MAN,

THE
UNKNOWN
by ALEXIS CARREL
NOBEL PRIZE WINNER
Containing A New Into!"#tion

To My Friends
Frederic R. Coudert
Cornelius Clifford
and
Boris A. Bakhmeteff
this book is dedicated

Co$yig%t &'(), &'(' by HARPER * BROTHERS
A++ ig%t, e,e-e!
INTRODUCTION
THIS BOOK i, %a-ing t%e $aa!o.i#a+ !e,tiny o/ be#o0ing 0oe ti0e+y w%i+e it gow,
o+!e1 Sin#e it, $"b+i#ation, it, ,igni/i#an#e %a, in#ea,e! #ontin"a++y1 2o t%e -a+"e o/
i!ea,, a, o/ a++ t%ing,, i, e+ati-e1 It a"g0ent, o !e#ea,e, a##o!ing to o" ,tate o/ 0in!1
Un!e t%e $e,,"e o/ t%e e-ent, t%at agitate E"o$e, A,ia, an! A0ei#a, o" 0enta+
attit"!e %a, $oge,,i-e+y #%ange!1 We ae beginning to "n!e,tan! t%e 0eaning o/ t%e
#i,i,1 We 3now t%at it !oe, not #on,i,t ,i0$+y in t%e #y#+i# e#"en#e o/ e#ono0i#
!i,o!e,1 T%at neit%e $o,$eity no wa wi++ ,o+-e t%e $ob+e0, o/ 0o!en ,o#iety1
Li3e ,%ee$ at t%e a$$oa#% o/ a ,to0, #i-i+i4e! %"0anity -ag"e+y /ee+, t%e $e,en#e o/
!ange1 An! we ae !i-en by an.iety towa! t%e i!ea, t%at !ea+ wit% t%e 0y,tey o/ o"
i++,1
T%i, boo3 oiginate! /o0 t%e ob,e-ation o/ a ,i0$+e /a#t55t%e %ig% !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e
,#ien#e, o/ inani0ate 0atte, an! o" ignoan#e o/ +i/e1 Me#%ani#,, #%e0i,ty, an!
$%y,i#, %a-e $oge,,e! 0"#% 0oe a$i!+y t%an $%y,io+ogy, $,y#%o+ogy, an! ,o#io+ogy1
Man %a, gaine! t%e 0a,tey o/ t%e 0ateia+ wo+! be/oe 3nowing %i0,e+/1 T%",, 0o!en
,o#iety %a, been b"i+t at an!o0, a##o!ing to t%e #%an#e o/ ,#ienti/i# !i,#o-eie, an! to
t%e /an#y o/ i!eo+ogie,, wit%o"t ega! /o t%e +aw, o/ o" bo!y an! ,o"+1 We %a-e been
t%e -i#ti0, o/ a !i,a,to", i++",ion55t%e i++",ion o/ o" abi+ity to e0an#i$ate o",e+-e,
/o0 nat"a+ +aw,1 We %a-e /ogotten t%at nat"e ne-e /ogi-e,1
In o!e to en!"e, ,o#iety, a, we++ a, in!i-i!"a+,, ,%o"+! #on/o0 to t%e +aw, o/ +i/e1
We #annot ee#t a %o",e wit%o"t a 3now+e!ge o/ t%e +aw o/ ga-ity1 6In o!e to be
#o00an!e!, nat"e 0",t be obeye!,6 ,ai! Ba#on1 T%e e,,entia+ nee!, o/ t%e %"0an
being, t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ %i, 0in! an! ogan,, %i, e+ation, wit% %i, en-ion0ent, ae
ea,i+y ,"b7e#te! to ,#ienti/i# ob,e-ation1 T%e 7"i,!i#tion o/ ,#ien#e e.ten!, to a++
ob,e-ab+e $%eno0ena55t%e ,$iit"a+ a, we++ a, t%e inte++e#t"a+ an! t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+1
Man in %i, entiety #an be a$$e%en!e! by t%e ,#ienti/i# 0et%o!1 B"t t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an
!i//e, /o0 a++ ot%e ,#ien#e,1 It 0",t be ,ynt%eti# a, we++ a, ana+yti#, ,in#e 0an i,
,i0"+taneo",+y "nity an! 0"+ti$+i#ity1 T%i, ,#ien#e a+one i, #a$ab+e o/ gi-ing bit% to a
te#%ni8"e /o t%e #on,t"#tion o/ ,o#iety1 In t%e /"t"e ogani4ation o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ an!
#o++e#ti-e +i/e o/ %"0anity, $%i+o,o$%i#a+ an! ,o#ia+ !o#tine, 0",t gi-e $e#e!en#e to
t%e $o,iti-e 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e,1 S#ien#e, /o t%e /i,t ti0e in t%e %i,toy o/ t%e wo+!,
bing, to a totteing #i-i+i4ation t%e $owe to eno-ate it,e+/ an! to #ontin"e it, a,#en,ion1
9 9 9
T%e ne#e,,ity /o t%i, eno-ation i, be#o0ing 0oe e-i!ent ea#% yea1 New,$a$e,,
0aga4ine,, #ine0a, an! a!io #ea,e+e,,+y ,$ea! new, i++",tating t%e gowing #onta,t
between 0ateia+ $oge,, an! ,o#ia+ !i,o!e1 T%e ti"0$%, o/ ,#ien#e in ,o0e /ie+!,
0a,3 it, i0$oten#e in ot%e,1 2o t%e 0a-e+, o/ te#%no+ogy, ,"#% a, /eat"e!, /o
e.a0$+e, in t%e New :o3 Wo+!;, 2ai, #eate #o0/ot, ,i0$+i/y o" e.i,ten#e, in#ea,e
t%e a$i!ity o/ #o00"ni#ation,, $"t at o" !i,$o,a+ 8"antitie, o/ new 0ateia+,,
,ynt%e,i4e #%e0i#a+ $o!"#t, t%at #"e !angeo", !i,ea,e, a, i/ by 0agi#1 B"t t%ey /ai+ to
bing ", e#ono0i# ,e#"ity, %a$$ine,,, 0oa+ ,en,e, an! $ea#e1 T%e,e oya+ gi/t, o/
,#ien#e %a-e b",t +i3e a t%"n!e,to0 "$on ", w%i+e we ae ,ti++ too ignoant to ",e t%e0
wi,e+y1 An! t%ey 0ay be#o0e %ig%+y !e,t"#ti-e1 Wi++ t%ey not 0a3e wa an
"n$e#e!ente! #ata,to$%e< 2o t%ey wi++ be e,$on,ib+e /o t%e !eat% o/ 0i++ion, o/ 0en
w%o ae t%e /+owe o/ #i-i+i4ation, /o t%e !e,t"#tion o/ $i#e+e,, tea,"e, a##"0"+ate!
by #ent"ie, o/ #"+t"e on t%e ,oi+ o/ E"o$e, an! /o t%e "+ti0ate wea3ening o/ t%e w%ite
a#e1 Mo!en +i/e %a, bo"g%t anot%e !ange, 0oe ,"bt+e b"t ,ti++ 0oe /o0i!ab+e t%an
wa= t%e e.tin#tion o/ t%e be,t e+e0ent, o/ t%e a#e1 T%e bit% ate i, /a++ing in a++ nation,,
e.#e$t in >e0any an! R",,ia1 2an#e i, be#o0ing !e$o$"+ate! a+ea!y1 Eng+an! an!
S#an!ina-ia wi++ ,oon be in t%e ,a0e #on!ition1 In t%e Unite! State,, t%e "$$e t%i! o/
t%e $o$"+ation e$o!"#e, 0"#% +e,, a$i!+y t%an t%e +owe t%i!1 E"o$e an! t%e Unite!
State, ae t%", "n!egoing a 8"a+itati-e a, we++ a, 8"antitati-e !eteioation1 On t%e
#ontay, t%e A,iati#, an! A/i#an,, ,"#% a, t%e R",,ian,, t%e Aab,, t%e Hin!",, ae
in#ea,ing wit% 0a3e! a$i!ity1 Ne-e %a-e t%e E"o$ean a#e, been in ,"#% geat $ei+
a, to!ay1 E-en i/ a ,"i#i!a+ wa i, a-oi!e!, we wi++ be /a#e! wit% !egeneation be#a",e o/
t%e ,tei+ity o/ t%e ,tonge,t an! 0o,t inte++igent ,to#31
No #on8"e,t, !e,e-e ,o 0"#% a!0iation a, t%o,e 0a!e by $%y,io+ogy an! 0e!i#ine1
T%e #i-i+i4e! nation, ae now $ote#te! /o0 t%e geat e$i!e0i#,, ,"#% a, $+ag"e,
#%o+ea, ty$%",, an! ot%e in/e#tio", !i,ea,e,1 Owing to %ygiene an! to a gowing
3now+e!ge o/ n"tition, t%e in%abitant, o/ t%e o-e5$o$"+ate! #itie, ae #+ean, we++5
no"i,%e!, in bette %ea+t%, an! t%e a-eage !"ation o/ +i/e %a, in#ea,e! #on,i!eab+y1
Ne-et%e+e,,, %ygiene an! 0e!i#ine, e-en wit% t%e ai! o/ t%e ,#%oo+,, %a-e not ,"##ee!e!
in i0$o-ing t%e inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ 8"a+ity o/ t%e $o$"+ation1 Mo!en 0en an!
wo0en 0ani/e,t ne-o", wea3ne,,, 0enta+ in,tabi+ity, +a#3 o/ 0oa+ ,en,e1 Abo"t &) $e
#ent e0ain at t%e $,y#%o+ogi# age o/ twe+-e yea,1 T%ee ae %o,t, o/ /eeb+e50in!e! an!
in,ane1 T%e n"0be o/ 0i,/it, ea#%e, $e%a$, t%ity o /oty 0i++ion1 2"t%e0oe,
#i0ina+ity in#ea,e,1 T%e e#ent ,tati,ti#, o/ ?1 E!ga Hoo-e ,%ow t%at t%i, #o"nty
a#t"a++y #ontain, nea+y /i-e 0i++ion #i0ina+,1 T%e tone o/ o" #i-i+i4ation #annot %e+$
being in/+"en#e! by t%e $e-a+en#e o/ 0enta+ wea3ne,,, !i,%one,ty, an! #i0ina+ity1 It i,
,igni/i#ant t%at $ani# ,$ea! t%o"g% t%e $o$"+ation w%en a a!io #a,t ena#te! an in-a,ion
o/ t%e eat% by t%e in%abitant, o/ Ma,1 A+,o, t%at a /o0e $e,i!ent o/ t%e Sto#3
E.#%ange o/ New :o3 wa, #on-i#te! o/ t%e/t, an! an e0inent 2e!ea+ 7"!ge o/ ,e++ing
%i, -e!i#t,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, no0a+ in!i-i!"a+, ae being #",%e! "n!e t%e weig%t o/
t%o,e w%o ae in#a$ab+e o/ a!a$ting t%e0,e+-e, to +i/e1 T%e 0a7oity o/ t%e $eo$+e +i-e,
on t%e wo3 o/ t%e 0inoity1 @e,$ite t%e eno0o", ,"0, ,$ent by t%e go-en0ent, t%e
e#ono0i# #i,i, #ontin"e,1 In t%e i#%e,t #o"nty o/ t%e wo+!, 0i++ion, ae in want1 It i,
e-i!ent t%at %"0an inte++igen#e %a, not in#ea,e! ,i0"+taneo",+y wit% t%e #o0$+e.ity o/
t%e $ob+e0, to be ,o+-e!1 To!ay, a, 0"#% a, in t%e $a,t, #i-i+i4e! %"0anity ,%ow, it,e+/
in#a$ab+e o/ !ie#ting eit%e it, in!i-i!"a+ o it, #o++e#ti-e e.i,ten#e1
9 9 9
A, a 0atte o/ /a#t, 0o!en ,o#iety55t%at ,o#iety $o!"#e! by ,#ien#e an! te#%no+ogy55
i, #o00itting t%e ,a0e 0i,ta3e a, %a-e a++ t%e #i-i+i4ation, o/ anti8"ity1 It %a, #eate!
