Introduction

A massive steel ball and a feather were dropped from the same
height at exactly the same time. Which of the two will hit the ground
first?
The Greek philosopher Aristotle theorized that a heavier body falls
faster than a lighter one of the same shape in a dense medium like
water. This led him to speculate that the rate of fall is proportional to
the weight and inversely proportional to the density of the medium.
Because his ideas appeared to make sense, they became popular
and well accepted for many years.
According to legend, Galileo dropped balls of various densities from
the Leaning Tower of isa in Tuscany, !taly and found that lighter and
heavier ones fell at almost the same speed. !n fact, he did "uantitative
e#periments with balls rolling down an inclined plane and concluded
that all bodies fall at the same rate neglecting friction.
$hile consistent with human e#perience, Aristotle%s principles were
not based on e#periments that are controlled. $ith the help of Galileo,
the scientific method and advancement in technology, their
contribution to our knowledge of motion become remarkable. As a
student of physics, you will encounter many situations that call for
critical analysis and evaluation of everyday e#periences and other
phenomena. &rom simple motion problems to the behavior of
subatomic particles, the principles, theories and laws of physics are
rather overwhelming. $e may know little about motion without
scientists like Galileo who made careful observations and
e#perimentation to bring principles to test.
As you embark in this investigative pro'ect once more, it is our desire
that this guide will help you search answers to problems and make
more meaning to this undertaking. This was written to give direction
and purpose as you prepare yourself to many challenging tasks. $e
hope that you will use this opportunity to make this e#perience of
science a work of human creativity and ingenuity. God has created
this world with such beauty and precision one can ever imagine. (ay
you realize that as you begin to discover little things about our world,
you begin to discover the details of )is creation * )is masterpiece+
The Authors
1
The Physics Investigative Project
An investigative pro'ect is a planned undertaking in a particular field
of science ,biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics- or
technology involving creative, critical thought and action. !t is an
activity that aims to develop one%s ability to identify and determine
possible solutions to problems in the community or possible
e#planations to a particular phenomenon.
.oing an investigative pro'ect is a comple# process. !t re"uires a
careful and systematic evaluation of relevant information gathered in
order to solve problems. )ence, the ability to manage time and
follow*up on the pro'ect%s intermediary stages is crucial to this
undertaking.
As an overview, below is an outline of the different types of
investigative pro'ects.
a. Experimental Type. This is a method of research wherein a
variable is controlled so that e#perimental factor is separated for
measurement of its change. !t is a systematic approach which
uses manipulation and testing to understand causal processes.
/#amples0
The Effect of the resence of !norganic "epurative and
#harcoal on the #leanliness of Water $%eli et.al. &'(()
The Effectiveness of *odium +ypochlorite in Antibacterial
#leaners on the ercent #ount of ,acteria ost Application
$"oloroso- et.al. &'(()
b. Observation Type. This is a systematic and direct means of
gathering data by watching and recording various situations and
conditions in conducting the study. !t is a correlational or non*
e#perimental type of investigative pro'ect.
/#amples0
Effects on #hildren of .ccupational Exposures to /ead
$0orton et.al. (12&)
The Effect of the resence of Earthworms on the %rowth of
*olanum lycopersicum $0acabulos- et.al. &'(()
2
c. Survey Type. This is a study that attempts to interpret, analyze
and report the present condition of a thing or place. !t is a type of
"uantitative investigative pro'ect that can be employed in a
variety of disciplines.
/#amples0
erception of 3ourth 4ear 5egular +igh *chool *tudents
on the Effect of Wi63i Technology on their *tudies
rolonged 7se of 8isual "isplay Terminals and !ts
erceived Effects on the Eye 8ision $/ui- et.al. A+* &'(()
INESTI!ATIE P"O#E$T %A&IN!
