Marie A.

Chisholm-Burns,
PharmD, MPH, FCCP, FASHP
Dean and Professor
College of Pharmacy
University of Tennessee
Memphis, Tennessee
Barbara G. Wells, PharmD,
FASHP, FCCP
Professor and Dean Emeritus
Executive Director Emeritus, Research Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
The University of Mississippi
Oxford, Mississippi
Terry L. Schwinghammer,
PharmD, FCCP, FASHP, FAPhA, BCPS
Professor and Chair
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
Patrick M. Malone, PharmD, FASHP
Professor and Associate Dean, Internal Affairs
College of Pharmacy
The University of Findlay
Findlay, Ohio
Jill M. Kolesar, PharmD, BCPS, FCCP
Professor
School of Pharmacy
University of Wisconsin
Director, 3P Analytical Instrumentation Laboratory
University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center
Madison, Wisconsin
Joseph T. DiPiro, PharmD, FCCP
Professor and Executive Dean
South Carolina College of Pharmacy
University of South Carolina, Columbia
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston and Columbia, South Carolina
Pharmacotherapy
Principles & Practice
THI RD EDI TI ON
Editors
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
Chisholm_FM_p00i-xxvi.indd 3 10/27/12 12:27 PM
Pharmacotherapy Principles & Practice, Third Edition
Copyright 2013, 2010, 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed
in China. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data
base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 CTP/CTP 18 17 16 15 14 13
ISBN 978-0-07-178046-9
MHID 0-07-178046-7
This book was set in Minion by Cenveo Publisher Services.
The editors were Michael Weitz and Peter J. Boyle.
The production supervisor was Catherine H. Saggese.
Art management was by Armen Ovsepyan.
Project management was provided by Nidhi Chopra, Cenveo Publisher Services.
The designer was Alan Barnett.
China Translation & Printing Services, Ltd., was printer and binder.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pharmacotherapy principles & practice / editors, Marie A. Chisholm-Burns . . . [et al.]. 3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Pharmacotherapy principles and practice
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-178046-9 (hardback : alk. paper) I. Chisholm-Burns, Marie A. II. Title:
Pharmacotherapy principles and practice.
[DNLM: 1. Drug Therapy. WB 330]
615.598dc23 2012034899
McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales
promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us
at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com.
Chisholm_FM_p00i-xxvi.indd 4 10/27/12 12:27 PM
v
CONTENTS
12. Dyslipidemias 245
Matthew K. Ito
13. Hypovolemic Shock 269
Bradley A. Boucher and G. Christopher Wood
SECTION2 Respiratory Disorders 283
Section Editor: Terry L. Schwinghammer
14. Asthma 283
Lori Wilken and Michelle T. Martin
15. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 305
Tara R. Whetsel and Nicole D. Verkleeren
16. Cystic Fibrosis 321
Kimberly J. Novak
SECTION3 Gastrointestinal Disorders 333
Section Editor: Terry L. Schwinghammer
17. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 333
Dianne Williams May and Marie
A. Chisholm-Burns
18. Peptic Ulcer Disease 345
Catherine A. Bourg, Erika L. Grigg,
and Dianne Williams May
19. Inflammatory Bowel Disease 359
Brian A. Hemstreet
20. Nausea and Vomiting 375
Sheila Wilhelm and Melissa Lipari
21. Constipation, Diarrhea, and
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 389
Beverly C. Mims and Clarence E. Curry Jr.