#on!ition, o/ +i/e w%eein +i/e it,e+/ be#o0e, i0$o,,ib+e1 It 7",ti/ie, t%e ,a++y o/ @ean
Inge= 6Ci-i+i4ation i, a !i,ea,e w%i#% i, a+0o,t in-aiab+y /ata+16 T%e ea+ ,igni/i#an#e o/
t%e e-ent, t%at ae ta3ing $+a#e in E"o$e an! in t%i, #o"nty i, not yet "n!e,too! by t%e
$"b+i#1 Ne-et%e+e,,, it i, be#o0ing ob-io", to t%o,e /ew w%o %a-e t%e in#+ination an!
t%e ti0e to t%in31 O" #i-i+i4ation i, in !ange1 An! t%i, !ange 0ena#e, ,i0"+taneo",+y
t%e a#e, t%e nation,, an! t%e in!i-i!"a+,1 Ea#% one o/ ", wi++ be ,t"#3 by t%e "in
bo"g%t abo"t by a E"o$ean wa1 Ea#% one ,"//e, a+ea!y /o0 t%e #on/",ion in o" +i/e
an! in o" ,o#ia+ in,tit"tion,, /o0 t%e genea+ wea3ening o/ 0oa+ ,en,e, /o0 e#ono0i#
in,e#"ity, /o0 t%e b"!en i0$o,e! "$on t%e #o00"nity by !e/e#ti-e, an! #i0ina+,1
T%e #i,i, i, !"e neit%e to t%e $e,en#e o/ M1 Roo,e-e+t in t%e W%ite Ho",e, no to t%at
o/ Hit+e in >e0any no o/ M",,o+ini in Ro0e1 It #o0e, /o0 t%e -ey ,t"#t"e o/
#i-i+i4ation1 It i, a #i,i, o/ 0an1 Man i, not ab+e to 0anage t%e wo+! !ei-e! /o0 t%e
#a$i#e o/ %i, inte++igen#e1 He %a, no ot%e a+tenati-e t%an to e0a3e t%i, wo+!
a##o!ing to t%e +aw, o/ +i/e1 He 0",t a!a$t %i, en-ion0ent to t%e nat"e o/ %i, ogani#
an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,, an! eno-ate %i, %abit, o/ e.i,ten#e1 Ot%ewi,e, 0o!en ,o#iety
wi++ 7oin an#ient >ee#e an! t%e Ro0an E0$ie in t%e ea+0 o/ not%ingne,,1 An! t%e
ba,i, o/ t%i, eno-ation #an be /o"n! on+y in t%e 3now+e!ge o/ o" bo!y an! ,o"+1
No +a,ting #i-i+i4ation wi++ e-e be /o"n!e! "$on $%i+o,o$%i#a+ an! ,o#ia+ i!eo+ogie,1
T%e !e0o#ati# i!eo+ogy it,e+/, "n+e,, e#on,t"#te! "$on a ,#ienti/i# ba,i,, %a, no 0oe
#%an#e o/ ,"-i-ing t%an t%e /a,#i,t o 0a.i,t i!eo+ogie,1 2o none o/ t%e,e ,y,te0,
e0ba#e, 0an in %i, entie ea+ity1 In t"t%, a++ $o+iti#a+ an! e#ono0i# !o#tine, %a-e ,o
/a ignoe! t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an1 Howe-e, t%e $owe o/ t%e ,#ienti/i# 0et%o! i, ob-io",1
S#ien#e %a, #on8"ee! t%e 0ateia+ wo+!1 An! ,#ien#e wi++ gi-e 0an, i/ %i, wi++ i,
in!o0itab+e, 0a,tey o-e +i/e an! o-e %i0,e+/1
T%e !o0ain o/ ,#ien#e #o0$i,e, t%e tota+ity o/ t%e ob,e-ab+e an! o/ t%e 0ea,"ab+e1
T%at i,, a++ t%e t%ing, t%at ae +o#ate! in t%e ,$atio5te0$oa+ #ontin""0550an, a, we++ a,
t%e o#ean, t%e #+o"!,, t%e ato0,, t%e ,ta,1 A, 0an i, en!owe! wit% 0enta+ a#ti-itie,,
,#ien#e ea#%e, t%o"g% %i0 t%e wo+! o/ t%e 0in!, t%at wo+! w%i#% ,tet#%e, beyon!
,$a#e an! ti0e1 Ob,e-ation an! e.$eien#e ae t%e on+y 0ean, o/ a$$e%en!ing ea+ity in
a $o,iti-e 0anne1 2o ob,e-ation an! e.$eien#e gi-e bit% to #on#e$t, w%i#%, a+t%o"g%
in#o0$+ete, e0ain etena++y t"e1 T%e,e #on#e$t, ae o$eationa+ #on#e$t,, a, !e/ine! by
Bi!g0an1 T%ey $o#ee! !ie#t+y /o0 t%e 0ea,"e0ent o t%e a##"ate ob,e-ation o/
t%ing,1 T%ey ae a$$+i#ab+e to t%e ,t"!y o/ 0an a, we++ a, to t%at o/ inani0ate ob7e#t,1 2o
,"#% a ,t"!y, t%ey 0",t be #on,t"#te! in a, geat a n"0be a, $o,,ib+e, wit% t%e ai! o/ a++
t%e te#%ni8"e, t%at we ae #a$ab+e o/ !e-e+o$ing1 In t%e +ig%t o/ t%e,e #on#e$t,, 0an
a$$ea, a, "nity an! 0"+ti$+i#ity55a #ente o/ a#ti-itie, ,i0"+taneo",+y 0ateia+ an!
,$iit"a+, an! ,ti#t+y !e$en!ent on t%e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ en-ion0ent
in w%i#% %e i, i00e,e!1 Con,i!ee! t%", in a #on#ete 0anne, %e !i//e, $o/o"n!+y
/o0 t%e ab,ta#t being !ea0e! by $o+iti#a+ an! ,o#ia+ i!eo+ogie,1 It i, "$on t%i, #on#ete
0an, an! not "$on ab,ta#tion,, t%at ,o#iety ,%o"+! be ee#te!1 T%ee i, no ot%e oa!
o$en to %"0an $oge,, t%an t%e o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent o/ a++ t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+,
inte++e#t"a+, an! ,$iit"a+ $otentia+itie, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 On+y a$$e%en,ion o/ t%e w%o+e
ea+ity #an ,a-e 0o!en 0an1 We 0",t, t%ee/oe, gi-e "$ $%i+o,o$%i#a+ ,y,te0,, an! e+y
e.#+",i-e+y "$on ,#ienti/i# #on#e$t,1
9 9 9
T%e nat"a+ /ate o/ a++ #i-i+i4ation, i, to i,e an! to !e#+ine55an! to -ani,% into !",t1 O"
#i-i+i4ation 0ay $e%a$, e,#a$e t%e #o00on /ate, be#a",e it %a, at it, !i,$o,a+ t%e
"n+i0ite! e,o"#e, o/ ,#ien#e1 B"t ,#ien#e !ea+, e.#+",i-e+y wit% t%e /o#e, o/
inte++igen#e1 An! inte++igen#e ne-e "ge, 0en to a#tion1 On+y /ea, ent%",ia,0, ,e+/5
,a#i/i#e, %ate!, an! +o-e #an in/",e wit% +i/e t%e $o!"#t, o/ o" 0in!1 T%e yo"t% o/
>e0any an! Ita+y, /o e.a0$+e, ae !i-en by /ait% to ,a#i/i#e t%e0,e+-e, /o an i!ea+55
e-en i/ t%at i!ea+ i, /a+,e1 Pe%a$, t%e !e0o#a#ie, wi++ a+,o engen!e 0en b"ning wit%
t%e $a,,ion to #eate1 Pe%a$,, in E"o$e an! in A0ei#a, t%ee ae ,"#% 0en, ,ti++ yo"ng,
$oo, an! "n3nown1 B"t ent%",ia,0 an! /ait%, i/ not "nite! to t%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e w%o+e
ea+ity, wi++ e0ain ,tei+e1 T%e R",,ian e-o+"tioni,t, %a! t%e wi++ an! t%e ,tengt% to
b"i+! "$ a new #i-i+i4ation1 T%ey /ai+e! be#a",e t%ey e+ie! "$on t%e in#o0$+ete -i,ion o/
Ka+ Ma., in,tea! o/ a t"+y ,#ienti/i# #on#e$t o/ 0an1 T%e eno-ation o/ 0o!en ,o#iety
!e0an!,, be,i!e, a $o/o"n! ,$iit"a+ "ge, t%e 3now+e!ge o/ 0an in %i, w%o+ene,,1
B"t t%e w%o+ene,, o/ 0an %a, 0any !i//eent a,$e#t,1 T%e,e a,$e#t, ae t%e ob7e#t o/
,$e#ia+ ,#ien#e,, ,"#% a, $%y,io+ogy, $,y#%o+ogy, ,o#io+ogy, e"geni#,, $e!agogy,
0e!i#ine, an! 0any ot%e,1 T%ee ae ,$e#ia+i,t, /o ea#% o/ t%e01 B"t none /o 0an a, a
w%o+e1 S$e#ia+ ,#ien#e, ae in#a$ab+e o/ ,o+-ing e-en t%e 0o,t ,i0$+e %"0an $ob+e0,1
An a#%ite#t, a ,#%oo+0a,te, a $%y,i#ian, /o e.a0$+e, ae a#8"ainte! in an in#o0$+ete
0anne wit% t%e $ob+e0, o/ %abitation, e!"#ation, an! %ea+t%1 2o ea#% o/ t%e,e
$ob+e0, #on#en, a++ %"0an a#ti-itie,, an! tan,#en!, t%e /ontie, o/ any ,$e#ia+
,#ien#e1 T%ee i,, at t%i, 0o0ent, i0$eati-e nee! /o 0en $o,,e,,ing, +i3e Ai,tot+e,
"ni-e,a+ 3now+e!ge1 B"t Ai,tot+e %i0,e+/ #o"+! not e0ba#e a++ 0o!en ,#ien#e,1 We
0",t, t%ee/oe, %a-e e#o",e to #o0$o,ite Ai,tot+e,1 T%at i,, to ,0a++ go"$, o/ 0en
be+onging to !i//eent ,$e#ia+tie,, an! #a$ab+e o/ we+!ing t%ei in!i-i!"a+ t%o"g%t, into a
,ynt%eti# w%o+e1 S"#% 0in!, #an #etain+y be /o"n!550in!, en!owe! wit% t%at
"ni-e,a+i,0 w%i#% ,$ea!, it, tenta#+e, o-e a++ t%ing,1 T%e te#%ni8"e o/ #o++e#ti-e
t%in3ing e8"ie, 0"#% inte++igen#e an! !i,intee,te!ne,,1 2ew in!i-i!"a+, ae a$t at t%i,
ty$e o/ e,ea#%1 B"t #o++e#ti-e t%in3ing a+one wi++ $e0it %"0an $ob+e0, to be ,o+-e!1
To!ay, 0an3in! ,%o"+! be gi-en an i00ota+ bain, a $e0anent /o#", o/ t%o"g%t, to
g"i!e it, /a+teing ,te$,1 O" in,tit"tion, /o ,#ienti/i# e,ea#% ae not ,"//i#ient, be#a",e
t%ei !i,#o-eie, ae a+way, /ag0entay1 In o!e to b"i+! a ,#ien#e o/ 0an, an! a
te#%no+ogy o/ #i-i+i4ation, #ente, o/ ,ynt%e,i, 0",t be #eate! w%ee #o++e#ti-e t%in3ing
an! integation o/ ,$e#ia+i4e! !ata wi++ /oge a new 3now+e!ge1 In t%i, 0anne, bot%
in!i-i!"a+, an! ,o#iety wi++ be gi-en t%e i00o-ab+e /o"n!ation, o/ o$eationa+ #on#e$t,,
an! t%e $owe to ,"-i-e1
9 9 9
To ,"0 "$, t%e e-ent, o/ t%e +a,t /ew yea, %a-e en!ee! 0oe e-i!ent t%e !ange
0ena#ing t%e entie #i-i+i4ation o/ t%e O##i!ent1 Howe-e, t%e $"b+i# !oe, not yet /"++y
"n!e,tan! t%e ,igni/i#an#e o/ t%e e#ono0i# #i,i,, o/ t%e !e#+ine in t%e bit% ate, o/ t%e
0oa+, ne-o",, an! 0enta+ !e#ay o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 It !oe, not #on#ei-e %ow i00en,e a
#ata,to$%e a E"o$ean wa wi++ be /o %"0anity55%ow "gent i, o" eno-ation1
Ne-et%e+e,,, in !e0o#ati# #o"ntie,, t%e initiati-e /o t%i, eno-ation 0",t e0anate
/o0 t%e $eo$+e, an! not /o0 t%e +ea!e,1 T%i, i, t%e ea,on /o $e,enting t%i, boo3
again to t%e $"b+i#1 A+t%o"g%, !"ing t%e /o" yea, o/ it, #aee, it %a, ,$ea! beyon! t%e
/ontie, o/ t%e Eng+i,%5,$ea3ing #o"ntie, t%o"g% a++ #i-i+i4e! nation,, t%e i!ea, t%at it
#ontain, %a-e ea#%e! on+y a /ew 0i++ion $e,on,1 To #ontib"te, e-en in a %"0b+e
0anne, to t%e #on,t"#tion o/ t%e new City, t%e,e i!ea, 0",t in-a!e t%e $o$"+ation a, t%e
,ea in/i+tate, t%e ,an!, o/ t%e ,%oe1 O" eno-ation #an #o0e on+y /o0 t%e e//ot o/ a++1
6To $oge,, again, 0an 0",t e0a3e %i0,e+/1 An! %e #annot e0a3e %i0,e+/ wit%o"t
,"//eing1 2o %e i, bot% t%e 0ab+e an! t%e ,#"+$to1 In o!e to "n#o-e %i, t"e -i,age,
%e 0",t ,%atte %i, own ,"b,tan#e wit% %ea-y b+ow, o/ %i, %a00e16