$'OOSIN! A TOPI$
1hoosing a topic to work on is a rather difficult task. The topic that
you will choose will be the cornerstone of all your work for the entire
school year. Therefore, it is important to identify the area of science
that will work best for your group. Below are important considerations
as you choose a topic.
a. your own interests and abilities
b. your scope or level of knowledge
c. time re"uired to complete the pro'ect*it should be reasonable
d. availability of materials and other resources
e. relevance of the topic to socio*economic growth or
developmental needs of the country
f. e#penses involved must be commensurate to the benefits of the
e#pected results
g. safety measures*these must be observed ,human sub'ects,
use of hazardous substances-
To help you find an investigative pro'ect idea that can hold your
interest, it is recommended that the following sources of information
be utilized0
Survey o( $ommunity Problems
!nteraction2interview with community officials, residents
!nterview an ecologist about ecological problems
3
)ibrary "esearch
Books, periodicals, magazines and newspapers can provide
problems for study as well as information on a particular
sub'ect of interest.
*se o( Available "esearch Studies
List of recommendations of a study can provide new
research problems.
/#perimental factors that were not well studied due to lack of
controls or variables.
/#perimental procedure that needs some modification
Other Sources
rivate corporations, government agencies, social and
professional organizations.
A3 materials ,maps, films, slides and recordings-
!nternet
As you start making a shortlist of topics for proposal to your teacher,
take note of the following e#amples of good and poor investigative
pro'ect topics with the corresponding e#planation why they are
considered as such.
Examples o( !ood Topics
E((ect o( arch curvature on load carrying strength
This topic involves 9uantitative analysis and has scientific
validity. !t involves the use of scientific principles in
relating one variable with another.
Identi(ying alternative insulation materials
The pro:ect involves experimenting on different materials
and observing the behavior of the dependent variable.
Examples o( Poor Topics
E((ect o( colored light+ music or tal,ing on plants
This topic is difficult to measure or 9uantify thus- it becomes
very sub:ective and unreliable. 4our group can be more
creative and critical at the same time.
$onstruction o( an electric generator
The design and construction of an electric generator is an
example of a simple demonstration and not
experimentation.
4
any o( the (ollo-ing topics described belo-
- creates unacceptable risks to human ,physical or
psychological- or animal sub'ects
- re"uires dangerous, hard to find, e#pensive or
illegal materials
- re"uires measurement that will be e#tremely difficult
to make or repeat given your e"uipment.
TOPI$ P"OPOSA)
.irection0 1onsidering the guidelines in choosing your topic for
investigative pro'ect, submit three ,4- topic proposals following the
format described below.
5. !n two sentences, give the background of your chosen topic and
its significance.
6. !n three sentences, describe the problem that you want to
investigate together with your proposed solution.
4. !n two sentences, describe the resources needed and the
methods of science that will be used to solve the problem.
"ubrics Points
$ontent
.escription of the study ,problem, solution, method- 57
Background or significance of the study 57
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STATE%ENT O. T'E P"O/)E%
This part of the investigative pro'ect paper describes what you are
trying to find out and what will be your sub'ects or ob'ects of study.
!t consists of a general problem statement followed by specific
problem statements as shown in the e#ample below.
Example0
The purpose of this study is to design and
!eneral
construct a balloon*powered car that works on the
principle of 9ewton%s laws of motions and would run
problem
fast and cover a long distance. !n this study, the statement
researchers sought the answers to the following
"uestions0
5. $hat factors affect the ma#imum speed and
displacement of a moving ob'ect>
Speci(ic
6. $hat laws of motion must be considered in the
problem
design and construction of the car>
statements
4. $hat materials can be used in the construction
of the balloon*powered car that would run fast
and cover a long distance>
O/#E$TIES
The investigative pro'ect ob'ectives must be paralleled to the
problem statements. This consists of a general ob'ective followed by
specific ob'ectives as shown below.
Example0
$ith the desire to design and construct a
balloon*powered car that works on the principles of
9ewton%s laws of motion and that would run fast
and cover a long distance, the researchers will0
5. !dentify the factors that will affect the ma#imum
distance covered by the balloon*powered car.
