Prepared by:

Dr. Ashok Jaiswal

SYLLABUS
Introduction to Surface and Underground Mining Terms (AJ + SKS)
Definition of common mining terms. Overview of unit operations in surface and underground mines.

Explosives (SKS)
Types of explosives and blasting agents. Detonators, fuses, delays and other accessories. Stemming
materials. Testing of explosives. Storage and transport of explosives. Causes of accidents and safety
precautions. Substitute of explosives.

Types of Support (AJ)
Prop, bar, cog, friction and hydraulic prop, girder.

Mine Entries (AJ)
Choice, location and size of mine entries. Shafts, inclines and adits merits and demerits,
applicability. Cross-measure drifts and laterals.

Sinking (SKS)
Conventional methods of shaft sinking. Drilling, blasting, loading and hoisting of muck. Lining,
ventilation, drainage and lighting. Sinking through loose, fractured, flowing and water bearing
ground. Widening and deepening of shafts. Shaft boring.

Primary and Secondary Development Drivages in Underground Mines (AJ)
Drivage of drifts and main development headings. Conventional methods. Drilling, blasting, loading
and transport of muck. Support, ventilation, drainage and lighting. Special methods through loose,
fractured, flowing and water bearing ground. High speed drivages.

QUESTION PAPER STYLE FOR END SEM.
Unit 1 (Compulsory)
Any short questions from syllabus (5 Marks)
Introduction to Surface and Underground Mining Terms (5 Marks)

Unit -2 (Any one out of two)
Explosives

Unit 3 (Any one out of two)
Mine Entries
Types of Support

Unit -4 (Any one out of two)
Sinking

Unit -5 (Any one out of two)
Primary and Secondary Development Drivages in Underground Mines

Lecture 1
MINE DEVELOPMENT
MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Ore: The naturally occurring material from which a mineral or minerals
of economic value can be extracted profitably or to satisfy social or
political objectives. The term is generally but not always used to refer to
metalliferous material, and is often modified by the names of the
valuable constituent; e.g., iron ore.; ore mineral.






Name of the Ore Name of the Mine location
Iron
Copper
Aluminum
Lead-zinc
Uranium
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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Mineral: A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having
an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition,
crystal form, and physical properties.






Metal Name of the Ore Chemical composition
Iron
Copper
Aluminum
Lead-zinc
Uranium
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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Gangue: The valueless minerals in an ore; that part of an ore that is not
economically desirable but cannot be avoided in mining. It is separated
from the ore minerals during concentration.


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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Metal: In most cases, an opaque, lustrous, elemental substance that is a
good conductor of heat and electricity. It is also malleable and ductile,
possesses high melting and boiling points, and tends to form positive
ions in chemical compounds.


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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Vein: An epigenetic mineral filling of a fault or other fracture in a host
rock, in tabular or sheet-like form, often with associated replacement
of the host rock; a mineral deposit of this form and origin.

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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Orebody: A continuous, well-defined mass of material of sufficient ore
content to make extraction economically feasible.

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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Coal Seam: A stratum or bed of coal or other mineral; generally applied
to large deposits of coal.




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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Dip: The angle at which a bed,
stratum, or vein is inclined from the
horizontal, measured perpendicular
to the strike and in the vertical
plane.


Dip angle
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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Strike: The course or bearing of the
outcrop of an inclined bed, vein, or
fault plane on a level surface; the
direction of a horizontal line
perpendicular to the direction of the
dip.


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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Footwall: The underlying side of
a fault, orebody, or mine
working; esp. the wall rock
beneath an inclined vein or
fault.; lower plate; foot.


Hanging wall: The overlying side
of an orebody or mine working,
esp. the wall rock above an
inclined vein.

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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Outcrop: The course or bearing of the outcrop of an inclined bed, vein,
or fault plane on a level surface; the direction of a horizontal line
perpendicular to the direction of the dip.


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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Mining: Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other
geological materials from the earth, from an orebody, lode, vein,
(coal) seam or reef, which forms the mineralized horizon and
package of economic interest to the miner. It can be classified into
two vis. Underground mining and Surface mining.