New :o3, ?"ne &), &'('
Content,

Into!"#tion
I T%e Nee! o/ a Bette Know+e!ge o/ Man
II T%e S#ien#e o/ Man
III Bo!y an! P%y,io+ogi#a+ A#ti-itie,
IA Menta+ A#ti-itie,
A Inwa! Ti0e
AI A!a$ti-e 2"n#tion,
AII T%e In!i-i!"a+
AIII T%e Re0a3ing o/ Man

C%a$te I
THE NEE@ O2 A BETTER KNOWLE@>E O2 MAN

1
THERE i, a ,tange !i,$aity between t%e ,#ien#e, o/ inet 0atte an! t%o,e o/ +i/e1
A,tono0y, 0e#%ani#,, an! $%y,i#, ae ba,e! on #on#e$t, w%i#% #an be e.$e,,e!,
te,e+y an! e+egant+y, in 0at%e0ati#a+ +ang"age1 T%ey %a-e b"i+t "$ a "ni-e,e a,
%a0onio", a, t%e 0on"0ent, o/ an#ient >ee#e1 T%ey wea-e abo"t it a 0agni/i#ent
te.t"e o/ #a+#"+ation, an! %y$ot%e,e,1 T%ey ,ea#% /o ea+ity beyon! t%e ea+0 o/
#o00on t%o"g%t "$ to "n"tteab+e ab,ta#tion, #on,i,ting on+y o/ e8"ation, o/ ,y0bo+,1
S"#% i, not t%e $o,ition o/ bio+ogi#a+ ,#ien#e,1 T%o,e w%o in-e,tigate t%e $%eno0ena o/
+i/e ae a, i/ +o,t in an ine.ti#ab+e 7"ng+e, in t%e 0i!,t o/ a 0agi# /oe,t, w%o,e #o"nt+e,,
tee, "n#ea,ing+y #%ange t%ei $+a#e an! t%ei ,%a$e1 T%ey ae #",%e! "n!e a 0a,, o/
/a#t,, w%i#% t%ey #an !e,#ibe b"t ae in#a$ab+e o/ !e/ining in a+gebai# e8"ation,1 2o0
t%e t%ing, en#o"ntee! in t%e 0ateia+ wo+!, w%et%e ato0, o ,ta,, o#3, o #+o"!,,
,tee+ o wate, #etain 8"a+itie,, ,"#% a, weig%t an! ,$atia+ !i0en,ion,, %a-e been
ab,ta#te!1 T%e,e ab,ta#tion,, an! not t%e #on#ete /a#t,, ae t%e 0atte o/ ,#ienti/i#
ea,oning1 T%e ob,e-ation o/ ob7e#t, #on,tit"te, on+y a +owe /o0 o/ ,#ien#e, t%e
!e,#i$ti-e /o01 @e,#i$ti-e ,#ien#e #+a,,i/ie, $%eno0ena1 B"t t%e "n#%anging e+ation,
between -aiab+e 8"antitie,55t%at i,, t%e nat"a+ +aw,, on+y a$$ea w%en ,#ien#e be#o0e,
0oe ab,ta#t1 It i, be#a",e $%y,i#, an! #%e0i,ty ae ab,ta#t an! 8"antitati-e t%at t%ey
%a! ,"#% geat an! a$i! ,"##e,,1 A+t%o"g% t%ey !o not $eten! to "n-ei+ t%e "+ti0ate
nat"e o/ t%ing,, t%ey gi-e ", t%e $owe to $e!i#t /"t"e e-ent,, an! o/ten to !ete0ine at
wi++ t%ei o##"en#e1 In +eaning t%e ,e#et o/ t%e #on,tit"tion an! o/ t%e $o$etie, o/
0atte, we %a-e gaine! t%e 0a,tey o/ a+0o,t e-eyt%ing w%i#% e.i,t, on t%e ,"/a#e o/
t%e eat%, e.#e$ting o",e+-e,1
T%e ,#ien#e o/ t%e +i-ing being, in genea+, an! e,$e#ia++y o/ t%e %"0an in!i-i!"a+, %a,
not 0a!e ,"#% geat $oge,,1 It ,ti++ e0ain, in t%e !e,#i$ti-e ,tate1 Man i, an
in!i-i,ib+e w%o+e o/ e.te0e #o0$+e.ity1 No ,i0$+e e$e,entation o/ %i0 #an be
obtaine!1 T%ee i, no 0et%o! #a$ab+e o/ a$$e%en!ing %i0 ,i0"+taneo",+y in %i, entiety,
%i, $at,, an! %i, e+ation, wit% t%e o"te wo+!1 In o!e to ana+y4e o",e+-e,, we ae
ob+ige! to ,ee3 t%e %e+$ o/ -aio", te#%ni8"e, an!, t%ee/oe, to "ti+i4e ,e-ea+ ,#ien#e,1
Nat"a++y, a++ t%e,e ,#ien#e, ai-e at a !i//eent #on#e$tion o/ t%ei #o00on ob7e#t1 T%ey
ab,ta#t on+y /o0 0an w%at i, attainab+e by t%ei ,$e#ia+ 0et%o!,1 An! t%o,e
ab,ta#tion,, a/te t%ey %a-e been a!!e! toget%e, ae ,ti++ +e,, i#% t%an t%e #on#ete /a#t1
T%ey +ea-e be%in! t%e0 a e,i!"e, too i0$otant to be neg+e#te!1 Anato0y, #%e0i,ty,
$%y,io+ogy, $,y#%o+ogy, $e!agogy, %i,toy, ,o#io+ogy, $o+iti#a+ e#ono0y !o not e.%a",t
t%ei ,"b7e#t1 Man, a, 3nown to t%e ,$e#ia+i,t,, i, /a /o0 being t%e #on#ete 0an, t%e
ea+ 0an1 He i, not%ing b"t a ,#%e0a, #on,i,ting o/ ot%e ,#%e0ata b"i+t "$ by t%e
te#%ni8"e, o/ ea#% ,#ien#e1 He i,, at t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e #o$,e !i,,e#te! by t%e
anato0i,t,, t%e #on,#io",ne,, ob,e-e! by t%e $,y#%o+ogi,t, an! t%e geat tea#%e, o/ t%e
,$iit"a+ +i/e, an! t%e $e,ona+ity w%i#% into,$e#tion ,%ow, to e-eyone a, +ying in t%e
!e$t% o/ %i0,e+/1 He i, t%e #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, #on,tit"ting t%e ti,,"e, an! %"0o, o/ t%e
bo!y1 He i, t%e a0a4ing #o00"nity o/ #e++, an! n"tient /+"i!, w%o,e ogani# +aw, ae
,t"!ie! by t%e $%y,io+ogi,t,1 He i, t%e #o0$o"n! o/ ti,,"e, an! #on,#io",ne,, t%at
%ygieni,t, an! e!"#ato, en!ea-o to +ea! to it, o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent w%i+e it e.ten!,
into ti0e1 He i, t%e homo oeconomicus w%o 0",t #ea,e+e,,+y #on,"0e 0an"/a#t"e!
$o!"#t, in o!e t%at t%e 0a#%ine,, o/ w%i#% %e i, 0a!e a ,+a-e, 0ay be 3e$t at wo31
B"t %e i, a+,o t%e $oet, t%e %eo, an! t%e ,aint1 He i, not on+y t%e $o!igio",+y #o0$+e.
being ana+y4e! by o" ,#ienti/i# te#%ni8"e,, b"t a+,o t%e ten!en#ie,, t%e #on7e#t"e,, t%e
a,$iation, o/ %"0anity1 O" #on#e$tion, o/ %i0 ae i0b"e! wit% 0eta$%y,i#,1 T%ey ae
/o"n!e! on ,o 0any an! ,"#% i0$e#i,e !ata t%at t%e te0$tation i, geat to #%oo,e a0ong
t%e0 t%o,e w%i#% $+ea,e ",1 T%ee/oe, o" i!ea o/ 0an -aie, a##o!ing to o" /ee+ing,
an! o" be+ie/,1 A 0ateia+i,t an! a ,$iit"a+i,t a##e$t t%e ,a0e !e/inition o/ a #y,ta+ o/
,o!i"0 #%+oi!e1 B"t t%ey !o not agee wit% one anot%e "$on t%at o/ t%e %"0an being1 A
0e#%ani,ti# $%y,io+ogi,t an! a -ita+i,ti# $%y,io+ogi,t !o not #on,i!e t%e ogani,0 in t%e
,a0e +ig%t1 T%e +i-ing being o/ ?a#8"e, Loeb !i//e, $o/o"n!+y /o0 t%at o/ Han,
@ie,#%1 In!ee!, 0an3in! %a, 0a!e a giganti# e//ot to 3now it,e+/1 A+t%o"g% we $o,,e,,
t%e tea,"e o/ t%e ob,e-ation, a##"0"+ate! by t%e ,#ienti,t,, t%e $%i+o,o$%e,, t%e $oet,,
an! t%e geat 0y,ti#, o/ a++ ti0e,, we %a-e ga,$e! on+y #etain a,$e#t, o/ o",e+-e,1 We
!o not a$$e%en! 0an a, a w%o+e1 We 3now %i0 a, #o0$o,e! o/ !i,tin#t $at,1 An! e-en
t%e,e $at, ae #eate! by o" 0et%o!,1 Ea#% one o/ ", i, 0a!e "$ o/ a $o#e,,ion o/
$%anto0,, in t%e 0i!,t o/ w%i#% ,ti!e, an "n3nowab+e ea+ity1
In /a#t, o" ignoan#e i, $o/o"n!1 Mo,t o/ t%e 8"e,tion, $"t to t%e0,e+-e, by t%o,e
w%o ,t"!y %"0an being, e0ain wit%o"t an,we1 I00en,e egion, o/ o" inne wo+! ae
,ti++ "n3nown1 How !o t%e 0o+e#"+e, o/ #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, a,,o#iate in o!e to /o0
t%e #o0$+e. an! te0$oay ogan, o/ t%e #e++< How !o t%e gene, #ontaine! in t%e n"#+e",
o/ a /eti+i4e! o-"0 !ete0ine t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ !ei-ing /o0 t%at
o-"0< How !o #e++, ogani4e t%e0,e+-e, by t%ei own e//ot, into ,o#ietie,, ,"#% a, t%e
ti,,"e, an! t%e ogan,< Li3e t%e ant, an! t%e bee,, t%ey %a-e a!-an#e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e
$at t%ey ae !e,tine! to $+ay in t%e +i/e o/ t%e #o00"nity1 An! %i!!en 0e#%ani,0,
enab+e t%e0 to b"i+! "$ an ogani,0 bot% #o0$+e. an! ,i0$+e1 W%at i, t%e nat"e o/ o"
!"ation o/ $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ti0e, an! o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e< We 3now t%at we ae a
#o0$o"n! o/ ti,,"e,, ogan,, /+"i!,, an! #on,#io",ne,,1 B"t t%e e+ation, between
#on,#io",ne,, an! #eeb"0 ae ,ti++ a 0y,tey1 We +a#3 a+0o,t entie+y a 3now+e!ge o/
t%e $%y,io+ogy o/ ne-o", #e++,1 To w%at e.tent !oe, wi++ $owe 0o!i/y t%e ogani,0<
How i, t%e 0in! in/+"en#e! by t%e ,tate o/ t%e ogan,< In w%at 0anne #an t%e ogani#
an! 0enta+ #%aa#tei,ti#,, w%i#% ea#% in!i-i!"a+ in%eit,, be #%ange! by t%e 0o!e o/
+i/e, t%e #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, #ontaine! in /oo!, t%e #+i0ate, an! t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ an!
0oa+ !i,#i$+ine,<
We ae -ey /a /o0 3nowing w%at e+ation, e.i,t between ,3e+eton, 0",#+e,, an!
ogan,, an! 0enta+ an! ,$iit"a+ a#ti-itie,1 We ae ignoant o/ t%e /a#to, t%at bing abo"t
ne-o", e8"i+ibi"0 an! e,i,tan#e to /atig"e an! to !i,ea,e,1 We !o not 3now %ow 0oa+
,en,e, 7"!g0ent, an! a"!a#ity #o"+! be a"g0ente!1 W%at i, t%e e+ati-e i0$otan#e o/
inte++e#t"a+, 0oa+, an! 0y,ti#a+ a#ti-itie,< W%at i, t%e ,igni/i#an#e o/ e,t%eti# an!
e+igio", ,en,e< W%at /o0 o/ enegy i, e,$on,ib+e /o te+e$at%i# #o00"ni#ation,<
Wit%o"t any !o"bt, #etain $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ /a#to, !ete0ine %a$$ine,, o
0i,ey, ,"##e,, o /ai+"e1 B"t we !o not 3now w%at t%ey ae1 We #annot ati/i#ia++y gi-e
to any in!i-i!"a+ t%e a$tit"!e /o %a$$ine,,1 A, yet, we !o not 3now w%at en-ion0ent i,
t%e 0o,t /a-oab+e /o t%e o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent o/ #i-i+i4e! 0an1 I, it $o,,ib+e to
,"$$e,, ,t"gg+e, e//ot, an! ,"//eing /o0 o" $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! ,$iit"a+ /o0ation<
How #an we $e-ent t%e !egenea#y o/ 0an in 0o!en #i-i+i4ation< Many ot%e
8"e,tion, #o"+! be a,3e! on ,"b7e#t, w%i#% ae to ", o/ t%e "t0o,t intee,t1 T%ey wo"+!
