Functions: Early warning, surveillance, acquisition and tracking, and
for combat control center
Features: Radar is designed to operate in a ground clutter and ECM
environment. The signal processor uses digital MTI doppler process-
ing, with current ECCM, such as automatic jumps to avoid jammed
frequencies, and extracts jammer bearings from display. Radar has
automatic target detection and tracking.
Specifications:
Frequency Band: G-band, except for HARD (H/I-band)
Sweep Rate (rpm): Antenna rotates 60 rpm.
Effective Range (km): Number in name denotes range in km. Thus,
Giraffe 50AT range is 50 km.
Resolution 0.1 sq m target (km): 20-25
Effective Altitude (km): Low flying targets, up to 12 (depending
on target resolution and aspect)
Track Targets on Move: No

VARIANTS
Giraffe (PS-70/R): Original system for use with RBS70, with 40 km
surveillance, 20 km target designation range.
Giraffe 40: Truck-mounted system for AA guns and MANPADS
support nets.
Giraffe 50: System featured above, with reduced detection and reac-
tion time, and better clutter resistence.
Giraffe 75 (PS-90): Truck-mounted medium-range system, which can
control up to 20 fire units.
Giraffe 100: Truck-mounted long-range variant employs the Sea
Giraffe 150 radar.
Coastal Giraffe: Coastal defense variant.
Giraffe AD: Medium-range variant focused on ECCM and C
2
.
Giraffe CS: Short-range and coast defense variant.
HARD (PS-91): Short-range variant on Bv-208 chassis. The H/I-
band operating frequencies provide low probability of intercept (LPI).

NOTES
It can be mounted in various vehicle configurations, such as tracked vehicle, wheeled APC, or truck, and can be ship- mounted. Fixed site ver-
sions are also available.

The radar net can alert the missile firer and assign sector on a plotting board within the sight unit for RBS-70 and RBS-90 MANPADS.

7-17

7 Nov 2000

7-18
Chapter 8
Engineer and Logistics

This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected engineer equipment and logis-
tics vehicles. Engineer equipment covers, in order, obstacle- and route-clearing vehicles, mine-
laying systems, and mineclearing systems. It does not include engineer equipment designed pri-
marily for civil engineering or construction in the rear areas. Also not included is dredging and
gap crossing equipment. Data sheets addressing some of these systems will be sent with the next
supplement to this guide.

The second categorylogistics vehicles, provides the basic characteristics of selected
trucks readily available to the OPFOR. It includes a representative vehicle from the light, utility,
medium, and heavy truck categories. Later updates of this guide will include data on a wider
selection of trucks, trailers, vans and other logistical equipment.


Mr. Richard G. McCall
DSN: 552-7960 Commercial (913) 684-7960
e-mail address: mccallr@leavenworth.army.mil

8-1

7 Nov 2000

8-2
Land Mine Primer

The widespread use of landmines on todays battlefields results from a combination of
mass production, plastic mines, improved battlefield delivery systems, and development of so-
phisticated fuzing. Advances in mass-production techniques and the associated reduction in per-
item cost along with its simplicity of manufacture and automated production make landmines
extremely attractive for terrain denial. Another technological improvement affecting landmines
is the widespread use of plastic. Metal detectors are ineffective for locating plastic-cased mines
unless the manufacture intentionally places a mass of metal in the mine. Remotely delivered
mines have expanded capability for changing the tempo of battle. Development of various fuze
arming and triggering options have increased mine usefulness in warfare.

1. Types of Minefields. The five basic types of OPFOR minefields are antitank (AT), antiper-
sonnel (AP), mixed, decoy, and antilanding. AT minefields are the primary type of OPFOR en-
gineer obstacle and serve to destroy or disable armored vehicles. They are primarily established
in belts consisting of multiple rows on avenues that are favorable for tanks in front of the for-
ward edge and on the flanks. Where difficult terrain is available, minefield belts will be tied into
terrain obstacles to reduce the mine requirement. The OPFOR sets up conventional AP mine-
fields on the forward edge of friendly defensive positions, in front of AT minefields, or along
dismounted avenues of approach. Mixed minefields consist of both AP and AT mines. Decoy
minefields are a significant form of deception to slow movement or deceive as to true unit loca-
tions. Antilanding minefields prevent landings by amphibious, airborne, or heliborne assault
forces.

Minefields can also be categorized by their technical method of activationuncontrolled,
controlled, and intelligent minefields. Controlled minefields consist of landmines with elec-
tronic switches giving the operator (controller) control over the operational status of the mine-
field. The operator can change the status of the landmines either by a direct hardwire link or by
radio. An entire minefield can be emplaced and turned on or off, as necessary to best support
friendly operations. On a smaller scale, select passages in a conventional minefield can contain
controllable landmines, allowing for the option of clearing safe lanes for friendly use. The addi-
tion of selectable anti-removal and self-destruct features to controlled mines enhances flexibility
and overall effectiveness.

Intelligent minefields are far-term concepts, with no foreign systems projected for field-
ing prior to 2008. They are still in the developmental stage and will have all the advantages of
controlled landmines but also will use two-way communications. They will be composed of
wide area coverage mines.

2. Types of Mines. Mines may be AT/anti-vehicle, AP, antihelicopter, or area mines. They
may also be defined by the manner in which they are emplaced such as scatterable (remote), or
side-attack (generally AT or anti-vehicle) or their area coverage. As noted earlier for minefields,
the OPFOR makes distinctions between controlled mines (command-operated by hard wire or
radio linkage) and uncontrolled mines.

8-2.1

7 Nov 2000

a. Antitank. Conventional antitank mines, such as the TM-62 AT mine, are those that
are emplaced either by hand or by mechanical means. These will continue to be the primary
landmine threat throughout the foreseeable future. They are readily available to armies and in-
surgency groups worldwide and are cheap and effective. These mines are normally buried just
below the surface of the ground but can be surface laid or buried with up to 30 cm of cover.

Antitank mines can vary in size from as small as 1.4 kg for a scatterable mine (PTM-1S)
to over 20 kg for a side attack mine (TM-83). The category of antitank mines includes side-
attack and anti-vehicle mines.

(1). Side-attack. Commonly called off-route mines, side-attack mines are an integral
part of the adaptive battlefield and date back to the LGM trip-wire AT mines of the Vietnam War
era. Today there are at least 18 different side-attack mines in use by 22 countries. Ten more
side-attack mines are under development. Within the next few years these weapons will have
proliferated to every combat environment.

Side-attack mines are autonomous weapons that attack vehicles from the side as the vehi-
cles pass by. Current developments in side-attack landmines use mature technology from other
weapon programs. For example, a shoulder-fired AT weapon placed on a tripod and fitted with
an IR sensor can kill moving targets up to 100 meters away. Current warhead technology in
these weapons can allow penetration of up to 950 mm of rolled homogeneous armor. Since side-
attack landmines have increased areas of coverage, the number required to hinder mobility of
enemy forces is greatly reduced. Uses for these landmines include harassment throughout the
area of operation and reinforcement of conventional minefields to make "cleared" lanes unsafe.
SOF and security patrols can also use these mines to economically cover multiple avenues of ap-
proach, alert on enemy encroachments, and trigger time-sensitive kill zones.

(2). Anti-vehicle. Many smaller antitank mines, or larger antipersonnel mines, have
been developed (or modified) to severely damage or destroy vehicles other than tanks with a few
pound of high explosives or fragmentation. These may be either trucks or lightly armored com-
bat support vehicles such as BTRs.

b. Antipersonnel. On the battlefield, the modern AP mine is used to:
Inflict personnel casualties.
Hinder soldiers in clearing AT minefields.
Establish defensive positions.
Deny access to terrain.

Antipersonnel landmines injure by either blast or fragmentation. The small antipersonnel
mine contains no more than a pound (usually only a few ounces) of high explosive. Blast injures
by the force of the charge. The loss of a foot or a leg is the common result. Fragmentation
mines contain hundreds to thousands of pellets. Plastic-cased landmines pepper their victims
with small particles of plastic that are not detectable with x-rays, making complete cleansing of
wounds extremely difficult and increasing the risk of infection and amputation.

8-2.2
c. Antihelicopter. The modern attack helicopter, with increasing agility and weapons
payload, is able to bring enormous firepower to bear on enemy forces. To counter this threat, a
new type of minethe antihelicopter mineis being developed. By borrowing technologies
from the side-attack and wide-area landmines, antihelicopter mines may make use of acoustic
fuzing to locate and target potential low-flying targets at significant distances. Their multiple-
fragment warheads are more than capable of destroying light-skinned, nonarmored targets at
closer ranges.

A simple antihelicopter mine can be assembled from an acoustic sensor, a triggering IR
sensor, and a large directional fragmentation mine. More advanced mines use a fairly sophisti-
cated data processing system to track the helicopter, aim the ground launch platform, and guide
fire the kill mechanism toward the target. As the helicopter nears the mines, the acoustic sensor
activates or cues an IR or MMW sensor. This second sensor initiates the mine when the helicop-
ter enters the lethal zone of the mine. A typical large fragmentation warhead is sufficient to
damage soft targets, such as aircraft. Alternate warhead designs include high-explosive war-
heads and single or multiple explosively formed penetrators.

d. Area Coverage. The terms area and wide area mines are often confusing and
misleading. Mines classified as area mines range from antipersonnel bouncing Betty mines to
side-attack mines, directional fragmentation mines claymores, and possibly antihelicopter
mines. Wide area coverage mines with sophisticated fuzing and possibly a limited communica-
tions capability are weapons of the future and have not been fielded.

3. Emplacement or Delivery Methods. In the past landmines generally were placed manually
one at a time. Mass mine delivery and distribution systems permit the rapid placement of large
quantities of mines. Landmine emplacement vehicles are designed to automatically arm and
bury a landmine every 3-10 meters. Landmines also may be placed with artillery, rockets, or air-
craft at a rate of hundreds, even thousands, of mines per minutes.

Emplacement means may be manual, mechanical, or remote. Manual emplacement is not
possible when there is little time or during high-speed maneuver operations. Therefore, me-
chanical and remote means are more prevalent.

a. Manual. The OPFOR manually emplaces minefields when
There is no contact with the enemy.
Mechanical minelayers are unavailable.
It is inadvisable to use mechanical minelayer because of terrain restrictions.

b. Mechanical. OPFOR engineers rely extensively on mechanized minelayers. These
can bury or surface-lay AT mines. The layout of mechanically emplaced minefields is the same
as those emplaced by hand. Mines can also be emplaced by helicopters or vehicles with the use
of chutes (slides). Mine chutes can also be used to assist manual burial emplacement or to sur-
face-lay mines.

8-2.3

7 Nov 2000

c. Scatterable Mines. The US calls them scatterable mines, other countries call them
remotely-delivered. Whatever you chose to call them they are landmines, laid without regard
to classical patterns, which are designed to be delivered by aircraft, tube artillery, multiple rocket
launchers, missiles, ground vehicles, or they can be hand-thrown. Scatterable mines are not a
standard item except in well-equipped armies of the world. While the number of countries pos-
sessing scatterable mines continue to increase, there will continue to be many areas of the world
where scatterable mines are not a threat through the far term.

Minefield emplacement is progressing from manually and mechanically emplaced mine-
fields to the more flexible and dynamic remotely, scatterable minefield. The ability to remotely
deliver mines allows a rapid response with thousands of landmines at any point on the battle-
field. Since many scatterable landmines feature self-destruct and antidisturbance fuzing, they are
well suited for operations that deny terrain for a specific period. After the allotted time has ex-
pired, the terrain can once again be used by friendly forces. Scatterable mines may be delivered
by the following methods.

(1) Artillery. Multiple rocket launchers are the primary means of remote minelaying.
The principal advantage of MRL mine delivery is its ability to quickly emplace large minefields
in a single volley, while minimizing exposure to enemy targeting and weapon systems. Both AP
and AT mines can be delivered by artillery (which may include cannon and mortar rounds).

(2) Ground Vehicles. Within recent years the trend has been to mount scatterable-mine
dispensers on ground vehicles. Both AP and AT mines can be launched from ground vehicles.
This also gives the engineers the ability to re-seed or reinforce an obstacle without entering the
minefield itself.

(3) Infantry. Lower level OPFOR infantry units may employ man-portable remote mine
dispensers. These man-portable dispensers, weighing only a few pounds, are ideal for installing
small, defensive, AP or AT minefields. Infantry-fired ground dispensers allow low-level units to
remotely emplace minefields to protect their fighting positions, flanks, and boundaries between
units, or to cover firing lines and gaps in combat formations. They can quickly close breaches in
existing protective minefields and increase the density of mines on armor avenues of approach.

(4) Aerial. Both AT and AP minefields can be laid using aerial minelaying systems.
Bombers and fighter-bombers can lay remotely delivered minefields in the operational depths.
Ground-attack aircraft lay these minefields in the enemys tactical depths.

Helicopter minelaying systems are used to emplace small mine belts or large barrier
minefields in the execution of army or division offensive or defensive maneuver plans. This
type of aerial minelaying is normally conducted over friendly territoryalong flanks or in rear
areas. When supporting an airborne or air assault landing, helicopters may lay mines on enemy
territory. Helicopter mine chutes are a tool available to even low-technology helicopter forces
for installation on a variety of helicopters by low echelon maintenance units and rapidly dispens-
ing conventional anti-tank mines in areas inaccessible to even rapidly moving ground vehicles.

Placement of a limited number of side-attack or conventional AT/AP mines along likely
movement routes allows the OPFOR to harrass traffic, slow movement rates, cause casualties,
and affect enemy morale.
8-2.4
4. Fuzes. Some types of fuzes, such as pressure fuzes, are used in both AT and AP mines while
other fuzes tend to be linked more to specific types of mines. For example, acoustic sensors are
generally used with antihelicopter and advanced off-route mines while magnetic, tilt-rod, or
seismic fuzes are used with AT mines. Most AT mines are detonated by the pressure of a vehi-
cle driving over a buried mine or by the movement of a tilt rod attached to the mine. Pressure
and tilt-rod AT mine fuzes are being replaced or complemented by mines with magnetic, optical,
seismic, and acoustic influence mines.

Some mines have a second fuze well to facilitate the installation of a anti-handling fuze.
Conventional antihandling devices and target-sensing fuzes have evolved into sophisticated
booby traps, which virtually assure grievous injury or death to the deminer. Some landmines
may be detonated by metal detectors; others explode when their fuzes detect light when lifted
from the ground. One version of the Bouncing Betty is activated by an array of seismic detec-
tors.

Other mines, for example the US M18A1, will accommodate a variety of fuzes, including
tripwire and command detonation. Other mines, especially antihelicopter mines use a combina-
tion of sensors/fuzes to acquire the helicopter and initiate the mine when the helicopter enters the
lethal zone.

a. Pressure. The pressure fuze is the most common type of fuzes for both AT and AP
mines. It may require only a few ounces pressure to active the mine or as much as several hun-
dred pounds.

b. Trip Wire. Also called pressure release, these fuzes may be attached to a thin wire
stretched across a path or route. When the victim or vehicle passes and breaks the wire, the mine
is detonated. Trip wires are used mainly with AP and side-attack mines.

c. Magnetic. Most armored vehicles contain a large quantity of steel and therefore cre-
ate large magnetic disturbances that signal their presence to a magnetic influence fuzed land-
mine.

d. Optical. An optical fuze, using a small infrared or ultra-violet transmitting diode on a
surface-placed landmine, sends a detonation signal with it senses light reflecting from the hull of
a tank.

e. Radar. A small micro-electronic radar can sense the underside of a tank by the mag-
nitude and location of the radar reflection.

f. Seismic. Mines can be equipped with sensors that detect the vibrations caused by the
weight and track movement of tanks or by the noise they make.

g. Acoustic. When a system approaches, antihelicopter or advanced off-route mines use
an acoustic sensor to activate or cue an IR, seismic, or MMW sensor.

h. Infrared. IR sensors are generally used against vehicles, ground and aerial.

8-2.5

7 Nov 2000

8-2.6

Mines the US soldier is "most likely to encounter" on the adaptive battlefield

Anti-Tank Mines

Name

Country of
Manufacture
Number
of User
Countries
Emplacement
Method
Armor
Penetration
(mm)/ Kill
Mechanism
Effective
Range
(meter)

Detectability/
Composition
Anti-
Handling
Fuze Type/
Self Neutralize
Explosive
Type & Weight/Total
Weight (kg)
Comment

Scatterable
PTM-3 FSU 12+ remote-surface:
UMZ, helicopter,
PKM portable
70 mm: pene-
trates tank belly
& destroys
running gear
visual
mine detectors
cause detonation
plastic
yes proximity, magnetic
self-destruct: yes-16
to 24 hrs
TG-40: 1.8 kg
Total: 5 kg

PTM-1S/
PGMDM

FSU 17+ remote-surface:
UMZ, MRL, aircraft,
PKM portable
track breaker
on contact/
blast
1

visual
plastic
no contact, pressure
neutralize: yes-
0 to 24 hrs
PVV-12S liquid plas-
tic: 1.4 kg
similar to
German
AT-1

Manual, Mechanical, and Chute Emplaced
TM-62M/
P/B/D

FSU
Poland
Bulgaria
30+ manual
mechanical
chute
27 RHAE
blast
1 varies:
M: metal-easy
P: plastic
B: caseless
D: wood
Not built in pressure (200 kg)
magnetic
seismic
Trotyl, RDX &
aluminum/7 kg
Total: 8.5 kg

TM-57 FSU
Bulgaria
China
Iraq
29+ manual
mechanical
chute
blast 1 easy
sheet metal
yes pressure (00/2.5/.5-6
kg) delay-armed,
tilt rod,
pull (booby trap)
neutralize: no
TNT or TGA 60/24/16:
6.0 kg
Total: 8.47 kg

TM-46/
TMN-46
FSU
Germany
Bulgaria
Egypt (M/71)
Israel (No. 6)
28+ manual
mechanical
blast 1 easy
sheet metal
TMN-46
yes
pressure
(180/132 kg), tilt rod
neutralize: no
TNT, amatol/5.7 kg
Total: 2.9 kg

PT-Mi-Ba-III Czech 17
+ terrorist
groups
manual
mechanical
chute
blast
defeats known
belly armor
1 plastic/bakelite
(metal in fuze
only-2.9 gr)
yes with
RO-4 fuze
pressure (200 kg)
self-destruct or neu-
tral: no
TNT/7.2 kg
Total: 9.9

Mk 7 United
Kingdom
16+ manual

blast 1 easy
metal
yes pressure (150 kg),
tilt rod available
TNT/8.9 kg
Total: 13.6

TMD-B

FSU
Namibia
16+ manual blast 1 difficult with
hand held
detectors - wood
possible pressure (200-500 kg)
tral: no
TNT/9.0 kg
Total: 9.7

TMA-3 Former
Yugoslavia
13

manual
mechanical
blast 1 very difficult with
hand held
detectors
plastic coating
yes pressure (180 kg)
tral: no
cast TNT/6.5
Total: 7.0

8-2.7

7 Nov 2000

Anti-Tank Mines (continued)

Name

Country of
Manufacture
Number of
User
Countries
Emplacement
Method
Armor
Penetration
(mm)/ Kill
Mechanism
Effective
Range
(m)
Detectability/
Composition
Anti-
Handling
Fuze Type/
Self Neutralize
Explosive
Type &
Weight/Total
Weight (kg)
Comment
M19

US
Chile
Iran
South Korea
Turkey
13 manual blast 1 difficult with
hand held detec-
tors
plastic
yes pressure (182 kg) COMP B/9.53 kg
Total: 12.56

TMK-2 FSU 13+ manual 250 RHAE
belly attack
plate charge
1 easy
metal
possible tilt rod (8-12 kg)
tral: no
TG-50, TNT
Total: 12.5

PRB M3/ A

Belgium 12 manual blast 1 very difficult with
hand held detec-
tors plastic
yes pressure
(250 kg)
RDX/TNT 6.5
Total: 6.8

Side-Attack (Antitank and Anti-vehicle) Mines
Name

Country of
Manufacture
Number of
User
Countries
Emplacement
Method
Armor
Penetration
(mm)/ Kill
Mechanism
Effective
Range
(meter)
Detectability/
Composition
Anti-
Handling
Fuze Type/
Self Neutralize
Explosive
Type &
Weight/Total
Weight (kg)
Comment
TM-83 FSU 13+ manual 100 RHAE
EFP
50 visual
case metal
possible IR & seismic,
or breakwire
explosive 9.6
Total: 20.4 kg

LMG FSU 13+ manual rocket
propelled
shaped-charge
27 visual
metal
no Tension (1 kg), trip-
wire
neutralize: no
TNT: 3.2 kg
Total: 10 kg

Panzer-
faust
Germany 1 manual 700 rocket
propelled
shaped-charge
150 visual
metal
no IR & acoustic, seis-
mic,
breakwire
SIRA sen-
sor pack-
age
MIACHAF
F1
France
UK (L14A1)
Netherlands
(NR 29)
4+ manual 70 RHAE
@ 40 m
shaped-charge
80 visual
metal
no breakwire, command,
IR influence
neutralize: no
Hexolite: 7 kg
Total: 12 kg

PARM 1
(DM-12)
Austria
Germany
UK
Sweden
Finland
5+ manual 600
rocket
propelled
shaped-charge
40 visual
metal
no neutralize: 20, 40, 60
days
Total: 10 kg
PK Mi-PK Czech 1+ manual 50 RHAE
5-EFPs
30 visual
metal
possible contact wire explosive: 5.5
Total: 12

8-2.8

Anti-Personnel Mines

Name

Country of
Manufacture
Number
of User
Countries
Emplacement
Method
Kill
Mechanism
Effective
Range (m)
Detectability/
Composition
Anti-
Handling
Fuze Type/
Self Neutralize
Explosive
Type &
Weight/Total
Weight (kg)
Comments

Scatterable

PFM-1S

FSU 12+ remote-surface
(UMZ, MRL, heli-
copter, PKM port-
able)
blast 1 visual
plastic
no pressure (5 kg)
Self-destruct: 85%
over 40 hr
liquid plastic-
VS-6D: 40 g
Total: 70 g
copy of US
BLU-43B

POM-1S

FSU 12+ remote-surface
(UMZ, helicopter,
PKM portable)
fragmentation 4 visual yes tripwires,
Self-destruct
100 g
Total: 750 g
copy of US
BLU-42B
POM-2S FSU 12+ remote-surface
(UMZ, helicopter,
PKM portable)
fragmentation

16

visual, readily no tripwires (.2 kg)
Self-destruct: 4 to
100 hr
TNT: .14 kg
Total: 1.6 kg

Manual, Mechanical, and Chute Emplaced

PMN

FSU
China
Iraq
32+ manual
chute
blast 1 readily-
plastic case
metal in fuze &
cover
cannot be
disarmed/
pressure plate-very
sensitive (8-25 kg)
self-neutralize: no
TNT: 237 g
Total: .55 kg
most common
AP mine
MON 100 FSU
Bulgaria
27+ manual directional
fragmentation
400 pieces
100=width
of kill zone
@ 100 m=
6.5-9.5
metal case possible
but not
likely
electric command,
tension-release
self-neutralize: no
TNT: 2 kg
Total: 5 kg
also effective
against lightly
armored vehi-
cles
OZM-4

FSU 26+ manual bounding
fragmentation
(.6-.8 m above
ground)
15 readily detect-
able
case cast iron
possible tripwire (2-5 kg),
electrical, pressure,
tension release
self-neutralize: no
Total: 5 kg
MON 200 FSU
Bulgaria
25+ manual directional
fragmentation
900 pieces
200=width
of kill zone
@ 200 m=
10.5-14.5
visual
metal case
possible
but not
likely
electrical,
self-neutralize: no
TNT: 12 kg
Total: 25 kg
also effective
against lightly
armored vehi-
cles
PMD-6 FSU
Namibia
Serbia
24+ manual blast 1 detectable
wood
metal in fuze
possible pressure,
tripwire (1 kg)
self-neutralize: no
TNT: 200 g
Total: .4 kg

MON 50

FSU 23+ manual directional
fragmentation
485 pieces
width of
kill zone @
50 m=45
visual
plastic case
possible electric command,
tripwire, tension,
tension release
self-neutralize: no
RDX: 700 g
Total: 2 kg
copy of US
M18A1 clay-
more
8-2.9

7 Nov 2000

Antipersonnel Mines (continued)

Name

Country of
Manufacture
Number
of User
Countries
Emplacement
Method
Kill
Mechanism
Effective
Range
(meter)
Detectability/
Composition
Anti-
Handling
Fuze Type/
Self Neutralize
Explosive
Type &
Weight/Total
Weight (kg)

Comments
POMZ-2M

FSU
China (Type 59)
North Korea
Germany
22+ stake mine
manual
fragmentation 4 visual, detector
cast iron
possible tripwire
(1 kg force)
TNT: 75 g
Total: 1.77 kg

M18A1/
Claymore
US
South Korea (K440)
Pakistan (P5 Mark I)
Iran
Chile
South Africa (Shrap-
nel mine No. 2)
FSU (MON-50)
22+ manual directional steel
fragments
50 visual
plastic case
possible electric command,
tripwire, tension,
tension release
C4: 680 g
Total: 1.60 kg

M14 US
India (M-14)
Vietnam (MN-79 &
MD 82B)
20+ manual blast 1 contact very difficult
with hand-held
detector
plastic body
(only metal is
steel striker tip)
possible pressure (9-16 kg)

TNT: 29 g
Total: .099 kg

Antihelicopter

Name

Country of
Manufacture
Number
of User
Countries
Emplacement
Method
Armor
Penetration
(mm)/ Kill
Mechanism
Effective
Range
(meter)
Maximum
/Minimum
Detectability/
Composition
Target
Velocity
(m/s)
Fuze Type/

Warhead
Type/Total
Weight (kg)
Status
AHM-200 Bulgaria 1 manual 10 @ 100 m max 200 visual combined acoustic
& Doppler SHF
Total weight:
35 kg
in production
HELKIR Austria 1 manual 6 @ 50 m
2 @ 150 m
visual dual
acoustic & IR
Total weight:
43 kg
in production

TEMP-20 Russia 0 manual detection
1,000
max 200
visual 100 dual
acoustic & IR
Total weight:
12 kg
development
AHM UK 0 manual
remote
200/50 visual dual
acoustic & IR
multiple EFP development

8-2.10

7 Nov 2000

Russian Antitank Mine TM-62M/P/B/D______________________________________

SYSTEM

Proliferation: Over 30 countries
Description:
Shape: Circular
Color: Olive Green
Case Material: (see VARIANTS)
Length (mm): 110
Height (mm): 101.8
Diameter (mm): 320
Total Weight (kg): 8.5

DETECTABILITY

Ready: Varies. The TM-62M (metal case) is readily detectable. Other
variants are much more difficult. Of the TM-62 series antitank mines
and fuzes, the TM-62P (plastic) is the most difficult to detect.

EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION

Type: Trotyl, RDX and aluminum power
Weight: 7.5 to 8.3
Booster: Yes
Type: Pentryt
Weight (gr): 0.75

FUZE

Types: Pressure, seismic, magnetic
Safety Device: Delay arming, transport clip

Name: MVCh-62 (most common)
Type: Pressure
Actuation Force (kg): 200 /150 to 550
Resistant to Explosive Neutralization: Yes

Name: VM-62Z
Type: Seismic

Name: MVZ-62
Type: INA

Name: MVN-62
Type: INA

Name: MVN-80
Type: Proximity

Name: MVP-62
Type: Proximity

PERFORMANCE

Effect: Blast
Emplacement Method: (see NOTES)
Manual
Mechanical
Chute
Burial Depth:
Maximum: 20
Minimum: None
Techniques of Employment: (see NOTES)
Controllable (remotely detonated): Yes, may use the Russian
UMP-2 Controlled AT Minefield Set
Antihandling Device: Possible, however, no secondary fuze well
or AD features. A special AD (MS-3) is used under AT mines.
Self-Destruct: No
Detonation Height: N/A
Underwater Emplacement: Limited duration capabilities when
used underwater.