6. /#plain how 9ewton%s laws of motion are applied
in the operation of the balloon*powered car.
4. !dentify the materials that can be used in
the construction of the balloon*powered car.
!eneral
objective
Speci(ic
objectives
6
'1POT'ESIS
A hypothesis is a tentative answer to the research "uestion. !t states
the condition and predictions in the e#periment. !t must be testable
within a reasonable amount of time and the variables properly stated
in easy to measure terms. (ore importantly, a hypothesis should b e
falsifiable. The hypothesis maybe stated in three ways namely=
5. A hypothesis in the null form states that there is no significant
difference between the results of two conditions being tested.
/#ample0
There is no significant difference between the effects of horse
manure and urea on the following variables; average height per
plant< time of flowering per plant- etc.
6. A hypothesis in alternative form states that there is a significant
difference between the results of the two conditions being tested.
/#ample0
There is a significant difference between the effects of horse
manure and urea on the following variables; average height per
plant< time of flowering per plant- etc.
4. A cause and effect statement states that if a certain condition
,cause- is true, then a supporting observation ,effect- occurs.
/#ample;
!f there is a significant difference between the effects of horse
manure and urea- then the growth of the plants will differ
significantly in terms of average height per plant< time of
flowering per plant- etc.
7
!n the e#ample below, the dependent and independent variables are
measurable and e#plicitly stated. There should be at least three
specific hypotheses.
Example;
To attain the primary purpose of this study of
designing and constructing a balloon*powered car,
the researchers believe that0
5. !f the diameter of the balloon used is
increased, then the car would travel faster and
cover a long distance.
6. !f the wheels have bigger diameter, then the
car would travel faster and cover a longer
distance.
4. !f the surface of the wheel is rough, then it
would have greater friction on the ground, so
the car would travel faster and cover a longer
distance.
8. !f the straw is longer, then it will generate more
force, so the car would travel faster and cover
a longer distance.
"EIE2 O. "E)ATE3 )ITE"AT*"E
The review of related literature is an essential part of your
investigative pro'ect. !t discusses the relevance of your study to
several concepts, theories and arguments. ;pecifically, it should
e#plain=
why your investigative pro'ect needs to be carried out
how you came to choose certain methodologies and theories to
work with
how your study contributes to the e#perimental studies done by
others on the same topic
The presentation of the literature should be divided into three parts
namely= !ntroduction, Body and 1onclusion as shown in the
e#amples that follow.
8
Introduction
This is where you define or identify the general topic, issue, or area
of concern, and let the reader understand the conte#t for reviewing
the literature.
The country s effort is currently focused on the propagation of
Jatropha curcas L. in response to the call of the Department of Energy (DOE)
to increase the use of alternative fuels as means to achieve its goal of
self-sufficiency in 2010 (Department of Energy Philippines,
2006). n the same !ay" the #ommission on $igher E%ucation
(#$ED) inclu%es the intensive research on alternative energy source
in the top list of its research agen%a. &hus" the nee% to continually
e'plore on alternative energy resources (ecomes imperative an% poses
an urgent challenge to scientists.
;ource0 Librea, 677?
oint out overall trends in what has been published about the
topic, or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence and
conclusions, or gaps in research, or a single problem or new
perspective of immediate interest.
)tu%ies sho!e% that J. curcas together !ith Pongamia pinnata,
more commonly *no!n as +ongam" prove% to have the oil most suita(le
for conversion to (io%iesel (,D-) (+atil 200." +ramani* 2002). n other
species li*e Pittosporum resiniferum" resinous substance is found to
contain crude petroleum (Perry, 190! and resin %ucts
accompanie% (y vascular tissue an% (or%ere% !ith ta(ular shape% cells
!ere reporte% in the mesocarp of the fruit (&olentino" 2002). Despite the
reports on see% oil e'tracts of Jatropha as possi(le source of (io%iesel
(/atree 20001 $enning 20021 Del 2reco 20031 /oc*efeller -oun%ation 4
)cientific 4 n%ustrial /esearch 56671 ,ec*er 4 -rancis 2003)" limite%
stu%ies have (een %one on its morphology an% anatomy. $ence" the stu%y
!ill attempt to screen the tissues of fruits an% see%s for presence of oil
cell" characteri8e its anatomical features an% %ifferentiate it from other
cells.