a+,o e0ain "nan,wee!1 It i, 8"ite e-i!ent t%at t%e a##o0$+i,%0ent, o/ a++ t%e ,#ien#e,
%a-ing 0an a, an ob7e#t e0ain in,"//i#ient, an! t%at o" 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e, i, ,ti++
0o,t "!i0entay1
2
O" ignoan#e 0ay be attib"te!, at t%e ,a0e ti0e, to t%e 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e o/ o"
an#e,to,, to t%e #o0$+e.ity o/ o" nat"e, an! to t%e ,t"#t"e o/ o" 0in!1 Be/oe a++,
0an %a! to +i-e1 An! t%at nee! !e0an!e! t%e #on8"e,t o/ t%e o"te wo+!1 It wa,
i0$eati-e to ,e#"e /oo! an! ,%e+te, to /ig%t wi+! ani0a+, an! ot%e 0en1 2o i00en,e
$eio!,, o" /oe/at%e, %a! neit%e t%e +ei,"e no t%e in#+ination to ,t"!y t%e0,e+-e,1
T%ey e0$+oye! t%ei inte++igen#e in ot%e way,, ,"#% a, 0an"/a#t"ing wea$on, an!
too+,, !i,#o-eing /ie, taining #att+e an! %o,e,, in-enting t%e w%ee+, t%e #"+t"e o/
#eea+,, et#1, et#1 Long be/oe be#o0ing intee,te! in t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%ei bo!y an!
t%ei 0in!, t%ey 0e!itate! on t%e ,"n, t%e 0oon, t%e ,ta,, t%e ti!e,, an! t%e $a,,ing o/
t%e ,ea,on,1 A,tono0y wa, a+ea!y /a a!-an#e! at an e$o#% w%en $%y,io+ogy wa,
tota++y "n3nown1 >a+i+eo e!"#e! t%e eat%, #ente o/ t%e wo+!, to t%e an3 o/ a %"0b+e
,ate++ite o/ t%e ,"n, w%i+e %i, #onte0$oaie, %a! not e-en t%e 0o,t e+e0entay notion o/
t%e ,t"#t"e an! t%e /"n#tion, o/ bain, +i-e, o t%yoi! g+an!1 A,, "n!e t%e nat"a+
#on!ition, o/ +i/e, t%e %"0an ogani,0 wo3, ,ati,/a#toi+y an! nee!, no attention,
,#ien#e $oge,,e! in t%e !ie#tion in w%i#% it wa, +e! by %"0an #"io,ity55t%at i,, towa!
t%e o"te wo+!1
2o0 ti0e to ti0e, a0ong t%e bi++ion, o/ %"0an being, w%o %a-e ,"##e,,i-e+y
in%abite! t%e eat%, a /ew wee boa en!owe! wit% ae an! 0a-e+o", $owe,, t%e
int"ition o/ "n3nown t%ing,, t%e i0agination t%at #eate, new wo+!,, an! t%e /a#"+ty o/
!i,#o-eing t%e %i!!en e+ation, e.i,ting between #etain $%eno0ena1 T%e,e 0en
e.$+oe! t%e $%y,i#a+ "ni-e,e1 T%i, "ni-e,e i, o/ a ,i0$+e #on,tit"tion1 T%ee/oe, it
a$i!+y ga-e in to t%e atta#3 o/ t%e ,#ienti,t, an! yie+!e! t%e ,e#et o/ #etain o/ it, +aw,1
An! t%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e,e +aw, enab+e! ", to "ti+i4e t%e wo+! o/ 0atte /o o" own
$o/it1 T%e $a#ti#a+ a$$+i#ation, o/ ,#ienti/i# !i,#o-eie, ae +"#ati-e /o t%o,e w%o
$o0ote t%e01 T%ey /a#i+itate t%e e.i,ten#e o/ a++1 T%ey $+ea,e t%e $"b+i#, w%o,e #o0/ot
t%ey a"g0ent1 E-eyone be#a0e, o/ #o",e, 0"#% 0oe intee,te! in t%e in-ention, t%at
+e,,en %"0an e//ot, +ig%ten t%e b"!en o/ t%e toi+e, a##e+eate t%e a$i!ity o/
#o00"ni#ation,, an! ,o/ten t%e %a,%ne,, o/ +i/e, t%an in t%e !i,#o-eie, t%at t%ow ,o0e
+ig%t on t%e inti#ate $ob+e0, e+ating to t%e #on,tit"tion o/ o" bo!y an! o/ o"
#on,#io",ne,,1 T%e #on8"e,t o/ t%e 0ateia+ wo+!, w%i#% %a, #ea,e+e,,+y ab,obe! t%e
attention an! t%e wi++ o/ 0en, #a",e! t%e ogani# an! t%e ,$iit"a+ wo+! to /a++ into
a+0o,t #o0$+ete ob+i-ion1 In /a#t, t%e 3now+e!ge o/ o" ,"o"n!ing, wa, in!i,$en,ab+e,
b"t t%at o/ o" own nat"e a$$eae! to be 0"#% +e,, i00e!iate+y ",e/"+1 Howe-e,
!i,ea,e, $ain, !eat%, an! 0oe o +e,, ob,#"e a,$iation, towa! a %i!!en $owe
tan,#en!ing t%e -i,ib+e "ni-e,e, !ew t%e attention o/ 0en, in ,o0e 0ea,"e, to t%e
inne wo+! o/ t%ei bo!y an! t%ei 0in!1 At /i,t, 0e!i#ine #ontente! it,e+/ wit% t%e
$a#ti#a+ $ob+e0 o/ e+ie-ing t%e ,i#3 by e0$ii# e#i$e,1 It ea+i4e! on+y in e#ent ti0e,
t%at t%e 0o,t e//e#ti-e 0et%o! o/ $e-enting o #"ing i++ne,, i, to a#8"ie a #o0$+ete
"n!e,tan!ing o/ t%e no0a+ an! !i,ea,e! bo!y55t%at i,, to #on,t"#t t%e ,#ien#e, t%at ae
#a++e! anato0y, bio+ogi#a+ #%e0i,ty, $%y,io+ogy, an! $at%o+ogy1 Howe-e, t%e 0y,tey
o/ o" e.i,ten#e, t%e 0oa+ ,"//eing,, t%e #a-ing /o t%e "n3nown, an! t%e
0eta$,y#%i#a+ $%eno0ena a$$eae! to o" an#e,to, a, 0oe i0$otant t%en bo!i+y $ain
an! !i,ea,e,1 T%e ,t"!y o/ ,$iit"a+ +i/e an! o/ $%i+o,o$%y atta#te! geate 0en t%an t%e
,t"!y o/ 0e!i#ine1 T%e +aw, o/ 0y,ti#ity be#a0e 3nown be/oe t%o,e o/ $%y,io+ogy1 B"t
,"#% +aw, wee bo"g%t to +ig%t on+y w%en 0an3in! %a! a#8"ie! ,"//i#ient +ei,"e to t"n
a +itt+e o/ %i, attention to ot%e t%ing, t%an t%e #on8"e,t o/ t%e o"te wo+!1
T%ee i, anot%e ea,on /o t%e ,+ow $oge,, o/ t%e 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e,1 O" 0in!
i, ,o #on,t"#te! a, to !e+ig%t in #onte0$+ating ,i0$+e /a#t,1 We /ee+ a 3in! o/
e$"gnan#e in atta#3ing ,"#% a #o0$+e. $ob+e0 a, t%at o/ t%e #on,tit"tion o/ +i-ing
being, an! o/ 0an1 T%e inte++e#t, a, Beg,on wote, i, #%aa#tei4e! by a nat"a+ inabi+ity
to #o0$e%en! +i/e1 On t%e #ontay, we +o-e to !i,#o-e in t%e #o,0o, t%e geo0eti#a+
/o0, t%at e.i,t in t%e !e$t%, o/ o" #on,#io",ne,,1 T%e e.a#tit"!e o/ t%e $o$otion, o/
o" 0on"0ent, an! t%e $e#i,ion o/ o" 0a#%ine, e.$e,, a /"n!a0enta+ #%aa#te o/ o"
0in!1 >eo0ety !oe, not e.i,t in t%e eat%+y wo+!1 It %a, oiginate! in o",e+-e,1 T%e
0et%o!, o/ nat"e ae ne-e ,o $e#i,e a, t%o,e o/ 0an1 We !o not /in! in t%e "ni-e,e
t%e #+eane,, an! a##"a#y o/ o" t%o"g%t1 We atte0$t, t%ee/oe, to ab,ta#t /o0 t%e
#o0$+e.ity o/ $%eno0ena ,o0e ,i0$+e ,y,te0, w%o,e #o0$onent, bea to one anot%e
#etain e+ation, ,",#e$tib+e o/ being !e,#ibe! 0at%e0ati#a++y1 T%i, $owe o/ ab,ta#tion
o/ t%e %"0an inte++e#t i, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e a0a4ing $oge,, o/ $%y,i#, an! #%e0i,ty1
A ,i0i+a ,"##e,, %a, ewa!e! t%e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ ,t"!y o/ +i-ing being,1 T%e +aw, o/
#%e0i,ty an! o/ $%y,i#, ae i!enti#a+ in t%e wo+! o/ +i-ing t%ing, an! in t%at o/
inani0ate 0atte, a, C+a"!e Bena! t%o"g%t +ong ago1 T%i, /a#t e.$+ain, w%y 0o!en
$%y,io+ogy %a, !i,#o-ee!, /o e.a0$+e, t%at t%e #on,tan#y o/ t%e a+3a+inity o/ t%e b+oo!
an! o/ t%e wate o/ t%e o#ean i, e.$e,,e! by i!enti#a+ +aw,, t%at t%e enegy ,$ent by t%e
#onta#ting 0",#+e i, ,"$$+ie! by t%e /e0entation o/ ,"ga, et#1 T%e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+
a,$e#t, o/ %"0an being, ae a+0o,t a, ea,y to in-e,tigate a, t%o,e o/ t%e ot%e ob7e#t, o/
t%e tee,tia+ wo+!1 S"#% i, t%e ta,3 w%i#% genea+ $%y,io+ogy ,"##ee!, in
a##o0$+i,%ing1
T%e ,t"!y o/ t%e t"+y $%y,io+ogi#a+ $%eno0ena55t%at i,, o/ t%o,e e,"+ting /o0 t%e
ogani4ation o/ +i-ing 0atte550eet, wit% 0oe i0$otant ob,ta#+e,1 On a##o"nt o/ t%e
e.te0e ,0a++ne,, o/ t%e t%ing, to be ana+y4e!, it i, i0$o,,ib+e to ",e t%e o!inay
te#%ni8"e, o/ $%y,i#, an! o/ #%e0i,ty1 W%at 0et%o! #o"+! bing to +ig%t t%e #%e0i#a+
#on,tit"tion o/ t%e n"#+e", o/ t%e ,e."a+ #e++,, o/ it, #%o0o,o0e,, an! o/ t%e gene, t%at
#o0$o,e t%e,e #%o0o,o0e,< Ne-et%e+e,,, t%o,e -ey 0in"te aggegate, o/ #%e0i#a+,
ae o/ #a$ita+ i0$otan#e, be#a",e t%ey #ontain t%e /"t"e o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ an! o/ t%e
a#e1 T%e /agi+ity o/ #etain ti,,"e,, ,"#% a, t%e ne-o", ,"b,tan#e, i, ,o geat t%at to
,t"!y t%e0 in t%e +i-ing ,tate i, a+0o,t i0$o,,ib+e1 We !o not $o,,e,, any te#%ni8"e
#a$ab+e o/ $enetating t%e 0y,teie, o/ t%e bain, an! o/ t%e %a0onio", a,,o#iation o/ it,
#e++,1 O" 0in!, w%i#% +o-e, t%e ,i0$+e bea"ty o/ 0at%e0ati#a+ /o0"+a,, i, bewi+!ee!