DELIVERY PLATFORMS (examples)

Tracked minelaying vehicle GMZ/GMZ-2/3
Towed mechanical minelayer PMR-3 and PMZ-4
Helicopter (with VMP-2 minelayer)

VARIANTS

TM-62M: Metallic case
TM-62P: Plastic case
TM-62B: Caseless
TM-62D: Wooden

NOTES
TM-62 mines can be emplaced in integrated explosive barriers or in homogeneous minefields. They may be employed singly or in groups as part
of an explosive antitank barrier. TM-62 mines are placed in accordance with former Soviet doctrine, which dictates a normal density of one mine
per meter of front.

8-2.11

7 Nov 2000

8-2.12

7 Nov 2000

Russian Side-attack Antitank Mine TM-83___________________________________

SYSTEM

Description:
Shape: Cylinder
Color: Olive green

Case Material: Metal

Length (mm): INA
Height (mm): 400

Diameter (mm): 250

Total Weight (kg): 20.4

DETECTABILITY

Ready: Visual


Type: TG40/60
Weight (kg): 9.6

Booster: INA

PERFORMANCE


Effect: EFP, side-attack

Emplacement Method: Manual

Controllable (remotely detonated): Yes, (100-m cable)

Antihandling Device: Possible

Self Destruct: 30 days

VARIANTS
None

FUZE

Types: 2-color IR sensor , seismic, or MVZ-7 breakwire

Number of Fuze Wells: 1

Actuation Force (kg): N/A

NOTES
The TM-83 is a high-explosive antitank mine. It is basically a plate charge mounted on a stand. The mine uses seismic sensors to identify ap-
proaching targets and to turn on the dual IR sensor. When a valid target passes into the field of view of the sensor, the warhead is fired. The
plate is formed into a slug which is propelled by the explosive, destroying the target. The seismic sensor is stored on the back of the mine and is
connected by an electronic cable. It can also be fired electronically. The mine may be mounted on a tripod, the storage box, or tree, etc.

8-2.13

7 Nov 2000

Austrian Antihelicopter Mine HELKIR ______________________________________

SYSTEM

Date of Introduction: In current production
Proliferation: At least 1
Description:
Shape: Rectangular
Color: Green
Case Material: Metal
Length (mm): INA
Height (mm): INA
Diameter (mm): INA
Total Weight (kg): 43

DETECTABILITY

Ready: Visual


Type: INA
Weight: 20

FUZE/SENSOR

Types: Dual, acoustic, and IR
Number of Fuze Wells: INA

PERFORMANCE

Armor Penetration (mm): 6 @ 50 m or 2 @ 150 m
Effect: Directed fragmentation
Target Speed (km/h): 250
Emplacement Method: Manual

Controllable (remotely detonated): Yes
Antihandling Device: Yes
Self-Destruct: INA

VARIANTS
None

NOTES
The HELKIR antihelicopter mine is designed to engage nap-of-the-earth targets. The sensor is a dual acoustic-IR. The acoustic sensor listens for
a valid noise input and turns on the IR sensor. The IR sensor is located coaxially to the warhead. When a hot IR signature is detected, the war-
head is functioned.

8-2.14

7 Nov 2000

Russian Towed Mechanical Minelayer PMR-3 _______________________________

Mine
Types

Mines
TM-44
TM-46
TM-57
TM-62 Series
TM-72
TMD-B

Typical
Combat Load

(varies, see Prime
Mover)

SYSTEM

Date Of Introduction: INA

Description:
Crew: 6 (commander, driver, four operators)
Weight (mt): 1.3
Length (m): 5.6
Height (m): 2.7
Width (m): 2
Prime Mover:
6x6 ZIL-131 truck (200 mines) or
4x4 URAL-375D (350 mines) or
BTR-152 (120 mines)

MINELAYING EQUIPMENT

Operating Speed (km/h):
Burying: 2 to 3
Surface Laying: 4 to 10
In Snow: INA
Minelaying Rate (min): 10 to 12
Minelaying Pattern: Straight line
Mine Spacing (m): 3 to 4
Mine Capacity: Prime-mover dependent
Max Burial Depth (cm): 20

VARIANTS

PMZ-4: Lays controlled minefields; uses the same mines as the
PMR-3 with the exception of the controllable minefield and ca-
ble-laying options; uses the UMP-2 Controlled AT Minefield Set

NOTES
The PMR-3, shown above, (and the similar PMZ-4) consists of a single chute and a plow attachment. Although both systems look similar at first
glance, there are significant differences. Most notably, is the addition of a cable layer on the PMZ-4, used for the laying controlled minefields
and the absence of the conveyer-belt chain drive on the wheels. Additionally, the PMZ-4 is more automated and must be hand loaded only. The
towed-minelayers are used in sections of three or four and operate 20 to 40 meters apart with each minelayer laying a straight-line row. The
mines in different rows are staggered with the distance between mines depending on whether the mines are pressure-initiated or full-width attack
(influenced or tiltrod fuzed).

8-3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Tracked Minelaying Vehicle GMZ-3_________________________________

Mine
Types

Mines
TM-57 w/fuze MVZ-57
TM-62 series w/fuzes
TM-46
TMD-B
MV4-62
MVP-62 & w/prox fuze
MVN-80

7.62-mm PKT MG

Typical
Combat Load

208

3,000

SYSTEM

Date of Introduction: GMZ series-1963

Description:
Crew: 3 (see NOTES)
Chassis: Based on the SA-4 (GANEF) SAM
Weight (mt): 28.5
Length (m): 8.62
Height (m): 2.7
Width (m): 3.25
Ground Clearance (mm): 470
Gradient (): 30
Fording Depth (m): 1
Vertical Step (m): .7

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: 4 cyl, 513 hp, muli-fuel diesel
Speed (km/h):
On Road: 60
Off Road: 30
Fuel Capacity (liters): INA
Night Driving Equipment: Yes, TVNE-4B for the driver and
K-3A for the vehicle commander (and PKT)
Navigation Equipment: (see NOTES)
Radio: R-123
Smoke Screening System: VEESS, plus 6 81-mm launchers, 3
on each side.


Burying: 6
Surface Laying: 16
In Snow: 10
Minelaying Pattern: Straight line or staggered
Mine Spacing (m): 5 and 10
Burial Depth (mm):
Ground: 120
Snow: 500
Length of Single-row Minefield (m):
Percussion Fuzes: 1,000
Proximity Fuzes: 2,000
Mine Capacity: 208
Mine Weight (kg): up to 12
Time Required to Load Minelayer with One Basic Mine Load (min)
(7 men): 15 to 20
Men required to Load Minelayer with Mines: 7 (squad)
Time Required to Load Minelayer with Crew Only (m): 60
Time from Travel to Operating Position (min):
Automatic: Up to 2
Manual: Up to 8

ARMAMENT
Some GMZ may be armed with either the 12.7 or the 14.5 machineguns.

Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm PKT MG
Mount Type: Cupola (GMZ-3)
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Practical: 250
Cyclic: 650

VARIANTS

GMZ: (shown above)
GMZ-2: (see NOTES)

NOTES
The crew of the GMZ-3 consists of three peoplethe vehicle commander, driver-mechanic, and the minelayer operator. The commander and
driver are located in the forward section while the operator compartment is located in the rear portion of the vehicle. The vehicle commander
operates the 7.62-mm PKT machinegun. The GMZ-3 has a digital navigation system allowing precise topographic tie-in of the minefield being
laid. The previous model minelayer (GMZ-2) was not designed for the employment of mines with proximity fuzes.

8-4

7 Nov 2000

Russian Scatterable Minelaying System UMZ _______________________________

Mine
Types

Mines
PFM-1
PFM-1/S
POM-1 (S)
POM-2S
PTM-1S (PGMDM)
PTM-3

Typical
Combat Load

(varies with type of
minesee below)

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Multipurpose Minelayer

Description:
Crew: 2 (driver and operator )
Chassis: ZIL-131 Truck (see VARIANTS)
Weight (mt):
Without Mine Load: 8.3
With Mine Load: 10
Length (m): 7.1
Height (m): 2.5
Width (m): 3

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V8, 150 hp, gas
Cooling: Water
Speed (km/h): 80
Gradient (): 30
Night Vision Equipment: Yes, PNV-57E
Navigation Equipment: INA
Radio: R-159


Operating Speed (km/h): 10 to 40
Distance Mines Launched from Vehicle (m): 30-60
Minefield (m):
Length: 1,000 to 1,200
Depth: 30 to 120
Max Length of Minefield with One Basic Load (m):
AP, PFM-1S: 3,200
AP, POM-2: 5,000
AT, PTM-3: 600
Length of Triple-Row Minefield (m): 150 to 1,500 depending on
mine type
Mine Capacity: From 180 to 11,520 depending on the type of mine
Number of Mines in One Basic Load:
AP, PFM-1S: 11,520
AP, POM-2: 720
AT, PTM-3: 180
Time Required to Load Minelayer (hr) (2 men): 1.5 to 2
Time from Travel to Operating Position (min): 5

VARIANTS
Although primarily mounted on the ZIL-131, the UMZ minelaying
system has been observed mounted on several different carriers
such as a modified MTLB-U chassis or on a PT-S tracked am-
phibious personnel carrier.

NOTES
While the UMZ, scatterable, mine system has been disclosed as the likely replacement for the GMZ-series, mechanical mineplanters, it probably
will supplement the role formerly held by the GMZ. The UMZ consists of three launchers mounted on each side of the vehicle for a total of six
mine launchers per vehicle. Each full turn launcher is hexagonally shaped and contains 30 launch tubes totaling 180. It can fire the mines to one
or both sides, or to the rear. Both AP and AT mines are launched from the 140-mm launch tubes. The UMZ uses the same mine canisters as the
PKM system. Depending on the position of the launch tubes, one-, two-, or three-lane mine fields can be laid.

8-5

7 Nov 2000

Russian Tank-Mounted Mineclearing Roller-Plow KMT-5 ______________________

SYSTEM


Description:
Weight Total (kg): 7,500
Roller Section: 2,265
Plough: 420
Length (m): 3.2
Width (m): 4
Ditch Crossing (m): 2.5
System Components: Two plows (KMT-4) and two sets of three
rollers

MINECLEARING EQUIPMENT

Type: Roller and plow
Platform: Mounted on T-54, T-55, T-62, other medium tanks
Form: 3 rollers x 2
Number of Rollers Per Set: 2
Total Number of Rollers: 6
Mine Removal Speed (km/h): 8-12
Cleared Lane Width, each (mm): 810 x 2
Mineclearing Track Width (mm): 810
Installation Time (min): 30 to 45

NOTES
The KMT-5M mine roller-plow is very flexible, since it allows for either the plows or the rollers to be used. The rollers function satisfactorily
against mines equipped with simple pressure fuzes, but other mines will defeat this equipment. However, the roller-plow combination also allows
the tank to counter more sophisticated fuzes with plows designed to uncover or push mines aside. The plows and rollers cannot work simultane-
ously.

The KMT-5M also includes a luminous lane-marking device for night operations. Because plows and rollers do not clear the area between them a
dogbone or light chain with rollers is stretched between the roller sections to defeat tilt-rod mines. Quick disconnects allow the operator to
drop either plows or rollers or both; otherwise, the crew can remove the system in 8 to 13 minutes. All current medium tanks have fittings for
attaching mineclearing equipment.

There is one plow per tank platoon and one roller per company. For tanks newer than the T-55/62 the plows are no longer carried in the engineer
company, but are permanently mounted on the tank. Therefore the engineers need only to transport the rollers. One KrAZ-255B truck (with KM-
61 crane) or two ZIL-131 trucks can carry one KMT-5M.

8-6

7 Nov 2000

Russian Vehicle-Mounted Mine Detector DIM________________________________

SYSTEM

Date Of Introduction: Pre-1975

Description:
Crew: 2
Prime Mover: UAZ-469/69 or other light 4x4 vehicles
Components:
Detection system
Pneumatic system
Electronic system

CAPABILITIES

Operating (scan) Speed (km/h): 10
Mounting/dismounting Time (min): Up to 7
Detection Ability: Can detect metallic mines in roadways, airfields,
and other flat terrain.
Max Detection Depth (cm): 25
Max Detection Depth While Fording (cm): 70

VARIANTS
None

NOTES
The DIM is a large pulse-induction mine-detection device mounted to a light 4x4 truck. The detection element fastens to a frame on the front of
the vehicle. When a mine is detected, the vehicle breaking system is engaged and the clutch is disengaged. The full-width detection head, lo-
cated 2.6 meters from the vehicles front wheels to provide stopping distance, is divided into six components to pinpoint mine location. The
electronic system also displays which component of the mine-detector head the mine is under. It also has attached rollers so that the head does
not come in contact with ground objects. Cross-country capability is very limited, therefore the DIM is generally used for clearing prepared sur-
faces. The detection equipment swings upward to ride on the top of the vehicle cab for traveling. When needed it is swung forward to rest on
two wheels.

8-6.1

7 Nov 2000

8-6.2

7 Nov 2000

Explosive Charge Minefield Breaching Systems

Minefield breaching explosive line charge systems are in use throughout the world. They provide the maneuver commander a method to expeditiously breach antitank
or antipersonnel minefields. Once identified on the battlefield however, these systems generally become the priority target. Some systems, single or double line, are
mounted on tanks while others are mounted on trailers, armored vehicles, and trucks. Some other systems are man-portable. The larger vehicle-, and trailer- mounted
systems are designed to clear lanes through minefields/obstacles, large enough for the passage of ground combat vehicles. Man-portable (infantry) systems clear
passage for at least one person to transit. The explosive filled lines are usually connected to a launcher by a cable, fired over a minefield (within which it lands) and
then detonated to create a breach through the minefield. Standoff between the explosive charge and launcher varies. For instance, the Japanese CX has a standoff of
800 meters from the launcher.

Truck or Trailer Mounted Minebreaching Systems
Motorized and infantry units may have either wheeled or towed antitank minebreaching systems. While some of these systems can be dismounted, most are fired
from the back of cargo trucks or from trailers. Minefield beaching systems are organic to the Combat Engineer Company of the Engineer Battalion. See FM 100-63,
for additional information. A typical truck-mounted explosive minefield breaching system is the FSU UR-83P (below).
Name

Country
of Origin
Chassis System (or Shell)
Weight (kg)
Overall:
Rocket:
Explosive
Explosive/m
Range
(m)
Length
(m)
Standoff
(m)
Effectiveness
Lane Width (m):
Lane Length (m)
Lane clearing
time (min)
Type
Launcher
/
Nr Line
Charges

Rocket
Diameter
(mm)
Operators Explo-
sive-
Type/nr/
Notes
UR-83P FSU Truck
(ZIL-131)
or trailer
Dimensions (m)
(ready for launch)
Length: 1.5
Width: 1.5
Height: 2.6
Launcher Wt (kg):
Total: 230
Packaged: 360
Charge: 1,380
440 114 LL: 115
LW: 6
Assembly time
by engr sqd
(min): 90
Line
UZP-83
charge

2 portable
dismount-
able
Type 81 CH EQ-240
Truck
chassis
Loaded: 5,112
Unloaded: 4,082
Exp: unk
Exp/m: unk
3,000 na 2,900 + LL: 60+
LW: 10+
10 tube 2,530 3 HE, FAE
ea round
clears 18
m radius
in AP.
The Type 81 mineclearing rocket system consists of a 10-tube launcher mounted on the rear of a modified EQ-240 chassis. Rockets are loaded manually by three
persons. Although it is uncertain, warheads for this system are filled with conventional HE, FAE or a combination of both. The Chinese have stated that this system
is effective against AP mines, but its effectiveness against AT mines is unknown. The range of this system is 3,000 meters, which provides the system with a maxi-
mum standoff of approximately 2,900 meters. Each round clears an 18-meter radius within an AP minefield. It is not known whether this is for the FAE or high-
explosive warhead. The Type 1987 has 24 launch tubes and is mounted on a Type 59/69 tank chassis.

8-6.3

7 Nov 2000

Tracked-Vehicle-Mounted Systems

Systems mounted on the rear of tanks increase the survivability of the platform and therefore increase the likelihood that it may be successfully employed prior to
its destruction. The use of a tracked chassis as the launch carrier gives the system the same mobility and maneuverability on the battlefield as mechanized units;
however, use of these systems does not allow tanks or mechanized vehicles to conduct a Blitzkrieg type rush across the minefield. Systems found in armor and
mechanized divisions will generally be mounted on tracked vehicles due to mobility requirements. Although these minefield breaching systems may (or may not)
be mounted on tanks they do not belong to the maneuver commander. They are engineer assets and are found in rather limited numbers. Two of these systems
are in the Mineclearing Platoon, Mine Warfare Company, Division Engineer Company, Engineer Battalion, of a mechanized/armored division, engineer brigade, or
Corps. Further information on these elements can be found in FM 100-60.

Tracked-Vehicle-Mounted Systems
Name

Country
of Origin
Chassis System (or Shell)
Weight (kg)
Overall:
Rocket:
Explosive
Explosive/m
Range
(m)
Length
(m)
Standoff
(m)
Effectiveness
Lane Width (m):
Lane Length (m)
Lane clearing
time (min)
Type
Launcher
/Nr Line
Charges

Rocket
Diameter
(mm)
Crew Explosive
Type/nr/
Notes
Type 84 CH Tank or
other
armored
vehicle
OA: 800
Rocket: unk
Exp: 400
Exp/m: 5
300 80 200 LL: 60
LW: 5
1 unk unk Line
charge
The Type 84 mounts in a box on the rear of a tank or other vehicle. Inside the box is a rocket in a launch rail attached to the box lid, an 80-meter-long explosive
hose, and a drag chute. The rocket pulls the explosive hose over the minefield or other obstacle, arming the fuze in flight. After a short delay, the hose ex-
plodes leaving a cleared path. The box is automatically discarded after firing. With a published range of 300 meters and a length of 80 meters, the standoff of
the system is estimated to be approximately 200 meters.
Type 762 CH Type 83,
152-mm
tracked
howitzer
OA: unk
Rocket: 760
Exp: 400
Exp/m: 3
1,000 130 800-900 LL: 130
LW: 12-22
2 425 unk line charge.
32 charges
12 kg ea
The Type 762 is a twin-rail rocket launcher mounted on a Type 83, 152-mm tracked howitzer chassis. It carries two 425-mm GSL 211 mineclearing rockets. The
warhead on GSL 211 rockets contain an explosive line charge that is extracted during flight. The line charge is composed of 32 fixed-interval explosive charges,
each weighing 12 kg. When the explosive charge is at a specific height above the minefield, specially designed detonation fuzes at the head and tail of the line
charge activate and simultaneously detonate the charges. The system is equipped with an ordinary rangefinder with questionable accuracy; it is uncertain how
the system will perform when deployed over a minefield.
SVO CZ BMP-1 Shell size:
Length (mm): 1,457
Dia (mm): 246
Weight (kg): 42
LL: 100-120
LW: 5
Time btwn rounds
(sec): 2.5
24
explosive
rockets
fuze initia-
tion rod
length (m):
.3

8-6.4

7 Nov 2000

The Czech Republics SVO is an armored, tracked, mineclearing vehicle used for combat breaches of AT and mixed minefields. The breach is conducted by the
launching of mineclearing shells in a specific pattern in order to detonate all the mines along a pathway through the minefield. The entire system is contained in
a modified BMP-1 chassis. The turret on the chassis has been removed and exchanged for a rocket firing platform. The firing platform contains 24 launch rods
angled at different elevations and deflections in order to provide full warhead coverage for a path through the minefield. The front half of the compartment is for
storing and launching the warheads, the other is the operators position. The shells fit over the 24 launch rods and are projected into the air by the initiation of
explosive cartridges. Piezoelectric fuzes located at the base of the fuze extension rods detonate the shells .3 meters above the ground. The SVO reportedly
has a 95% probability of initiating single impulse, nonblast resistant, pressure-fuzed mines.
UZ-67 FSU 2S1 mod weight (kg): 2,400 93 200 and
350
LL: 75-80
LW: 6
Time: 3-5
2 unk 2 basic load
of 2 line
charges
UZ-77 FSU 2S1 mod unk 93 200 &
500
water:
200
LL: 80-90
LW: 6
Time: 3-5
2 unk 2 basic load
of 2 line
charges

Man-Portable Rocket Propelled Line Charges

Many countries and some insurgent groups produce small (1 or 2 man-portable) explosive line charges with a wide variety of capabilities and performance. Mechanized infantry
units normally do not have these since the tracked vehicles clear a way for the dismounted infantry. The basis of issue of these systems for use by dismounted (or regular) infantry
units is generally three per infantry battalion; nine per brigade/regiment; 27 per division. They are used only in the primary avenue of attack (or as a deception). Battlefield
employment dictates that the line is fired and detonated. The infantry then moves as quickly as possible (probably under fire) along the cleared path ensuring they do not step on
any uncovered/ unexploded mines. The line charges are usually carried by one or more soldiers therefore the overall weight of the charges is important. The bullet trap line charge
delivery methods realizes a significant weight savings by eliminating the additional weight of a rocket. The soldier simply uses his standard issue weapon to deliver the detonating
cord/hose across the minefield. This places limitations on the length and weight of the delivered charge. A typical infantry explosive minefield breaching system is the FSU ZRP-
2. It is a mine demolition charge designed to blast lanes through AP minefields. The ZRP-2 consists of a detonating cable, powder rocket engine, connecting cable, fuze, braking
cord, launching table, launching device, anchor and carrying pack. The charge is launched into an AP minefield with the aid of launching device UP-60 from a position prepared on
the ground surface. The charge is detonated remotely by a mechanical fuze. The charge is straightened in the minefield manually with the braking cord while the fuze retarder is
burning.

ZRP-2 (FSU) Mine demolition charge
Type extended, single-line, made of detonating cable DKR-150A
Weight of set (kg) 50 packaged, 34 in pack
Crew, men 1 or 2
Length of charge (m) 60
Charge launching range (m) 140-160
Size of passage through AP minefield (m) 55 length x 0.4 width
Launch preparation time (min) 5

8-6.5

7 Nov 2000

Infantry Line Charges
Name Country Delivery Method Explosive Weight (kg/m) Length (m)
Type 73 China Rocket 2.40 106
ODMIRA-60 Czech Rep Rocket NA 60
FATEH-1 Egypt Rocket 0.42 120
Comet No 3001 Germany Rocket 0.10 72
Comet No 3010 Germany Rocket 0.57 53
Ladder 80 Germany Rocket NA 70
Unknown Iraq Bullet trap NA 40
POMINS I Israel Bullet trap 0.27 50
POMINS II Israel Rocket NA 50
Type 70 Japan Rocket 1.41 136
Unknown North Korea Rocket NA 180
Clap/M Pakistan Rocket 0.05 300
M/60 Sweden Rocket NA 150
Unknown South Africa Rocket NA 35
Unknown South Africa Rocket NA 120
RAMBS UK Bullet Trap 0.02 40
RAMBS 2 UK Bullet Trap unknown 60
ROMANS UK Rocket unknown 50

7 Nov 2000

8-6.6

7 Nov 2000

Russian Tracked Mineclearing Vehicle MTK-2 _______________________________

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: UR-77 mineclearing vehicle, M1979
Proliferation: FSU and former Warsaw Pact armies

Description:
Crew: 2 (commander-operator, driver-mechanic)
Chassis: Based on the 2S1
Weight (mt): 15.5
Length (m): 8.4
Height (m): 3.1
Width (m): 2.8
System Components: Vehicle and two mineclearing charges

AUTOMOTIVE

Speed (km/h):
On Road: 60
Off Road: 30
Water: 5
Smoke Screening System: No

MINECLEARING EQUIPMENT

Type: Explosive line
Charges Used: UZP-77, UZ-67
Length of Charge (m): 93
Length of Charge Feed (m):
UZP-77: 200 and 500
UZ-67: 200 and 350
Size of Lane in AT Minefield (m):
Width: Up to 6
Length (USP-77): 80-90
Length (UZ-67): 75-80
Breaching Time (min): 3 to 5

VARIANTS (INA)

NOTES
The MTK-2 clears lanes in minefields by using rocket propelled charges. The charges are launched onto the minefield and then detonated by the
vehicle commander-operator from within the vehicle. The charge can be fired on land or in the water.

8-7

7 Nov 2000

Russian Tracked Route-Clearing Vehicle BAT-M_____________________________

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Dozer

Description:
Crew: 2
Chassis: AT-T heavy tracked artillery tractor
Weight (mt): 26
Length Overall (m): 10
Height Travel (m): 3.5
Clearance (mm): 425
Gradient (): 30
Trench Crossing (m): 1.57
Fording Depth (m): .7
Vertical Step (m): 1
Time from Travel to Operating Position (min): 5 to 7

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V12, 415 hp, diesel
Speed (km/h): 35
Navigation Equipment: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Radio: INA

BLADE

Width (m): 4.8
Blade Rate (m
3
/hr): 250
Operating Speed (km/h): 10

ROTARY CRANE

Capacity (mt): 2

VARIANTS

BAT
BAT-2: Based on MT-T artillery tractor

NOTES
The BAT tractor dozer is a AT-T heavy tractor with a large dozer blade mounted at the front of the hull. It is designed for general engineer use,
road and trail clearing and construction. The BAT-M is an improved model (over the BAT) and is electrohydraulic, whereas the BAT is elec-
tropneumatic. The BAT-M also has a hydraulic crane, and the dozer blade can be swung to the rear improving the vehicle's load distribution
when in travelling mode.

8-8

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Route-Clearing Vehicle BAT-2_____________________________

SYSTEM

Proliferation: At least 2 countries.
Description:
Crew: 2+8
Engineer Capacity: 8
Chassis: MT-T
Weight (mt): 39.7
Clearance (mm): 430
Gradient (): INA



AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V-64-4 multi-fuel diesel, 700 hp
Speed (km/h): 60
Navigation Equipment: INA
NBC Protection: Yes

Radio: INA

BLADE

Width (m): Variable. Mounted vertically in front and over the
crew cab when not in use.
Bulldozer Position: 4.5
Road Clearing/building: 4.2
Grading: 4.1-4.35

Operating Depth (solid and frozen
soil) (m): .5

Road Building:
Ground Unobstructed: 6-8
Ground with Trees < 30 cm: 2-3
Snow: 8-15
Hourly Capacity (m
3
/hr):
Ditch Digging: 200-250
Filling in Ditches, Craters, etc: 350-450

CRANE

Capacity (mt): 2
Boom Length (m): 7.3

WINCH

Capacity (mt): 25
Cable Length (m): 100

VARIANTS
None

NOTES
The BAT-2 is a follow-on to the BAT and BAT-M dozers, but better fits the classification of armored route-clearing vehicle rather than that of a
high-speed armored dozer. Its cab is fully armored and it is designed to operate in the forward areas of the battlefield. The windows in the front,
sides, and rear are bullet-proof further enhancing battlefield survivability.