;ource0 Librea, 677?
/#plain the criteria that you used in analyzing and comparing
literature and the organization of the review. $hen necessary,
e#plain why certain literature is or is not included.
&he revie! of relate% literature !ill focus on the presence"
location" %istri(ution an% %evelopment of oil cell at %ifferent
%evelopmental stages of fruits an% see%s of J. curcas in %ifferent
locations. E'traction an% chemical testing of the oil composition !ill
not (e inclu%e% in this revie! since the focus of the stu%y is anatomical
stu%y of J. #urcas.
;ource0 Librea, 677?
/ody
!n the body, organize your review according to a specific criterion to
make the flow of your discussion coherent.
Anatomy and Function of Oil Secretory Structures
)ecretory structures vary in location in a plant (o%y. &hey are
either e'ternal or internal cells (Esau 5669). -urthermore" they are
classifie% accor%ing to the structure" function an% :
Location and Distribution of Oil Cells in Different Organs of Plants
;no!n occurrences of oil cell in plants are in vascular an% groun%
tissues of stem an% leaf (Esau 5699). n the leaf of &asmania lanceolata
(<interacea)" oil cells are %isperse% in the mesophyll:
Development of Oil Cells
=ccor%ing to <est (5666)" an% >ariani et al." (5676) oil cell
%evelopment is characteri8e% (y lysigenous %evelopment" formation of
tripartite !all an% ?cupule@ attaching the oil sac to the !all. &he:
;ource0 Librea, 677?
!nstead of 'umping immediately to the ne#t topic, put topic
titles2topic organizers to signal to the reader that you are now
moving on to the ne#t topic.
.iscuss in detail the theoretical underpinnings on which your
research is based on.
Development of Oil Cells
=ccor%ing to <est (5666)" an% >ariani et al." (5676)
oil cell %evelopment is characteri8e% (y lysigenous %evelopment"
formation of tripartite !all an% ?cupule@ attaching the oil sac to the
!all. &he early stages of oil cell %evelopment in species of various
families of >agnoliaceae" Lauraceae" =nonaceae" $ernan%aceae"
an% Liliciaceae" are similar in characteristic. &he oil cells initials
(O#) increase in si8e" (ecome larger an% have (etter stain affinity
than the surroun%ing parenchyma cells (<est 56661 &uc*er 56961
+oste* 4 &uc*er 567.1 >ariani et al." 5676). =s O# enlarges"
a%Aacent cells are pushe% to the si%e.
;ource0 Librea, 677?
.iscuss also the ma'or findings of other researchers who did a
similar study. (ore importantly, write your own comments to
the studies that the researchers did.
Oil cell %evelopment has (een investigate% in
%ifferent species of plants such as >agnolia gran%iflora (+oste* 4
&uc*er 567.)" +ersea americana (+latt et al." 567.1 +latt an%
&homson 5675)" species of !oo%y /anales (<est 5666)" #rom(e
sp ()mith 5690)" Laurus no(ilis (>aron 4 -ahn 5696)"
Eupatorium rugosum (#urtis an% Lersten 5676) an% )aururus
cernuus (&uc*er 5696) an% Lirio%en%ron tulipifera (>ariani et al."
5676). Bormal ontogeny of oil cells in !oo%y /anales is
characteri8e% (y the %evelopment of lysigenous cavity" formation
of oil sac an% stal*-li*e attachment or cupule an% comple' cell
!all (<est 5666). n the fruit of +. americana" +latt" et al." (567.)
conclu%e% that formation of comple' cell !all an% locali8ation of
oil accumulation characteri8e% %evelopment of i%io(lastic oil cells.