w%en it #onte0$+ate, t%e ,t"$en!o", 0a,, o/ #e++,, %"0o,, an! #on,#io",ne,, w%i#%
0a3e "$ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 We ty, t%ee/oe, to a$$+y to t%i, #o0$o"n! t%e #on#e$t, t%at
%a-e $o-e! ",e/"+ in t%e ea+0 o/ $%y,i#,, #%e0i,ty, an! 0e#%ani#,, an! in t%e
$%i+o,o$%i#a+ an! e+igio", !i,#i$+ine,1 S"#% an atte0$t !oe, not 0eet wit% 0"#%
,"##e,,, be#a",e we #an be e!"#e! neit%e to a $%y,i#o#%e0i5#a+ ,y,te0 no to a
,$iit"a+ entity1 O/ #o",e, t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an %a, to ",e t%e #on#e$t, o/ a++ t%e ot%e
,#ien#e,1 B"t it 0",t a+,o !e-e+o$ it, own1 2o it i, a, /"n!a0enta+ a, t%e ,#ien#e, o/ t%e
0o+e#"+e,, t%e ato0,, an! t%e e+e#ton,1
In ,%ot, t%e ,+ow $oge,, o/ t%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e %"0an being, a, #o0$ae! wit% t%e
,$+en!i! a,#en,ion o/ $%y,i#,, a,tono0y, #%e0i,ty, an! 0e#%ani#,, i, !"e to o"
an#e,to,; +a#3 o/ +ei,"e, to t%e #o0$+e.ity o/ t%e ,"b7e#t, an! to t%e ,t"#t"e o/ o"
0in!1 T%o,e ob,ta#+e, ae /"n!a0enta+1 T%ee i, no %o$e o/ e+i0inating t%e01 T%ey wi++
a+way, %a-e to be o-e#o0e at t%e #o,t o/ ,ten"o", e//ot1 T%e 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e,
wi++ ne-e attain t%e e+egant ,i0$+i#ity, t%e ab,ta#tne,,, an! t%e bea"ty o/ $%y,i#,1 T%e
/a#to, t%at %a-e eta!e! it, !e-e+o$0ent ae not +i3e+y to -ani,%1 We 0",t ea+i4e
#+ea+y t%at t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an i, t%e 0o,t !i//i#"+t o/ a++ ,#ien#e,1
3
T%e en-ion0ent w%i#% %a, 0o+!e! t%e bo!y an! t%e ,o"+ o/ o" an#e,to, !"ing 0any
0i++enni"0, %a, now been e$+a#e! by anot%e1 T%i, ,i+ent e-o+"tion %a, ta3en $+a#e
a+0o,t wit%o"t o" noti#ing it1 We %a-e not ea+i4e! it, i0$otan#e1 Ne-et%e+e,,, it i,
one o/ t%e 0o,t !a0ati# e-ent, in t%e %i,toy o/ %"0anity1 2o any 0o!i/i#ation in t%ei
,"o"n!ing, ine-itab+y an! $o/o"n!+y !i,t"b, a++ +i-ing being,1 We 0",t, t%ee/oe,
a,#etain t%e e.tent o/ t%e tan,/o0ation, i0$o,e! by ,#ien#e "$on t%e an#e,ta+ 0o!e o/
+i/e, an! #on,e8"ent+y "$on o",e+-e,1
Sin#e t%e a!-ent o/ in!",ty, a +age $at o/ t%e $o$"+ation %a, been #o0$e++e! to +i-e in
e,ti#te! aea,1 T%e wo30en ae %e!e! toget%e, eit%e in t%e ,"b"b, o/ t%e +age #itie,
o in -i++age, b"i+t /o t%e01 T%ey ae o##"$ie! in t%e /a#toie, !"ing /i.e! %o",, !oing
ea,y, 0onotono",, an! we++5$ai! wo3, T%e #itie, ae a+,o in%abite! by o//i#e wo3e,,
e0$+oyee, o/ ,toe,, ban3,, an! $"b+i# a!0ini,tation,, $%y,i#ian,, +awye,, ,#%oo+5
tea#%e,, an! t%e 0"+tit"!e o/ t%o,e w%o, !ie#t+y o in!ie#t+y, !aw t%ei +i-e+i%oo! /o0
#o00e#e an! in!",ty1 2a#toie, an! o//i#e, ae +age, we++ +ig%te!, #+ean1 T%ei
te0$eat"e i, "ni/o01 Mo!en %eating an! e/igeating a$$aat",e, ai,e t%e
te0$eat"e !"ing t%e winte an! +owe it !"ing t%e ,"00e1 T%e ,3y,#a$e, o/ t%e
geat #itie, %a-e tan,/o0e! t%e ,teet, into g+oo0y #anyon,1 B"t in,i!e o/ t%e b"i+!ing,,
t%e +ig%t o/ t%e ,"n i, e$+a#e! by e+e#ti# b"+b, i#% in "+ta5-io+et ay,1 In,tea! o/ t%e ai
o/ t%e ,teet, $o++"te! by ga,o+ine /"0e,, t%e o//i#e, an! wo3,%o$, e#ei-e $"e ai
!awn in /o0 t%e "$$e at0o,$%ee by -enti+ato, on t%e oo/1 T%e !we++e, o/ t%e
0o!en #ity ae $ote#te! again,t a++ in#+e0en#ie, o/ t%e weat%e1 B"t t%ey ae no +onge
ab+e to +i-e a, !i! o" an#e,to,, nea t%ei wo3,%o$,, t%ei ,toe,, o t%ei o//i#e,1 T%e
wea+t%ie in%abit t%e giganti# b"i+!ing, o/ t%e 0ain a-en"e,1 At t%e to$ o/ !i44y towe,,
t%e 3ing, o/ t%e b",ine,, wo+! $o,,e,, !e+ig%t/"+ %o0e,, ,"o"n!e! by tee,, ga,,, an!
/+owe,1 T%ey +i-e t%ee, a, ,%e+tee! /o0 noi,e, !",t, an! a++ !i,t"ban#e,, a, i/ t%ey
!we+t on t%e ,"00it o/ a 0o"ntain1 T%ey ae 0oe #o0$+ete+y i,o+ate! /o0 t%e #o00on
%e! t%an wee t%e /e"!a+ +o!, be%in! t%e wa++, an! t%e 0oat, o/ t%ei /oti/ie! #a,t+e,1
T%e +e,, wea+t%y, e-en t%o,e wit% 8"ite 0o!e,t 0ean,, +o!ge in a$at0ent, w%o,e
#o0/ot ,"$a,,e, t%at w%i#% ,"o"n!e! Lo"i, XIA o 2e!ei#3 t%e >eat1 Many %a-e
t%ei e,i!en#e /a /o0 t%e #ity1 Ea#% e-ening, e.$e,, tain, tan,$ot inn"0eab+e
#ow!, to ,"b"b,, w%ee boa! oa!, "nning between geen ,ti$, o/ ga,, an! ow, o/
tee, ae bo!ee! wit% $etty an! #o0/otab+e %o",e,1 T%e wo30en an! t%e %"0b+e,t
e0$+oyee, +i-e in !we++ing, bette a$$ointe! t%an t%o,e o/ t%e i#% o/ /o0e ti0e,1 T%e
%eating a$$aat",e, t%at a"to0ati#a++y eg"+ate t%e te0$eat"e o/ t%e %o",e,, t%e
bat%oo0,, t%e e/igeato,, t%e e+e#ti# ,to-e,, t%e !o0e,ti# 0a#%iney /o $e$aing
/oo! an! #+eaning oo0,, an! t%e gaage, /o t%e a"to0obi+e,, gi-e to t%e abo!e o/
e-eybo!y, not on+y in t%e #ity an! t%e ,"b"b,, b"t a+,o in t%e #o"nty, a !egee o/
#o0/ot w%i#% $e-io",+y wa, /o"n! on+y in t%at o/ -ey /ew $i-i+ege! in!i-i!"a+,1
Si0"+taneo",+y wit% t%e %abitat, t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e %a, been tan,/o0e!1 T%i,
tan,/o0ation i, !"e #%ie/+y to t%e in#ea,e in t%e a$i!ity o/ #o00"ni#ation,1 In!ee!, it
i, e-i!ent t%at 0o!en tain, an! ,tea0e,, ai$+ane,, a"to0obi+e,, te+ega$%, te+e$%one,
an! wie+e,, %a-e 0o!i/ie! t%e e+ation, o/ 0en an! o/ nation, a++ o-e t%e wo+!1 Ea#%
in!i-i!"a+ !oe, a geat 0any 0oe t%ing, t%an /o0e+y1 He ta3e, $at in a 0"#% +age
n"0be o/ e-ent,1 E-ey !ay %e #o0e, into #onta#t wit% 0oe $eo$+e1 B"iet an!
"ne0$+oye! 0o0ent, ae e.#e$tiona+ in %i, e.i,ten#e1 T%e naow go"$, o/ t%e /a0i+y
an! o/ t%e $ai,% %a-e been !i,,o+-e!1 Inti0a#y no +onge e.i,t,1 2o t%e +i/e o/ t%e ,0a++
go"$ %a, been ,"b,tit"te! t%at o/ t%e %e!1 So+it"!e i, +oo3e! "$on a, a $"ni,%0ent o a,
a ae +"."y1 T%e /e8"ent atten!an#e at #ine0a, t%eati#a+, o at%+eti# $e/o0an#e,, t%e
#+"b,, t%e 0eeting, o/ a++ ,ot,, t%e giganti# "ni-e,itie,, /a#toie,, !e$at0ent ,toe,, an!
%ote+, %a-e engen!ee! in a++ t%e %abit o/ +i-ing in #o00on1 T%e te+e$%one, t%e a!io, an!
t%e ga0o$%one e#o!, #ay "n#ea,ing+y t%e -"+gaity o/ t%e #ow!, a, we++ a, it,
$+ea,"e, an! it, $,y#%o+ogy, into e-eyone;, %o",e, e-en in t%e 0o,t i,o+ate! an! e0ote
-i++age,1 Ea#% in!i-i!"a+ i, a+way, in !ie#t o in!ie#t #o00"ni#ation wit% ot%e %"0an
being,, an! 3ee$, %i0,e+/ #on,tant+y in/o0e! abo"t t%e ,0a++ o i0$otant e-ent, ta3ing
$+a#e in %i, town, o %i, #ity, o at t%e ot%e en! o/ t%e wo+!1 One %ea, t%e #%i0e, o/
We,t0in,te in t%e 0o,t etie! %o",e, o/ t%e 2en#% #o"nty,i!e1 Any /a0e in
Ae0ont, i/ it $+ea,e, %i0 to !o ,o, 0ay +i,ten to oato, ,$ea3ing in Be+in, Lon!on, o
Pai,1
E-eyw%ee, in t%e #itie,, a, we++ a, in t%e #o"nty, in $i-ate %o",e, a, in /a#toie,, in
t%e wo3,%o$, on t%e oa!,, in t%e /ie+!,, an! on t%e /a0,, 0a#%ine, %a-e !e#ea,e! t%e
inten,ity o/ %"0an e//ot1 To!ay, it i, not ne#e,,ay to wa+31 E+e-ato, %a-e e$+a#e!
,tai,1 E-eybo!y i!e, in b",e,, 0oto,, o ,teet #a,, e-en w%en t%e !i,tan#e to be
#o-ee! i, -ey ,%ot1 Nat"a+ bo!i+y e.e#i,e,, ,"#% a, wa+3ing an! "nning o-e o"g%
go"n!, 0o"ntain5#+i0bing, ti++ing t%e +an! by %an!, #+eaing /oe,t, wit% t%e a., wo3ing
w%i+e e.$o,e! to ain, ,"n, win!, #o+!, o %eat, %a-e gi-en $+a#e to we++5eg"+ate! ,$ot,
t%at in-o+-e a+0o,t no i,3, an! to 0a#%ine, t%at abo+i,% 0",#"+a e//ot1 E-eyw%ee
t%ee ae tenni,5#o"t,, go+/5+in3,, ati/i#ia+ ,3ating5in3,, %eate! ,wi00ing5$oo+,, an!
,%e+tee! aena, w%ee at%+ete, tain an! /ig%t w%i+e $ote#te! again,t t%e in#+e0en#ie, o/
t%e weat%e1 In t%i, 0anne a++ #an !e-e+o$ t%ei 0",#+e, wit%o"t being ,"b7e#te! to t%e
/atig"e an! t%e %a!,%i$, in-o+-e! in t%e e.e#i,e, $etaining to a 0oe $i0iti-e /o0 o/
+i/e1
T%e a+i0ent, o/ o" an#e,to,, w%i#% #on,i,te! #%ie/+y o/ #oa,e /+o", 0eat, an!
a+#o%o+i# !in3,, %a-e been e$+a#e! by 0"#% 0oe !e+i#ate an! -aie! /oo!1 Bee/ an!
0"tton ae no +onge t%e ,ta$+e /oo!,1 T%e $in#i$a+ e+e0ent, o/ 0o!en !iet ae 0i+3,
#ea0, b"tte, #eea+, e/ine! by t%e e+i0ination o/ t%e ,%e++, o/ t%e gain, /"it, o/
to$i#a+ a, we++ a, te0$eate #o"ntie,, /e,% o #anne! -egetab+e,, ,a+a!,, +age
8"antitie, o/ ,"ga in t%e /o0 o/ $ie,, #an!ie,, an! $"!!ing,1 A+#o%o+ a+one %a, 3e$t it,
$+a#e1 T%e /oo! o/ #%i+!en %a, "n!egone a $o/o"n! #%ange1 It i, now -ey ati/i#ia+ an!
ab"n!ant1 T%e ,a0e 0ay be ,ai! o/ t%e !iet o/ a!"+t,1 T%e eg"+aity o/ t%e wo3ing5%o",
in o//i#e, an! /a#toie, %a, entai+e! t%at o/ t%e 0ea+,1 Owing to t%e wea+t% w%i#% wa,
genea+ "nti+ a /ew yea, ago, an! to t%e !e#+ine in t%e e+igio", ,$iit an! in t%e
ob,e-an#e o/ it"a+i,ti# /a,t,, %"0an being, %a-e ne-e been /e! ,o $"n#t"a++y an!
"ninte"$te!+y1
It i, a+,o to t%e wea+t% o/ t%e $o,t5wa $eio! t%at t%e eno0o", !i//",ion o/ e!"#ation
i, !"e1 E-eyw%ee, ,#%oo+,, #o++ege,, an! "ni-e,itie, %a-e been ee#te!, an!
i00e!iate+y in-a!e! by -a,t #ow!, o/ ,t"!ent,1 :o"t% %a, "n!e,too! t%e o+e o/
,#ien#e in t%e 0o!en wo+!1 6Know+e!ge i, $owe,6 wote Ba#on1 A++ in,tit"tion, o/
+eaning ae !e-ote! to t%e inte++e#t"a+ !e-e+o$0ent o/ #%i+!en an! yo"ng $eo$+e1 At t%e
,a0e ti0e, t%ey gi-e geat attention to t%ei $%y,i#a+ #on!ition1 It i, ob-io", t%at t%e 0ain
intee,t o/ t%e,e e!"#ationa+ e,tab+i,%0ent, #on,i,t, in t%e $o0otion o/ 0enta+ an!