The ability to carry an eight-man engineer squad facilitates its role in the movement support detachment. Other BAT-2 missions include road
building, obstacle, (stone and wood) removal, and snow removal operations. The vehicle is also designed to operate in urban terrain and as an
NBC vehicle. Storage areas for engineer supplies have been designed into the vehicle. The BAT-2 has a crane, a ripper, and a winch.

8-9

7 Nov 2000

Russian Obstacle Clearing Vehicle IMR-2M _________________________________

SYSTEM

Proliferation: FSU and former Warsaw Pact armies

Description:
Crew: 2
Chassis: T-72A
Weight (mt): 44.3
Length (traveling) (m): 9.55
Height (traveling) (m): 3.68
Width (traveling) (m): 3.73
Gradient (): 25
System Components: Multipurpose dozer equipment, boom,
treadway mine exploder

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: 12 cyl, 840 hp, diesel
Speed (km/h): 60
Night Driving Equipment: Yes
Radio: R-173 radio, R-174 intercom
Smoke Screening System: INA

BLADE

Can be used as a dozer, grader and V-blade, vertical plane skew ability.
Operating Speed (bulldozer) (km/h): 8-12
Earth Displacement (m
3
/hr): 300
Lane Clearing Rate (km): .35

ALL-PURPOSE TOOL

Trench Digging (1.1 to 1.3m deep)(m
3
/hr): 8-10
Pit Digging (up to 2.5m deep) (m
3
/hr): 12-16

BOOM

Capacity (mt): 2
Reach (m): 8.4

MINE SWEEPING SPEED (km):

AT pressure mines: 6-15
Tilt Rod mines: 7

VARIANTS

IMR: The IMR is a NBC-protected, combat engineer vehicle based on
the T-54/55 tank chassis. It is fitted with an articulating dozer blade
and a telescoping crane that fits a number of attachments.
IMR-2: Equipped with mine sweepers and mine-clearing extended
charges. Line drawing is of IMR-2.

NOTES
The IMR-2M differs from the IMR-2 in that the IMR-2M has no line-launched mineclearing charge. The IMR-2M has more armor, hydraulic
equipment and a scraper-ripper.

8-10

7 Nov 2000

Czechoslovak Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge MT-55A_____________________

SYSTEM

Description:
Crew: 2
Chassis: T-55A Tank (modified)
Weight (mt): 36
Length with Bridge (m): 9.90
Height with Bridge (m): 3.35
Width with Bridge (m): 3.30
Gradient (): 30
Trench (m): 2.7

VARIANTS
None

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V-12 Diesel, 580 hp
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 32-35
Radio: R-123
Smoke Equipment: Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.

BRIDGE

Type: Scissors
Capacity (mt): 50
Width of Obstacle (m): 17
Width (m): 3.3
Length Opened (m): 18
Weight (kg): 6.5
Displacement Time (min): 5-6

NOTES
The MT-55A has a gap measuring device and infrared equipment for bridge-laying at night. It can also launch the MT-72 bridge.

8-10.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge MTU-72__________________________

SYSTEM

Proliferation: At least one country.
Description:
Crew: 2, Commander and driver
Chassis: T-72S
Weight (mt): 40
Length with bridge (m): 11.64
Height with bridge (m): 3.38
Width with bridge (m): 3.46
Gradient (): 31
Side Slope (): 22
Trench (m): 2.8

VARIANTS
None

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: 840 hp Diesel
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 45
Radio: R-173 and R-134

BRIDGE

Type: Cantiliver
Capacity (mt): 50
Width of Obstacle (m): 18
Width (m): 3.55
Length Opened (m): 20
Weight (kg): 6,400

NOTES
The crew is armed with a light machine gun, a submachine gun, and hand grenades for protection.

8-10.2

7 Nov 2000

Russian Heavy Folding Pontoon Bridge PMP _______________________________

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Ribbon bridge
Proliferation: Over 20 countries.
Description:
Crew: See Assembly Data
Chassis: KraZ-255B

BRIDGE

Type: Pontoon
Total Length of Bridge (m): 227
Capacity/Load Class (mt): 60
Roadway Width (m): 6.5

Working Party: Varies - approx. 65 for full bridge set. See RAFT
ASSEMBLY DATA
Material: SKhL-4 steel
Pontoons in Set: See NOTES
Bridge/center: 32
Ramp/shore: 4
Bridge Pontoons:
Weight (kg): 6,790
Length (m):
Unfolded: 6.75
Folded: 6.75
Width (m):
Unfolded: 8
Folded: 5
Depth Unfolded (m):
Bow Section: .9
Center Section: .7
Folded: 2

Ramp Pontoons
Weight (kg): 7,252
Length (m):
Unfolded: 5.6
Folded: 5.6
Width Unfolded (m):
River End: 7.3
Shore End: 7
Folded: 3.1

RAFT ASSEMBLY DATA

40-Ton Raft-Bridge
Pontoons: 2
Overall Deck Length (m): 13.5
Assembly Time (min): 8
Working Party (est.): 6

60-Ton Raft-Bridge
Pontoons: 3

80-Ton Raft-Bridge
Pontoons: 4
Overall Deck Length (m): 27
Working Party (est): 12

NOTES
Although the complete PMP ribbon bridge set consists of 32 center pontoons and 4 ramp pontoons, the normal bridge unit consists of a half-set
(one complete bridge) made up of 16 center and 2 ramp pontoons. Each 4-section is launched from the KrAZ-255B. It automatically unfolds
upon entering the water. The sections then lock in place to form a bridge unit 6.75 meters long and 8 meters wide. Normally, all the units are
launched simultaneously. They join together parallel to the near shore to form a continuous roadway. The roadway then swings across the water
obstacle; powerboats (6 per half-set) hold it in place on the designated centerline.

Engineers can use the full 36-pontoon set to construct 227 meters of bridge. They may also configure it as 40- to 170-ton rafts. A half-set gives
the capability to construct 119 meters of 60-ton bridge, 191 meters of 20-ton bridge, or rafts. Under ideal conditions assembly speeds of 7 meters
of bridge per minute can result. This bridge can be built in streams with a velocity of up to 2 meters a second (approx. 7 km/h).

8-10.3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Heavy Folding Pontoon Bridge PMP continued ______________________

RAFT ASSEMBLY DATA continued

110-Ton Raft-Bridge
Ramp Pontoon: 1
Bridge Pontoons: 5

170-Ton Raft-Bridge
Ramp Pontoon: 1
Bridge Pontoons: 8
Working Party (est.): INA

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Powerboats or tracked amphibians: 12

LAUNCH SEQUENCE

1. The travel locks are disengaged, the pontoon carrier backs to the
edge of the water, brakes sharply, and then the pontoon slides over
the carrier roller system into the water where it unfolds almost im-
mediately.

2. The pontoon is then stiffened by activating six locking devices.

3. Once the pontoons have been launched and stiffened they are
interconnected parallel to the near shore to form a continuous strip of
roadway.

4. This roadway is then swung across the water obstacle and held in
place by powerboats.

Whenever possible the launching operations are done along a con-
tinuous shoreline permitting all pontoons to be launched at the same
time. If necessary, the bridge can be built on a small frontage using
the successive raft system. This slows construction time.

RETRIEVAL

For retrieval the launch operation is reversed. The pontoon carrier
backs to the waters edge, an integral jib is unfolded from the truck
bed, and two cables are strung from the winch (located behind the
drivers cab) through the jib pulleys, around the pontoon retrieving
guides, and secured to the pontoon retrieval studs. The winch simul-
taneously folds and lifts the pontoon to the truck bed. The jib is then
folded back into the truck bed, and the pontoon is winched over the
roller system and secured. The whole procedure takes but a very few
minutes.

8-10.4

7 Nov 2000

Russian Truck-Mounted Scissors Bridge TMM ______________________________

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Mechanized Bridge, Scissors Bridge
Description:
Crew: See working party
Chassis: Modified KrAZ-214 (6 6), 7,000 kg, or KrAZ-255B
(6 6), 7,500 kg, and KrAZ-260 trucks.
Weight (mt): 19
Length with bridge (m): 9.3
Height with bridge (m): 3.15
Width with bridge (m): 3.2
Gradient (): 0
Fording Depth (m): 1

BRIDGE

Type: Truck-mounted scissors
Capacity/Load Class (mt): 60
Material: Low alloy steel
Width (m):
Unfolded: 3.8
Folded: 3.2
Weight (kg): 4.24
Pier: (TMM on KrAZ-255)
Height (m):
Min: 1.7
Max: 3.21

Ground Area (m
2
/pier): 2.4
Weight (m): 1.15
Lowering Method: Cable release
Raising Method: Hand winch
Locking Method: Manual

ASSEMBLY DATA

Spans in Set: 4
Length of 1 Span (m):
Unfolded: 10.5
Folded: 5.2
Total Length of Bridge (m): 42
Obstacle Span (m):
Span: 9.4
Depth: 3
Roadway Width (m):
Closed: 3.2
Extended: 5.2
Assembly Time (min): 20-40
1 Span: 8-15
4 Spans: 30-60
Recovery Time (min): Same as assembly
Working Party: 3 per span/12 total

VARIANTS

TMM-3: KrAZ-255B 6 x 6 improved bridgelaying mechanism.
TMM-6: MAZ-543 8 8 truck with 17 m bridge spans (unfolded).

NOTES
The TMM is a multiple-span, trestle-supported, scissors-type, treadway bridge. One bridge set comprises four 10.5 meter, spans carried on, and
launched from specially modified trucks. Spans fold in half for transport. Three of the spans have integral-mounted adjusted (1.7 to 3.2 meters)
trestle legs, while the fourth (far-shore) span has none.

During travel, the trestles can fold beneath the scissors plan. A launching girder mounted on the truck bed launches the TMM hydraulically over
the tailgate. Assisted by winch cables and pulleys, the girder raises, unfolds, and emplaces the span with the folding trestle legs. If necessary the
TMM can be laid underwater. This requires about 50% more emplacement time.

8-10.5

7 Nov 2000

Russian Truck-Mounted Scissors Bridge TMM continued _____________________

LAUNCH SEQUENCE

1. Truck backs into position.

2. A hydraulic launching girder raises the folded span to the vertical
position.

3. The span is straightened by a cable/winch system, and then is
lowered with the integral trestle legs swinging into position.

4. Once the lowering operation is completed, the cables are discon-
nected, the launching girder is brought to travel position, and the
truck moves off.

8-10.6

7 Nov 2000

Russian 0.6 mt 4 x 4 Utility Truck UAZ-469__________________________________

SYSTEM


Description:
Troop Capacity: 2 in front, 5 in rear
Weight (mt):
Gross Vehicle Weight: 2.4
Curb: 1.6
Length Overall (m): 4
Height Overall (m): 2
Payload on/off Highway (kg): 600
Number of Axles: 2
Turning Radius (m): 6.5
Wheels:
Size (in): 8.40x15
Central Tire Pressure Regulation System: No
Run Flat: No

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: Inline 4, 70 hp, gasoline
Cooling: Water
Cruising Range (road) (km): 730
Speed (km/h): 100
Fuel Capacity (liters):
Left Tank: 39
Right Tank: 39
Towing Capability (kg):
Off Highway: 850
On Highway: 850
Gradient (loaded) (): 60
Trench Crossing Width (mm): INA

CARGO SPACE

Height (mm): 400
Width (mm): 1,400
Length (mm): 1,000
Cargo Bed Area (m
2
): 1.6

VARIANTS

UAZ-469B: Export; lower off-road performance
Ambulance: 1 stretcher patient and 1 attendant

NOTES
The UAZ-469 replaces the earlier UAZ-69.

8-11

7 Nov 2000

Russian 2 mt 4 x 4 Cargo Truck GAZ-66 ____________________________________

SYSTEM


Description:
Troop Capacity: 3 in cab, 18 in rear
Weight (mt):
Curb: 3.6
Payload on/off Highway (kg): 2,000
Number of Axles: 2
Wheels:
Size (in): 12x18
Central Tire Pressure Regulation System: Yes

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V8, 115 hp, gasoline
Cooling: Water
Speed (km/h): 95
Left Tank: 105
Right Tank: 105
Off Highway: 2,000
On Highway: 2,000

CARGO SPACE

Height (mm): 890
Width (mm): 2,050
Length (mm): 3,330
Cargo Bed Area (m
2
): 6.8

VARIANTS

GAZ-66B: Canvas-top cab for air transport or airdrop
GAZ-66A: Steelcab
Numerous other variants for various duties.

NOTES
Besides functioning as a general cargo carries, the GAZ-66 is used as a prime mover for 120-mm mortar. The DDA-66 variant is an NBC decon-
tamination truck.

8-12

7 Nov 2000

Russian 4.5 mt 6 x 6 Cargo Truck Ural-375D ________________________________

SYSTEM

Description:
Weight (mt):
Curb: 8.4
Number of Axles: 3
Turning Radius (m): 10.8
Side Slope (): 32
Vertical Step (mm): 800
Trench Crossing Width (mm): 875
Wheels:
Size (in): 14x20
Run Flat: INA

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V8, 180 hp, gasoline
Cooling: Liquid
Speed (km/h): 75
Main Tank: 300
Aux Tank: 60
Off Highway: 5,000
On Highway: 10,000

CARGO SPACE

Height (mm): 872
Width (m): 2.43
Length (m): 3.9
Cargo Bed Area (m
2
): 9.5

VARIANTS

URAL-375: Observation hatch and unimproved powertrain
URAL-375E: Decontamination vehicle

URAL-375N: 2,000 kg additional payload
URAL-375S: Truck-tractor

URAL-375T: Equipped with winch

NOTES
Besides functioning as a general cargo carrier, the Ural-375D is used as a prime mover for light and medium artillery. The Ural-375 chassis also
serves as a base for the BM-21 MRL, POL tankers, vans, and cranes. The Ural-4320 began to replace the Ural-375D around 1978.

8-13

7 Nov 2000

Russian 7.5 mt 6 x 6 Cargo Truck KrAZ-255B________________________________

SYSTEM


Description:
Weight (mt):
Curb: 12
Payload (kg): 7,500
Number of Axles: 3
Wheels:
Size (in): 20x21
Run Flat: INA

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V8, 265 hp, diesel
Cooling: Water
Speed (km/h): 70
Right Tank: 165
Left Tank: 165
Off Highway: 10,000
On Highway: 50,000
Fording Depths (m): 1

CARGO SPACE

Length (m): 4.56
Width (m): 2.5
Height (m): .92
Cargo Bed Area (m
2
): INA

VARIANTS

KrAZ-258: Tractor-truck
Numerous other variants for various duties.

NOTES
Primarily designed as a cargo truck, the KrAZ-255B is also used as a prime mover for various equipment including a tank-transporter trailer and
PMP pontoon bridge.

8-14

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Recovery Vehicle BREM-1 ________________________________

Weapons & Ammu-
nition Types

12.7-mm AD MG

Typical
Combat Load

840

SYSTEM

Description:
Crew: 3 (see NOTES)
Chassis: T-72 tank
Weight (mt): 41
Clearance (mm): 457
Gradient (): 30

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V-12 Multi-fuel Diesel, 840 hp
Cruising Range w/external tanks (km):
Dirt Road w/o Towed Vehicle: 650
Dirt Road Towing Vehicle: 220-430
Highway w/o Towed Vehicle: 700
Speed (km/h):
Max Highway: 60
Dirt Road: 45
Towing Tank on Dirt Road: 12
Smoke Equipment: Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS).
Four smoke grenade launchers may be fitted.
NBC Protection: Yes
Radio: R-123

BLADE

Width (m): 3.1

CRANE

Capacity (mt):
2 m Extension: 19
4.4 m (max) Extension: 3
Boom Length (max) (m): 4.4

WINCH

Capacity (mt):
Line Pull: 25
With Blocks: 100
Auxiliary Wench:
Capacity (line pull) (kg): 530

TOWING

Capacity (mt): 50
Towing Rods:
Two 1.68 m
Two 5.5 m
Hydraulic Jack Capacity (mt): 30

ARMAMENT

Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm, AD MG NSV-T
Mount Type: Cupola
AA: 1,500
Ground: 2,000
Fire on Move: Yes

VARIANTS
None

NOTES
The BREM-1 is designed to tow damaged tanks from the battlefield to damaged vehicle collection points. It has a crew of threecommander,
driver, and mechanic. Instead of a turret it has a rectangular platform on top of the hull for work and loading.

8-15

7 Nov 2000

Russian Armored Recovery Vehicle T-54-T _________________________________

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: BTS-2 (Medium Tank Towing Vehicle-2)
Description:
Crew: 3 to 5
Chassis: T-54
Weight (mt): 36
Length (m): 7.5
Height (m): 1.9
Width (m): 3.27
Clearance (mm) 264
Gradient (): 31
Fording Depth (m):
Unprepared: 1.4
With Snorkel: 5.5

AUTOMOTIVE

Engine: V-12 Diesel, 520 hp
Speed (km/h): 48

NBC Protection: No. (see VARIANTS)
Radio: INA

CRANE CAPACITY (mt): 1

TOWING CAPACITY (mt): At least 40

ARMAMENT
None

VARIANTS
There are numerous variants based on T-54 and T-55 chassis each
with differing equipment modifications.
T-54 (A): Former East German manufacture. Push/pull bar at
front, 1 mt crane, NBC equipment, no winches or spades.
T-54 (B): Former East German manufacture. Similar to T-54 (A).
Tow cables brackets at hull rear, hull front protective plate,
snorkel. No winch or spade.
T-54 (C): Former East German manufacture. Heavy-duty crane,
snorkel.

NOTES
The T-54-T armored recovery vehicles are based on modified chassis of the T-54 medium tank. The recovery vehicle variants have a crane able
to lift up to 3 mt, a loading platform, and a spade on the rear of the vehicle. They can mount a snorkel for deep fording. Performance figures are
the same for the T-54 (and T-55) tanks. They replaced older tank recovery vehicles based on the T-34 chassis.

8-16
Chapter 9
Rotary-Wing Aircraft

This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected rotary-wing aircraft readily avail-
able to the OPFOR. Both FM 100-60, Armor- and Mechanized-Based Opposing Force: Organi-
zation Guide, and FM 100-63, Infantry-Based Opposing Force: Organization Guide, use de-
scriptors to indicate aircraft capabilities. In each manual, a substitution matrix enables the
trainer to structure OPFOR air support requirements as required by capability rather that specific
type.

Rotary-Wing Aircraft, covers systems classified as light, attack, utility, multi-role, and
transport aircraft. Multi-role aircraft are able to support missions across each of the categories.
This chapter encompasses many aircraft which may have a dual civil/military history. It does not
include however, aircraft designed and used primarily for civil aviation.

The sampling of systems was selected because of wide proliferation across numerous coun-
tries or because of already extensive use in training scenarios. Additional data sheets addressing
other widely proliferated helicopter systems will be sent with further supplements to this guide.

Because of the increasingly large numbers of variants of each aircraft, only the most
common variants produced in significant numbers were addressed. If older versions of helicop-
ters have been upgraded in significant quantities to the standards of newer variants, the older
versions were not addressed.

The munitions available to each aircraft are mentioned, but not all may be employed at the
same time. The weapon systems inherent to the airframe are listed under armament. The most
probable weapon loading options are also given, but assigned mission dictates actual weapon con-
figuration. Therefore, any combination of the available munitions may be encountered.


CPT (P) Blake Burslie
DSN: 552-7922, Commercial (913) 684-7922
e-mail address: burslieb@leavenworth.army.mil

9-1

7 Nov 2000

9-2
European Light Helicopter BO-105 ________________________________________

Weapon & Ammunition Types

Other Loading Options

7.62-mm or 12.7-mm MG pods

2.75-in rocket pods (7 or 12 ea.)

68-mm SNEB rocket pods (12ea)

50-mm SNIA rockets (28 ea.)

TOW ATGM pods (4 ea.)

HOT ATGM

AS-12 ASM pods (2 ea.)

Stinger AAM pod (4 ea.)
Combat
Load

2

2

2

2

6

2

1

SYSTEM


Description: Variants in ( )
Crew: 1 or 2 (pilots)
Blades:
Main rotor: 4
Tail rotor: 2
Engines: 2x 420-shp Allison 250-C20B
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 2,500
Normal Takeoff: 2,000
Empty: 1,301, 1,913 (PAH1)
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 242
Cruise: 205
Ceiling (m):
Service: 3,050
Hover (out of ground effect): 457
Hover (in ground effect): 1,525
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 7.5
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 570
Internal Aux Tank: 200 ea. (max 2x)
Range (km):
Normal Load: 555
With Aux Fuel: 961
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 11.9
Length (fuselage): 8.8
Width: 2.5

Dimensions continued (m):
Height: 3.0
Main Rotor Diameter: 9.8
Tail Rotor Diameter: 1.9
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 1.9
Width: 1.4
Height: 1.3
Standard Payload (kg):
Internal load: 690
External on sling only: 1,200
Transports 3 troops or 2 litters, or cargo.

Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotors electrically deiced.
Infrared signature suppressors can be mounted
on engine exhausts.
Rotor brake.

ARMAMENT

Most Probable Armament:
BO-105P/PAH1: Outriggers carry 6x HOT
antitank missiles, or rocket pods.

CASA BO-105/ATH: The Spanish produced
variant rigidly mounts 1x Rh 202 20-mm can-
non under the fuselage.

AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS

The BO-105P has a roof-mounted direct-view,
daylight-only sight to allow firing of HOT
ATGMs. Options exist to fit a thermal imag-
ing system for night operations, and a laser
designator.

Night/Weather Capabilities:
Available avionics include weather radar,
Doppler and GPS navigation, and an auto-
pilot. It is capable of operation in day,
night, and instrument meteorological con-
ditions.

VARIANTS

The BO 105 was developed initially by
Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm in Ger-
many. Others are built in Chile, the Phil-
ippines, Indonesia (NBO-105), and Spain
(CASA BO-105/ATH).

BO-105CB: The standard production vari-
ant.

BO-105CBS: VIP version with a slightly
longer fuselage to accommodate 6 passen-
gers, some used in a SAR role.

BO-105LS: Upgraded to 2x 550-shp Allison
250-C28 turboshaft engines for extended
capabilities in high altitudes and tempera-
tures. Produced only in Canada.

BO-105M/VBH: Standard reconnaissance
version.

BO-105P/PAH1: Standard antitank version.

NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all will be employed at the same time, mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are
mounted on weapons outriggers or racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has one hardpoint. This helicopter is produced by the Euro-
copter Company. It was formed as a joint venture between Aerospatiale of France, and Daimler-Benz Aerospace of Germany. Other missions
include: direct air support, antitank, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and transport. Clamshell doors at rear of cabin area open to access cargo
area. Cargo floor has tiedown rings throughout.
9-3

7 Nov 2000

United States Light Helicopter MD-500/Defender _____________________________



M134 7.62-mm 6x barrel, Gat-
ling type twin MG pods

M260 2.75-in Hydra 70 rocket
pods (7 or 12 each)

.50 cal MG pods

M75 40-mm grenade launchers

MK19 40-mm grenade launcher

TOW missile pods (2 each)

Hellfire ATGM

Stinger AAM

Combat
Load

2000

2

2

2

2

2

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Hughes model 369,
Cayuse, Loach
Date of Introduction: 1977 (MD-500 MD)

Blades:
Main rotor: 4 or 5 (see VARIANTS)
Tail rotor: 2 or 4 (see VARIANTS)
Engines: (see VARIANTS)
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 1,361 (500), 1,610 (530)
Empty: 896
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 241 (500), 282 (530)
Cruise: 221 (500), 250 (530)
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,635 (500), 4,875 (530)
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,830 (500),
3,660 (530)
Hover (in ground effect): 2,590 (500), 4,360
(530)
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 8.4 (500), 10.5 (530)
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 240
Internal Aux Tank: 80
Range (km):
Normal Load (est.): 485 (500), 430 (530)
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 9.4 (500), 9.8 (530)
Length (fuselage): 7.6 (500), 7.3 (530)
Width: 1.9
Height: 2.6 (500), 3.4 (530 over mast-
mounted sight)

Main Rotor Diameter: 8.0 (500), 8.3 (530)
Floor Length: 2.4
Width: 1.3
Height: 1.5
Internal load: INA
External load: 550
Transports 2 or 3 troops or cargo internally, or 6
on external platforms in lieu of weapons.

Some models have radar warning receivers.
Chaff and flare systems available.
Infrared signature suppressors can be mounted on
engine exhausts.

ARMAMENT

Most Probable Armament: (MD-500D pictured)
MD-500MD/Scout Defender: Fitted with guns,
rockets, grenade launchers, or a combination on
2x fuselage hardpoints.

MD-500MD/TOW Defender: Twin TOW mis-
sile pods on 2x fuselage hardpoints; mounts mis-
sile sight in lower-left front windshield.


The MD-500 allows for the mounting of a stabi-
lized, direct-view optical sight in the windshield.
Options exist to fit a mast-mounted, multiple
field of view optical sight, a target tracker, a la-
ser rangefinder, thermal imager, a 16x FLIR for
night navigation and targeting, and autopilot.

Optional avionics include GPS, ILS and full
instrument weather conditions packages.
The more advanced variants are fully capable
of performing all missions under any con-
ditions.

VARIANTS

OH-6A/Cayuse: Developed initially by the
Hughes Aircraft company (later McDon-
nell Douglas Helicopter Company) in the
mid-1960s for the US Army. Fitted with
1x 253-shp Allison T63-A-5A turboshaft,
4 bladed main rotor, and an offset V tail.
Hughes 500M: Military export version of
OH-6 in mid-1970s with upgraded 278-shp
Allison 250-C18 turboshaft engine, V
tail.
MD-500MD/Scout and TOW Defender:
Improved military version of the model 500
with 5 main rotor blades, 375-shp Allison
250-C20B turboshaft engine, and T-tail.
MD-500E/MD-500MG/Defender II: Had a
more elongated nose for streamlining, and
an optional 4x blade tail rotor for reduced
acoustic signatures. Possible mast-
mounted sight.
OH-6A/MD-530F Super Cayuse/Lifter:
Upgraded engine to a 425-shp Allison 250-
C30 turboshaft, and avionics in 1988 for
the US Army.
MD-530MG/Defender: Has a mast-mounted
sight, and incorporated upgrades of all pre-
vious variants.
AH/MH-6J: US Army Special Operations
variant derived from the MD-530MG.

NOTES
mounted on weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has one hardpoint. Other missions include: direct air support, antitank, recon-
naissance, observation, and light utility.
9-4
Russian Light Helicopter Mi-2/HOPLITE ____________________________________


1x 23-mm automatic cannon

1x 7.62-mm or 12.7-mm MG

Other Loading Options:

AT-3c/SAGGER ATGM

57-mm Rocket pods (16 each)

Twin or single fixed 7.62-mm
or 12.7-mm MG

External fuel tanks (liters)

SA-7b/GRAIL missile

Combat
Load

4

2

238

4

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 1 (pilot)
Blades:
Main rotor: 3
Tail rotor: 2
Engines: 2x 400-shp PZL GTD-350 (series
III and IV) turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 2,372
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 194
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,000
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,000
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 600
Internal Aux Tank: N/A
External Fuel Tank: 238 ea.
Range (km):
Maximum Load: 580
Normal Load: 340
With Aux Fuel: 790

Dimensions (m):
Width: 3.2
Height: 3.7
Standard Payload:
Transports 6-8 troops or 700 kg internal
cargo or 800 kg external load on 4x external
hardpoints.

Main and tail rotor blades electrically deiced.