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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Surface Mining/opencast/open pit mining:



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MINING TERMINOLOGIES
Underground Mining:

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Lecture 2
MINE DEVELOPMENT
UNIT OPERATION
Definition: The unit of mining are the basic steps employed to produce
mineral/coal from the deposit, together with the auxiliary steps
involved. Those steps contributing directly to mineral extraction are
production operation, comprising the production cycle of operation.
Those ancillary steps which support the production cycles are called
auxiliary operation.
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UNIT OPERATION
The production cycle employs unit operations which are normally
group in two functions: rock breakage and materials handling.
Breakage includes a variety of mechanism but in rock is usually
accomplished by drilling and blasting. Handling generally
encompasses loading or excavation and haulage (horizontal transport),
with optional hoisting (vertical or inclined). Thus the basic production
cycle in mining consists of these unit operations:

Production cycle = drilling + blasting + roof supporting + loading + hauling

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DEVELOPMENT WORKS
Basic development works for underground mines:

Mine Entries:
A passageway or approach from surface to underground workings.
Levels/ galleries:
A main underground roadway or passage driven along a level course
to afford access to stopes or workings and to provide ventilation and
a haulageway for the removal of coal or ore. Levels are commonly
spaced at regular depth intervals and are either numbered from the
surface or designated by their elevation below the top of the shaft.
Drift:
An underground entry driven either horizontal or incline into a coal
seam.



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DEVELOPMENT WORKS
Basic development works for underground mines:

Raise:
A vertical or inclined opening in a mine driven upward from a level
to connect with the level above, or to explore the ground for a
limited distance above one level. After two levels are connected, the
connection may be a winze or a raise, depending upon which level is
taken as the point of reference.
Vinze:
A winze is an opening in an underground mine that is sunk
downward (as opposed to a raise, which is mined upward) from
inside to connect lower levels. The top of a winze is located
underground, in contrast to a shaft where the top of the excavation
is located on surface



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MINE ENTRIES
Types of Mine entries for underground mines:

Shaft
Decline/incline
Ramp
Adit

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MINE ENTRIES
Shaft:
A primary vertical or non-
vertical opening through mine
strata used for ventilation or
drainage and/or for hoisting of
personnel or materials; connects
the surface with underground
workings.

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MINE ENTRIES
Shaft:

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MINE ENTRIES
Decline/incline:
Any entry to a mine that is not vertical
(shaft) or horizontal (adit). Often incline
is reserved for those entries that are too
steep for a belt conveyor (+17 degrees -18
degrees), in which case a hoist and guide
rails are employed. A belt conveyor
incline is termed a slope. Alt: Secondary
inclined opening, driven upward to
connect levels, sometimes on the dip of a
deposit; also called "inclined shaft".

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MINE ENTRIES
Ramp:
A secondary or tertiary inclined
opening, driven to connect levels,
usually driven in a downward
direction, and used for haulage.
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MINE ENTRIES
Adit:
A nearly horizontal passage from the surface by which a mine is entered.
A blind horizontal opening into a mountain, with only one entrance.


6/19/2014 29 Lecture - 2
Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
For Galleries
Wedge or V cut
Pyramid or diamond cut
Drag cut
Fan cut
Burn cut


Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Wedge or V cut:
Blasthole are drilled at an angle to the face in a uniform wedge
formation so that the axis of symmetry is at the centre line of the face.
The cut displaces a wedge of rock out of the face in the initial blast and
this wedge is widened to the full width of the drift in subsequent blasts,
each blast being fired with detonators of suitable delay time. The apex
angle is as near as possible to 60
0
(Figure) This type of cut is
particularly suited to large size drifts, which have well laminated or
fissured rocks. Hole placement should be carefully preplanned and the
alignment of each hole should be accurately drilled.



Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Wedge or V cut:



Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Pyramid or diamond cut
The pyramid or diamond cut is a variation of the wedge cut where the
blastholes for the initial cavity may have a line of symmetry along horizontal
axis as well as the vertical axis (Figure).


Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Pyramid or diamond cut



Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Drag cut
The drag cut is particularly suitable in small sectional drifts where a
pull of up to 1.0 m is very useful (Figure).


Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Drag cut



Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Fan cut
The fan cut is one-half of a wedge cut and is applicable mainly where only one
machine is employed in a narrow drive. Generally the depth of pull obtainable
is limited to 1.5 m (Figure).

Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Fan cut

Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Burn cut
A series of parallel holes are drilled closely spaced at right angles to the
face. One hole or more at the centre of the face are uncharged. This is
called the burn cut (Figure). The uncharged holes are often of larger
diameter than the charged holes and form zones of weakness that
assist the adjacent charged holes in breaking out the ground. Since all
holes are at right angles to the face, hole placement and alignment are
easier than in other types of cuts. The burn cut is particularly suitable
for use in massive rock such as granite, basalt etc.

Underground Drilling Pattern
Blasting off-the solid (Solid Blasting)
Burn cut