-urthermore" Esau (5699) note% that secretions of oil cells in
avoca%o are confine% in oil sacs !ith cellulosic !all.
;ource0 Librea, 677?
1
1
$onclusion
/nd your review with a summary of the contributions of significant
studies and articles to the topic under review.
/valuate present knowledge of the topic, pointing out ma'or
flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory and
findings, and issues pertinent to your study.
Despite the promising alternative fuel source of J. curcas, very
limite% stu%ies on the anatomical characteri8ation have (een %one.
/nd your review by giving an insight into how the topic being
reviewed is related to a larger field of study.
)ince this may (e a pioneering stu%y on the ultrastructure
an% ontogeny of oil cell in the fruits an% see%s of J. curcas" it hopes
to contri(ute in the e'isting literature on secretory oil cell in plants. t
can (e use% as contri(utory literature in the ta'onomy of the species.
3. /ibliography
Attach a bibliography on a separate page. @se the
Turabian citation style.
/#amples0
Ameele :A 5BC7. .evelopmental Anatomy of ;ecretory 1avities
in the (icrosporophylls of %ing=o biloba L. Botanical
Gazette D?,D-0 B56*B5?.
Aiyelaagbe EE , Adesogan /F , /kundayo E , Adeniyi
B A .5BB8. The antimicrobial activity of roots of >atropha
podagrica ,)ook-. hytother :es. 58,5-0 D7*6.
Batra A. G :a'ore ;. 677<. /fficient lant regeneration via shoot
tip /#plant in >atropha curcas A. lant Biochemistry and
Biotechnology 58. ,Aanuary-0?4*?<.
12
Bhatnagar F G Fapil :. 5BB8. The 1ontribution of /mbryology to the
;ystematics of /uphorbiacea. Annals of the (issouri botanical
Gardens. 5C ,6-0 58<*5<B.
Becker F G &rancis G.677<. Bio*diesel from Aatropha plantations on
degraded land. 9atural :esources &orum 6B. ,.ecember-
Beg A. G Gaskin T. 5BB8. >atropha odagrica. 9ational To#icology
Group. unpublished.
1an Ake* : &''?. Bioactive Terpenoids from roots and leaves
of >atropha gaumeri. :ev. ;oc. Huim. (e#. ,8C- 55*58
9ote0
.edu and .org sites are more preferred internet sources.
;ources from the following are strongly discouraged0 .com
sites, wikipedia, yahooanswers, and about.
;ources from the following are strongly encouraged0
printed materials2books ,at least 4- and science
'ournals2monographs ,at least 4-
"ubrics Points
Statement o( the Problem
The general problem statement describes <
what the pro'ect is all about
The specific problem statement 57
is stated in "uestion form, will lead
to answer the "uestion posed in the
general problem statement and
specifies the variables to be investigated
Objectives
The general ob'ective describes 57
the purpose of the pro'ect,
appropriate to the problem and ;(A:T
6<
'ypothesis 57
The hypothesis is appropriate
The condition is clearly stated
The prediction is clearly stated
The variables are measurable
"evie- o( "elated )iterature
Introduction 57
I..the general topic or concern was presented
I..overall trends about the topic were discussed
I..criteria used to analyze and compare literature were
e#plained
/ody 67
I..literature was organized into specific criterion
I..scientific concepts are identified correctly
I..correct principles2concepts are discussed thoroughly
I..correct e"uations are cited and discussed
I..ma'or findings of the researchers were discussed and
commented on
$onclusion0 50
I..contributions of other researchers were summarized
I..present knowledge of the topic is evaluated
I..topic is related to a larger field of study
Sources are cited correctly 5
Paper Submitted on Time 5
/ibliography 4at least 56 sources7 <
.ormat <
&ont0 Times 9ew :oman size 56
Line ;pacing0 .ouble
(argins0 5.< in ,left-= = 5 in ,top, bottom , right-
aper0 clean, A8
TOTA) D6
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4
%ET'O3O)O!1
lanning is an essential part of your investigative pro'ect. An architect
provides the design of a structure and the engineer builds it. !n a
scientific investigation process, an e#perimental design should be in
place first before doing any e#perimentation.