ARMAMENT
23-mm Automatic Cannon, NS-23KM:
Range: (practical) 2,500 m
Elevation/Traverse: None (rigidly-mounted)
Ammo type: HEFI, HEI, APT, APE, CC
Rate of Fire (rpm): (practical) 550

7.62-mm or Pintle-mounted Machinegun:
(may be mounted in left-side cabin door)
Ammo type: HEFI, HEI, APT, APE, CC

OR

12.7-mm or Pintle-mounted Machinegun:
(may be mounted in left-side cabin door)
Ammo type: API, API-T, IT, HEI


The cannon is pilot sighted, and fire is ad-
justed by controlling the attitude of the air-
craft.

The Mi-2 is primarily a daylight only aircraft.

VARIANTS

Mi-2R: Ambulance version that carries 4x
litter patients.

Mi-2T: Transport version that carries 8
personnel.

Mi-2URN: Armed reconnaissance variant,
employs 57-mm unguided rockets, and
mounts a gunsight in the cockpit for aim-
ing all weapons.

Mi-2URP: The antitank variant. Carries 4x
AT-3 Sagger wire-guided missiles on ex-
ternal weapons racks, and 4x additional
missiles in the cargo compartment.

Mi-2US: The gunship variant, employs an
airframe modification that mounted a 23-
mm NS-23KM cannon to the portside fuse-
lage. Also employs 2x 7.62-mm gun pods
on external racks, and 2x 7.62-mm pintle-
mounted machineguns in the cabin.

PZL Swidnik: A Polish-produced variant
under license from Russia. Same perform-
ance, characteristics, and missions.

NOTES
mounted on weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. Additional missions include;
direct air support, antitank, armed reconnaissance, transport, medevac, airborne command post, smoke generating, minelaying, and training. The
cabin door is hinged rather than sliding, which may limit operations. There is no armor protection for the cockpit or cabin. Ammo storage is in
the aircraft cabin, so combat load varies by mission. Some Mi-2USs currently employ fuselage-mounted weapon racks rather than the 23-mm
fuselage-mounted cannon which is removed. Some variants however, still employ the cannon.

9-5

7 Nov 2000

French Light Helicopter SA-341/GAZELLE __________________________________

Weapon & Armament Types

7.62-mm MG or

20-mm GIAT M.621 cannon or

2x 7.62-mm AA-52 FN MG pods


2.75-in rocket pods (7 ea.)

68-mm SNEB rocket pods (12
ea)

57-mm rockets (18 ea.)

HOT ATGM

AT-3 SAGGER ATGM

AS-11 ASM, or AS-12 ASM

SA-7 GRAIL AAM

MISTRAL AAM
Combat
Load

100
1,000
2
2
2
4-6
4
4 or 2
2
2

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: SA-342

Blades:
Main rotor: 3
Tail rotor: 13 (fenestron enclosed in tail)
Engines: 1x 590-shp Turbomeca Astazou
IIIB turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 1,800 (SA 341), 1,900
(SA 342K), 2,000 (SA 342L/M)
Empty: 998
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 270
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,100 (SA 341), 5,000 (SA 342)
Hover (out of ground effect): 2,000 (SA
341), 2,370 (SA 342)
Hover (in ground effect): 2,850 (SA 341),
3,040 (SA 342)
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 445
Internal Aux Tank: 90
Additional Internal Aux Tank: 200
Range (km):
Normal Load: 670 (SA 341), 735 (SA 342)

Dimensions (m):
Width: 2.0
Height: 3.1
Floor Length: 2.2
Width: 1.3
Height: 1.2
Internal load: 750
External on sling only: 700
Transports 3 troops or 1 litter, or cargo.

IR signature suppressor on engine exhaust.

ARMAMENT

SA 341F: A GIAT M.621 20-mm cannon is
installed on starboard side of some aircraft.
Rate of fire is selectable at 300 or 740 rpm.
SA 341H: Can carry 4x AT-3 ATGMs, and 2x
SA-7, or 128-mm or 57-mm rockets, and
7.62-mm machinegun in cabin.
SA 342K: Armed antitank version with 4-6x
HOT ATGMs.
SA 342L: Either rocket pods or machineguns.
SA 342M: Armed with 4-6x HOT antitank
missiles, and possibly fitted with Mistral air
to air missiles.


The SA 342M has a roof-mounted stabilized
direct view/infrared/laser sight to allow
night firing of HOT ATGMs.

The aircraft is NVG compatible; and by its
instruments, avionics, autopilot, and nav
computer, is capable of flight in day, night,
and instrument meteorological conditions.

VARIANTS
AS 341 Gazelle: Developed by Aerospatiale
in France. Others were built in the UK by
Westland, and in Yugoslavia.
SA 341B/C/D/E: Production versions for the
British military. Used in training and
communications roles.
SA 341F: Production version for the French
Army. Upgraded engine to Astazou IIIC.
SA 341H: Export variant.
SA 342K: Armed SA 341F with upgraded
870-shp Astazou XIVH engine, mostly ex-
ported to the Middle East.
SA 342L: Export light attack variant with
Astazou XIVM engine.
SA 342M: Improved ground attack variant
for the French Army. Similar to SA 342L,
but with improved instrument panel, en-
gine exhaust baffles to reduce IR signature,
navigational systems, Doppler radar, and
other night flying equipment.

NOTES
mounted on weapons outriggers or racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has one hardpoint. Other missions include: attack, antitank,
antihelicopter, reconnaissance, utility, transport, and training. The bench seat in the cabin area can be folded down to leave a completely open
cargo area. Cargo floor has tiedown rings throughout.
9-6
United States Attack Helicopter AH-1F/COBRA ______________________________


20-mm 3x barrel Gatling gun



2.75-in Hydra 70 rocket pods (19
each)

7.62-mm 6x barrel rotary MG
pods

Combat
Load

750

0-2

2-4

0-2

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Hueycobra, Bell
209
Date of Introduction: 1986 (AH-1S)

Description:
Crew: 2 (pilots in tandem seats)
Blades:
Main rotor: 2
Tail rotor: 2
Engines: 1x 1,800-shp AlliedSignal Engines
T-53-L-703 turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 2,993
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 227
Max G Force: INA
Ceiling (m):
Service: 3,720
Hover (out of ground effect): INA
Internal Fuel (liters): 991
Range (km):
Normal Load: 610
With Aux Fuel: N/A
Dimensions (m):
Width (including wing): 3.2
Height: 4.1
Cargo Compartment Dimensions: negligible
Standard Payload (kg): 1,544

Infrared signature suppressors mounted on en-
gine exhaust.
Radar warning receivers, IFF, Infrared jam-
mer, chaff and flares.
Armored cockpit.

ARMAMENT
The chin-mounted turret accepts Gatling-type
guns ranging from 7.62-mm to 30-mm.
Some aircraft have been modified to accept
Stinger missiles (air-to-air Stinger or ATAS).

20-mm 3x barrel Gatling gun, M197:
Elevation: 21 up to 50 down
Traverse: 220
o

Ammo Type: AP, HE
Rate of Fire: burst 16+4, continuous 730+50

AH-1G: Either 2x 7.62-mm miniguns with 4,000
rounds or 2x 40-mm grenade launchers with
300 rounds (one each is possible) in chin turret.
Also on underwing hardpoints, 2.75-in. FFAR,
minigun pods, or 20-mm automatic cannons.

AH-1S: M197, 3x barrel 20-mm Gatling gun in
chin turret. Also on underwing hardpoints, 8x
BMG71 TOW antitank missiles, and 2x 2.75-
in FFAR rocket pods.

The TOW missile targeting system uses a tele-
scopic sight unit (traverse 110, elevation
60/+30), a laser augmented tracking capabil-
ity, thermal sights and a FLIR to allow for ac-
quisition, launch, and tracking of all types of
TOW missiles in all weather conditions.

The Cobra also uses a digital ballistic com-
puter, a HUD, Doppler nav, and a low speed
air data sensor on the starboard side for fir-
ing, and has in-flight boresighting.
Available Israeli-made upgrades include an
integrated FLIR with laser rangefinder, GPS,
automatic boresighting, and the ability to fire
both TOW II and Hellfire missiles.

The AH-1 is fully capable of performing its
attack mission in all weather conditions.

VARIANTS
Most older Cobra variants still in operation
have been upgraded to the AH-1F standard.
Also produced in Romania and Japan under
license from Bell Textron in the U.S.

AH-1G: Initial production model in 1966

AH-1S: Upgraded 1960s produced aircraft
in late 1980s to the standard TOW carry-
ing version.

AH-1P: A set of AH-1S aircraft fitted with
composite rotors, flat plate glass cockpits,
and NVG capabilities.

AH-1E: A set of AH-1S aircraft upgraded
with the Enhanced Cobra Armament System
incorporating the universal turret, 20-mm
gun, automatic compensation for off-axis
gun firing, and weapon management system.

AH-1F: Current standard Cobra. Also re-
ferred to as the Modernized Cobra. In-
corporated all past upgrades.

AH-1J/-1T/-1W: See separate AH-1W entry.

NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted
on underwing external stores points. Each wing has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. A representative mix when targeting armor forma-
tions would be eight TOW missiles, two 2.75-in rocket pods, and 750x 20-mm rounds. The gun must be centered before firing underwing stores.
Additional missions include direct air support, antitank, armed escort, and air to air combat. Armored cockpit can withstand small arms fire, and
composite blades and tailboom are able withstand damage from 23-mm cannon hits and small arms fire. The composite blades and tailboom are
able to withstand damage from 23-mm cannon hits.

9-7

7 Nov 2000

United States Attack Helicopter AH-1W/SUPERCOBRA _______________________


20-mm 3x barrel Gatling gun


Hellfire missile pods (4 each)


2.75-in Hydra 70 rocket pods (19
each)

Sidewinder or Sidearm missiles

Combat
Load

750

0-2

0-2

2-4

2

291/378

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Seacobra, Su-
percobra, Bell 209
Description:
Crew: 2 (pilots in tandem seats)
Blades:
Main rotor: 2
Tail rotor: 2
Engines: 2x 1,775-shp General Electric
T-700-GE-401 turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 4,670
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 270
Max G Force: +2.5 to -0.5 g
Ceiling (m):
Service: 5,703
Internal Fuel (liters): 1,150
Range (km):
Normal Load: 590
With Aux Fuel: N/A
Dimensions (m):
Height: 4.2
Standard Payload (kg): 1,740

Infrared signature suppressors mounted on engine
exhaust.
Radar and laser warning receivers, IFF, Infrared
jammer, missile warning system, chaff and
flares, and rotor brake.
Armored cockpit.

ARMAMENT

20-mm 3x barrel Gatling gun, M197:
Elevation: 21 up to 50 down
Traverse: 220
o

Ammo Type: AP, HE
Rate of Fire: Burst 16+4, continuous 730+50

AH-1W: M197, 3x barrel 20-mm Gatling gun in
chin turret. Also on underwing hardpoints, 8x
TOW or Hellfire antitank missiles (or four of
each), and 2x 2.75-in FFAR rocket pods. AIM-
9 Sidewinder or AIM-123 Sidearm missiles
provide air-to-air capability.


The missile targeting system uses a telescopic sight
unit (traverse 110, elevation 60/+30) with two
magnifications/fields of view, a laser augmented
tracking capability, TV, video recorder, thermal
sights, FLIR, Doppler navigation, and a digital
ballistic computer for acquisition, launch, and
tracking of all TOW or Hellfire missiles in all
weather conditions. The helmet-mounted display
integrates NVGs with missile targeting and gun
turret. The system allows the aircraft to self-
designate targets.

The AH-1 is fully capable of performing its
attack and armed escort missions in all
weather conditions from land- or sea-
based launching platforms.

VARIANTS

Most older AH-1J and AH-1T Seacobra vari-
ants still in operation have been upgraded to
the AH-1W standard.

AH-1J: Initial twin engine AH-1 variant
fielded in the early 1970s.

AH-1T: Upgraded engines and powertrain
system for improved performance. This
minimally expanded rotor system and
overall dimensions of the AH-1J.

AH-1RO: Construction of a variant of the
aircraft may occur in the near future in
Romania. Talks are ongoing between IAR
industries and Bell Textron. It may be
produced under the name Dracula.

AH-1Z/-1(4B)W: Four-bladed variant
called the King Cobra or Viper that
contains an integrated digital cockpit, and
has better flight performance.

AH-1P/-1E/-1F: See separate AH-1F entry.

NOTES
Available munitions shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted on
underwing external stores points. Each wing has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. A representative mix when targeting armor forma-
tions is eight TOW or Hellfire missiles (sometimes four of each missile is loaded), two 2.75-in rocket pods, and 750x 20-mm rounds. The gun
must be centered before firing underwing stores. Additional missions include direct air support, antitank, armed escort, and air to air. Armored
cockpit can withstand small arms fire, composite blades, tailboom, and fuel tanks withstand 23-mm cannon hits. This aircraft costs approximately
$10.7 million which is considered inexpensive when compared to other modern attack helicopters, but its performance is similar. Therefore
many nations consider this aircraft as a possible candidate for fielding in attack helicopter squadrons.

9-8
Russian Attack Helicopter Ka-50/HOKUM___________________________________


1x 2A42 30-mm cannon
HE-Frag
AP
Total


AT-16 VIKhR ATGM (6 each)

80-mm rockets (20 each)

Twin 23-mm gun pods

500-kg bombs

AA-11/ARCHER AAM


Combat
Load

250
250
500

2

2

940

4

2

500

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Black Shark,
Werewolf
Date of Introduction: N/A
Proliferation: Preproduction. An initial
fielding plan is for 2 per year for 14 years.

Description:
Crew: 1 (pilots, 2 in Ka-52)
Blades:
Main rotor: 6 (2 heads, 3 blades each)
Tail rotor: None
Engines: 2x 2,200-shp Klimov TV3-117VK
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 7,692
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 340 (est.)
Cruise: 270
Sideward: 100+, Rearward: 100+
Turn Rate: unlimited
Max G Force: +3 to +3.5 g
Ceiling (m):
Service: 5,500
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 10
Fuel (liters):
Internal: INA
External Fuel Tank: 500 ea. (max 4x)
Range (km):
Maximum Load: INA
Normal Load: 460
With Aux Fuel: INA
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 16
Height (gear extended): 4.93
Height (gear retracted): 4

Cargo Compartment Dimensions: Negligible
Standard Payload:
External weapons load: 2,500 kg on 4 under-
wing stores points.

Main rotors and engines electrically deiced.
on engine exhausts.
Radar warning receivers, IFF, chaff and flares.
Armored cockpit and self-sealing fuel tanks.
Pilot ejection system.
(see NOTES)

ARMAMENT
30-mm Automatic Cannon, 2A42:
Range: effective 3,000 m
Elevation: -45 to +10
Traverse: 15
Ammo type and rate of fire is selectable by pilot
(HE or AP, 350 or 600)

Most Probable Armament: (shown above)
HOKUM A/N: Fuselage-mounted 30-mm
cannon on right side, 80-mm rockets, AT-16
VIKhR ATGMs.

HOKUM B: Same as above.

ATGM, AT-16/VIKhR:
Guidance: Laser Beam Rider SACLOS
Range: 10,000 m
Warhead: HEAT
Penetration: 900 mm
Effective against ground & air targets at con-
verging speeds to 800 km/h.
ATGM racks can depress to 12.


The HOKUM uses a low-light level TV or
thermal sighting, a laser range-finder (10
km), FLIR, air data sensor, and digital
datalink which interface with a fire control
computer, an autopilot, a helmet sighting
system and HUD for target location, acqui-
sition, designation, and firing.

This aircrafts avionics package ensuring a
full day/night, all weather capability. If it
is to be employed at night in an attack role,
it must be fitted with a night targeting pod.
This pod includes a FLIR, a millimeter
wave radar, and an electro-optical sight
takes up one of the underwing pylons.
The Ka-50N, and Ka-52 are capable of per-
forming attack missions in day/night, and
all-weather conditions.
The French companies Thomson-CSF, and
Sextant Avionique offer nav/attack systems,
which can be fitted to export variants.

VARIANTS

Ka-50A/HOKUM A: Standard direct air
support variant.

Ka-50N/HOKUM N: Night attack variant
fitted with a nose-mounted FLIR. The
cockpit is fitted with an additional TV dis-
play, and is NVG compatible.

Ka-52/HOKUM B: The Alligator is a
side-by-side, two-seat cockpit variant of
the Ka-50. The gross weight of the aircraft
is greater, so the performance is marginally
degraded. But airframe characteristics,
dimensions, and armaments are relatively
similar. It includes a mast-mounted milli-
meter wave radar covering the front quad-
rant only. It is used as an attack aircraft,
and as a trainer for the Ka-50.
9-9

7 Nov 2000

Russian Attack Helicopter Ka-50/HOKUM continued__________________________

NOTES
This aircraft is not fielded. Only a handful of prototypes exist, and it has not yet been approved for full-scale production.

The fully armored pilots cabin can withstand 23-mm gunfire, and the cockpit glass 12.7-mm MG gunfire. The Zvezda K-37-800 pilot ejection
system functions at any altitude. Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapons configu-
ration. External stores are mounted on underwing external hardpoints. Each wing has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. A typical mix
for targeting armor formations is 12x AT-16 ATGMs, 500x 30-mm cannon rounds, and 2x 20-round pods of 80-mm folding fin unguided rockets.
It was designed for remote operations, and not to need ground maintenance facilities for 2 weeks. The 30-mm cannon is the same as on the BMP-
2. The firing computer will turn the aircraft to keep the gun on target. A coaxial counter-rotating rotor system negates the need for a tail rotor
and its drive system. Because of this, this aircraft is unaffected by wind strength and direction, has an unlimited hovering turn rate, and gives a
smaller profile and acoustic signature, while allowing a 10-15% greater power margin. The airframe is 35% composite materials with a structural
central 1m
2
keel beam of kevlar/nomex that protects critical systems and ammunition. The HOKUM is fully aerobatic. It can perform loops, roll,
and the funnel, where the aircraft will maintain a concentrated point of fire while flying circles of varying altitude, elevation, and airspeed
around the target.

9-10
Russian Attack Helicopter Mi-24/HIND _____________________________________


1x twin 30-mm gun or
12.7-mm 4 barrel turret gun


AT-2C or AT-6C ATGMs

80-mm S-8 rocket pods (20 ea.)

57-mm S-5 rocket pods (32 ea.)

GSh-23L twin 23-mm MG pods

250-kg bombs

500-kg bombs


Combat
Load

750
1,470

2-12

2-4

2-4

940

4

2

500

SYSTEM

Date of Introduction: 1976 (HIND D)

Description:
Crew: 2 (pilots in tandem cockpits)
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 3
Engines: 2x 2,200-shp Klimov TV3-
117VMA turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 8,500
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 295
Max G Force: 1.75 g
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,500
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 1,840
Internal Aux Tank (in cabin): 1,227
External Fuel Tank: 500 ea.
Range (km):
Normal Load: 450
With Aux Fuel: 950
Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 2.5
Width: 1.5
Height: 1.2

Standard Payload:
Internal load: 8 combat troops or 4 litters
External weapons load: 1,500 kg
External load (no weapons): 2,500 kg

Main and tail rotors electrically deiced.
on engine exhausts.
Radar warning receivers, IFF, Infrared jam-
mer, rotor brake, chaff and flares.
Armored cockpit.

ARMAMENT
Loaded combat troops can fire personal weap-
ons through cabin windows.

12.7-mm 4x Barrel Machinegun, YaKB-12.7:
Range (m): (practical) 1,500
Elevation/Traverse: 20 up to 60 down/ 120
o

Ammo Type: HEFI, APT, Duplex, DuplexT
Rate of Fire (rpm): up to 4,500 (pilot selectable)

OR

30-mm Twin Barrel Cannon, GSh-30K:
Elevation/Traverse: None (rigidly mounted)
Ammo Type: HEFI, HEI, APT, APE, CC
Rate of Fire (rpm): 300, or 2,000 to 2,600

Most Probable Armament: (HIND F pictured)
HIND D: Turret-mounted 4-barrel 12.7-mm
Gatling type machinegun, 57-mm rockets,
AT-2C/SWATTER ATGMs.

HIND E: Turret-mounted 4-barrel 12.7-mm
Gatling type machinegun or twin barrel 23-
mm turret gun, 57-mm rockets, AT-6C/
SPIRAL ATGMs.

HIND F: Fixed 30-mm twin gun on the right
fuselage side, 57-mm rockets, AT-6C/
SPIRAL ATGMs.

The ATGM targeting system uses a low-level
light TV, a laser designator, FLIR, air data
sensor, and a missile guidance transmitter.

HIND D versions are primarily daytime air-
craft only. Some HIND E and Mi-35 series
export versions have upgraded night and
weather capabilities, better avionics,
weather radar, autopilot, HUD, GPS, NVG
compatibility, more armor, and an in-
creased weapons load provided by the
French company Sextant Avionique.

VARIANTS
Nearly all of the older HIND A, B and C
variants have been upgraded or modified
to the HIND D or E standard.

Mi-24D/HIND D: Direct air support.

Mi-24V/HIND E: Direct air support. Most
proliferated version.

Mi-24P/HIND F: Direct air support. The
fixed twin gun cut the turret profile, and
empty weight to 8,200 kg, while boosting
maximum gross weight to 12,000 kg.

Mi-24R/HIND G-1: NBC sampling. It has
mechanisms to obtain soil and air samples,
filter air, and place marker flares.

Mi-24K/HIND G-2: Photo-recon, and artil-
lery spotting. Has a camera in cabin, gun,
rocket pods, but no targeting system.

Mi-25: Export version of the HIND D.

Mi-35: Export version of the HIND E. The
Mi-35M has a twin barrel 23-mm gun.

Mi-35P: Export version of the HIND F.
9-11

7 Nov 2000

Russian Attack Helicopter Mi-24/HIND continued ____________________________

NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted
on underwing external stores points. Each wing has three hardpoints for a total of six stations. A representative mix when targeting armor forma-
tions would be eight AT-6 ATGMs, 750x 30-mm rounds, and two 57-mm rocket pods. Additional missions include direct air support, antitank,
armed escort, and air to air combat. The aircraft can store an additional ammunition basic load in the cargo compartment in lieu of carrying
troops. Armored cockpits and titanium rotor head able to withstand 20-mm cannon hits. Every aircraft has an overpressurization system for
operation in a NBC environment.

The HINDs wings provide 22% to 28% of its lift in forward flight. In a steep banking turn at slower airspeeds, the low wing can lose lift while it
is maintained on the upper wing, resulting in an excessive roll. This is countered by increasing forward airspeed to increase lift on the lower
wing. Because of this characteristic, and the aircrafts size and weight, it is not easily maneuverable. Therefore they usually attack in pairs or
multiple pairs, and from various directions.

9-12
Russian Attack Helicopter Mi-28/HAVOC ___________________________________

Most Common Armament:

1x 2A42 30-mm cannon

4x AT-6/SPIRAL or
4x AT-9/ATAKA ATGMs

4x 80-mm rocket pod or
4x 57-mm rocket pod

Other Loading Options:

Twin 23-mm gun pods

500-kg bombs

External fuel tanks

2x AA-16/GIMLET or
2x AA-18/ GROUSE AAM
Combat
Load:

300

4 ea

20 ea
16 ea

940

4

2 ea

SYSTEM

Date of Introduction: N/A
Proliferation: Preproduction. No fielding
plan due to funding constraints. Only a
few prototypes of each model have been
constructed.

Description:
Crew: 2 pilots in tandem cockpits
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 4 (in X configuration)
Engines: 2x 2,200-shp Klimov TV3-
117VMA turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 11,500
Empty: 7,000
Speed (km/h):
Max (level): 300
Cruise: 260
Sideward: 100, Rearward: 100
Turn rate: 60
0
/second
Max G Force: -.5 to +3.7 g
Ceiling (m):
Service: 6,000
Hover (in ground effect): INA
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): INA
Fuel: (liters)
Internal: 1,900
Internal Aux Tank: N/A
External Fuel Tank: INA
Range: (km)
Max Load: INA
Normal Load: 475
With Aux Fuel: 1,100

Dimensions: (m)
Height: 4.7
Cargo Compartment Dimensions: Negligible
Standard Payload: 3,640 kg on 4 underwing
stores points.

Main rotors and engines electrically deiced.
on engine exhausts.
Radar warning receivers, pressurized cockpit,
IFF, chaff, decoys and flares.
Armored cockpit and self-sealing fuel tanks.
Pilot ejection system (see NOTES).

ARMAMENT
30-mm Automatic Cannon, 2A42:
Range: Effective 3,000 m
Elevation: -40
o
to +13
o
, Traverse: 110
Ammo Type: HE, or AP
Rate of Fire: 300 or 800

HAVOC A/N: Chin-mounted 30-mm gun, 80-
mm rockets, 16x ATGMs.

ATGM, AT-6/SHTURM:
Guidance: SACLOS RF
Range: 5,000-7,000 m (variant dependant)
Warhead: Tandem HEAT
Penetration: 700-950 mm (variant dependant)

ATGM, AT-9/ATAKA:
Guidance: SACLOS RF
Range: 6,000 m
Warhead: Tandem HEAT
Penetration: 1,000 mm

80-mm Folding Fin, Unguided Rocket, S-8:
Range: 2 to 3 km
Warhead: AP or HE
20 rockets per pod, 2 pods carried

SENSOR/OPTICS

The HAVOC uses optical magnification, a laser
designator, HUD, a pair of FLIR sensors, and
a targeting radar for target engagement.


The Mi-28A is primarily a daylight only aircraft.
The Mi-28N has avionics upgrades, and the
use of night-vision goggles allows a
day/night, all-weather mission capability.

VARIANTS

Mi-28N: Known as the night version. This
version features an integrated rotor-hub radar
for both targeting and navigation, a full auto-
pilot, an inertial navigation system, and an op-
tical, thermal, and low-light level TV helmet
targeting system for target engagement.
Night vision goggles are employed. The en-
gines are upgraded to 2x 2,500-shp Klimov
TV3-117SB3 turboshaft, and the transmission
and rotor blades are more efficient. This ac-
counts for the added avionics weight, and in-
creases the armament basic load to 500x 30-
mm cannon rounds, 16x AT-9 or AT-16
VIKhR ATGMs, 2x rocket pods, and up to 4x
air-to-air missiles. The aircrafts systems al-
low for the orchestration of group combat ac-
tions through datalinks.

9-12.1

7 Nov 2000

Russian Attack Helicopter Mi-28/HAVOC continued __________________________

NOTES
This aircraft is not fielded. Only a handful of prototypes exist, and it has not yet been approved for full-scale production.

Although this aircraft is routinely compared to the U.S. AH-64 Apache, it is much larger and less maneuverable than its U.S. counterpart. The
cockpit glass is bulletproof to 12.7-mm rounds, and resistant to fragmentation from 20-mm shells. The armored cockpit frame is made of tita-
nium, steel, and ceramic. It can also withstand hits of 20-mm shells at a minimum. Rotor blade-tip pitot tubes give speed and drift information
for targeting at low airspeed. The HAVOC has a high altitude ejection system that jettisons wings and cockpit doors while the crew jumps to
safety with parachutes. It has a technical compartment which accommodates two persons. This is used to evacuate a crew from a downed
aircraft. Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are
mounted on underwing external hardpoints. Each wing has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. A typical mix for targeting armor forma-
tions is 16x ATGMs, 300x 30-mm cannon rounds, and 2x 20-round pods of 80-mm rockets. The 30-mm cannon is the same as on the BMP-2. A
helmet sighting system turns the cannon in the direction the pilot is looking. However, the cannon is usually fired in the stowed position only.