22. Portal Hypertension and Cirrhosis 407
Laurajo Ryan
23. Pancreatitis 423
Janine E. Then and Heather M. Rouse
24. Viral Hepatitis 433
Juliana Chan
SECTION4 Renal Disorders 451
Section Editor: Patrick M. Malone
25. Acute Kidney Injury 451
Mary K. Stamatakis
About the Editors ix
Contributors xi
Reviewers xxi
Preface xxv
PART I BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
Section Editor: Patrick M. Malone
1. Introduction 3
Jack E. Fincham
2. Geriatrics 7
Jeannie K. Lee, Damian M. Mendoza, M. Jane
Mohler, and Ellyn M. Lee
3. Pediatrics 23
Hanna Phan, Vinita B. Pai, and Milap C. Nahata
4. Palliative Care 37
Marc A. Sweeney and Phyllis A. Grauer
PART II DISORDERS OF ORGAN SYSTEMS
SECTION1 Cardiovascular Disorders 53
Section Editor: Marie A. Chisholm-Burns
5. Hypertension 53
Robert J. Straka, David Parra, and
Stephanie Kaiser
6. Heart Failure 79
Orly Vardeny and Tien M.H. Ng
7. Ischemic Heart Disease 109
Larisa H. Cavallari and
Robert J. DiDomenico
8. Acute Coronary Syndromes 133
Sarah A. Spinler and Simon de Denus
9. Arrhythmias 169
James E. Tisdale
10. Venous Thromboembolism 197
Edith A. Nutescu, Stuart T. Haines,
and Ann K. Wittkowsky
11. Stroke 229
Susan R. Winkler
Chisholm_FM_p00i-xxvi.indd 5 10/27/12 12:27 PM
vi CONTENTS
42. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 747
Kevin W. Cleveland and John Erramouspe
SECTION7 Endocrinologic Disorders 757
Section Editor: Marie A. Chisholm-Burns
43. Diabetes Mellitus 757
Julie Sease, Susan Cornell, Kayce Shealy, and
Tommy Johnson
44. Thyroid Disorders 787
Michael D. Katz
45. Adrenal Gland Disorders 807
Devra K. Dang, Judy T. Chen, Frank Pucino Jr.,
and Karim Anton Calis
46. Pituitary Gland Disorders 825
Judy T. Chen, Devra K. Dang, Frank Pucino Jr.,
and Karim Anton Calis
SECTION8 Gynecologic and
Obstetric Disorders 847
Section Editor: Barbara G. Wells
47. Pregnancy and Lactation: Therapeutic
Considerations 847
Ema Ferreira, velyne Rey, and Caroline Morin
48. Contraception 869
Julia M. Koehler and Kathleen B. Haynes
49. Menstruation-Related Disorders 885
Jacqueline M. Klootwyk and Elena M. Umland
50. Hormone Therapy in Menopause 901
Nicole S. Culhane and Kelly R. Ragucci
SECTION9 Urologic Disorders 915
Section Editor: Jill M. Kolesar
51. Erectile Dysfunction 915
Cara Liday
52. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 927
Mary Lee and Roohollah Sharifi
53. Urinary Incontinence and Pediatric Enuresis 943
David R.P. Guay and Sum Lam
SECTION10 Immunologic Disorders 965
Section Editor: Marie A. Chisholm-Burns
54. Allergic and Pseudoallergic Drug Reactions 965
J. Russell May and Philip H. Smith
26. Chronic and End-Stage Renal Disease 467
Kristine S. Schonder
27. Fluids and Electrolytes 501
Mark A. Malesker and Lee E. Morrow
28. AcidBase Disturbances 517
Lee E. Morrow and Mark A. Malesker
SECTION5 Neurologic Disorders 529
Section Editor: Barbara G. Wells
29. Alzheimers Disease 529
Megan J. Ehret and Clayton English
30. Multiple Sclerosis 543
Melody Ryan
31. Epilepsy 557
Timothy E. Welty and Edward Faught
32. Status Epilepticus 579
Gretchen M. Brophy and Eljim P. Tesoro
33. Parkinsons Disease 591
Mary L. Wagner and Jamie C. Holmes
34. Pain Management 605
Christine Karabin ONeil
35. Headache 621
Leigh Ann Ross and Brendan S. Ross
SECTION6 Psychiatric Disorders 633
Section Editor: Barbara G. Wells
36. Substance-Related Disorders 633
Christian J. Teter
37. Schizophrenia 655
Deanna L. Kelly, Elaine Weiner, and
Heidi J. Wehring
38. Major Depressive Disorder 677
Cherry W. Jackson and Marshall E. Cates
39. Bipolar Disorder 695
Brian L. Crabtree and Lydia E. Weisser
40. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder,
and Social Anxiety Disorder 717
Sheila Botts, Sallie Charles, and
Douglas Newton
41. Sleep Disorders 733
John M. Dopp and Bradley G. Phillips
Chisholm_FM_p00i-xxvi.indd 6 10/27/12 12:27 PM
CONTENTS vii
SECTION15 Diseases of Infectious Origin 1207
Section Editor: Joseph T. DiPiro