The methodology is a general system that presents specific
components of the investigative pro'ect such as materials, procedure,
phases and techni"ues in order to attain the ob'ectives.
%aterials. (ake a list of all the materials, tools or e"uipments that you
need. Jou may visit your laboratory technicians to in"uire about
availability of such. !n case that the materials are only available in
other institutions, you may draft a re"uest letter to the person*in*
charge and ask your teacher%s approval by affi#ing his or her
signature.
The list of the materials should be written as accurately as possible. !t
is imperative that the following information is included0
complete description of the item
the "uantity2unit
/#ample0
4 pcs 57 cm # 57 cm cardboard paper
67 mL distilled water
5 unit mercurial sphygmomanometer
Procedure. Jou are familiar with the lab manual or cookbook method
of writing the procedure. &or convenience, it is highly encouraged that
this section is written in Kpast tenseL which will eventually be the
acceptable format in the final ! paper.
1
5
.epending on the type of investigative pro'ect and your hypotheses,
the e#amples below show how the procedure should be stated.
Type 5. $onstruction
;ample )ypothesis0 9ewton%s Third Law can be demonstrated
by using a balloon*powered car made out of discarded but still
reusable materials.
;ample rocedure0
5. A hole was drilled on the center of the bottle capsI
6. Barbecue stick was insertedI
Type 8. ariable Testing
;ample )ypothesis0 The bigger the wheels of the car, the farther
the car will go.
;ample rocedure0
5. $heels with a diameter of 5 in were inserted into the a#les.
6. The balloon was inflated to a circumference of 47 in. The car
was then let go and the total displacement was measured.
4. The previous step was repeated using wheels of diameter 4 in,
< in, ? in, and B in. The mass of the car and the diameter of the
balloon were kept constant.
Type 9. Survey
;ample )ypothesis0 About ?<M of A); senior students carry
backpacks that weigh 4 kg or more.
;ample rocedure0
5. The population sample was determined using the e"uationI
6. N no. of students per class were asked to fill out a "uestionnaire
regarding the type of bag and the weight of the bag they carry
on a regular basis
4. :esults were tabulated and a fre"uency table was
constructed...
The procedure can still change depending on the results of your
first e#periment. $hen this happens, you should be ready to plan
measures to deal with the situation and respond appropriately.
1
6
ariables and Trials
A variable is a factor that might affect the behavior of the e#perimental
set*up. !n an investigative pro'ect, there are situations when you have
to change or manipulate one variable ,independent variable- and
observe its effect on another variable ,dependent variable-. !n an
e#periment, you can only change one factor at a time.
!ncreasing the number of trials in an e#periment increases the
reliability of the result. !t is therefore necessary that you can decide on
a reasonable amount of trials which is dependent on the type of study
that you are pursuing.
3iagram. !n the procedure section, visual representations can be
added. )owever, the figure number and the corresponding description
should be included.
/#ample0
;ource0 Firkup, Les
&or construction type of pro'ect, the diagram of the prototype to be
constructed is necessary. The properly labeled diagram should include
the dimensions as well. This should be done on a separate sheet of
paper.
1
7
3ATA P"ESENTATION
After gathering all the results of the e#periment, your task is to
communicate them in a logical way by using tables and graphs.
:emember that the data can be descriptions of your observation
,"ualitative- or the result of your measurements ,"uantitative-.
3ata Table. The sample data table below shows the following0
brief description of the table
table number and title
the label on the header rows
units of measure used
precision of the measured values
;ource0 Firkup, Les
1
8
!raphs. Graphing is another way of presenting the result of your
e#periment. The choice of the type of graph is dependent on the kind
of data that will be analyzed. (ost of the time, a scatter plot is used to
easily interpret the trend. )owever, pie graphs and bar graphs are also
helpful. The bar graph below shows a figure number and title. The
a#es are also properly labeled.