9-12.2
European Utility Helicopter AS-532/COUGAR _______________________________


7.65-mm MG


20-mm twin gun pods

68-mm rocket pods (22 each)

2.75-in rocket pods (19 each)


Combat
Load

2

2

2

2

600

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: AS 332 Super
Puma, SA 330 Puma

Crew: 2 (pilots)
Blades:
Main rotor: 4
Tail rotor: 5, 4 (U2/A2)
Engines: 2x 1,877-shp Turbomeca Makila
1A1 turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 9,000 (Mk I), 9,750
(Mk II)
Normal Takeoff: 8,600 (Mk I), 9,300
(Mk II)
Empty: 4,330 (UC/AC), 4,460 (UL/AL),
4,760 (U2/A2)
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 275 (Mk I), 325 (Mk II)
Cruise: 270
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,100
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,650 (Mk
I), 1,900 (Mk II)
Hover (in ground effect): 2,800 (Mk I),
2,540 (Mk II)
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 1,497 (UC/AC), 2,000 (UL/AL),
2,020 (U2/A2)
Internal Aux Tank: 475 ea. (4x Mk I, 5x
Mk II)
Range (km):
Normal Load: 620 (UC/AC), 840
(UL/AL), 800 (U2/A2)
With Aux Fuel: 1,017 (UC/AC), 1, 245
(UL/AL), 1,176 (U2/A2)
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 18.7-19.5
(U2/A2)

Length (fuselage): 15.5 (UC/AC), 16.3
(UL/AL), 16.8 (U2/A2)
Width: 3.6-3.8 (U2/A2)
Height: 4.6
Main Rotor Diameter: 15.6-16.2 (U2/A2)
Tail Rotor Diameter: 3.1-3.2 (U2/A2)
Floor Length: 6.5 (AC/UC), 6.8 (UL/AL),
7.9 (U2/A2)
Width: 1.8
Height: 1.5
Internal load: 3,000
Transports 20-29 troops or 6-12 litters (vari-
ant dependant), or cargo.

A radar warning receiver is standard, while a
laser warning receiver, missile launch detec-
tor, missile approach detector, infrared
jammer, decoy launcher, and flare/chaff dis-
pensers are optionally available.

ARMAMENT

The Mk I variants may employ 2x 7.65-mm
machine guns on pintle-mounts in the cabin
doors when employed in a transport role.

Most Probable Armament
The armed versions have side-mounted 20-mm
machineguns and/or axial pods fitted with 68-
mm rocket launchers.


The aircraft is NVG compatible, and through its
instruments, avionics, full autopilot, and nav
computer, is capable of operation in day, night,
and instrument meteorological conditions.

VARIANTS

SA 330 Puma: Developed in the late 1960s
by Aerospatiale in France. Others were
built in the UK, Indonesia, Romania.

AS 332 Super Puma: Differs from the SA
330 Puma through an improved rotor sys-
tem, upgraded engines, stretched fuselage,
and a modified nose shape.
The Cougar name was adopted for all military
variants, and in 1990, all Super Puma des-
ignations were changed from AS 332 to
AS 532 to distinguish between civil and
military variants. The 5 denotes military,
A is armed, C is armed-antitank, and
U is utility. The second letter represents
the level of upgrading.

AS-532 Cougar UC/AC Mk I: The basic
version with a short fuselage to carry 20
troops.

AS-532 Cougar UL/AL Mk I: This version
has an extended fuselage, which allows it
to carry 25 troops and more fuel. It is also
capable of carrying an external load of
4,500 kg.

AS-532 Cougar U2/A2 Mk II: This 1992
version is the longest variant of the Cougar
line. It has an improved Spheriflex rotor
system with only 4x tail rotor blades, and
2x 2,100-shp Turbomeca Makila 1A2 tur-
boshaft engines that allow an increased
cargo carrying capability. It can transport
29 troops or 12 litters, or an external load
of 5,000 kg. Primarily used for combat
search and rescue, and as an armed version.
It may be armed additionally with a 20-mm
cannon or pintle-mounted .50 caliber ma-
chine guns.

NOTES
This helicopter is produced by the Eurocopter company. It was formed as a joint venture between Aerospatiale of France, and Daimler-Benz
Aerospace of Germany. Additional missions include: VIP transport, electronic warfare, and anti-submarine warfare.

9-13

7 Nov 2000

Russian Utility Helicopter Mi-8/HIP ________________________________________


2x 7.62-mm or 1x 12.7-mm MG


AT-2C or AT-3 ATGMs



250-kg bombs

500-kg bombs

12.7-mm MG pod

Twin 23-mm gun pods

Additional fuel tanks (liters)

Combat
Load

4-6

4-6

2

4

2

2

2

1,830

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 3 (2x pilots, 1x flight engineer)
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 3
Engines: 2x 1,700-shp Isotov TV2-117A
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 6,990
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 225
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,500
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 445
Internal Aux Tank: 915 ea.
External Fuel Tank: 745 in port tank,
680 in starboard tank
Range (km):
Maximum Load: INA
Normal Load: 460
With Aux Fuel: 950

Dimensions (m):
Width: 2.5
Height: 5.6
Floor Length: 5.3
Width: 2.3
Height: 1.8
Standard Payload:
HIP C: 24 troops, or 3,000 kg internal or
external loads on 4x hardpoints.
HIP E: 24 troops, or 4,000 kg internal or
3,000 kg external on 6x hardpoints.
HIP J/K: antennas on aft section of
fuselage.

Infrared jammer, chaff and flares.

ARMAMENT

ons through windows from inside cabin.
The HIP E mounts a flexible 12.7-mm ma-
chinegun in the nose.


The Mi-8 is equipped with instruments and
avionics allowing operation in day, night, and
instrument meteorological conditions.

VARIANTS

Mi-8T: The HIP C is a medium assault/
transport version. The probable arma-
ment is 57-mm rockets, bombs, or AT-
2C/ SWATTER ATGMs.

Mi-8VPK: The HIP D is an airborne com-
munications platform with rectangular
communication canisters mounted on
weapons racks.

Mi-8TVK: The HIP E is used as a gunship
or direct air support platform. Airframe
modifications add 2x external hardpoints
for a total of 6, and mount a flexible 12.7-
mm machinegun in the nose. The prob-
able armament is 57-mm rockets, bombs,
or AT-2/SWATTER ATGMs.

Mi-8MT/MTV/MTB/-171-17: The HIP H
is an upgraded medium assault/ transport
version. See separate Mi-17 entry.

Mi-8SMV: The HIP J is an airborne jam-
ming platform characterized by small
boxes on the left side of the fuselage.

Mi-8PPA: The HIP K is an airborne jam-
ming platform characterized by 6x X-
shaped antennas on the aft fuselage.

Mi-9: The HIP G is an airborne command
post characterized by antennas, and Dop-
pler radar on tailboom.

NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time, mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted
on weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. The HIP C has four external hardpoints; the HIP E, HIP H, have six; other variants have none.
Interior seats are removable for cargo carrying. The rear clamshell doors open, an internal winch facilitates loading of heavy freight. Floor has
tiedown rings throughout. The aircraft carries a rescue hoist capable to 150 kg, and a cargo sling system capable to 3,000 kg. The Mi-8 is capa-
ble of single-engine flight in the event of loss of power by one engine (depending on aircraft mission weight) because of an engine load sharing
system. If one engine fails, the other engines output is automatically increased to allow continued flight. See also Mi-17.
9-14
Russian Utility Helicopter Mi-17/HIP _______________________________________


2x 7.62-mm or 1x 12.7-mm MG


AT-2C or AT-3 ATGMs



250-kg bombs

500-kg bombs

12.7-mm MG pod

Twin 23-mm gun pods

Additional fuel tanks (liters)

Combat
Load

4-6

4-6

2

4

2

2

1,830

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Mi-8MT HIP H
Date of Introduction: 1981 (as Mi-17)

Description:
Crew: 3 (2x pilots, 1x flight engineer)
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 3
Engines: 2x 1,950-shp Isotov TV3-117MT
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 7,100-7,370 (variant dependant)
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 240
Ceiling (m):
Service: 5,000-5,700 (variant dependant)
Hover (in ground effect): 1,900-3,980
(variant dependant)
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 445
Internal Aux Tank: 915 ea.
External Fuel Tank:
Port Tank: 745
Starboard Tank: 680
Range (km):
Normal Load: 495

Dimensions (m):
Width: 2.5
Height: 5.7
Floor Length: 5.3
Width: 2.3
Height: 1.8
Internal load: 4,000
Transports 24 troops and cargo, or arma-
ments on 6x external hardpoints.

Infrared jammer, chaff and flares.

ARMAMENT

ons through cabin windows from inside
cabin.

HIP H: Fitted with 2x 7.62-mm machineguns or
possibly 2x 23-mm GSh-23 gun packs in
cabin, 57-mm rockets, and AT3/SAGGER
ATGMs.


The Mi-17 is equipped with instruments, avion-
ics, Doppler radar, and a fully functioning
autopilot for operation in day, night, and in-
strument meteorological conditions.

VARIANTS

Mi-17: A mid-life upgrade of the widely
proliferated Mi-8 HIP H medium assault/
transport helicopter. Initially, only the
export version was known as the Mi-17.
The only visible differences between this
variant and the older Mi-8s is that the tail
rotor is on the portside rather than the
starboard side, and crew armor plating.

Mi-17P: A descendent of the HIP K air-
borne jamming platform characterized by
large rectangular antennas along the aft
fuselage.

Mi-171/-17M/-17V: Also known as
Mi-8MTV, and a descendent of the
HIP H. The engines are upgraded to
2x 2,070-shp Klimov TV3-117VMAs
to allow greater rates of climb and
hover ceilings, yet performance char-
acteristics remain virtually un-
changed from the baseline Mi-17.

Mi-8: See separate entry.

NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time, mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted
on weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. The Mi-17 has six external hardpoints. Additional missions include; attack, direct air support,
electronic warfare, airborne early warning, medevac, search and rescue, and minelaying. Interior seats are removable for cargo carrying. The rear
clamshell doors open, an internal winch facilitates loading of heavy freight. Floor has tie down rings throughout. The aircraft carries a rescue
hoist capable to 150 kg. The Mi-17 is capable of single-engine flight in the event of loss of power by one engine (depending on aircraft mission
weight) because of an engine load sharing system. If one engine fails, the other engines output is automatically increased to allow continued
flight. See also Mi-8.
9-15

7 Nov 2000

United Kingdom Multi-role Helicopter LYNX_________________________________



20-mm MG

2x 7.62-mm AA-52 FN MG pods

12.7-mm machinegun pod

20-mm GIAT Minigun pods

2x Antitank missile pods (4 each)

2x AAM pod

2x 68-mm or 2.75-in rocket pods
(18 or 19 each)
Combat
Load

2

2

2

2

8

2

36 or 38

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Battlefield Lynx,
Super Lynx, Light Battlefield Helicopter, AH-1

Crew: 2 (pilots)
Blades:
Main rotor: 4
Tail rotor: 4
Engines: 2x 900-shp Rolls Royce Gem 42-1
turboshaft, 2x 1,260 LHTEC CTS800-4N
turboshaft (Mk 9)
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 4,535, 5,126 (Mk 9)
Normal Takeoff: 2,658, 3,496 (Mk 9)
Empty: 2,578
Speed (km/h):
Max (level): 289
Cruise: 259, 285 (Mk 9)
Sideward: 130, Rearward: INA
Max G Force: +2.3 to -0.5
Ceiling (m):
Service: INA
Hover (out of ground effect): 3,230, 5,126
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 985
Aux fuel : 696
Range (km):
Normal Load: 630
Dimensions (m):
Width: 3.8, 3.0 (Mk 9)
Height: 3.7
Tail Rotor Diameter: 2.2, 2.4 (Mk 9)
Floor Length: 2.1
Width: 1.8
Height: 1.4
Internal load: 907
External on sling only: 1,360, 2,000 (Mk 9)
Transports 9 troops, 6 litters or cargo.

Engine exhaust suppressors.
An infrared jammer, and flare/chaff dispensers
are available.
Rotor brake and self-sealing fuel tanks.

ARMAMENT

The Lynx employed by ground forces can be
equipped with two 20-mm cannons mounted
externally to permit 7.62-mm machineguns
to be fired from the cabin. Two fuselage py-
lons allow for external stores.

Most Probable Armament
The armed versions have side-mounted 20-mm
machineguns and 8x HOT/Hellfire/TOW
ATGMs. An additional load of 8 missiles
can be carried in the cabin.

Army variants equipped for TOW missiles
have a roof-mounted sight (over the left-
hand pilots seat) with IR and thermal capa-
bilities for firing. Optional equipment al-
lows for target magnification, LLLTV, cam-
eras, and IR searchlight.


The aircraft is NVG compatible, and through
its instruments, avionics, autopilot, and dop-
pler navigation system, is capable of opera-
tion in day, night, and instrument meteoro-
logical conditions.

VARIANTS

Developed under a partnership between pre-
dominantly Westland of the United King-
dom, and Aerospatiale of France.
Listed below are the primary, most proliferated
variants used by ground forces. Many oth-
ers exist in small numbers for ground and
naval forces.

Lynx AH. Mk 1: The basic army general
purpose and utility version. This aircraft has
skid-type landing gear. Most have been
converted to Mk 7 format.

Lynx AH. Mk 7: Also known as AH 1. Up-
graded British army version, some with im-
proved main rotor blades. Reverse-direction
tail rotor to reduce noise signatures and im-
prove performance. This aircraft has skid-
type landing gear.

Lynx AH. Mk 9: Also known as Super Lynx
or Light Battlefield Helicopter. Imple-
mented tricycle-type landing gear, improved
rotor blades, and upgraded engines to increase
performance. Mostly used in tactical transport
role, with no ATGM launch capability.

Battlefield Lynx: Export version of Lynx
AH. Mk 9 that can be armed with ATGMs.

NOTES
This aircraft was designed to be both a transport and an attack aircraft. Additional missions include: VIP transport, search and rescue, mine-
laying, and anti-submarine warfare. Squadrons are aligned along aircraft models. Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed
at one time. Mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted on two points. Each fuselage side has one pylon allowing for a
single gun pod or missile rack. The Lynx is capable of single-engine flight in the event of loss of power by one engine (depending on aircraft
mission weight) because of an engine load sharing system. If an engine fails, the others output is increased to allow continued flight.
9-16
Russian Transport Helicopter Mi-6/HOOK __________________________________

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 5 (2x pilots, 1x navigator, 1x flight
engineer, 1x radio operator)
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 4
Engines: 2x 5,500-shp Soloviev D-25V
(TV-2BM) turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 42,500-46,800
Empty: 27,240
Speed (km/h):
Max (level): 300
Cruise: 250
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,500
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 6,315
Internal Aux Tank: INA
External Fuel Tank: 3,490

Range (km):
Max Load: 620
With Aux Fuel: 1,000 km
Dimensions (m):
Height: 9.9
Floor Length: 12
Width: 2.65
Height: Variable from 2.0 to 2.5
Standard Payload:
Internal: 12,000 kg with rolling takeoff
External: 8,000 kg at hover
Transports over 65 troops, or 41 litters, or 1x
BRDM-2 scout car, or 1x BMD, or 1x GAZ
truck, or 1x 7,500 liter POL truck or 12,000
liters in soft bladders.

Main rotor blades electrically deiced.
Tail rotor blades have internal anti-icing fluid.

ARMAMENT

Some aircraft used for tactical missions have a
12.7 mm machinegun in the nose.


The avionics and navigational package, and
a fully functioning autopilot allow for
day/night all-weather operation.

VARIANTS

Mi-6A/-6T/HOOK A: Basic civil and
military transport version.

Mi-6VKP/HOOK B: Airborne command
post variant.

Mi-6VUS/HOOK C: Developed airborne
command post. Also known as Mi-22.

Mi-6AYaSh/HOOK D: Airborne com-
mand post with possible side-looking air-
borne radar fairing.

Mi-6S: Medevac variant.

Mi-6TZ: Tanker variant.

NOTES
Removable stub wings, when installed, are fixed at a 15
o
incidence relative to the longitudinal axis. They provide 20% of the total lift in forward
flight. Aircraft production ended in 1981. Aircraft has hydraulically actuated rear clamshell doors and ramp, provisions for internal cargo tie-
down rings, an 800 kg capacity internal winch system in cargo compartment, floor capacity is 2,000 kg/m
2
, and a central hatch in the cabin floor
for sling loads.

9-17

7 Nov 2000

Russian Transport Helicopter Mi-26/HALO__________________________________

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 5 (2x pilots, 1x navigator, 1x flight
engineer, 1x loadmaster)
Blades:
Main rotor: 8
Tail rotor: 5
Engines: 2x 11,400-shp Lotarev D-136
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Empty: 28,240
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 255
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,500
Vertical Climb Rate: INA

Fuel (liters):
Internal: 11,900
Range (km):
Maximum Load: 800
Normal Load: INA
With Aux Fuel: 1200 km
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 40
Width: 8.2
Height: 8.1
Main Rotor Diameter: 32
Floor Length: 12
Width: 3.3
Height: variable from 2.9 to 3.2
Standard Payload:
Internal or external load: 20,000 kg
Transports over 80 troops, 60 litters, or 2x
BRDM-2 scout cars, or 2x BMDs, or 1x BMP
or, 1x BTR-60/70/80 or, 1x MT-LB.

Infrared signature suppressors on engines.
Infrared jammers and decoys; flares.
Self-sealing fuel tanks.

ARMAMENT

None


The avionics and navigational package, a
Doppler weather radar, and a fully func-
tioning autopilot allow for day/night all-
weather operation.

VARIANTS

Mi-26MS: Medical evacuation version.

Mi-26T: Freight transport.

Mi-26TZ: Fuel tanker with an additional
14,040 liters of fuel in 4x internal tanks
and 1,040 liters of lubricants, pumped
through 4x 60-meter long refueling nozzles
for refueling aircraft, and 10x 20-meter
long hoses for refueling ground vehicles.
Fuel transfer rate is 300 liters/minute for
aviation fuel, and 75-150 liters/minute for
diesel fuel. The refueling system can eas-
ily be removed to allow the aircraft to per-
form transport missions.

NOTES
The HALO A has no armament. The load and lift capabilities of the aircraft are comparable to the U.S. C-130 Hercules transport aircraft. The
length of the landing gear struts can be hydraulically adjusted to facilitate loading through the rear doors. The tailskid is retractable to allow
unrestricted approach to the rear clamshell doors and loading ramp. The cargo compartment has two electric winches (each with 2,500 kg capac-
ity) on overhead rails can move loads along the length of the cabin. The cabin floor has rollers and tie-down rings throughout. The HALO has a
closed-circuit television system to observe positioning over a sling load, and load operations. The Mi-26 is capable of single-engine flight in the
event of loss of power by one engine (depending on aircraft mission weight) because of an engine load sharing system. If one engine fails, the
other engines output is automatically increased to allow continued flight.

9-18
Chapter 10
Fixed-Wing Aircraft

This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected fixed-wing aircraft readily avail-
able to the OPFOR. Both FM 100-60, Armor- and Mechanized-Based Opposing Force: Organi-
zation Guide, and FM 100-63, Infantry-Based Opposing Force: Organization Guide, use de-
scriptors to indicate aircraft capabilities. In each manual, a substitution matrix enables the
trainer to structure OPFOR air support requirements as required by capability rather that specific
type.

Fixed-Wing Aircraft, generally covers the systems that will affect the planning and actions
of the tactical-level ground maneuver force, and aircraft commonly employed by the OPFOR
when in close proximity to enemy ground forces. Therefore, fighters and long-range bombers are
not addressed unless they are routinely employed in training scenarios. This chapter classifies air-
craft as strike, ground-attack, multi-role, and transport aircraft. Multi-role aircraft are able to sup-
port missions across each of the categories. This chapter encompasses many aircraft which may
have a dual civil/military application. It does not include, however, aircraft designed and used
primarily for civil aviation.

This sampling of systems was selected because of wide proliferation across numerous
countries or because of already extensive use in training scenarios. Additional data sheets ad-
dressing other widely proliferated aircraft will be sent with further supplements to this guide.

Because of the increasingly large numbers of variants of each aircraft, only the most
common variants produced in significant numbers were addressed. If older versions of airplanes
have been upgraded in significant quantities to the standards of newer variants, the older ver-
sions were not addressed.

The munitions available to each aircraft are mentioned, but not all may be employed at the
same time. The weapon systems inherent to the airframe are listed under armament. The most
probable weapon loading options are also given, but assigned mission dictates actual weapon con-
figuration. Therefore, any combination of the available munitions may be encountered.


CPT (P) Blake Burslie
DSN: 552-7922, Commercial (913) 684-7922
e-mail address: burslieb@leavenworth.army.mil

10-1

7 Nov 2000

10-2
Russian Strike Aircraft MiG-23/FLOGGER __________________________________


23-mm Gsh-23L twin gun
or
23-mm 6x barrel Gsh-6-23 gun


240-mm S-24 rockets (1 each)
or
80-mm S-8 rocket pods (20 ea)
or
57-mm S-5 rocket pods (32 ea)

AS-7/KERRY ASM or
AS-10/KAREN ASM or
AS-12/KEGLER ASM or
AS-14/KEDGE ASM

2x AA-7 APEX or
AA-8/APHID AAM launchers

Gun Pods


50-kg, 100-kg, 250-kg, or 500-kg
unguided and guided bombs
Combat
Load

200

260

4

4

2

800

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: MiG-27, Ba-
hadur, or Valiant (Indian variant)

Crew: 1 (pilot)
Appearance:
Wings: High-mount, variable, tapered
Engines: One in fuselage
Fuselage: Long and tubular, with box-like
intakes and large, swept belly-fin
Tail: Swept-back, tapered with angular tip,
swept, tapered flats mounted on fuselage
Engines: 1x 28,660-shp Soyuz/Kachaturov
R-35-300 (MiG-23)/ or 1x 25,335-shp R-
29B-300 (MiG-27) turbojet with after-
burner
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 17,800 (MiG-23)/ 20,700
(MiG-27)
Normal Takeoff: 14,840 (MiG-23)/
18,900 (MiG-27)
Empty: 10,200 (MiG-23)/11,908 (MiG-27)
Speed (km/h):
Max (at altitude): Mach 2.35 (MiG-23)/
Mach 1.7 (MiG-27)
Max (sea level): Mach 1.2
Takeoff/Landing Speed: 315/270
Max G Force (g): +8.5 g (MiG-23)/ +7.0
(MiG-27)
Ceiling (m):
Service (clean): 18,600
With External Stores: INA

Fuel (liters):
Internal: 4,250 (MiG-23)/ 5,400 (MiG-27)
External: Up to 5x 800 liter tanks
Range (km):
Max Load: 1,500
Combat Radius: 1,150
Takeoff Run/Landing Roll (m):
Prepared Surface: 500/750 (MiG-23)/
950/1,300 (MiG-27)
Dimensions (m):
Length: 16.8 (MiG-23/ 17.1 (MiG-27)
Wingspan: 14.0 extended, 7.8 swept
Height: 4.8 (MiG-23)/ 5.0 (MiG-27)
External: 3,000 (MiG-23)/ 4,000 (MiG-27)
Hardpoints: 5 (MiG-23)/7 (MiG-27)

Pressurized cockpit with zero/130 ejection
seat, infrared and radar jammer, radar
warning receiver, decoy, chaff and flares.
Armored cockpit on MiG-27

ARMAMENT
The MiG-23 has a twin gun, and the MiG-27
has a 6x barrel Gatling gun.

23-mm twin gun, Gsh-23L:
Ammo Type: HEFI
Rate of Fire (rpm): 9,000

23-mm 6x barrel gun, Gsh-6-23:
Ammo Type: HEFI

The MiG-23 has an acquisition and tracking
radar, IR sensor, and Doppler nav system.
The MiG-23B and MiG-27 series have a flat-
tened nose section which houses a laser
rangefinder/designator, TV sighting system,
and a target tracker instead of the radar to
attack ground targets.

The MiG-23 is capable of attacking air tar-
gets day or night. The MiG-27 is capable
of attacking ground targets in day, night,
and poor weather conditions.

VARIANTS

MiG-23M/-23MF/-23MS/FLOGGER B:
Standard interceptor, and first production
variant. Export version is FLOGGER E.

MiG-23U/-23UM/-23UB/FLOGGER C: A
tandem seat combat and trainer variant.

MiG-23B/-23BN/-23BN/-23BK/FLOGGER
F/and FLOGGER H: Export fighter/
bomber variant with Gsh-23 twin barrel gun,
and tapered nose. Evolved into MiG-27.

10-3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Strike Aircraft MiG-23/FLOGGER continued _________________________

MiG-23ML/-23P/-23MLD/FLOGGER G
and FLOGGER K: Primary production
variant. Similar to FLOGGER B.

MiG-27K/FLOGGER D: Ground-attack
variant with internal 6x barrel 23-mm gun.
Appearance differs by tapered nose.

MiG-27D/FLOGGER J: Appearance dif-
fers by a long downward-sloping, pointed
nose. Can be fitted with a three-camera re-
con pod.

MiG-27M/-27L: Export versions built
by Hindustan Aeronautics in India.

NOTES
Inset line-drawing shows nose and intake differences of the MiG-27. This difference allows for a laser rangefinder/target designator. The sweep
wing is capable of three angles: 16, 45, and 72 degrees. The ventral fin on the bottom rear of the fuselage folds for takeoff and landing. Up to
five external fuel tanks can be carried on the MiG-23, and four on the MiG-27, but the MiG-27 can also be fitted for aerial refueling. Available
munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are mounted on un-
derwing and underbody hardpoints. Each wing has one point, two points are under the intakes along the fuselage, and the center fuselage attach-
ment point gives five total stations. The MiG-27 then adds two more bomb racks under the wings for a total of seven stations.

10-4
Russian Strike Aircraft Su-24D/FENCER____________________________________


23-mm 6x barrel Gsh-6-23 gun


TN1000 or TN11200 nuclear
weapons

100-kg FAB-100 bombs

TV or laser-guided bombs

AS-7/KERRY ASM or
AS-10/KAREN ASM or
AS-11/KILTER ASM or
AS-12/KEGLER ASM or
AS-13/KINGBOLT ASM or
AS-14/KEDGE ASM or
AS-17/KRYPTON ASM

Gun pods

AA-8/APHID AAM

Combat
Load

250

38

4

3

2

2,000 or
3,000

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 2 (pilot, weapon systems operator)
Appearance:
Wings: High-mount, variable, tapered
back
Engines: Both along body, under wings
Engines: 2x 17,200-shp Lyluka AL-21F-3A
turbojet (24,700-shp with afterburner)
Weight (kg):
Empty: 22,320
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (at altitude): 2,320
Maximum (sea level): 1,530
Maximum Attack Speed: 1,200
Cruise: INA
Takeoff/Landing Speed: INA
Max G Force (g): +6.5 g
Ceiling (m):

Fuel (liters):
Internal: 11,760
External: 8,000
Range (km):
Maximum Load: 940
Combat Radius: 950
Prepared Surface: 1,100-1,200/950
Dimensions (m):
Length: 24.6
External: 8,000
Hardpoints: 9 underwing

Pressurized cockpit with zero/zero ejection
seats, infrared and radar jammer, radar and
missile warning receivers, chaff and flares.