0",#"+a ,tengt%1 S#ien#e %a, !e0on,tate! it, ",e/"+ne,, in ,"#% an e-i!ent 0anne
t%at it %a, obtaine! t%e /i,t $+a#e in t%e #"i#"+"01 A geat 0any yo"ng 0en an! wo0en
,"b0it t%e0,e+-e, to it, !i,#i$+ine,1 S#ienti/i# in,tit"tion,, "ni-e,itie,, an! in!",tia+
#o$oation, %a-e b"i+t ,o 0any +aboatoie, t%at e-ey ,#ienti/i# wo3e %a, a #%an#e to
0a3e ",e o/ %i, $ati#"+a 3now+e!ge1
T%e 0o!e o/ +i/e o/ 0o!en 0en i, $o/o"n!+y in/+"en#e! by %ygiene an! 0e!i#ine an!
t%e $in#i$+e, e,"+ting /o0 t%e !i,#o-eie, o/ Pa,te"1 T%e $o0"+gation o/ t%e
Pa,toian !o#tine, %a, been an e-ent o/ t%e %ig%e,t i0$otan#e to %"0anity1 T%ei
a$$+i#ation a$i!+y +e! to t%e ,"$$e,,ion o/ t%e geat in/e#tio", !i,ea,e, w%i#%
$eio!i#a++y a-age! t%e #i-i+i4e! wo+!, an! o/ t%o,e en!e0i# in ea#% #o"nty1 T%e
ne#e,,ity /o #+ean+ine,, wa, !e0on,tate!1 In/anti+e 0ota+ity at on#e !e#ea,e!1 T%e
a-eage !"ation o/ +i/e %a, a"g0ente! to an a0a4ing e.tent an! %a, ea#%e! /i/ty5nine
yea, in t%e Unite! State,, an! ,i.ty5/i-e yea, in New Zea+an!1 Peo$+e !o not +i-e
+onge, b"t 0oe $eo$+e +i-e to be o+!1 Hygiene %a, #on,i!eab+y in#ea,e! t%e 8"antity o/
%"0an being,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, 0e!i#ine, by a bette #on#e$tion o/ t%e nat"e o/
!i,ea,e, an! a 7"!i#io", a$$+i#ation o/ ,"gi#a+ te#%ni8"e,, %a, e.ten!e! it, bene/i#ent
in/+"en#e to t%e wea3, t%e !e/e#ti-e, t%o,e $e!i,$o,e! to 0i#obia+ in/e#tion,, to a++ w%o
/o0e+y #o"+! not en!"e t%e #on!ition, o/ a o"g%e +i/e1 It %a, $e0itte! #i-i+i4ation to
0"+ti$+y it, %"0an #a$ita+ eno0o",+y1 It %a, a+,o gi-en to ea#% in!i-i!"a+ 0"#% geate
,e#"ity again,t $ain an! !i,ea,e1
T%e inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ ,"o"n!ing, in w%i#% we ae i00e,e! %a-e e8"a++y been
0o+!e! by ,#ien#e1 T%ee i, a $o/o"n! !i//een#e between t%e wo+! t%at $e0eate, t%e
0in! o/ 0o!en 0en an! t%e wo+! w%eein o" an#e,to, +i-e!1 Be/oe t%e inte++e#t"a+
-i#toie, t%at %a-e bo"g%t ", wea+t% an! #o0/ot, 0oa+ -a+"e, %a-e nat"a++y gi-en
go"n!1 Rea,on %a, ,we$t away e+igio", be+ie/,1 T%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e nat"a+ +aw,, an!
t%e $owe gi-en ", by t%i, 3now+e!ge o-e t%e 0ateia+ wo+!, an! a+,o o-e %"0an
being,, a+one ae o/ i0$otan#e1 Ban3,, "ni-e,itie,, +aboatoie,, 0e!i#a+ ,#%oo+,,
%o,$ita+,, %a-e be#o0e a, bea"ti/"+ a, t%e >ee3 te0$+e,, t%e >ot%i# #at%e!a+,, an! t%e
$a+a#e, o/ t%e Po$e,1 Unti+ t%e e#ent e#ono0i# #i,i,, ban3 o ai+oa! $e,i!ent, wee
t%e i!ea+, o/ yo"t%1 T%e $e,i!ent o/ a geat "ni-e,ity ,ti++ o##"$ie, a -ey %ig% $+a#e in
t%e e,tee0 o/ t%e $"b+i# be#a",e %e !i,$en,e, ,#ien#e1 An! ,#ien#e i, t%e 0ot%e o/
wea+t%, #o0/ot, an! %ea+t%1 Howe-e, t%e inte++e#t"a+ at0o,$%ee, in w%i#% 0o!en 0en
+i-e, a$i!+y #%ange,1 2inan#ia+ 0agnate,, $o/e,,o,, ,#ienti,t,, an! e#ono0i# e.$et,
ae +o,ing t%ei %o+! o-e t%e $"b+i#1 T%e $eo$+e o/ to!ay ae ,"//i#ient+y e!"#ate! to ea!
new,$a$e, an! 0aga4ine,, to +i,ten to t%e ,$ee#%e, boa!#a,te! by $o+iti#ian,, b",ine,,
0en, #%a+atan,, an! a$o,t+e,1 T%ey ae ,at"ate! wit% #o00e#ia+, $o+iti#a+, o ,o#ia+
$o$agan!a, w%o,e te#%ni8"e, ae be#o0ing 0oe an! 0oe $e/e#t1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e
t%ey ea! ati#+e, an! boo3, w%eein ,#ien#e an! $%i+o,o$%y ae $o$"+ai4e!1 O"
"ni-e,e, t%o"g% t%e geat !i,#o-eie, o/ $%y,i#, an! a,tono0y, %a, a#8"ie! a
0a-e+o", gan!e"1 Ea#% in!i-i!"a+ i, ab+e, i/ it ,o $+ea,e, %i0, to %ea abo"t t%e
t%eoie, o/ Ein,tein, o to ea! t%e boo3, o/ E!!ington an! o/ ?ean,, t%e ati#+e, o/
S%a$+ey an! o/ Mi++i3an1 T%e $"b+i# i, a, intee,te! in t%e #o,0i# ay, a, in #ine0a ,ta,
an! ba,eba++5$+aye,1 E-eyone i, awae t%at ,$a#e i, #"-e!, t%at t%e wo+! i, #o0$o,e!
o/ b+in! an! "n3nown /o#e,, t%at we ae not%ing b"t in/inite+y ,0a++ $ati#+e, on t%e
,"/a#e o/ a gain o/ !",t +o,t in t%e i00en,ity o/ t%e #o,0o,, an! t%at t%i, #o,0o, i,
tota++y !e$i-e! o/ +i/e an! #on,#io",ne,,1 O" "ni-e,e i, e.#+",i-e+y 0e#%ani#a+1 It
#annot be ot%ewi,e, ,in#e it %a, been #eate! /o0 an "n3nown ,"b,tat"0 by t%e
te#%ni8"e, o/ $%y,i#, an! a,tono0y1 ?",t a, ae a++ t%e ,"o"n!ing, o/ 0o!e0 0en, it i,
t%e e.$e,,ion o/ t%e a0a4ing !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e ,#ien#e, o/ inet 0atte1
4
T%e $o/o"n! #%ange, i0$o,e! on t%e %abit, o/ 0en by t%e a$$+i#ation, o/ ,#ien#e %a-e
o##"e! e#ent+y1 In /a#t, we ae ,ti++ in t%e 0i!,t o/ t%e in!",tia+ e-o+"tion1 It i,
!i//i#"+t, t%ee/oe, to 3now e.a#t+y %ow t%e ,"b,tit"tion o/ an ati/i#ia+ 0o!e o/
e.i,ten#e /o t%e nat"a+ one an! a #o0$+ete 0o!i/i#ation o/ t%ei en-ion0ent %a-e a#te!
"$on #i-i+i4e! %"0an being,1 T%ee i,, %owe-e, no !o"bt t%at ,"#% an a#tion %a, ta3en
$+a#e1 2o e-ey +i-ing t%ing !e$en!, inti0ate+y on it, ,"o"n!ing,, an! a!a$t, it,e+/ to
any 0o!i/i#ation o/ t%e,e ,"o"n!ing, by an a$$o$iate #%ange1 We 0",t, t%ee/oe,
a,#etain in w%at 0anne we %a-e been in/+"en#e! by t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e, t%e #",to0,, t%e
!iet, t%e e!"#ation, an! t%e inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ %abit, i0$o,e! on ", by 0o!en
#i-i+i4ation1 Ha-e we bene/ite! by ,"#% $oge,,< T%i, 0o0ento", 8"e,tion #an be
an,wee! on+y a/te a #ae/"+ e.a0ination o/ t%e ,tate o/ t%e nation, w%i#% wee t%e /i,t
to $o/it by t%e a$$+i#ation o/ ,#ienti/i# !i,#o-eie,1
It i, e-i!ent t%at 0en %a-e 7oy/"++y we+#o0e! 0o!en #i-i+i4ation1 T%ey %a-e
aban!one! t%e #o"nty,i!e an! /+o#3e! to t%e #itie, an! t%e /a#toie,1 T%ey eage+y a!o$t
t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e an! t%e way, o/ a#ting an! o/ t%in3ing o/ t%e new ea1 T%ey +ay a,i!e
t%ei o+! %abit, wit%o"t %e,itation, be#a",e t%e,e %abit, !e0an! a geate e//ot1 It i, +e,,
/atig"ing to wo3 in a /a#toy o an o//i#e t%an on a /a01 B"t e-en in t%e #o"nty, new
te#%ni8"e, %a-e e+ie-e! t%e %a,%ne,, o/ e.i,ten#e1 Mo!en %o",e, 0a3e +i/e ea,ie /o
e-eybo!y1 By t%ei #o0/ot, t%ei wa0t%, an! t%ei $+ea,ant +ig%ting, t%ey gi-e t%ei
in0ate, a /ee+ing o/ e,t an! #ontent0ent1 T%ei "$5to5!ate a$$oint0ent, #on,i!eab+y
!e#ea,e t%e +abo t%at, in bygone !ay,, %o",e3ee$ing !e0an!e! /o0 wo0en1 Be,i!e,
t%e +e,,ening o/ 0",#"+a e//ot an! t%e $o,,e,,ion o/ #o0/ot, %"0an being, %a-e
a##e$te! #%ee/"++y t%e $i-i+ege o/ ne-e being a+one, o/ en7oying t%e inn"0eab+e
!i,ta#tion, o/ t%e #ity, o/ +i-ing a0ong %"ge #ow!,, o/ ne-e t%in3ing1 T%ey a+,o
a$$e#iate being e+ea,e!, t%o"g% a $"e+y inte++e#t"a+ e!"#ation, /o0 t%e 0oa+
e,taint i0$o,e! "$on t%e0 by P"itan !i,#i$+ine an! e+igio", $in#i$+e,1 In t"t%,
0o!en +i/e %a, ,et t%e0 /ee1 It in#ite, t%e0 to a#8"ie wea+t% by any an! e-ey $o,,ib+e
0ean,, $o-i!e! t%at t%e,e 0ean, !o not +ea! t%e0 to 7ai+1 It o$en, to t%e0 a++ t%e
#o"ntie, o/ t%e eat%1 It %a, +ibeate! t%e0 /o0 a++ ,"$e,tition,1 It a++ow, t%e0 t%e
/e8"ent e.#itation an! t%e ea,y ,ati,/a#tion o/ t%ei ,e."a+ a$$etite,1 It !oe, away wit%
#on,taint, !i,#i$+ine, e//ot, e-eyt%ing t%at i, in#on-enient an! +aboio",1 T%e $eo$+e,
e,$e#ia++y t%o,e be+onging to t%e +owe #+a,,e,, ae %a$$ie /o0 a 0ateia+ ,tan!$oint
t%an in /o0e ti0e,1 Howe-e, ,o0e o/ t%e0 $oge,,i-e+y #ea,e to a$$e#iate t%e
!i,ta#tion, an! t%e -"+ga $+ea,"e, o/ 0o!en +i/e1 O##a,iona++y, t%ei %ea+t% !oe, not
$e0it t%e0 to #ontin"e in!e/inite+y t%e a+i0entay, a+#o%o+i#, an! ,e."a+ e.#e,,e, to
w%i#% t%ey ae +e! by t%e ,"$$e,,ion o/ a++ !i,#i$+ine1 Be,i!e,, t%ey ae %a"nte! by t%e
/ea o/ +o,ing t%ei e0$+oy0ent, t%ei 0ean, o/ ,"b,i,ten#e, t%ei ,a-ing,, t%ei /ot"ne1
T%ey ae "nab+e to ,ati,/y t%e nee! /o ,e#"ity t%at e.i,t, in t%e !e$t% o/ ea#% o/ ",1 In
,$ite o/ ,o#ia+ in,"an#e,, t%ey /ee+ "nea,y abo"t t%ei /"t"e1 T%o,e w%o ae #a$ab+e o/
t%in3ing be#o0e !i,#ontente!1
It i, #etain, ne-et%e+e,,, t%at %ea+t% i, i0$o-ing1 Not on+y %a, 0ota+ity !e#ea,e!,
b"t ea#% in!i-i!"a+ i, %an!,o0e, +age, an! ,tonge1 To!ay, #%i+!en ae 0"#% ta++e
t%an t%ei $aent,1 An ab"n!an#e o/ goo! /oo! an! $%y,i#a+ e.e#i,e, %a-e a"g0ente!