The scatter plot that
follow shows the
figure number and
title. The a#es are
labeled correctly with
the corresponding
unit. The e"uation of
the trendline and the
:*s"uared value
,reliability- are
displayed on the
chart. The :*s"uared
value represents the
goodness of fit of the
trendline that is constructed for a scatter plot. A perfect fit has an :*
s"uared value of 5.
1
9
$henever an e"uation is derived, a brief description of the derivation,
the e"uation on a separate paragraph and the e"uation number
should be included. Long derivations should be included as part of the
Appendi#.
Statistics. ;tatistics is a systematic approach of collecting, presenting
and analyzing a set of data in order to make reasonable answers to a
particular problem.
There are a number of statistical tools available. )owever, there is a
need to determine which tool is applicable to your e#perimental
design. ;ome of the tools are enumerated below.
fre"uency distribution ,i.e. cumulative fre"uency curve or ogive,
Lorenz curve-
measures of central tendency ,i.e. mean, median, mode-
measures of dispersion ,i.e. standard deviation-
correlation and regression ,i.e. linear and non*linear-
;ome of the tools may not sound familiar to you. art of the ob'ective
is to give you an overview of these statistical tools which you will later
encounter in college. lease visit http022ahsphysics.weebly.com for
assistance.
2
0
ANA)1SIS O. 3ATA
This is the section of the investigative pro'ect where results are
thoroughly analyzed and discussed. The results of the
e#perimentation are e#plained using scientific concepts and
principles. ;pecifically, the following should be included in the
interpretation of results.
ma'or trends are pointed out
relationship between "uantities are identified and e"uations
are clearly stated
results of the e#periments are e#plained using sound scientific
theories
sources of error are identified and e#plained
an insight about the problem being studied is included
/#ample0
;ource0 Firkup, Les
2
5
"ubrics Points
%ethodology 67
materials are appropriate and complete
procedure is complete, logical and clear
diagrams have dimensions and labels
,if applicable-
3ata Presentation 67
data are complete and accurate
data tables have appropriate titles and labels
graphs are appropriate to the data
correct statistical tools are used
,if applicable-
Analysis o( 3ata 67
results are e#plained using scientific principles
ma'or trends are pointed out
sources of error are identified
recommendations to improve study are given
TOTA) D7
2
2
$ON$)*SION
Based on the analysis of data, you are now ready to state the results
of the e#periment. This includes conclusive statements to that will
determine whether the data agrees with established scientific
principles, concepts or values.
/#ample0
;ource0 ;oriano and Tan, A);;6756
"E$O%%EN3ATION
The recommendation part of the investigative pro'ect is an opportunity
to evaluate your own work in many aspects. ;pecifically, it is with the
assumption that future researchers can possibly consider pursuing the
same study and focus on your recommendations.
2
3
Below are some of the things that can be included in
your recommendations.
ways to improve the study
difficulties encountered in conducting the study
better steps to avoid difficulties encountered
applications of the study in real life
/#ample0
;ource0 ;oriano and Tan, A);;6756
Abstract
The abstract is a summary for the reader stating the reason for study,
techni"ues2methodology used, ma'or findings and its significance. !t
should be limited to <7*5<7 words or appro#imately four sentences.
;ource0 Firkup, Les
2
4
2riting the IP .inal Paper
Overvie-
1over age (ethodology
Abstract .ata resentation
!ntroduction Analysis of .ata
;tatement of the roblem 1onclusions
Eb'ectives :ecommendations
)ypothesis :eferences
:eview of :elated Literature Appendi#
.ormat (or Abstract
Line spacing0 single
)eading0 AB;T:A1T ,bold, uppercase, centered-
Body0 Three line spaces after the heading, italicized, 'ustified
/#ample
2
5
$over Page
IP Title
The title should be brief ,< O 5< words- and informative. Below
are e#amples of investigative pro'ect titles.