ARMAMENT
Ammo Type: HEFI

The Su-24 has integrated navigation and fire
control radars, pulse-doppler terrain follow-
ing radar coupled to autopilot, laser/TV tar-
geting and weapon guidance system, and la-
ser rangefinder/ designator.

The Su-24 is capable of attacking ground and
surface targets in day, night, and poor
weather conditions.

VARIANTS

Su-24M/-24MK/FENCER D: Attack version,
and export model.

Su-24MR/FENCER E: Maritime reconnais-
sance version with a side-looking radar, TV
camera, infrared scanner, and conventional
cameras, ECM suite, or ELINT pods. It has
datalink to ground, and no gun.

Su-24MP/FENCER F: Another recon and
electronic warfare variant.

NOTES
This aircraft was the first developed specifically as a bomber for the ground-attack role. It has a variable swept-wing, that can be set at 16, 45, or
69 degrees. Some aircraft are capable of aerial refueling, and all can carry up to three external fuel tanks for extended range. There is no internal
weapons bay. Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapons configuration. External
stores are mounted on underwing hardpoints. Each wing has four points, and the center fuselage attachment point gives nine total stations.

10-5

7 Nov 2000

10-6
Russian Ground-Attack Aircraft Su-17/FITTER ______________________________


2x 30-mm NR-30 guns


325-mm S-25 rockets (1 each)
or
80-mm S-8 rocket pods (20 each)
or

AS-7/KERRY ASM or
AS-9/KYLE ASM or
AS-10/KAREN ASM or
AS-12/KEGLER ASM or
AS-14/KEDGE ASM

AA-2 ATOLL AAM or
AA-8/APHID AAM or
AA-11/ARCHER AAM launchers

23-mm SPPU-22 Gun Pods


100-kg, 250-kg, and 500-kg un-
guided and guided bombs

Combat
Load

160

800

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Su-20, Su-22,
Strizh or Martlet

Crew: 1 (pilot)
Appearance:
Wings: Low-mount, variable, swept and
tapered with blunt tips
Engines: One in fuselage, intake in nose
Fuselage: Tubular with blunt nose
Tail: Swept-back and tapered, flats
mounted on fuselage and swept-back
Engines: 1x 28,660-shp Lyulka AL-21F-3
(Su-17/20)/ or 1x 25,335-shp Tumansky
R-29BS-300 (Su-22) turbojet with after-
burner
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 17,700 (M2)/19,500 (M4)
Normal Takeoff: 14,000 (M2) /16,400
(M4)
Empty: 10,000
Speed (km/h):
Max (at altitude): Mach 2.1
Takeoff/Landing Speed: 265
Max G Force (g): +7.0
Ceiling (m):
Service (clean): 18,000/15,200 (M4)

Fuel (liters):
Internal: 4,550
External: Up to 4x 800 liter tanks
Range (km):
Max Load: 1,500
With Aux Fuel: INA
Combat Radius: 330 to 685
Prepared Surface: 900/950
Dimensions (m):
Length: 18.8
Height: 4.8
External: 4,000/4,250 (M4)
Hardpoints: 8

Radar warning receiver, decoys, chaff and
flares.
Armored cockpit on M3 and M4

ARMAMENT
The Su-17 has a 30-mm machinegun with 80
rounds, mounted in each wing.

30-mm machinegun, NR-30:
Ammo Type: HEFI, APT, CC
Rate of Fire (rpm): 850

The early variants of the Su-17 feature rela-
tively simple avionics and targeting pack-
ages.
Newer variants, and upgraded aircraft can have
better avionics, flight controls, targeting and
fire control systems, attack computers, liq-
uid-crystal displays, HUD, pulse-Doppler
radar, laser designators, GPS, and self-
defense packages with FLIR or TV packages
provided by several western firms, and are
modified to fire western armaments.

The earlier models of the Su-17 are primarily
daytime aircraft only.
Some newer versions have upgraded night and
weather capabilities based on upgraded avi-
onics and sensor packages, and are day,
night, and all weather capable.

VARIANTS
This aircraft was derived from the Su-7
FITTER A by incorporating variable wings.
Many variants are in use, however, the M3 and
M4 are the most proliferated versions.
Domestic aircraft use the nomenclature Su-17,
export versions use Su-20 and Su-22.

Su-17/-17MK/-20/FITTER C: First produc-
tion version. Export called Su-20.

Su-17M/-17M2/-17M2D FITTER D: Exter-
nal Doppler-nav and internal laser rangefinder.
Reconnaissance version called Su-17R.
10-7

7 Nov 2000

Russian Ground-Attack Aircraft Su-17/FITTER continued _____________________

Su-17UM/-22U/FITTER E: Two-seat
trainer with components of Su-17M.

Su-17/FITTER G: Combat-ready two-seat
trainer variant of FITTER H. Export ver-
sion is Su-22, with Tumansky engine.

Su-17/-17M3/FITTER H: Increased pilot
visibility by drooping the aircraft nose, and
incorporated an internal Doppler-nav and
laser rangefinder. Reconnaissance version
called Su-17M3R.

Su-17M4/-22M4/FITTER K: Fighter-
bomber. Essentially same as above, but
with an additional air intake. Employs
digital navigation and attack avionics.

Su-22/FITTER F: Export version of
FITTER D with Tumansky engine.

Su-22/-22M3/FITTER J: Similar to
FITTER H, but with increased internal fuel
capacity.

NOTES
The mid-wing pivot point of the sweep wings allows for positions of either 28, 45 or 62 degrees. Up to four external fuel tanks can be carried on
wing pylons and under the fuselage. When under-fuselage tanks are carried, only the two inboard wing pylons may be used for ordnance. Avail-
able munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are mounted on
underwing and underbody hardpoints. Each wing has two points, and the fuselage has four attachment points for a total of eight stations. Gun
pods can be mounted to fire rearward.

10-8
Georgian/Russian Ground-Attack Aircraft Su-25/FROGFOOT __________________


30-mm twin barrel Gsh-30-2 gun


AT-16 VIKhR ATGM (8 each)

23- or 30-mm GSH gun pods

57-mm S-5 rocket pod (32 ea) or 80-
mm S-8 rocket pod (20 ea)

AS-7/KERRY ASM or
AS-10/KAREN ASM or
AS-14/KEDGE ASM or
AS-11/KILTER ASM or
AS-17/KRYPTON ASM

AA-8/APHID or AA-10/ALAMO

50-kg to 500-kg bombs

Combat
Load

250

16

260 ea

8
8

8

2

4,000 kg

800/1,150

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Gratch, Rook

Description:
Crew: 1 (pilot)
Appearance:
Wings: High-mount, tapered back
Engines: Both along body, under wings
Engines: 2x 4,000-shp Ryzhov
(Soyuz/Tumansky) R195 Turbojet
Weight (kg):
Empty: 9,525
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (at altitude): 880
Maximum (sea level): 950
Maximum Attack Speed: 690
Cruise: 700
Max G Force (g): +6.5 g
Ceiling (m):
With External Stores: 5,000
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 3,660
External: 3,762

Range (km):
Maximum Load: 500
With Aux Fuel (2 tanks): 640
Combat Radius: 556
Takeoff Run/LandingRoll (m):
Unprepared Surface: 650/750
Max Load: 1,200
Dimensions (m):
Length: 15.5
Wingspan: 14.5
External: 4,400 or 6,400 (Su-25T)
Hardpoints: 10 underwing, w/500 kg ea

Armored cockpit and engines, zero/100
km/hr ejection seat, self-sealing fuel
tanks, and strengthened flight control
linkages.
IFF, infrared jammer, radar warning
receiver, chaff and flares.

ARMAMENT
Elevation/Traverse: None (rigid mount)
Ammo Type: AP, HE, CC
Rate of Fire: Burst 50

The targeting system incorporates a LLLTV, inte-
grated navigation and aiming system, active
bomb sight, and laser rangefinder/ designator.
The aircraft uses an INS, GPS, and Doppler
navigation.

The Su-25 is fully capable of performing its
direct air support mission in day, night, and
poor weather conditions.

VARIANTS
Early Su-25s had 2x Soyuz/ Gavrilov R95SH en-
gines. Most now upgraded.

Su-25A/-25K: Initial variant, and export.

Su-25B/-25UB/-25UBK/-UBP: A two-seat com-
bat aircraft, naval version, and trainer.

Su-25T/-25TM/-25TK: Developed from the Su-
25UB. Height changed to 5.2 m to hold avionics
and extra fuel. All with R195 engine for in-
creased range, ceiling, and load. Other charac-
teristics generally similar. Upgraded targeting,
acquisition, and countermeasures.

Su-39: Export variant of Su-25T.

NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are
mounted on underwing hardpoints. Each wing has five points for a total of ten stations. A representative mix when targeting armor formations
would be 16x AT-16 ATGMs, two rocket pods, two 23-mm gun pods, 250x 30-mm rounds, and two AA-8s. The titanium cockpit is invulnerable
to 20-mm cannon fire, and 30-mm fire from oblique angles. The aircraft can carry a self-contained maintenance kit in 4 underwing pods. Also
the engines can operate on any type of fuel likely to be found in the forward-operating areas, including diesel and gasoline. This allows the crew
to operate from unprepared airfields for extended periods of time.

10-9

7 Nov 2000

10-10
Russian Multi-role Aircraft Su-27/FLANKER_________________________________


30-mm Gsh-30-1 cannon


420-mm S-25 rockets (1 each) or
or

AS-10/KAREN ASM or
AS-7/KERRY ASM or
AS-12/KEGLER ASM or
AS-14/KEDGE ASM
AS-17/KRYPTON ASM or
AS-18/KAZOO ASM

AA-10/ALAMO AAM or
AA-8/APHID AAM or
AA-9/AMOS AAM or
AA-11/ARCHER AAM or
AA-12 ADDER AAMs

Gun Pods

250-kg, or 500-kg unguided and
guided bombs
Combat
Load

150

4
4

4

8

6

2

10

4,000 kg
SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Su-35, J-11

Crew: 1 (pilot)
Appearance:
Wings: Mid-mount, swept, square tips
Engines: Two in fuselage, with square un-
derwing intakes
Fuselage: Pointed nose, rectangular from
intakes to tail
Tail: Twin tapered, swept fins, with mid-
mount, tapered, swept flats
Engines: 2x 27,557-shp Lyluka AL-31F
turbojet with afterburner
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 28,300/33,000 (SM)
Normal Takeoff: 23,000/23,700 (SM)
Empty: 17,690
Speed (km/h):
Max (at altitude): Mach 2.35
Takeoff/Landing Speed: 250/231
Max G Force (g): Control limited to +9.0 g
Ceiling (m):
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 6,600/11,775 (SM)
External: no provision
Range (km):
Max Load: 3,790
With Aux Fuel: 4,390 (SM)
Combat Radius: 1,500
Prepared Surface: 500 to 650/600 to 720
(variant dependent)/ 1,200/1,200 (Su-35)
Dimensions (m):
Length: 21.9
Wingspan: 14.7
Height: 5.5
External: 6,000
Hardpoints: 10

Zero/zero ejection seat, infrared and radar
jammer, radar and missile warning receiv-
ers, chaff and flares.

ARMAMENT
The Su-27 has a 30-mm gun mounted in the
right wing, and the primary missile for air
defense missions is the AA-10 ALAMO.

30-mm gun, Gsh-30-1:
Ammo Type: HEFI, APT, CC

The Su-27 employs a pulse-Doppler look-
down/ shoot-down radar with a search range
of 240 km and a track range of 185 km. It
has multi-targeting capability, but cannot
guide two missiles to separate targets
It also has an IR sensor, and laser designator,
HUD, helmet-mounted target-designating
sight, and computerized fire control sys-
tem.
The Su-27 is capable of attacking air targets
under day, night, or all-weather conditions.
It has a beyond visual range look-down/ shoot-
down capability.

VARIANTS

Su-27/-27SK/-27P/FLANKER B: Basic pro-
duction version and export variant.

Su-27B/-27UB/-30/FLANKER C: Two-seat
model used as command aircraft, combat trainer
and interceptor. Also called Su-30.

Su-27K/FLANKER D: Naval variant, readily
noticeable by canards forward of the wings.

Su-27IB/-34/FLANKER E: Naval variant,
with side-by-side cockpit, folding wing and
tail. Also called Su-34.

Su-27SM/-27SMK: Multi-role version. Has 12
hardpoints, greater internal fuel and payload
capacity, and air refuel capability.

Su-27M/-35/FLANKER: Revised with more
powerful 28,218-shp Lyluka AL-31SM engines
with thrust-vectoring nozzles allowing a higher
gross weight and greater range. Also fitted with
better radar and targeting systems to allow mul-
tiple engagements. Dimensions increased
slightly, readily noticeable by canards forward of
the wings. Also called Su-35.

J-11: Single-seat Chinese built variant based on
FLANKER B. JJ-11: Two-seat Chinese
built variant based on FLANKER C.
10-11

7 Nov 2000

Russian Multi-role Aircraft Su-27/FLANKER continued________________________

NOTES
The Su-27 is primarily an all-weather interceptor/fighter aircraft used for air defense. It is also capable of performing ground attack missions. It
is highly maneuverable because of a fly-by-wire control system which automatically restricts aircraft angles of attack and maximum G-loads
during flight. External fuel tanks can be carried on some variants, and some are fitted for aerial refueling, but these are generally naval versions
rather than air defense or strike versions. Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapons
configuration. External stores are mounted on underwing and underbody hardpoints. Each wing has two points, and an additional rail on the
wingtip. Two points are under the intakes along the fuselage, and two are centrally located underneath the fuselage near the centerline and be-
tween the intakes for a total of ten stations.

10-12
Russian Transport Aircraft An-2/COLT _____________________________________

SYSTEM


Description:
Crew: 2 (pilots)
Appearance:
Wings: Biplane and rectangular-shaped
with curved tips, one high-mount and one
low mount (shorter), braced by struts
Engines: One mounted in nose
Fuselage: Short, thick, with blunt nose
Tail: Tapered with round tip, rectangular,
low-mounted flats
Engines: 1x 1,000-shp Shevetsov Ash-62 or
PZL Kalisz Ash-621R 9-cylinder radial
piston driving a four-bladed, variable-
pitch propeller.
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 5,500
Normal Takeoff: INA
Empty: 3,450
Speed (km/h):
Max: 258
Min: 90
Cruise: 185
Max G Force (g): -1.0 to +3.7
Ceiling (m):

Fuel (liters):
Internal: 1,200
External: None
Range (km):
Max Load: 900
Unprepared Surface: 200/185
Max Load: INA
Dimensions (m):
Length: 12.7
Wingspan: 18.2
Height: 4.0
Cabin Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 4.1
Width: 1.6
Height: 1.8
Internal: 1,500
Transports 12 troops or paratroops, or 6 lit-
ters.

None

ARMAMENT
Some early prototypes experimented with single
12.7-mm or 23-mm machineguns, and un-
guided aerial rockets. None produced.

Flight avionics only.

The An-2 is capable of flight under day and

VARIANTS

This aircraft was originally built in Russia.
Now it is produced in China and Poland.

An-2D/-2TD: Specially modified for para-
chute training and special operations.

An-2P/-2T/-2TP: Passenger and general
transport variants.

An-2V/-2M/-4: Seaplane variant with floats
in place of main landing gear.

An-3: This variant employs an upgraded
1,450-shp Glushenkov TVD-20 turboprop
engine, and a larger three-bladed propeller.
This allows for an increased takeoff weight
of 5,800 kg.

Y-5/C-5: Chinese-built version, and Chinese
export nomenclature.

NOTES
The wings and elevators are fabric-covered, while the fuselage is metal. This aircraft can operate from unimproved airfields, and is noted for
short takeoff and landing capabilities, and ruggedness. Its low acoustic signature and slower speeds allow for stealthy operation. Cabin contains
tip-up seats which can be easily folded to allow space for cargo. Skis or pontoons can be employed on the main landing gear struts.
10-13

7 Nov 2000

Russian Transport Aircraft IL-18/COOT ____________________________________

SYSTEM

Alternative Designations: Il-20, Il-22

Description:
Crew: 5 (2x pilots, 1x navigator, 1x radio
operator, 1x flight engineer)
Appearance:
Wings: Low-mounted and tapered with
blunt tips
Engines: Four mounted on wings and ex-
tending forward
Fuselage: Round, cigar-shaped, tapered at
rear with rounded nose
Tail: Tapered with square tip, fuselage-
mounted, tapered flats
Engines: 4x 4,250-shp Ivchenko AI-20M
turboprop driving 4x four-bladed, reversi-
ble-pitch propellers.
Weight (kg):
Max Gross: 64,000 (D)/61,200 (E)
Empty: 35,000 (D)/34,610 (E)
Speed (km/h):
Max: 675
Min: INA
Cruise: 625
Takeoff/Landing Speed: INA
Max G Force (g): INA
Ceiling (m):
Operating Altitude: 8,000-10,000
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): INA

Fuel (liters):
Internal: 30,000 (D)/23,700 (E)
External: None
Range (km):
Max Load: 4,000 (D)/3,200(E)
Normal Load: 6,500 (D)/5,200 (E)
Prepared Surface: 1,300 (D)/850
Unprepared Surface: INA
Dimensions (m):
Length: 35.9
Wingspan: 37.4
Height: 10.2
Cabin Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 24.0
Width: 3.2
Height: 2.0
Internal: 13,500
Transports 122 troops or 20 ELINT operators.

None

ARMAMENT
None

Flight avionics only.

The aircraft is capable of flight under day, and

VARIANTS

This aircraft was originally designed as a
civilian transport aircraft, but has been
adapted for military uses.

Il-18D: Has a center fuel tank for longer
flight duration and extended range.

Il-18E: Variant without center fuel tank.

Il-20/COOT A: Unarmed strategic elec-
tronic intelligence/ reconnaissance and
surveillance aircraft. The airframe is es-
sentially the same as the Il-18D, but a cyl-
inder containing a possible side-looking
airborne radar is mounted under the fuse-
lage forward of the wing. Smaller contain-
ers on the forward sides of the fuselage
house possible cameras and sensors. Many
small antennas are located under the fuse-
lage.

Il-22/COOT B: An airborne command post
variant of the Il-18D airframe.

10-14

7 Nov 2000

Chapter 11
Command and Communications Systems

Command systems in the WEG will initially be limited to command vehicles, such as the
listed BMP-1KSh.

This chapter provides basic characteristics of selected tactical communications systems
either in use or readily available to the OPFOR. This selection of radios is not intended to be
complete; rather, it is representative of the types and capabilities that are currently fielded or
available. Radio tables are divided into two sections, single channel and frequency hopping sys-
tems. Later updates of this chapter will include information on additional categories of commu-
nications systems.

Radio data was provided by Mr. Eric L. Berry, e-mail: berrye@leavenworth.army. mil.

MAJ Jon Cleaves
DSN: 552-7975 Commercial (913) 684-7975
e-mail address: cleaves@leavenworth.army.mil

11-1

7 Nov 2000

11-2

7 Nov 2000

Russian Command and Staff Vehicle BMP-1KSh_____________________________

Types

Stowed 7.62-mm MG

Typical
Combat Load

2,000

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BMP M1978
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: N/A
2
): 0.57

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Max Swim: 7

Radio: R-130 HF, R-107, R-111 VHF, R-123/173 VHF

Protection:

ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) MG, PKM , stowed
Loader Type: Belt-feed (100-rd belts)
Elevation (): INA
Fire on Move: No

ATGM Launcher: N/A

Firing Ports: None

SIGHTS
Type: INA
Sighting range (m): 1,500
Magnification: INA

VARIANTS
BMP-1KShM: Variant has upgraded radios.

MP-31/1V31 and 9S743 use different radio configurations.

7.62-mm API, API-T
Night: INA

Other Ammunition Types: Light Ball/Ball-T, Heavy Ball

NOTES
For stationary long-range transmissions, HAWK EYE 10-meter folding antenna is removed from carrying case on right side of vehicle and in-
serted into antenna base, which extends forward from the turret. The trunnions and motor from the base vehicle (BMP-1) gun are used to operate
the antenna base. The antenna can then be elevated mechanically to a vertical position.

Other Electronics: R-102 automatic calling device, 1T-219M secure speech device, TNA-1inertial navigation, 1G11N gyrocompass. On the hull
rear is a generator to operate the radios.

Options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine. A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are avail-
able for use. Additional armor application may jeopardize amphibious capability.

11-3

7 Nov 2000

11-4

7 Nov 2000

Tactical Single Channel Radios

Radio
Country
of
Origin

Description
Frequency
Range (MHz)
Channel
Spacing
(KHz)
Number
of
Channels

Range
(km)

Power Output
PRC-105/A Iran Man-portable VHF radio 36-76 25 1,600 0.6/2.5/5 W
PRC-110 Iran Man-portable HF radio
with 10 pre-set channels
1.6-29.999 100 284,000 5/20 W

PRC-1077

USA
Man-portable VHF radio.
PRC 1077/GRC-160 (low power)
and PRC 1077/VRC-46 (high
power) vehicular models.

30-88

25

2,320
Man-portable: 100m/2/5 W
Vehicular: 100m/2/5/50 W

PRC/
VRC-4600

Turkey

Modular family of VHF/FM radios
Embedded encryption

30-76

25 or 50

920 or
1,840

40 w/30W variant
2.5 W manpack PRC-4620
2.5/10/30 W vehicular VRC-4622
2.5 W tank set VRC-4621
(w/companion
12.5/10/30 W VRC-4623)

R-107

FSU
Provides tactical, manportable FM
HF/VHF voice communications

20-52

25

1,281
6 w/1.5-m whip, 15
w/2.7-m rod or 40-m
wire, 25 w/raised
long wire

1 W

R-123M

FSU
Vehicle-mounted tactical FM
HF/VHF communications

20-51.5

25

1,261
20 w/4-m whip
( moving)
50 w/10-m
telescoping mast

20 W

R-130

FSU
Vehicle-mounted AM HF voice and
CW communications

1.5-10.99
transmit
1.0-10.99
receive

10

950
50 w/4-m whip,
75 w/10-m whip or
sloping wire, 350
w/symmetrical dipole

10-40 W

R-148

FSU
Lightweight FM VHF manportable
transceiver.

37.0-51.95

50

300

5 w/1.5-m whip

1.1-2.1 W

R-171M

FSU
Vehicle-mounted FM VHF commu-
nications. Capable of 16 kbits/s
data transmission.

30.0-75.999

INA

35-80 claimed

100 W
R-173 FSU Tactical FM VHF communications 30-76 1 20 w/3-m whip 30 W

11-5

7 Nov 2000

Tactical Single Channel Radios (continued)

Radio
Country
of
Origin

Description

Frequency
Range (MHz)
Channel
Spacing
(KHz)

Number of
Channels

Range
(km)

Power Output

RU-3

FRY
Man-portable VHF radio. Digital
data up to 2.4 kbit/s, digital voice up
to 16 kbit/s. 40 preset channels.

30-79.975

25

2,000

7

0.3/3 W

SFH-41

Sweden
Chameleon tactical hand-held
single-channel and FH radio.
Receives single-or FH signals and
automatically selects FH
reply. 12.5,25, or 50 hps.

148-174

25 or 30

INA

INA

2/5 W

TRC350

France
Man-portable HF/SSB radio.
Encryption capability. Vehicular-
model TRC331, 20 W.

1.5-30

100

285,000

INA
2 W reduced power
10 W average in data mode
15 W morse, 20 W SSB voice

Type 889

China
Tactical FM VHF voice comms.
Capable of 16 kbits/s data transmis-
sion in wideband mode and con-
nected to a digital terminal set.

20.0-49.975

25 or 50

1,200
or 600
30 w/2.85-m (prob-
able) whip, narrow
band, and high-power
mode

3 or 20 W

VRC-90

China
Vehicular VHF/FM radio.
16 kbit/s data capability.

30-87.975

25

2,320

0.2/3.5/50 W

XV3088

Germany
Man-portable VHF pouch radio. 9
pre-set channels. Maybe vehicular-
mounted. 2.4 kbit/s data
transmission.

30-87.975

25

2,320

500 meter remote.
0.2/5 W
25/50 W with power amp.

11-6

7 Nov 2000

Tactical Frequency Hopping Radios

Radio
Country of
Origin

Spread Spectrum Radio Description
Frequency
Range
(MHz)
Channel
Spacing
(KHz)

Number of
Channels

Power Output

ACV46
South
Africa
Vehicular VHF FH. 99 preset channels, embedded
encryption. Remote operation by wire up to 2 km

30-87.975

25

INA

INA
ACM48 South
Africa
Man-portable VHF radio.
Embedded encryption, data.
30-87.975 12.5 or 25 INA 0.4/4 W

ART 2000

Iran
Man-portable or vehicular VHF FH radio with 100+
hps. May be remoted up to 3 km.

30-88

25

2,320

0.1/3 W

JAGUAR-U
United
Kingdom
Tactical UHF FH radio, with man-portable, airborne,
and mobile/ground station capabilities. Embedded
encryption in FH mode.

225-400

25

7,000
Man-portable: 10mW/4W.
Airborne: 10mW/4W/15W.
Mobile: 10mW/4W/50W.

JAGUAR-V

United
Kingdom
Man-portable or vehicle-mounted VHF frequency
hopping combat net radio, 100 hps. Compatible w/
conventional 25/50 KHz channel-spaced radios.
Operates in nine 6.4 MHz sub-bands or full-band 58
MHz. May be remote -operated by wire to 4 km.
Embedded encryption

30-88

25

2,320

Man-portable: 10 mW
and 5 W.
Vehicle-mounted: 20 and 50 watts

Leprechaun USA Hand-held FH VHF radio.
Embedded encryption.
30-88 INA INA 5 W

LVP 235

India
VHF radio available in FH or fixed-frequency mod-
els. Projected 100-150 hps over full band.

30-88

INA

INA

5 W

PANTHER
2000-V

United
Kingdom
VHF FH radio with man-portable, vehicular, and
airborne versions. 8 pre-programmable channels.
May be remoted up to 4 km. Narrow band: 9 hop
bands of 6.4 MHz with 256 channels. Wideband: 58
MHz band with 2320 channels. 100 hps. Embedded
encryption.

30-108

25

3,120

Man-portable 20W
Vehicular 20W/50W
Airborne 20W

PRC-73B
Yugo-
slavia
Man-portable VHF FH radio with 100-200 hps over 5
MHz band.

30-90

INA

2,400

5 W

PRC-117A

USA
Man-portable VHF FM FH radio. Uses KY-57
VINSON encryption

30-89.975

25

2,400

0.1/1/10 W

PRC-119

USA
Man-portable VHF FM FH radio. 8 programmable
single-channel and 6 frequency-hopping pre-set
channels. Integrated voice and data secure communi-
cations.

30-88

INA

2,320

4.5 W

11-7

7 Nov 2000

Tactical Frequency Hopping Radios (continued)

Radio
Country of
Origin

Spread Spectrum Radio Description
Frequency
Range
(MHz)
Channel
Spacing
(KHz)
Number of
Channels

Power Output
PRC-130 USA Man-portable HF FH radio with 10 hps.
2.0-30 INA 280,000 5/20/100 W
PRC-710 Israel Hand-held FH VHF radio, embedded
encryption.
30-88 25 2,320 5 W adjustable

PRC 1080

USA
Hand-held FH VHF radio. Embedded
encryption, 9 preset channels.

30-87.975

25

2,320

Selectable 100 mW-2W

PRC/VRC-
9600

Turkey
Man-portable or vehicular-mounted VHF FH with
100-200 hps. Capable of burst-data transmission.