t%e ,i4e o/ t%e bo!y an! it, 0",#"+a ,tengt%1 O/ten t%e be,t at%+ete, at t%e intenationa+
ga0e, #o0e /o0 t%e Unite! State,1 In t%e at%+eti# tea0, o/ t%e A0ei#an "ni-e,itie,,
t%ee ae 0any in!i-i!"a+, w%o ae ea++y 0agni/i#ent ,$e#i0en, o/ %"0an being,1 Un!e
t%e $e,ent e!"#ationa+ #on!ition,, bone, an! 0",#+e, !e-e+o$ $e/e#t+y1 A0ei#a %a,
,"##ee!e! in e$o!"#ing t%e 0o,t a!0iab+e /o0, o/ an#ient bea"ty1 Howe-e, t%e
+onge-ity o/ t%e 0en $o/i#ient in a++ 3in!, o/ ,$ot, an! en7oying e-ey a!-antage o/
0o!en +i/e i, not geate t%an t%at o/ t%ei an#e,to,1 It 0ay e-en be +e,,1 T%ei e,i,tan#e
to /atig"e an! woy ,ee0, to %a-e !e#ea,e!1 It a$$ea, t%at t%e in!i-i!"a+, a##",to0e!
to nat"a+ bo!i+y e.e#i,e, to %a!,%i$,, an! to t%e in#+e0en#ie, o/ t%e weat%e, a, wee
t%ei /at%e,, ae #a$ab+e o/ %a!e an! 0oe ,",taine! e//ot, t%an o" at%+ete,1 We 3now
t%at t%e $o!"#t, o/ 0o!en e!"#ation nee! 0"#% ,+ee$, goo! /oo!, an! eg"+a %abit,1
T%ei ne-o", ,y,te0 i, !e+i#ate1 T%ey !o not en!"e t%e 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e in t%e +age
#itie,, t%e #on/ine0ent in o//i#e,, t%e woie, o/ b",ine,,, an! e-en t%e e-ey!ay
!i//i#"+tie, an! ,"//eing, o/ +i/e1 T%ey ea,i+y bea3 !own1 Pe%a$, t%e ti"0$%, o/
%ygiene, 0e!i#ine, an! 0o!en e!"#ation ae not ,o a!-antageo", a, we ae +e! to
be+ie-e1
We ,%o"+! a+,o a,3 o",e+-e, w%et%e t%ee ae no in#on-enien#e, atta#%e! to t%e geat
!e#ea,e in t%e !eat% ate !"ing in/an#y an! yo"t%1 In /a#t, t%e wea3 ae ,a-e! a, we++ a,
t%e ,tong1 Nat"a+ ,e+e#tion no +onge $+ay, it, $at1 No one 3now, w%at wi++ be t%e
/"t"e o/ a a#e ,o we++ $ote#te! by 0e!i#a+ ,#ien#e,1 B"t we ae #on/onte! wit% 0"#%
ga-e $ob+e0,, w%i#% !e0an! i00e!iate ,o+"tion1 W%i+e in/anti+e !ia%ea,
t"be#"+o,i,, !i$%t%eia, ty$%oi! /e-e, et#1, ae being e+i0inate!, t%ey ae e$+a#e! by
!egeneati-e !i,ea,e,1 T%ee ae a+,o a +age n"0be o/ a//e#tion, o/ t%e ne-o", ,y,te0
an! o/ t%e 0in!1 In #etain ,tate, t%e 0"+tit"!e o/ t%e in,ane #on/ine! in t%e a,y+"0,
e.#ee!, t%at o/ t%e $atient, 3e$t in a++ ot%e %o,$ita+,1 Li3e in,anity, ne-o", !i,o!e,
an! inte++e#t"a+ wea3ne,, ,ee0 to %a-e be#o0e 0oe /e8"ent1 T%ey ae t%e 0o,t a#ti-e
/a#to, o/ in!i-i!"a+ 0i,ey an! o/ t%e !e,t"#tion o/ /a0i+ie,1 Menta+ !eteioation i,
0oe !angeo", /o #i-i+i4ation t%an t%e in/e#tio", !i,ea,e, to w%i#% %ygieni,t, an!
$%y,i#ian, %a-e ,o /a e.#+",i-e+y !e-ote! t%ei attention1
In ,$ite o/ t%e i00en,e ,"0, o/ 0oney e.$en!e! on t%e e!"#ation o/ t%e #%i+!en an!
t%e yo"ng $eo$+e o/ t%e Unite! State,, t%e inte++e#t"a+ e+ite !oe, not ,ee0 to %a-e
in#ea,e!1 T%e a-eage 0an an! wo0an ae, wit%o"t any !o"bt, bette e!"#ate! an!,
,"$e/i#ia++y at +ea,t, 0oe e/ine!1 T%e ta,te /o ea!ing i, geate1 Moe e-iew, an!
boo3, ae bo"g%t by t%e $"b+i# t%an in /o0e ti0e,1 T%e n"0be o/ $eo$+e w%o ae
intee,te! in ,#ien#e, +ette,, an! at %a, gown1 B"t 0o,t o/ t%e0 ae #%ie/+y atta#te! by
t%e +owe,t /o0 o/ +iteat"e an! by t%e i0itation, o/ ,#ien#e an! o/ at1 It ,ee0, t%at t%e
e.#e++ent %ygieni# #on!ition, in w%i#% #%i+!en ae eae!, an! t%e #ae +a-i,%e! "$on
t%e0 in ,#%oo+, %a-e not ai,e! t%ei inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ ,tan!a!,1 T%ee 0ay $o,,ib+y
be ,o0e antagoni,0 between t%ei $%y,i#a+ !e-e+o$0ent an! t%ei 0enta+ ,i4e1 A/te a++,
we !o not 3now w%et%e a +age ,tat"e in a gi-en a#e e.$e,,e, a ,tate o/ $oge,,, a,
i, a,,"0e! to!ay, o o/ !egenea#y1 T%ee i, no !o"bt t%at #%i+!en ae 0"#% %a$$ie in
t%e ,#%oo+, w%ee #o0$"+,ion %a, been ,"$$e,,e!, w%ee t%ey ae a++owe! e.#+",i-e+y
to ,t"!y t%e ,"b7e#t, in w%i#% t%ey ae intee,te!, w%ee inte++e#t"a+ e//ot an! -o+"ntay
attention ae not e.a#te!1 W%at ae t%e e,"+t, o/ ,"#% an e!"#ation< In 0o!en
#i-i+i4ation, t%e in!i-i!"a+ i, #%aa#tei4e! #%ie/+y by a /ai+y geat a#ti-ity, entie+y
!ie#te! towa! t%e $a#ti#a+ ,i!e o/ +i/e, by 0"#% ignoan#e, by a #etain ,%ew!ne,,,
an! by a 3in! o/ 0enta+ wea3ne,, w%i#% +ea-e, %i0 "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e
en-ion0ent w%eein %e %a$$en, to be $+a#e!1 It a$$ea, t%at inte++igen#e it,e+/ gi-e, way
w%en #%aa#te wea3en,1 2o t%i, ea,on $e%a$,, t%i, 8"a+ity, #%aa#tei,ti# o/ 2an#e in
/o0e ti0e,, %a, ,o 0a3e!+y /ai+e! in t%at #o"nty1 In t%e Unite! State,, t%e inte++e#t"a+
,tan!a! e0ain, +ow, in ,$ite o/ t%e in#ea,ing n"0be o/ ,#%oo+, an! "ni-e,itie,1
Mo!en #i-i+i4ation ,ee0, to be in#a$ab+e o/ $o!"#ing $eo$+e en!owe! wit%
i0agination, inte++igen#e, an! #o"age1 In $a#ti#a++y e-ey #o"nty t%ee i, a !e#ea,e in
t%e inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ #a+ibe o/ t%o,e w%o #ay t%e e,$on,ibi+ity o/ $"b+i# a//ai,1
T%e /inan#ia+, in!",tia+, an! #o00e#ia+ ogani4ation, %a-e ea#%e! a giganti# ,i4e1
T%ey ae in/+"en#e! not on+y by t%e #on!ition, o/ t%e #o"nty w%ee t%ey ae e,tab+i,%e!,
b"t a+,o by t%e ,tate o/ t%e neig%boing #o"ntie, an! o/ t%e entie wo+!1 In a++ nation,,
e#ono0i# an! ,o#ia+ #on!ition, "n!ego e.te0e+y a$i! #%ange,1 Nea+y e-eyw%ee t%e
e.i,ting /o0 o/ go-en0ent i, again "n!e !i,#",,ion1 T%e geat !e0o#a#ie, /in!
t%e0,e+-e, /a#e to /a#e wit% /o0i!ab+e $ob+e0,55$ob+e0, #on#ening t%ei -ey
e.i,ten#e an! !e0an!ing an i00e!iate ,o+"tion1 An! we ea+i4e t%at, !e,$ite t%e
i00en,e %o$e, w%i#% %"0anity %a, $+a#e! in 0o!en #i-i+i4ation, ,"#% a #i-i+i4ation %a,
/ai+e! in !e-e+o$ing 0en o/ ,"//i#ient inte++igen#e an! a"!a#ity to g"i!e it a+ong t%e
!angeo", oa! on w%i#% it i, ,t"0b+ing1 H"0an being, %a-e not gown ,o a$i!+y a, t%e
in,tit"tion, ,$"ng /o0 t%ei bain,1 It i, #%ie/+y t%e inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ !e/i#ien#ie, o/
t%e $o+iti#a+ +ea!e,, an! t%ei ignoan#e, w%i#% en!ange 0o!en nation,1
2ina++y, we 0",t a,#etain %ow t%e new 0o!e o/ +i/e wi++ in/+"en#e t%e /"t"e o/ t%e
a#e1 T%e e,$on,e o/ t%e wo0en to t%e 0o!i/i#ation, bo"g%t abo"t in t%e an#e,ta+
%abit, by in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation %a, been i00e!iate an! !e#i,i-e1 T%e bit% ate %a, at
on#e /a++en1 T%i, e-ent %a, been /e+t 0o,t $e#o#io",+y an! ,eio",+y in t%e ,o#ia+ #+a,,e,
an! in t%e nation, w%i#% wee t%e /i,t to bene/it /o0 t%e $oge,, bo"g%t abo"t,
!ie#t+y o in!ie#t+y, by t%e a$$+i#ation, o/ ,#ienti/i# !i,#o-eie,1 Ao+"ntay ,tei+ity i,
not a new t%ing in t%e %i,toy o/ t%e wo+!1 It %a, a+ea!y been ob,e-e! in a #etain
$eio! o/ $a,t #i-i+i4ation,1 It i, a #+a,,i#a+ ,y0$to01 We 3now it, ,igni/i#an#e1
It i, e-i!ent, t%en, t%at t%e #%ange, $o!"#e! in o" en-ion0ent by te#%no+ogy %a-e
in/+"en#e! ", $o/o"n!+y1 T%ei e//e#t, a,,"0e an "ne.$e#te! #%aa#te1 T%ey ae
,ti3ing+y !i//eent /o0 t%o,e w%i#% wee %o$e! /o an! w%i#% #o"+! +egiti0ate+y be
e.$e#te! /o0 t%e i0$o-e0ent, o/ a++ 3in!, bo"g%t to t%e %abitat, t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e, t%e
!iet, t%e e!"#ation, an! t%e inte++e#t"a+ at0o,$%ee o/ %"0an being,1 How %a, ,"#% a
$aa!o.i#a+ e,"+t been obtaine!<

A ,i0$+e an,we #o"+! be gi-en to t%i, 8"e,tion1 Mo!en #i-i+i4ation /in!, it,e+/ in a
!i//i#"+t $o,ition be#a",e it !oe, not ,"it ",1 It %a, been ee#te! wit%o"t any 3now+e!ge
o/ o" ea+ nat"e1 It wa, bon /o0 t%e w%i0, o/ ,#ienti/i# !i,#o-eie,, /o0 t%e a$$etite,
o/ 0en, t%ei i++",ion,, t%ei t%eoie,, an! t%ei !e,ie,1 A+t%o"g% #on,t"#te! by o"
e//ot,, it i, not a!7",te! to o" ,i4e an! ,%a$e1
Ob-io",+y, ,#ien#e /o++ow, no $+an1 It !e-e+o$, at an!o01 It, $oge,, !e$en!, on
/ot"ito", #on!ition,, ,"#% a, t%e bit% o/ 0en o/ geni",, t%e /o0 o/ t%ei 0in!, t%e
!ie#tion ta3en by t%ei #"io,ity1 It i, not at a++ a#t"ate! by a !e,ie to i0$o-e t%e ,tate
o/ %"0an being,1 T%e !i,#o-eie, e,$on,ib+e /o in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation wee bo"g%t
/ot% at t%e /an#y o/ t%e ,#ienti,t,; int"ition, an! o/ t%e 0oe o +e,, #a,"a+ #i#"0,tan#e,
o/ t%ei #aee,1 I/ >a+i+eo, Newton, o La-oi,ie %a! a$$+ie! t%ei inte++e#t"a+ $owe, to
t%e ,t"!y o/ bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,,, o" wo+! $obab+y wo"+! be !i//eent to!ay1 Men
o/ ,#ien#e !o not 3now w%ee t%ey ae going1 T%ey ae g"i!e! by #%an#e, by ,"bt+e
ea,oning, by a ,ot o/ #+ai-oyan#e1 Ea#% one o/ t%e0 i, a wo+! a$at, go-ene! by %i,
own +aw,1 2o0 ti0e to ti0e, t%ing, ob,#"e to ot%e, be#o0e #+ea to %i01 In genea+,
!i,#o-eie, ae !e-e+o$e! wit%o"t any $e-i,ion o/ t%ei #on,e8"en#e,1 T%e,e
#on,e8"en#e,, %owe-e, %a-e e-o+"tioni4e! t%e wo+! an! 0a!e o" #i-i+i4ation w%at it
i,1
2o0 t%e wea+t% o/ ,#ien#e we %a-e ,e+e#te! #etain $at,1 An! o" #%oi#e %a, in no
way been in/+"en#e! by a #on,i!eation o/ t%e %ig%e intee,t, o/ %"0anity1 It %a, ,i0$+y
/o++owe! t%e !ie#tion o/ o" nat"a+ ten!en#ie,1 T%e $in#i$+e, o/ t%e geate,t
#on-enien#e an! o/ t%e +ea,t e//ot, t%e $+ea,"e $o#"e! by ,$ee!, #%ange, an! #o0/ot,
an! a+,o t%e nee! o/ e,#a$ing /o0 o",e+-e,, ae t%e !ete0ining /a#to, in t%e ,"##e,,
o/ new in-ention,1 B"t no one %a, e-e a,3e! %i0,e+/ %ow we wo"+! ,tan! t%e eno0o",
a##e+eation o/ t%e %yt%0 o/ +i/e e,"+ting /o0 a$i! tan,$otation, te+ega$%,
te+e$%one, 0o!en b",ine,, 0et%o!,, 0a#%ine, t%at wite an! #a+#"+ate, an! t%o,e t%at !o
a++ t%e %o",e3ee$ing !"!gey o/ /o0e ti0e,1 T%e ten!en#y e,$on,ib+e /o t%e
"ni-e,a+ a!o$tion o/ t%e ai$+ane, t%e a"to0obi+e, t%e #ine0a, t%e te+e$%one, t%e a!io,
an!, in t%e nea /"t"e, o/ te+e-i,ion, i, a, nat"a+ a, t%at w%i#%, in t%e nig%t o/ t%e age,,
+e! o" an#e,to, to !in3 a+#o%o+1 Stea05%eate! %o",e,, e+e#ti# +ig%ting, e+e-ato,,
bio+ogi#a+ 0oa+,, an! #%e0i#a+ a!"+teation o/ /oo!5,t"//, %a-e been a##e$te! ,o+e+y
be#a",e t%o,e inno-ation, wee ageeab+e an! #on-enient1 B"t no a##o"nt w%ate-e %a,
been ta3en o/ t%ei $obab+e e//e#t on %"0an being,1
In t%e ogani4ation o/ in!",tia+ +i/e t%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e /a#toy "$on t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+
an! 0enta+ ,tate o/ t%e wo3e, %a, been #o0$+ete+y neg+e#te!1 Mo!en in!",ty i, ba,e!