1ould Be Better ,3ague and Lacking in !nformation Title-0
A *tudy of the !nsulating roperties of *ome 0aterials
Better ,(ore !nformative Title-0
A #omparison of the Thermal !nsulating roperties of
*tyrofoam and 3iberglass
2
6
"e(erences
The reference section gives the reader access to information
concerning the background of the study, details of e#perimental
techni"ues, theoretical information, etc. &or this investigative pro'ect,
use Turabian citation style. (ake sure that you include only the
references used in this pro'ect.
/#ample0
Appendix
The appendi# usually contains the very long derivations,
comprehensive data, transcripts of interviews, computer programs
used in the pro'ect. &or the purpose of documentation, include the
photos of the actual e#perimentation and the previous reports you
have submitted, especially the data reports.
2
7
.ormat !uidelines
Speci(ications
@se A8 size bond paper
(argins0 5.< in on the left side, 5 in for the rest of the
sides &ont0 Times 9ew :oman, size 56
Line ;pacing0 double
age numbers0 bottom right
Pagination
&ront0 Title page
age i0 Abstract
ages 5 O n0 (ain :eport
age nP50 Bibliography
age nP60 Appendi# ,optional-
*se past tense+ passive voice
,/#cept for the theoretical part of the report and when inferring
general relationships from the data-
/#ample0
0easurements were made of the length of the copper rod as a
function of the temperature. The graph of the data shown in figure
( indicates that the increase in length of the rod is directly
proportional to the temperature rise.
*se the third person point o( vie-
/#ample0
The pressure was measured at time intervals of @' s.
9ot0
! measured the pressure at time intervals of @' s.
&eep sentences short
1ould Be Better ,5 long sentence-0
The contact resistance was measured by attaching two current
leads to the sample through which a current of ( mA was provided
by a constant current source and two voltage leads which were
connected to a high input impedance voltmeter as shown in figure
(.
2
8
Better ,4 short sentences-0
To measure the contact resistance- two current leads and two
voltage leads were attached to the sample as shown in figure (.
The voltage leads were connected to a high impedance voltmeter.
The current leads were connected to a constant current source
which provided a current of ( mA.
Explain abbreviations (ully the (irst time they are used
/#ample0
The *canning Electron 0icroscope or *E0 was used toA
B65ay "iffraction $B5") is a brea=through method inA
.INA) INESTI!ATIE P"O#E$T PAPE"
"ubrics
Section Points
General !nstructions 57
Title <
Abstract 57
!ntroduction <
roblems, Eb'ectives G )ypotheses 57
:eview of :elated Literature 57
(ethodology 57
:esults 5<
.iscussion 5<
1onclusion 57
:ecommendations <
:eferences 57
Appendi# <
TOTA) 586
2
9
30
O"A) 3E.ENSE
1lass0 QQQQQQ
Group 9o.QQQ
19 G 9ames
Title0QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
"ubrics
.escriptor oints ;core
Eb'ectivity

The researchers were dependent 4
on facts ,based on actual data
gathered-
:esourcefulness

The researchers used all possible 6
available materials such as books,
newspapers, multimedia and other
forms of materials
(astery The researchers demonstrated 4
understanding of their work
The researchers were able to
answer correctly all the in"uiries of
the panel 8
:elevance The researchers communicated the 6
significance of their study and
linked its relevance to the current
situation
resentation The presentation is well*organized 8
and smooth, with a clear and
coherent flow
The researchers were able to
communicate with certainty in a 6
clear and appropriate volume
TETAL0 67 points
Adopted from A); !ntegrated ;ciences Eral .efense :ubric
"E.E"EN$ES0
Firkup, Les. Experimental Methods: An Introduction to the Analysis and Presentation of Data
Librea, Milarosa L. !!". Anatomical #tudy of $. %urcas. Pan&Asian Pacific %onference
on Microbiolo'y( #eoul, #.)orea.
31