30-88

25

3,120
5 W man-portable
5/50 W vehicular

RAVEN 2V

United
Kingdom
Man-portable, hand-held, vehicular, or base station
VHF FH radio. Capable of burst-data transmission,
data-rate adapter. Voice/data
encryption, remote operation. Expected hop rate
approx 150 hps.

30-88

25

2,320

Vehicular 50 W

RU-5

Yugo-
slavia
Man-portable VHF/FM FH radio. Embedded encryp-
tion. Up to 16 kbit/s data transmission. Full-band
hop set at approx. 100 hps. 10 pre-set channels.

30-87.975

25

2,320

0.5/5 W

SCIMITAR-H
United
Kingdom
Vehicular-mounted HF FH radio. Burst-data trans-
mission capability. Wire-remote up to 3 km. Em-
bedded encryption.

1.6-30

100

284,000
20 W man-portable, 100/400 W ve-
hicular-mounted.

SCIMITAR-V
United
Kingdom
Man-portable or vehicular VHF FH radio with 150-
250 hps over 58 MHz band. Embedded encryption.

30-88

25

2,320

0.1/5/50 W

SEM 173-193
CNR System

Germany
Modular series of VHF CNR radios, with the SEM
173 transceiver as the common unit. Remote opera-
tion up to 4 km. Embedded encryption.
SEM 173 man-portable: SEM 173 V vehicular
SEM 183 vehicular; SEM 193 vehicular
SEM 183/193 dual station;
SEM 193/193 dual station

30-108

12.5 or 25

3,120 or
6,240

SEM 173, 183 0.05/0.5, 5 W.
SEM 193, 183/193
0.05/0.5/5/50 W.

StarCom

Sweden
Man-portable and vehicular FH VHF radio. Embed-
ded encryption, remote operation by wire up to 6 km.

30-87.975

25

2,320

Man-portable 5 W
Vehicular 5/50 W

11-8

Chapter 12
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) either in use or readily available to the OPFOR. Therefore, the UAVs discussed in this
chapter are those likely to be encountered by U.S. forces in varying levels of conflict. The selec-
tion of UAVs is not intended to be all-inclusive, rather a representative sampling of various mili-
tary capabilities.

UAVs come in various types, sizes, and levels of complexity, each having their own
niche over the battlefield. For example, fixed-wing, propeller-driven platforms excel in endur-
ance and range; jet-propelled UAVs trade endurance for speed; and rotary-wing UAVs can
carry relatively large payloads.

UAVs are also referred to as drones or remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) depending on
their flight control. An on-board computer with the flight plan programmed into it prior to the
mission controls drones. RPVs use a data link to a ground control station where the pi-
lot/operator controls the flight manually. Many modern UAVs are capable of operating in either
manner.


Mr. Walter L. Williams
DSN: 552-7923 Commercial (913) 684-7923

12-1

7 Nov 2000

12-2
French Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fox AT1 __________________________________

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: ASPIC AT
Proliferation: France, United Nations, and civilian customers

Description:
Engines: 1 x Limbach 22 hp L 275 E two-cylinder, two-stroke, air-
cooled
Propulsion: 2-blade push propeller
Weight (kg):
Takeoff: 90
Fuel and Payload (combined): 30
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 145
Ceiling (m):
Maximum: 3,000
Minimum: 30
Fuel (liters): INA
Endurance (hr): 1.5
Range (km):
RPV Mode: 50
Relay/Programmed Mode: 100
Dimensions (m):
Wing Span: 3.6
Height: 0.25

Launch Method: Hydraulic or sandow ramp.
Recovery Method: Parachute
Landing Method: skid
Maximum Flights Per Aircraft: INA

Survivability/Countermeasures: INA

SENSOR/OPTICS
Payload Type: CCD color video or infrared cameras, thermal ana-
lyzers, high definition line scanners, NBC and meteorological
sensors.
Television field of view: INA
IR Linescan:
Length: INA
Resolution: INA

VARIANTS:
Fox AT2 UAV
Fox TX Electronic Warfare UAV
Fox TS1 Target Drone
Fox TS3 Target Drone
Mini-Fox Target Drone

NOTES
The Fox AT1 UAV is one of a family of low-cost UAVs designed by the French firm CAC SYSTEMES. Each UAV system is composed of a
transportation and launching system, a ground control station (GCS) mounted on a 4x4 truck frame, and four UAVs. The Fox AT1 is launched
from a mobile launching catapult (transportation and launching system) that is mounted on a trailer with transportation compartments for 4 UAVs.
Normally two of the four UAVs are equipped with CCD cameras for daytime missions and the remaining two are FLIR equipped for nighttime
missions. Upon mission completion the UAV can be reserviced and available for another mission in less than 30 minutes. The Fox AT1 is capa-
ble of carrying 15 kilograms of various payloads. Additionally, two underwing pods allow for four loads to be carried and dropped. Normally
the GCS consist of a crew of three personnel: pilot, observer, and a technician. However, two people can deploy the UAV system and have it
available for operation in less than 20 minutes. The guidance and control consists of an UHF data link with four proportional and eight numeric
channels, of which four control the autopilot. Telemetry is through a 12-channel data link.

12-2.1

7 Nov 2000

French Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fox AT2 __________________________________

SYSTEM
Proliferation: France, United Nations, and civilian customers

Description:
Engines: 1 x Limbach 22 hp L 275 E two-cylinder, two-stroke, air-
cooled
Propulsion: 2-blade push propeller
Weight (kg):
Takeoff: 135
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 145
Ceiling (m):
Maximum: 3,000
Minimum: 30
Fuel (liters): INA
Endurance (hr): 5
Range (km):
RPV Mode: 50, 100, 150 (200 as an option)

Dimensions (m):
Wing Span: 4.0
Height: 0.25
Launch Method: Hydraulic or sandow ramp.
Recovery Method: Parachute
Landing Method: Airbag


SENSOR/OPTICS
Payload Type: Panoramic CCD color Camera, Low Light Televi-
sion (with zoom), IR linescan CAMELIA camera, SAR camera,
FLIR, multi-sensor gimball platform (IR and visible), etc.
IR Linescan:
Length: INA
Resolution: INA

VARIANTS: None

NOTES
The Fox AT2 UAV is one of a family of low-cost UAVs designed by the French firm CAC SYSTEMES. Each UAV system is composed of a
transportation and launching system, a ground control station (GCS) mounted on a 4x4 truck frame, and four UAVs. The Fox AT2 (like the Fox
AT1) is launched from a mobile launching catapult (transportation and launching system) that is mounted on a trailer with transportation com-
partments for 4 UAVs. Normally two of the four UAVs are equipped with CCD cameras for daytime missions and the remaining two are FLIR
equipped for nighttime missions. Upon mission completion the UAV can be reserviced and available for another mission in less than 30 minutes.
The Fox AT2 is capable of carrying 30 kilograms of various payloads. Additionally, two underwing pods allow for two loads to be carried and
dropped. Normally the GCS consist of a crew of three personnel: pilot, observer, and a technician. However, two people can deploy the UAV
system and have it available for operation in less than 20 minutes. The guidance and control consists of an UHF data link with four proportional
and eight numeric channels, of which four control the autopilot. Telemetry is through a 12-channel data link.

12-2.2
Chinese Unmanned Aerial Vehicle D-4 _____________________________________

D-4 UAV with reusable solid rocket booster prior to jettison after take off

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: ASN-104/105

Description:
Engines: 1x 30 hp HS-510 four-cylinder, two-stroke gasoline air-
cooled piston
Propulsion: 2-blade wooden push propeller
Weight (kg):
Takeoff: 140
Fuel and Payload (combined): INA
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 150
Ceiling (m):
Maximum: 3,200
Minimum: 100
Fuel (liters): INA
Endurance (hr): 2
Range (km):
RPV Mode: 60
Relay/Programmed Mode: 100 (est.)

Dimensions (m):
Wing Span: 4.3
Height: 0.9 (excluding skids)
Launch Method: Solid rocket booster on a zero length launcher.
Recovery Method: Parachute (nonsteerable)
Landing Method: 2 spring loaded skids


SENSOR/OPTICS
Payload Type: Panoramic Camera, Low Light Television (with
zoom) and IR linescan
IR Linescan:
Length: INA
Resolution: INA

VARIANTS: None

NOTES
The D-4 UAV is launched from a zero-length launcher using a solid rocket booster that is jettisoned after take-off.

12-3

7 Nov 2000

Russian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Shmel-1 _________________________________

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Bumblebee

Description:
Engines: 1x 32-hp Samara/Trud (Kuznetsov
) P-032 two-cylinder, two-stroke gasoline
Propulsion: 3-blade shrouded pusher pro-
peller
Weight (kg):
Takeoff: 130
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 140
Ceiling (m):
Maximum: 3,000
Minimum: 50
Fuel (liters): INA
Endurance (hr): 2
Range (km):
RPV Mode: 60
Relay/Programmed Mode: 120 (est.)
Dimensions (m):
Wing Span: 3.25
Height: 1.10

Launch Method: Rocket-assisted catapult
Landing Method: 4 spring loaded landing legs
Maximum Flights Per Aircraft: 10 to 20

The engine and propeller are enclosed in a
shrouded ring that serves the purpose of
reducing noise as well as reducing the
surface reflection and heat signature.

SENSOR/OPTICS
Payload Type: Television and IR linescan
Television Field of View: 3 to 30 (zoom)
IR Linescan:
Length: 3 to 4 times aircraft altitude
Resolution: 3 milliradians

VARIANTS: None

LAUNCH VEHICLE
Designation: BTR-D
Alternative Designations: BMD M1979
Description:
Crew: 2
Height w/o Launch unit (m): 1.67

Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 61 (est.)
Max Swim: 10 (est.)

Radio: R-123

Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): "Antibullet"
(7.62-mm)
Smoke Equipment: None

NOTES
The Shmel-1 is part of a complex called the STERKH, which is probably an acronym of unknown expansion. The STERKH complex consists of
a launcher, a support/maintenance vehicle, and at least one (probably as many as three) aircraft. The Yakolev Design Bureau designed the
STERKH.

The transporter-launcher-controller (TLC) has positions for two UAV operators and is capable of controlling two Shmel-1s simultaneously.
Automatic pre-launch monitoring, launch, flight control, and displaying of the received data is conducted from the TLC. The display in the TLC
indicates aircraft position overlaid onto the television image. Given the systems digital downlink, the IR image could also be recorded on mag-
netic tape or displayed on a video monitor. However, the data is almost certainly recorded on electronic medium for playback. The description of
the system may indicate a problem involving the inability of the operator to translate aircraft coordinates to those of the targets being located. A
laser rangefinder or designator could easily accomplish this, but such a capability is not indicated for the Shmel-1. The current system requires
coordinate conversion from map association or photographic interpretation with a laser capability to be added later.

The area coverage of the sensor payload is excellent. Analysis indicates that the camera, at an altitude of 1500 meters and a field of view of 30,
can image an area of approximately 500,000 m
2
or a circle with a radius of 400 meters. The IR linescan at the same altitude would see a strip
approximately 5,100 meters long and 4.5 meters wide. Ground resolution would decrease significantly at the ends of the scan. At a nominal
speed of 120 km/h and flying the maximum altitude, the aircraft could observe a maximum of 192 km
2
/h with the television system or 1,200
km
2
/h with the IR linescan.

12-4
Russian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle TU-143 Reys _____________________________

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: DR-3

Description:
Engines: 1x TRD TR3-117 turbojet
Propulsion: Jet
Weight (kg):
Takeoff: 1,600
Fuel and Payload (combined): 1,540
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 850
Ceiling (m):
Maximum: 5,000
Minimum: 50
Fuel (liters): 190
Endurance (minutes): 25
Range (km):
RPV Mode: N/A
Dimensions (m):
Wing Span: 2.24
Height: 1.54 (excluding skids)

Launch Method: Solid rocket booster on a mobile transporter-
erector-launcher (TEL)
Landing Method: 3 retractable skids (tricycle gear)
Maximum Flights Per Aircraft: 10


SENSOR/OPTICS
Payload Type: Panoramic Camera, Low Light Television and
radiation detection equipment
IR Linescan:
Length: INA
Resolution: INA

VARIANTS: None

NOTES
The DR-3 normally operates at a reconnaissance depth of 150 km and is preprogrammed prior to each mission. It is launched from a mobile TEL
using a solid rocket booster (that is jettisoned after take-off) in tandem with the turbojet engine. The DR-3 uses its onboard navigation and guid-
ance control to cruise at preset altitudes (four total) between 50 to 2,000 meters. Prior to landing, a drogue chute is deployed to slow the speed of
the DR-3 prior to deployment of the main recovery parachute. A braking rocket engine (located in the fuselage) is activated at an altitude of
approximately 1.8 meters to soften the landing on the tricycle landing gear. The DR-3 reconnaissance payload normally consists of two ver-
sions (besides the radiation detection version). The first version consists of an AP-402M aerial camera with Zima-M IR-reconnaissance equip-
ment. The second payload consists of an AP-402M aerial camera with an Aist-M TV system. The camera film is removed and processed in a
data processing station upon completion of the mission. However, data from both the TV and radiation detection equipment is downlinked in
real-time to the ground control station.

12-5

7 Nov 2000

12-6
Israeli Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Hermes 450S_______________________________

SYSTEM
Proliferation: At least 1 country, selected
for testing by another
Description:
Engines: 52 hp gasoline UEL
AR-80-1010 rotary engine
Propulsion: 2-blade pusher propeller
Weight (kg):
Takeoff: 450
Payload (combined): 150
Speed (km/h):
Cruise: 130
Ceiling (m):
Maximum: 7,000
Minimum: INA
Fuel (liters): INA
Endurance (hr): 20
Range (km):
RPV Mode: 200
Relay/Programmed Mode: INA
Dimensions (m):
Wing Span: 10.5
Height: 2.36, body diameter 1.7
Launch Method: Wheeled take-off
Recovery Method: Conventional landing
Landing Method: 3-wheeled, w/arrest cable

Light composite structure, low radar signature

SENSOR/OPTICS
Payload Type: Four stabilized sensor pods
Sensor Pod: MOSP, high end
Television day/night, autotracker, auto-scan
Sensor Pod: FSP-1 mid-high end
FLIR with 3-FOV telescope
Sensor Pod: POP, low-mid-range
CCD Television day and/or night
Sensor Pod: ESP-600C, low end
Television, color, day only

Other options: MTI radar and SAR

VARIANTS: None

FLIGHT CONTROL
Control System:
Ground Control Station (GCS) vehicle

Flight control Method:
Pre-programmed or in-flight re-program

NOTES
An available option is DGPS automatic take-off and landing. Recommend that this option is played in simulations.

12-7

7 Nov 2000

12-8

7 Nov 2000

Chapter 13
Theater Missiles

The trend among military forces for acquisition of theater missiles has expanded with the
growth of regional rivalries and the strategy of using long-range strike capability to gain regional
leverage. Theater missiles can be categorized among two typestheater ballistic missiles
(TBMs) and cruise missiles. They are launched from ground launchers, aircraft, or naval vessels.
These systems are designed for deep strike missionsbeyond those of close battle assets. Be-
cause of the high cost and limited numbers of these systems compared to artillery, they will be
used against high-priority targets at critical phases of a conflict, or against political targets. Se-
lected OPFOR forces with limited numbers of missiles may hold them in a separate missile unit
at echelons above the supported ground force commander. Those missiles may be used for pur-
poses other than execution of military strike missions. Where missiles are subordinate to the
ground force commander, they will be used as another strike asset to support his plan.

The OPFOR cruise missiles can be launched from ground launchers or naval platforms.
Air-launched cruise missiles (ALCMs) are treated as munitions in aircraft chapters. Foreign
ground and sea-launched cruise missiles are generally employed in an anti-ship role. However,
applications may be developed for use against ground targets. Such systems can be addressed in
future WEG updates.

The TBMs employ a high-atmosphere or exo-atmospheric ballistic trajectory to reach the
target. That trajectory is easier to track than a cruise missile flight profile; however, the TBM
can deliver a high-lethality payload a long distance quickly, and for most of its trajectory, it can-
not be intercepted by even state-of-the-art anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs). These missiles are
launched from ground launchers or naval platforms. Ground launchers include

Fixed ground launchers (usually associated with hardened underground sites).

Mobile launch complexes with dozens of vehicles and significant set-up time.

Trailer launchers.

Highly mobile transporter-erector-launchers (TELs).

Launchers vary from older systems with simple modifications, to specialized vehicles designed
for operation in all types of terrain. Newer launchers may incorporate improved mobility to re-
duce vulnerability to location by terrain anaysis and intelligence preparation of the battlefield.

The missile system is selected for a mission based on its ability to reach the target within
targeting timelines, and its ability to deliver effective lethality on the target. Improved heavy
multiple- rocket launcher systems with course correction and increased-lethality warheads have
replaced TBMs as preferred strike systems against selected deep targets. For instance, a Russian
9A52 MRL can deliver twelve 300-mm rockets 70-90 km with precision and minimal prepara-
tion time. However, a modern TBM can deliver twice the payload a farther distance with better
precision against critical heavy targets.
13-1

7 Nov 2000

Keys for timely delivery include target location, fire mission calculation and transmis-
sion, launcher and missile responsiveness, reload time, and move times. Therefore, modern mis-
sile system support equipment can include computerized fire control and location/navigation sys-
tems (such as global positioning systems), as well as dependable and secure communications.

The most critical component of a theater ballistic missile system, which differentiates
system capabilities and limitations, is the missile. Missiles are generally classified according to
their range

Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), 0-1,000 km.

Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM), 1,001-3,000 km.

Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), 3,001-5,500 km.

Various approaches are used to improve range, such as lengthening missiles for increased fuel
and longer burn time, improving motors (in the propulsion section), using more efficient solid
fuel motors, and employing smaller and lighter warheads. Below is an example of a modern
missile (the Russian Tochka-U SRBM) and its major components.

The warhead (within the payload section) is the munition, the lethality mechanism which
is selected for that strike mission and around which the system is designed. Many countries ac-
quired ballistic missiles specifically to deliver weapons of mass destruction (WMD) against ci-
vilian targets such as urban centers. For such a mission, a less accurate system with a large pay-
load capacity is sufficient for the mission. A substantial proportion of SRBM and some MRBM
designs are copies or variants of the former-Soviet SCUD-B/SS-1c. Although these systems lack
accuracy and responsiveness of some the newer systems, they can deliver large lethal payloads
against fixed targets or targets whose limited mobility permits them to be stationary long enough
for the TBMs' operational timelines.

A number of newer TBM designs with improved range, accuracy and operational considerations
have been fielded. Modern warhead developments include separating warheads, multiple war-
heads, maneuvering reentry vehicles (RVs), varied lethal and electronic warhead fills, warhead
buses (varied submunitions), precision navigating and homing warheads, and warheads with

13-2

7 Nov 2000

countermeasures (penaids). Separating and maneuvering warheads, penaids, and other technical
measures will further challenge the capability of theater missile defense assets to prevent strikes
against priority targets.

Operational timelines include launcher emplacement and survey times, mission transmis-
sion time, missile preparation time (which includes aiming), launch sequence, displacement time,
move to a hide/transloading point, then move to the next launch point. Target location, com-
mand and control, and fire mission transmission times are separate. Often the launcher will be
emplaced with some launch preparation steps completed and ready for a mission. These steps
may sacrifice accuracy for reduced exposure time. More modern launchers will have a minimal
preparation time between emplacement and execution of a fire mission.

After a launch, the launchers will displace as quickly as possible (often <5 minutes) to
reduce the possibility of detection and tracking, and to avoid strikes from specially-assigned
counter-missile assets and units. To assure survivability of these expensive long-range weapons,
the forces will employ tactical countermeasures and, where possible, use rapid emplacement and
autonomous operations to reduce losses. Some forces employ technical countermeasures to add
increased survivability of the launcher and increased probability of missile/warhead success.
Countermeasures include improved coatings and camouflage patterns and nets, underground
hides/facilities, decoys, and secure communications. These measures are intended to degrade the
enemy's detection, targeting, impact or effectiveness kill, and lethality effects.

State-of-the-art TBMs can cost more than a million dollars each. If the systems are not
accurate enough, or if the enemy has ABM capabilities, those TBMs may not have a high assur-
ance of success, and may not be a factor in the OPFOR plan. The OPFOR may limit its missile
requirement to systems used to gain regional political leverage by targeting civilian targets.
Thus, budgetary, political, and military considerations affect TBM decisions. Given the budget
limitations and systems costs which have impacted most military forces in the last decade, the
OPFOR will likely have a mix of older and newer systems and selected upgrades. Systems fea-
tured in this chapter are the more common systems, or represent the spectrum of missile systems
which can threaten US Army forces or interests within an operational environment.

Questions and comments on data in this specific update should be addressed to Tom
Redman, DSN: 552-7925, e-mail: redmant@leavenworth.army.mil. Otherwise, TBM analyst is:

Dr. Don Madill
DSN: 552-7926 Commercial (913) 684-7926
e-mail address: madilld@leavenworth.army.mil

13-3

7 Nov 2000

13-4

7 Nov 2000

Tochka-U/SS-21

B610 / CSS-8

M-11/ CSS-7

SCUD-B / SS-1c

Nodong-1

DF-3 / CSS-2

13-5

7 Nov 2000

Foreign Theater Ballistic Missiles

System
Type

SRBM

SRBM

SRBM

SRBM

SRBM

SRBM

SRBM

MRBM

IRBM
Technologies
& Trends
Name/
NATO Name
Designator
Tochka-U
SCARAB
SS-21 Mod 2
B610 / M-7

CSS-8

SCUD-B
SS-1c

SCUD-B
SS-1c Mod 2
M-11/ DF-11

CSS-7

SCUD-C
SS-1d
M-9/DF-15

CSS-6
Nodong-1 DF-3

CSS-2
More SCUD
variants
Producing
Country
Russia China Russia
North Korea
Russia

China Russia
North Korea
China North Korea China Technology
Transfer
Proliferation
(countries)
At least 6

At least 2

At least 20

At least 1 At least 2

At least 5

At least 1 At least 1 At least 2

Increased
proliferation
Type
Launcher
TEL TEL Fixed, TEL Fixed, TEL TEL Fixed, TEL TEL TEL Fixed,
Mobile complex
Mobile/decoy
launchers
Propulsion Single-stage
Solid
Single-stage
(est) Solid
Single-stage
Liquid
Single-stage
Liquid
Single-stage
Solid
Single stage
Liquid
Single-stage
Solid
Single-stage
Liquid
Single-stage
Liquid
Non-ballistic
trajectory
Range Min-
Max (km)
20-120 50-150

50-300

300 50-300

500 200-600

170-1,300

1,500-3,000+

Increased
range
Guidance Inertial

Inertial

Inertial

Inertial
IR homing
Inertial Inertial Inertial Inertial Inertial Multi-sensor
Homing
Accuracy (m) 50 150 1,000 50 300 <800 600 4,000 2,000-2,500 Improved
Guidance
Payload (kg)

480 190 1,000 600 800 700 500-600 770 1,500-2,150 Separating
multiple RVs
Warheads HE, Chem,
Nuc, ARM,
EMP,
Submunitions
HE, Chem HE, Chem,
Nuc
Separating
HE, Nuc
Separating
HE, Nuc
poss Chem
HE, Chem

Separating.
HE, Nuc
poss Chem
Poss Fuel-
Air
Submuni-
tions
HE, Chem
poss Nuc
HE, Nuc,
or 3 separating
reentry vehicles
(RVs)
Cluster,
Volumetric,
Submunitions
BW warheads,
ARM, EMP
Comments TEL is
amphibious
Modified
SA-2 SAM

Tracked
TEL
Technology
widely used
Requires
compatible
IR imagery

Possible
export or
technology
export to
other
countries
SCUD-B
variant

Russia
limited
production
SCUD-B
variant

ND-2 IRBM
variant

Poss export
Variants with
varied warheads
and ranges

Towed launcher

Lengthy prep
time
Autonomous
operation

Penaids/
Counter-
measures

Reduced prep/
displace times

7 Nov 2000

13-6

Sep 2001
Chapter 14
Equipment Upgrades

Armed forces worldwide employ a mix of legacy systems and selected modern systems.
In the current era characterized by constrained military budgets, the single most significant mod-
ernization trend impacting armed forces worldwide is upgrades to legacy systems. Other factors
impacting this trend are:

A need for armed forces to reduce force size, yet maintain overall force readiness for
flexibility and adaptiveness

Soaring costs for modern technologies, and major combat systems

Personnel shortages and training challenges

Availability of a wide variety of upgrade packages and programs for older as well as
newer systems

New subsystem component technologies (lasers, GPS, imaging sensors, microcircuits,
and propellants) which permit application to platforms, weapons, fire control systems, in-
tegrated C2, and munitions old and new, and

An explosion of consortia and local upgrade industries which have expanded worldwide
and into countries only recently introduced to capitalism.

The upgrade trend is particularly notable concerning aerial and ground vehicles, weap-
ons, sensors, and support equipment. From prototype, to low-rate initial production (LRIP), to
adoption for serial production, minor and major improvements may be incorporated. Few major
combat systems retain the original model configuration five or more years after the first run. Of-
ten improvements in competing systems will force previously unplanned modifications. Up-
grades enable military forces to employ technological niches to tailor their force against a spe-
cific enemy, or integrate niche upgrades in a comprehensive and well-planned modernization
program. Because of the competitive export market and varying requirements from country to
country, a vehicle may be in production simultaneously in many different configurations, as well
as a dozen or more support vehicle variants fulfilling other roles. In light of this trend, OPFOR
equipment selected for portrayal in simulations and training should not be limited to the original
production model of a system, rather a version of the system that reflects the armed force's stra-
tegic and modernization plans and, as well as likely constraints that would apply.

The adaptive OPFOR will introduce new combat systems and employ upgrades on exist-
ing systems to attain a force structure which supports its plans and doctrine. Because the legacy
force mix and equipment were historically selected earlier in accordance with plans and options,
upgrades vs costly new acquisitions will always be an attractive option. A key consideration is
the planned fielding date. For this document, OPFOR time frame is current to near-term. Thus,

14-1

Sep 2001

only upgrades currently available (or marketed, with production capability and fielding expected
in the near term), are considered. Also, system costs and training and fielding constraints should
be considered.

The following tables describe selected upgrades available for system modernization. The
lists are not intended to be comprehensive. Rather, they are intended to highlight major trends in
their respective areas. For instance, for armored combat vehicles, the focus is on upgrades in
mobility, survivability, and lethality.

The category of survivability upgrades includes countermeasures (CM). The CM up-
grades can apply not only to systems targeted initially in specific branches (tanks, IFV, and air
defense guns), but, in time, to other systems subject to similar threats based on availability of the
applications. An example of this is the proliferation of smoke grenade launchers to artillery and
air defense vehicles.

Implementation of all upgrade options for any system is generally not likely. Because of
the complexity of major combat systems and need for equipment subsystem integration and
maintenance, most force developers will chose a mix of selected upgrades to older systems, as
well as limited purchases of new and modern systems. Please note that systems featured in this
document may be the original production system or a variant of that system. On data sheets, the
VARIANTS section describes other systems available for portrayal in training and simulations.
Also, equipment upgrade options (such as night sights) and different munitions may be listed,
which allow a user to consider superior or inferior variants. Within the document chapters, mul-
tiple systems are listed to provide other substitution options. Of course there are thousands of
systems and upgrade options worldwide which could be considered by an adaptive OPFOR.