69. Antimicrobial Regimen Selection 1207
Catherine M. Oliphant and Karl Madaras-Kelly
70. Central Nervous System Infections 1223
P. Brandon Bookstaver and April D. Miller
71. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 1243
Diane M. Cappelletty
72. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 1259
Heather L. VandenBussche
73. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 1279
Jaime R. Hornecker
74. Infective Endocarditis 1295
Ronda L. Akins and Katie E. Barber
75. Tuberculosis 1315
Charles Peloquin and Rocsanna Namdar
76. Gastrointestinal Infections 1329
Bradley W. Shinn, Elizabeth D. Hermsen,
and Ziba Jalali
77. Intra-Abdominal Infections 1345
Joseph E. Mazur and Joseph T. DiPiro
78. Parasitic Diseases 1357
J. V. Anandan
79. Urinary Tract Infections 1371
Warren E. Rose and Kathryn R. Matthias
80. Sexually Transmitted Infections 1381
Marlon S. Honeywell and Evans Branch III
81. Osteomyelitis 1401
Melinda M. Neuhauser and Susan L. Pendland
82. Sepsis and Septic Shock 1411
S. Scott Sutton, Christopher M. Bland, and
Gowtham A. Rao
83. Superficial Fungal Infections 1425
Lauren S. Schlesselman
84. Invasive Fungal Infections 1439
Russell E. Lewis
85. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery 1459
Mary A. Ullman and John C. Rotschafer
55. Solid Organ Transplantation 977
Steven Gabardi, Spencer T. Martin, and
Ali J. Olyaei
SECTION11 Bone and Joint Disorders 1009
Section Editor: Terry L. Schwinghammer
56. Osteoporosis 1009
Beth Bryles Phillips and Maria Miller Thurston
57. Rheumatoid Arthritis 1025
Susan P. Bruce
58. Osteoarthritis 1041
Steven M. Smith, Eric Dietrich, and
John G. Gums
59. Gout and Hyperuricemia 1055
Geoffrey C. Wall
60. Musculoskeletal Disorders 1065
Jill S. Borchert
SECTION12 Disorders of the Eyes, Ears,
Nose, and Throat 1077
Section Editor: Patrick M. Malone
61. Glaucoma 1077
Mikael D. Jones
62. Ophthalmic Disorders 1093
Melissa L. Hunter and Michelle L. Hilaire
63. Allergic Rhinitis 1109
David A. Apgar
SECTION13 Dermatologic Disorders 1127
Section Editor: Patrick M. Malone
64. Psoriasis 1127
Rebecca M.T. Law
65. Common Skin Disorders 1143
Angie L. Goeser-Iske
SECTION14 Hematologic Disorders 1159
Section Editor: Jill M. Kolesar
66. Anemia 1159
Robert K. Sylvester
67. Coagulation and Platelet Disorders 1171
Anastasia Rivkin
68. Sickle Cell Anemia 1191
Tracy M. Hagemann and Teresa V. Lewis
Chisholm_FM_p00i-xxvi.indd 7 10/27/12 12:27 PM
viii CONTENTS
97. Malignant Lymphomas 1687
Keith A. Hecht and Susanne E. Liewer
98. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 1703
Amber P. Lawson
99. Supportive Care in Oncology 1721
Sarah L. Scarpace
SECTION17 Nutrition and Nutritional
Disorders 1755
Section Editor: Patrick M. Malone
100. Parenteral Nutrition 1755
Michael D. Kraft, Imad F. Btaiche,
and Melissa R. Pleva
101. Enteral Nutrition 1777
Sarah J. Miller
102. Overweight and Obesity 1795
Maqual R. Graham and Cameron C. Lindsey
Appendix A: Conversion Factors and Anthropometrics 1809
Appendix B: Common Laboratory Tests 1813
Appendix C: Common Medical Abbreviations 1819
Appendix D: Glossary 1827
Appendix E: Prescription Writing Principles 1847
Index 1851
86. Vaccines and Toxoids 1469
Marianne Billeter
87. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1481
Jessica L. Adams, Julie B. Dumond,
Angela D.M. Kashuba, and Amanda Corbett
SECTION16 Oncologic Disorders 1509
Section Editor: Jill M. Kolesar
88. Cancer Chemotherapy and Treatment 1509
Amy Robbins Williams
89. Breast Cancer 1541
Gerald Higa
90. Lung Cancer 1565
Val Adams and Justin Balko
91. Colorectal Cancer 1583
Emily B. Borders and Patrick J. Medina
92. Prostate Cancer 1601
Trevor McKibbin
93. Skin Cancer 1619
Trinh Pham
94. Ovarian Cancer 1639
Judith A. Smith
95. Acute Leukemia 1653
Nancy Heideman and Richard Heideman
96. Chronic Leukemias and Multiple Myeloma 1671
Amy M. Pick
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