An OPFOR trainer has the option to portray systems or upgrade packages not included in
the OPFOR Worldwide Equipment Guide, to reflect an adaptive thinking OPFOR. In future
WEG updates, we will expand on the upgrade tables with names descriptions of upgrade options
and specific systems applications which have been noted. Our functional area analysts are avail-
able to assist OPFOR users in selecting reasonable upgrade options for system configuration in
specific force portrayals. Questions and comments on tables and data in this chapter should be
addressed to the POC for each chapter impacted by the below tables.

Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925

14-2

Sep 2001
OPFOR ANTITANK WEAPON UPGRADES

GRENADE LAUNCHER TOWED AT GUN GROUND ATGM LAUNCHER

Take-apart launchers/disposable launch tubes

Tripod, bipod, pintel mount for vehicles/ground

Ballistic computer/laser rangefinder sights

Image intensifier/thermal night sights

Larger, more lethal disposable grenade launchers supplement
grenadier launches at critical times.

Improved reusable sights for disposable launchers

Counter-charge for firing inside buildings

Reduced noise, smoke, and flash signature

Tandem shaped-charge (HEAT) warhead

Thermobaric Frag-HE warhead

Dual-purpose (HE/AT) longer range rounds

HE longer range rounds

Multi-purpose (HE/AT/anti-bunker) rounds

Guided (SAL-H) grenades

Improved AT and dual-purpose rifle grenades permit riflemen to
supplement grenade launchers.

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Computer/LRF FCS
II night sights
Tandem AT grenades, HE/DP grenades, thermobaric grenades

Auxiliary propulsion unit for local movement

Take-apart capability for lighter guns

Improved gun and recoil system

Ballistic computer/laser rangefinder sights

MMW radar target tracker FCS

Image intensifier/thermal night sights

Automated battle management system with graphic flat
panel display

Indirect fire rounds/FCS for fire support role

Increased DF range, new tank/AT gun rounds

Improved more lethal APFSDS-T round

Tandem HEAT round

Improve Frag-HE round and DPICM submunition

Canister/flechette round

New type lethalities (DPICM submunition, etc.)

Gun-launched ATGM (100 mm+)

UPGRADE PRIORITY
APU and take-apart for lighter guns
Improved gun and recoil system
Improved sights, 1st gen thermal night sights
Automated battle management system
Improved ammunition, inc ATGM.

Manportable/ground launch and shoulder launch

Take-apart launcher and sub-systems

Pintel mount for variety of vehicles/platforms

1st or 2nd generation thermal night sights

Extended range missile

Soft-launch for use from bunkers and buildings

Launcher countermeasures (CM), such as reduced
noise, smoke, flash

SACLOS Guidance CCM, e.g., pulsed codes

Increased ATGM velocity/reduced flight time

New guidance modes: Semi-active laser-homing
Fiber-optic guided missile (FOG-M) guidance
Fire and forget imaging infrared seeker

Larger warhead/tandem warhead HEAT ATGM

Sensor-fuzed EFP/HEAT top-attack

Thermobaric HE warhead, for new applications
Changeable warheads

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Take-apart launcher, with pintel mount
Improved 1st gen thermal night sights
SACLOS CCM
Reduced signature
Improved ATGMs (tandem HEAT, etc.)

14-3

Sep 2001

OPFOR LIGHT ARMORED VEHICLE UPGRADES

COMBAT SUPPORT VEHICLE APC/IFV ATGM LAUNCHER VEHICLE

Used for a variety of roles, e.g., light infantry (less than squad),
and support vehicles. Most are light, 4x4 wheeled, van or jeep-
type; but auxiliary wheel, 6x6, tracked versions exist.
Included are motorcycles and 4x4 fast-attack vehicles
(similar to recreational dune buggies).

Central tire inflation system and/or run-flat tires

GPS hand-held or bracket mount

Ford capability, swim capability desired

Add-on light armor, mine protection desired

CM, such as multi-spectral smoke grenades

Laser warning receiver desired

7.62-14.5-mm machine gun or 20-40-mm automatic grenade
launcher main weapon

Remote or overhead weapon station (RWS/OWS)

Individual weapons, RPG, MANPADS, or ATGM launcher for
secondary weapons

Daysight and II or thermal night sight

Add encrypted voice and digital data capability.

Graphic display battle management system

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Light armor and smoke grenade launchers
Remote MG or auto grenade launcher
Day/night (thermal sights), RPG
GPS, secure comms

Must be able to carry a squad

Higher horsepower diesel engine

GPS and inertial land navigation, graphic display battle
management system, IFF

Swim or deep ford (due to armor increases)

Add-on armor, ERA, and improved mine protection. Fire
and blast suppression

CM, e.g., multi-spectral smoke grenades, LWR

Firing ports (or forego due to armor increases,
use periscopes or side and rear view cameras)

IFV: 20-100 mm gun, 2-plane stabilization, and 2-man
turret.

Upgraded FCS: Cdr's independent viewer, 2-plane stabi-
lized TV sights, 1 - 2 gen FLIR.

Improved secondary MG or grenade launcher with
improved sights (integrated, high-angle, night). Additional
remote MGs/AGLs for high-angle fires security.

Improved KE, HEAT, Frag-HE rounds, ATGMs

APC: Includes truck/light vehicle conversions

Remote weapon station or 1-man turret with high-angle-of
fires 7.62-23 mm MG, grenade launcher (some with 20-30-
mm auto-cannon and ATGM launcher)

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Add-on armor, ERA, LWR, new grenades
Add auto grenade launcher, upgrade ATGM, and KE round
to APFSDS.
FCS, stabilized sights, Imp 1st gen FLIR

Use APC/IFV wheeled/tracked chassis or tank chassis,
with mobility and protection upgrades


1-2 man turret, or turretless design
alternative design: 1-5 pedestal/turret or mast-elevated
ATGM launchers

Autoloader or manual loader under armor

FCS with commander's independent viewer, 2-plane
stabilized sights, TV, and target tracking. Use 1st or
2nd gen FLIR

Side and rear-view cameras

Graphic display battle management system

Multiple ATGM launch and targeting capability

Improved ATGMs, as noted in above table, or RF,
laser-beam rider, SAL-H/IIR ATGMs

7.62-12.7-mm MG secondary arms

Most common ATGM vehicles are combat support
vehicles with pintel-mount ATGM launcher, see above
table for ground launcher.

Recent development: motorcycle with sidecar and
pintel-mount ATGM launcher

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Autoloader/multiple ATGM launcher (APC/
IFV/tank version), single manual for others
Stabilized sights and 1st gen thermal sights
Improved ATGMs

14-4
OPFOR RECONNAISSANCE AND ASSAULT VEHICLE UPGRADES

Sep 2001

RECONNAISSANCE VEHICLE LIGHT TANK/ASSAULT GUN/SP AT GUN MAIN BATTLE TANK

Light recon vehicle: Combat support vehicle with light armor and
TV, thermal sights, Add encrypted voice and digital data capability

Combat recon vehicle: See IFV upgrades, e.g.:
20-100 mm gun with 2-plane stabilization, and 2-man turret. Im-
proved secondary MG or automatic grenade launcher and sights.


Upgraded FCS: Cdr's independent viewer, 2-plane stabilized TV
camera sights, 1 - 2 gen FLIR

Elevated battlefield surveillance radar/TV/FLIR sensor suite with
TV, encrypted voice, and digital data transmission capability

GPS and inertial land navigation, and graphic display battle

Improved KE, HEAT, HE rounds, and ATGMs

Manportable SAM (MANPADS)

Sensor vehicle:
APC/IFV or combat support vehicle and mast- mounted sensor
pod: radar, thermal and TV
Encrypted voice SATCOM/digital data systems

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Add higher HP diesel engine
Imp 1st gen FLIR, gunner and commander,
Add auto grenade launcher, upgrade ATGM, and KE round
to APFSDS.
Elevated sensor suite and transmission capability.

Distinction among heavy recon, infantry fire support, as-
sault gun, light tank has blurred

APC/IFV chassis with increased armor and higher horse-
power diesel engine.


Swim or deep ford capability

Add-on armor, ERA, improved mine protection, fire and
blast suppression.

CM, e.g., multi-spectral smoke grenades, LWR Side and
rear-view cameras for security

76-125 mm tank gun with 2-plane stabilization,

Improved MG or auto grenade launcher, sights

stabilized sights, TV, and target tracking. Use of 1st or 2nd
generation FLIR. Side and rear-view cameras

Improved KE, electronic fuzed Frag-HE, and tandem HEAT
rounds

Gun-launched ATGMs (100+ mm)

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Imp 1st gen FLIR, gunner and commander,
Larger stabilized gun, gun-launch ATGM, and KE
round to APFSDS.

Higher horsepower diesel engine

Add-on reserve fuel tanks


Deep ford snorkel capability

Add-on armor and ERA, improved mine and turret
protection, fire and blast suppression.

CM suite, including multi-spectral smoke grenade mix,
LWR, VEESS capability

Tank gun with 2-plane stabilization

Improved remote-firing MG, high-angle AD sights

stabilized sights, TV, and target tracking. Use of 1st or
2nd generation FLIR. Side/rear-view security cameras

Improved KE, electronic fuzed Frag-HE, and tandem
HEAT rounds

Gun-launched antitank guided missiles (100+ mm)

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Land navigation and deep ford snorkel
Add-on armor, ERA, CM suite
Imp stabilization and FCS, 1st gen FLIR,
Remote MG,
Imp ammo (sabot, Frag-HE, and HEAT)
Gun-launch ATGM.

14-5

OPFOR ARTILLERY UPGRADES

Sep 2001

ARTILLERY RSTA/C2 SUPPORT TOWED AND SELF-PROPELLED CANNON MULTIPLE ROCKET LAUNCHER

Automated secure digital joint C2 network with SATCOM, linking
artillery, air, EW, and reconnaissance units

Integrated artillery recon vehicle with sensor mast

Automated battle management equipment use for towed and SP
guns, mortars and MRLs

Navigation system with GPS/inertial update, linked to automated
net

Reconnaissance strike and fire complexes

Forward air controllers linked to artillery units

Artillery links to selected special purpose forces

Phased array counter-battery radars, networked to automated
artillery net, with increased range, lower probability of error,
windows-based man-machine interface

Acoustic vehicle detection and location

Target-acquisition UAVs, networked to artillery net

Artillery surveillance vehicles with ground surveillance radars,
sensor suite and networked

Observation teams with goniometers, thermal sights, digital
comms, and laser target designators

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Integrated artillery recon vehicle, sensor mast
Reconnaissance strike and fire complexes
Target-acquisition UAVs, networked
Observation teams, radars, acoustic sensors

Conventional munitions, e.g., controlled fragmentation,
multi-option fuzes, special munitions, and propellant s
(modular propellants)

Artillery delivered high precision munitions (ADHPM) e.g.,
SAL-H, sensor-fuzed, course corrected, and terminally
homing projectiles

Self-Propelled: Automated fire control with barrel cooling
and thermal warning systems

Auxiliary power unit

Mobility and weight improvements

Muzzle velocity analyzer

CM, such as smoke grenade launcher and LWR

Upgrade to 52-caliber cannon for longer range

Towed: Addition of auxiliary propulsion unit

On board technical fire control computer

Reduced weight and emplace/displace times

Muzzle velocity analyzer permanently connected to on-
board technical fire control computer

Upgrade to 52-caliber cannon for longer range

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Mobility and weight improvements
On-board navigation and fire direction systems
Use of modular propellant
Procurement of ADHPM
Overall range and accuracy improvements

Mobility and weight improvements, truck-based
launchers which conceal the MRL signature

Rapid emplace-displace and response capabilities

CM, such as smoke grenade launcher and LWR

On-board computer-based fire direction and land navi-
gation systems, which permit autonomous launcher,
platoon ,and battery operations

Tube-launched UAVs linked to the launchers and to the
fire control network for real-time acquisition

Extended-range rockets

Improved lethality/range conventional munitions

Compurter-based fire control system for electronically-
fuzed rockets

Artillery delivered high precision munitions (ADHPM),
such as sensor fuzed.

Course-corrected rockets

Special munitions, such as FASCAM and chemical
warhead rockets

Mine clearer and fuel-air explosive rocket MRLs

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Autonomous/ semi-autonomous launcher
Countermeasures
Improved munitions, e.g., extended range,
DPICM and thermobaric
ADHPM, e.g., sensor-fuzed munitions and course
corrected rounds or rockets

14-6

OPFOR AIR DEFENSE UPGRADES

Sep 2001

AIR DEFENSE GUN/GUN-MISSILE SYSTEM MANPORTABLE AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE

Light AD vehicle: Combat support vehicle with light armor and TV,
thermal sights, Add encrypted voice and digital data capability, and
overhead launcher turret

Armored AD vehicle: See IFV upgrades, e.g.: improved armor,
and suspension, 2-man turret


Upgraded FCS: Cdr's independent viewer, 2-plane stabilized TV
gunner sights, FLIR, multi-mode targeting (TV/radar, day/night
modes). Improved target acq radar, longer range, low probability
of intercept. Reduced radar mean-time to detect and system re-
sponse time

Links to AD network, encrypted voice, digital data transmission
capability, computer display GPS and inertial land navigation, IFF

Improved multiple MGs/autocannons to 40 mm or cannons to 100
mm, with stabilized guns with fire on the move capability

Improved rounds, e.g., electronic-fuzed HE, APFSDS-T, and
frangible rounds

MANPADS or multi-stage AD missiles with ACLOS radar dual and
multi-band seekers

Kinetic-energy missiles with sabots, for use in AD role, and
against ground vehicle targets

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Improved day/night optics and radar
Automated secure links to AD network
Improved multiple stabilized guns, rounds
Improved missiles and guidance

Vehicle, ground platform, helicopter mounts

Thrust-vectoring capability

All-aspect engagement capability

Strap-on imaging infrared or thermal sights

Early warning datalinks and alert display boards for mount
on launcher

Upgraded IFF capabilities

Missiles in disposable launch tubes

Improved missiles and seeker heads with better counter-
countermeasure resistance

Uncooled seeker heads, wider FOV

Increased range

Improved warheads and blast/frag effects, base fuzing of
propellant for increased blast

Improvements in aerodynamics, fuels, and materials, for
increases in speed, reduced smoke signature, maneuver-
ability, and accuracy

Integrate with anti-helicopter mines

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Improved sights and warning dispay boards
Strap-on II/FLIR
Improved seekers, warheads, propulsion
Uncooled seeker heads, wider FOV
Flare rejection capability

Improved vehicle or platform launcher for rapid em-
placement/displacement

CM, e.g., multi-spectral smoke, LWR

Upgraded FCS: 2-plane stabilized TV gunner sights,
1 - 2 gen FLIR, multiple target engagement capability,
All-weather fire control, multi-mode targeting, with TV
and radar, day and night.

Improved EW and target acq radars, longer range, low
probability of intercept, and signal processing in radars

Reduced radar mean-time to detect, and system re-
sponse time

Links to AD network, encrypted voice, digital data
transmission capability, computer display

GPS and inertial land navigation, and graphic display
battle management system, IFF

Missiles with SACLOS, ACLOS radar, IR or multi-band
terminal seekers, more lethal warheads, longer range,
maneuverability with improved counter-
countermeasure resistance

Vertical missile launch

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Improved FCS with day/night optics and radars, and
multi-target capability and modes
Automated secure links, digital AD network
Improved missiles and guidance
CM protection from jamming and ARMs

14-7

Sep 2001

OPFOR AERODYNAMIC SYSTEM UPGRADES

ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) THEATER BALLISTIC MISSILE (TBM)

Older airframes and utility helicopters can be upgraded sensors
and weapons

Western upgraded avionics, fire control computers, sights, and
technology readily available to retrofit into existing older airframes

Many new aircraft being built with cost controls to make entice new
markets in developing nations.

Emerging belief in upgrade of existing platforms rather than devel-
oping new airframes, primarily due to financial constraints

Development of quieter, more efficient main and tail rotor blades
and engines to increase aircraft performance

Digital data-linking with ground systems and air defense networks

Increased use of millimeter wave, FLIR, and NVG technologies to
allow greater night/ weather weapons delivery and mission com-
pletion

Service life extension programs

Improved weapons and munitions, including ATGMs, air-to-service
missiles, and precision bombs

UPGRADE PRIORITY
MMW, FLIR, and NVG technologies
Upgraded avionics
Service life extension programs

Extend operational radius and endurance

Reduce sensor-shooter timeline

Enhanced third-generation image intensifiers and second-
generation thermal imagers may be available to limited
countries.

Multiple sensors will be employed on the same platform for
enhanced target detection under all-weather conditions
and may be linked to weapon delivery platforms.

Integrated laser target designators for smart munitions in
priority target areas

Multiple sensors for chemical and biological agents will be
employed on this platform and may be linked to comms
platforms.

Precision attack variants, such as anti-radiation UAVs for
radar attack

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Extend operational radius and endurance
Obtain improved EO capability
Reduce sensor-shooter timeline
Laser target designator integration

Improved launcher (swim capability, multiple missile
capability, reduced signature)

Reduced preparation time, emplace and displace
times, shoot and scoot operation

Automated secure digital C2 network, linking with artil-
lery, air, EW, and reconnaissance units

Navigation system with GPS/inertial update, linked to
automated net

Autonomous operations or increased interval

Launcher countermeasures: decoys, missile non-
ballistic launch trajectory

Missile countermeasures (e.g., non-ballistic trajectory,
penetration aids, separating warhead, multiple maneu-
vering re-entry vehicles)

Extended range missiles

Improved smokeless propellant

Multi-sensor or other mproved homing with increased
accuracy (<50 m CEP)

Advanced munitions (cluster munitions, FAE/
thermobaric munitions, biological, electro-magnetic
pulse, anti-radiation missiles), larger payloads

UPGRADE PRIORITY
Improved smokeless propellant
Separating warhead and larger payloads
Survivability countermeasures.

14-8

Sep 2001
Countermeasures

Countermeasures (CM) are survivability measures which a force can employ to preserve
the readiness of assets and personnel by degrading the enemy's RSTA and weapons
effectiveness. These measures often fit within the US Army term CCD (camouflage,
concealment and deception) or within the OPFOR term C3D (camouflage, cover, concealment
and deception). However, assets used in deception operations are addressed as a subset of
Information Warfare (IW), and are directed at the operational-strategic level. Decoys used by
tactical units within branch operations are designed to aid survivability, and are considered to be
countermeasures. Countermeasures can take the form of tactical CM (or reactive measures), or
they can be technical CM. Because of the equipment focus of this document, it will not address
tactical measures. Countermeasures for use on aircraft will be discussed at a future time.

Modern forces will upgrade systems with selected countermeasures. Many CM noted are
intended to protect combat vehicles from antiarmor sensors and weapons. Although the below
CM can be used to counter precision weapons, many were developed for use against
conventional weapons. Several factors must be considered when selecting countermeasures.

Some countermeasures can affect a variety of sensors and weapons capabilities.
Others are more technology-specific, and may not be fielded until that technology is
identified as a threat. They can be grouped by threat to be countered, such as artillery
CM or ATGM CM. Driven by threatening weapons technologies, miltary forces may
initiate a short-response program to fabricate or purchase countermeasures for rapid
fielding. The R&D process has led to the development of counter-countermeasures,
intended to negate the effects of CM. However, at some level, these are also CM. To
avoid confusion on labeling, these will also be called countermeasures.

Although a variety of countermeasures are now marketed, high costs for some CM
may restrict availability within limited budgets. Thus OPFOR users should consult
the POC as noted below for assistance in selecting CMs for a specific system.

Countermeasure development may be restricted due to resource, technology, and
fabrication limitions, which vary by country and time frame. Budget limitations may
limit fielding of feasible and valuable countermeasures, or will compel the selection
of less capable countermeasures.

When countermeasures are added to a vehicle or within close proximity, they must be
mutually compatible and compatible with other subsystems. Thus issues such as
electromagnetic interference and self-blinding with smokes must be considered.

Questions and comments on countermeasures for specific BOSs should be addressed to
the respective chapter POC. Questions concerning data in this chapter should be addressed to:

Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925

14-9

Sep 2001

14-10

Sep 2001
LETHALITY COMPONENT VERSUS COUNTERMEASURE RESPONSES

Intent of this table is to assist in selection of CM and understanding the categorization for use in upgrade schemes. Many of the more
widely-fielded countermeasures are designed to degrade a variety of sensors and munitions, for minimal upgrade cost. Thus,
countermeasure types may be repeated under several functions. Because new technologies are emerging rapidly, and systems are finding
applications which can place them in several CM types, the placement of CMs can be somewhat arbitrary. Use against artillery vs
ATGMs vs ground vehicle weapons will vary.

Capability to Be Degraded Type of Countermeasure
Detection and location Camouflage: nets, paints, fasteners for added natural materials
Cover: entrenching blades, hole-blast device, underground facilities
Concealment: screens, skirts, thermal engine covers, scrim, other signature reduction
Deformers, engine exhaust diversion, other signature alteration measures
Aerosols: smoke and flares, water spray systems
Decoys, clutter, and acoustic countermeasures
Counter-location measures: GPS jammers, laser and radar warning systems
C2/sensor-shooter links See Information Warfare (IW) Chapter
Platform or weapon

Counterfire: directional warning systems, laser radars, for rapid response
Directed energy weapons (DEW), such as high-energy lasers
System prioritization for hard-kill, e.g., anti-helicopter mines (See Ch 7)
Weapon sensors and fire control CCD as noted above.
Directed energy weapons, such as low-energy lasers (LEL)
Electro-optical countermeasures ( EOCMs )
Submunition dispensing/activation Global positioning system (GPS) jammer
Fuze (laser/IR/RF), RF barrage jammers, acoustic jammers
Precision munition and submunition sensors CCD as noted above.
False-target generator (visual, IR, RF/acoustic)
Electromagnetic mine countermeasure system, to pre-detonate or confuse
Fuze jammers (laser/IR/RF), RF barrage jammers, acoustic jammers
Munition/submunition in-flight, and its effects Sensors to detect munitions: MMW radars, RF/IR/UV passive sensors
Air watch and air defense/NBC warning net, to trigger alarm signal
Active protection systems, for munition/submunition hard kill
Cover, additional armor to reduce warhead effects
Other system effects Miscellaneous CM (See below)

14-11

Sep 2001

COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST SENSORS

Type
Countermeasure
Countermeasure Example Application
Camouflage Camouflage nets
Camouflage paints, IR/radar/and laser-absorptive materials/paints
Fasteners, belts for attaching natural materials
Russian MKS and MKT
Salisbury screen rubber epoxy
Chinese "grass mat" set
Variety of vehicles
Variety systems
Uniforms and vehicles
Cover Natural and manmade cover, civilian buildings
Entrenching blade to dig in vehicles
Hole-blast devices for troop positions, spider holes
Underground facilities, bunkers, firing positions
Tree cover, garages, underpasses
T-80U tank, BMP-3 IFV, 2S3 arty

Hardened artillery sites, bunkers
TELs, vehicles, troops
IFVs, tanks, SP arty
Infantry, SOF
Iraqi and NK sites
Concealment Screens, overhead cover for infantry (conceal IR/visible signature)
Canvas vehicle cover, to conceal weapons
Thermal covers, vehicle screens
Scrim, side skirts and skirting around turret
Colebrand netting
Cover on Chinese Type 90 MRL
Kintex thermal blanket over engine
French "Ecrim" track cover scrim
Infantry, weapon, sensor
Truck-based weapons
For combat vehicles
Combat vehicles
Deformers/
signature
modification
"Wummels" (erectible umbrellas to change/conceal shape/edges)
Exhaust deformers (redirect exhaust under/behind vehicle)
Engine and running gear signature modification (change sound)
IR/radar deformers (in combination with RAM and RAP, etc)
Barracuda RAPCAM/TOPCAM
Russian exhaust deflectors
Track pads, road wheel/exhaust change
Cateyes, Luneberg lens
Vehicles, sites, weapons
Combat vehicles
Tracked, other vehicles
Tracked, other vehicles
Aerosols Visual suppression measures, smokes, WP rounds
Multi-spectral smokes for IR and or MMW bands,
Flares, chaff, WP, to create false targets, disrupt FLIR
Toxic smokes (irritants to disrupt infantry and weapons crews)
Water spray systems (to reduce thermal contrast)
Smoke generators, fog oil, S-4, RPO-D
ZD-6 Smoke grenades (visual/IR)
WP rounds, Galix 6 flare system,
Adamsite and CN in smoke mix
Add-on kits for vehicles
Blinding, screening
Vehicle protection
Combat vehicles, arty
Smoke generators
Recon, C
2
, AD, arty
Decoys Clutter (civilian/military vehicles, structures, burning equipment)
Low to high-fidelity (multi-spectral) decoys
Radar/IR decoy supplements (to add to visual/fabricated decoys)
Acoustic countermeasures (to deceive reconnaissance, sensors)
Log site, truck park, tank farm, derricks
Barracuda decoys,
Corner reflectors, KFP-1-180 IR heater
Acoustic tape/speaker systems
Artillery, combat vehicles

Vehicle/site decoys
Vehicles, sites
Counter-location
measures
Degrade GPS by jamming to reduce precision location capability
Jam radars/IR sensors
Laser, IR, and radar warning systems (to trigger move/CM)
Aviaconversia GPS jammer
SPN-2 truck-borne jammer set
Slovenian LIRD laser warner
Infantry and others
tactical/operational area
Combat vehicles

14-12

Sep 2001
COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST WEAPONS AND WEAPON SENSORS

Type
Countermeasure
Countermeasure Example Application
Added protection
(supplements to
armor in reaction to
specific capability)
Armor supplements (ERA, screens, bar or box armor, sand bags)
Armor skirts over road wheels
Mine rollers, plows and flails
Vehicle belly armor, raised or redesigned belly design, skirt
Vertical smoke grenade launchers (to counter PGM top attack)

EOCM Use EOCMs such as IR jammer/IR searchlights to redirect ATGM KBCM infrared CM system Combat vehicles
False-target
Generators
Acoustic jammers and directed acoustic countermeasure
Laser false-target generator (against semi-active laser homing)
Electromagnetic mine countermeasure system, counters fuzes
In development, can be
improvised
In development

To distract acoustic
seekers
Combat vehicles
Jammers Altimeter jammer (counters submunition dispersion altimeter)
Fuze jammers (to spoof RF proximity fuzes on munitions)
Incoherent infrared jamming (to jam IR fuzes on munitions)

SPR-1 armored ECM
vehicle

High priority sites,
CPs etc.
Active
countermeasures
Active protection systems, for munition hard kill.
Directed energy weapons
Directed MGs
Arena hard-kill system
ZM-87 low energy laser
weapon
Tanks, recon vehicle,
IFVs
AT, AD systems
Counterfire/
Threat response
warners
Directional warning system (locate laser/radar, to direct weapons)
Employ sensors (RF/IR/UV - to detect munitions)
Acoustic directional systems (to detect munitions)
Laser radars (laser scanner to locate optics and direct weapons)
Directed energy weapons (against optics)
Anti-helicopter mines (against aircraft)
Employ air watch/security, AD, NBC, nets to trigger alarm signal
Dazzle grenades (temporarily blind personnel)

Star-burst grenades

Infantry
Miscellaneous CM Optical filters to degrade effect of battlefield lasers.
Pulse code/thermal CCM beacons on SACLOS ATGMs
(to counter EOCM)

14-13

Sep 2001

14-14

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