on t%e #on#e$tion o/ t%e 0a.i0"0 $o!"#tion at +owe,t #o,t, in o!e t%at an in!i-i!"a+
o a go"$ o/ in!i-i!"a+, 0ay ean a, 0"#% 0oney a, $o,,ib+e1 It %a, e.$an!e! wit%o"t
any i!ea o/ t%e t"e nat"e o/ t%e %"0an being, w%o "n t%e 0a#%ine,, an! wit%o"t gi-ing
any #on,i!eation to t%e e//e#t, $o!"#e! on t%e in!i-i!"a+, an! on t%ei !e,#en!ant, by
t%e ati/i#ia+ 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e i0$o,e! by t%e /a#toy1 T%e geat #itie, %a-e been b"i+t
wit% no ega! /o ",1 T%e ,%a$e an! !i0en,ion, o/ t%e ,3y,#a$e, !e$en! entie+y on
t%e ne#e,,ity o/ obtaining t%e 0a.i0"0 in#o0e $e ,8"ae /oot o/ go"n!, an! o/
o//eing to t%e tenant, o//i#e, an! a$at0ent, t%at $+ea,e t%e01 T%i, #a",e! t%e
#on,t"#tion o/ giganti# b"i+!ing, w%ee too +age 0a,,e, o/ %"0an being, ae #ow!e!
toget%e1 Ci-i+i4e! 0en +i3e ,"#% a way o/ +i-ing1 W%i+e t%ey en7oy t%e #o0/ot an! bana+
+"."y o/ t%ei !we++ing, t%ey !o not ea+i4e t%at t%ey ae !e$i-e! o/ t%e ne#e,,itie, o/
+i/e1 T%e 0o!en #ity #on,i,t, o/ 0on,to", e!i/i#e, an! o/ !a3, naow ,teet, /"++ o/
ga,o+ine /"0e,, #oa+ !",t, an! to.i# ga,e,, ton by t%e noi,e o/ t%e ta.i#ab,, t"#3,, an!
to++ey,, an! t%onge! #ea,e+e,,+y by geat #ow!,1 Ob-io",+y, it %a, not been $+anne! /o
t%e goo! o/ it, in%abitant,1
O" +i/e i, in/+"en#e! in a +age 0ea,"e by #o00e#ia+ a!-eti,ing1 S"#% $"b+i#ity i,
"n!eta3en on+y in t%e intee,t o/ t%e a!-eti,e, an! not o/ t%e #on,"0e,1 2o e.a0$+e,
t%e $"b+i# %a, been 0a!e to be+ie-e t%at w%ite bea! i, bette t%an bown1 T%en, /+o" %a,
been bo+te! 0oe an! 0oe t%oo"g%+y an! t%", !e$i-e! o/ it, 0o,t ",e/"+ #o0$onent,1
S"#% teat0ent $e0it, it, $e,e-ation /o +onge $eio!, an! /a#i+itate, t%e 0a3ing o/
bea!1 T%e 0i++e, an! t%e ba3e, ean 0oe 0oney1 T%e #on,"0e, eat an in/eio
$o!"#t, be+ie-ing it to be a ,"$eio one1 An! in t%e #o"ntie, w%ee bea! i, t%e
$in#i$a+ /oo!, t%e $o$"+ation !egeneate,1 Eno0o", a0o"nt, o/ 0oney ae ,$ent /o
$"b+i#ity1 A, a e,"+t, +age 8"antitie, o/ a+i0entay an! $%a0a#e"ti#a+ $o!"#t,, at t%e
+ea,t ",e+e,,, an! o/ten %a0/"+, %a-e be#o0e a ne#e,,ity /o #i-i+i4e! 0en1 In t%i,
0anne t%e gee!ine,, o/ in!i-i!"a+,, ,"//i#ient+y ,%ew! to #eate a $o$"+a !e0an! /o
t%e goo!, t%at t%ey %a-e /o ,a+e, $+ay, a +ea!ing $at in t%e 0o!en wo+!1
Howe-e, t%e $o$agan!a t%at !ie#t, o" way, o/ +i-ing i, not a+way, in,$ie! by
,e+/i,% 0oti-e,1 In,tea! o/ being $o0$te! by t%e /inan#ia+ intee,t, o/ in!i-i!"a+, o o/
go"$, o/ in!i-i!"a+,, it o/ten ai0, at t%e #o00on goo!1 B"t it, e//e#t 0ay a+,o be
%a0/"+ w%en it e0anate, /o0 $eo$+e %a-ing a /a+,e o in#o0$+ete #on#e$tion o/ t%e
%"0an being1 2o e.a0$+e, ,%o"+! $%y,i#ian,, by $e,#ibing ,$e#ia+ /oo!,, a, 0o,t o/
t%e0 !o, a##e+eate t%e gowt% o/ yo"ng #%i+!en< In ,"#% an in,tan#e, t%ei a#tion i,
ba,e! on an in#o0$+ete 3now+e!ge o/ t%e ,"b7e#t1 Ae +age an! %ea-ie #%i+!en bette
t%an ,0a++e one,< Inte++igen#e, a+etne,,, a"!a#ity, an! e,i,tan#e to !i,ea,e !o not
!e$en! on t%e ,a0e /a#to, a, t%e weig%t o/ t%e bo!y1 T%e e!"#ation !i,$en,e! by
,#%oo+, an! "ni-e,itie, #on,i,t, #%ie/+y in a taining o/ t%e 0e0oy an! o/ t%e 0",#+e,,
in #etain ,o#ia+ 0anne,, in a wo,%i$ o/ at%+eti#,1 Ae ,"#% !i,#i$+ine, ea++y ,"itab+e /o
0o!en 0en w%o nee!, abo-e a++ ot%e t%ing,, 0enta+ e8"i+ibi"0, ne-o", ,tabi+ity,
,o"n! 7"!g0ent, a"!a#ity, 0oa+ #o"age, an! en!"an#e< W%y !o %ygieni,t, be%a-e a,
t%o"g% %"0an being, wee e.#+",i-e+y +iab+e to in/e#tio", !i,ea,e,, w%i+e t%ey ae a+,o
e.$o,e! to t%e atta#3, o/ ne-o", an! 0enta+ !i,o!e,, an! to t%e wea3ening o/ t%e
0in!< A+t%o"g% $%y,i#ian,, e!"#ato,, an! %ygieni,t, 0o,t geneo",+y +a-i,% t%ei e//ot,
/o t%e bene/it o/ 0an3in!, t%ey !o not attain t%ei goa+1 2o t%ey !ea+ wit% ,#%e0ata
#ontaining on+y a $at o/ t%e ea+ity1 T%e ,a0e 0ay be ,ai! o/ a++ t%o,e w%o ,"b,tit"te
t%ei !e,ie,, t%ei !ea0,, o t%ei !o#tine, /o t%e #on#ete %"0an being1 T%e,e
t%eoi,t, b"i+! "$ #i-i+i4ation, w%i#%, a+t%o"g% !e,igne! by t%e0 /o 0an, /it on+y an
in#o0$+ete o 0on,to", i0age o/ 0an1 T%e ,y,te0, o/ go-en0ent, entie+y #on,t"#te!
in t%e 0in!, o/ !o#tinaie,, ae -a+"e+e,,1 T%e $in#i$+e, o/ t%e 2en#% Re-o+"tion, t%e
-i,ion, o/ Ma. an! Lenin, a$$+y on+y to ab,ta#t 0en1 It 0",t be #+ea+y ea+i4e! t%at t%e
+aw, o/ %"0an e+ation, ae ,ti++ "n3nown1 So#io+ogy an! e#ono0i#, ae #on7e#t"a+
,#ien#e,55t%at i,, $,e"!o5,#ien#e,1
T%",, it a$$ea, t%at t%e en-ion0ent, w%i#% ,#ien#e an! te#%no+ogy %a-e ,"##ee!e! in
!e-e+o$ing /o 0an, !oe, not ,"it %i0, be#a",e it %a, been #on,t"#te! at an!o0,
wit%o"t ega! /o %i, t"e ,e+/1
!
To ,"00ai4e1 T%e ,#ien#e, o/ inet 0atte %a-e 0a!e i00en,e $oge,,, w%i+e t%o,e
o/ +i-ing being, e0ain in a "!i0entay ,tate1 T%e ,+ow a!-an#e o/ bio+ogy i, !"e to t%e
#on!ition, o/ %"0an e.i,ten#e, to t%e inti#a#y o/ t%e $%eno0ena o/ +i/e, an! to t%e /o0
o/ o" inte++igen#e, w%i#% !e+ig%t, in 0e#%ani#a+ #on,t"#tion, an! 0at%e0ati#a+
ab,ta#tion,1 T%e a$$+i#ation, o/ ,#ienti/i# !i,#o-eie, %a-e tan,/o0e! t%e 0ateia+ an!
0enta+ wo+!,1 T%e,e tan,/o0ation, e.et on ", a $o/o"n! in/+"en#e1 T%ei "n/ot"nate
e//e#t #o0e, /o0 t%e /a#t t%at t%ey %a-e been 0a!e wit%o"t #on,i!eation /o o" nat"e1
O" ignoan#e o/ o",e+-e, %a, gi-en to 0e#%ani#,, $%y,i#,, an! #%e0i,ty t%e $owe to
0o!i/y at an!o0 t%e an#e,ta+ /o0, o/ +i/e1
Man ,%o"+! be t%e 0ea,"e o/ a++1 On t%e #ontay, %e i, a ,tange in t%e wo+! t%at %e
%a, #eate!1 He %a, been in#a$ab+e o/ ogani4ing t%i, wo+! /o %i0,e+/, be#a",e %e !i!
not $o,,e,, a $a#ti#a+ 3now+e!ge o/ %i, own nat"e1 T%",, t%e eno0o", a!-an#e gaine!
by t%e ,#ien#e, o/ inani0ate 0atte o-e t%o,e o/ +i-ing t%ing, i, one o/ t%e geate,t
#ata,to$%e, e-e ,"//ee! by %"0anity1 T%e en-ion0ent bon o/ o" inte++igen#e an!
o" in-ention, i, a!7",te! neit%e to o" ,tat"e no to o" ,%a$e1 We ae "n%a$$y1 We
!egeneate 0oa++y an! 0enta++y1 T%e go"$, an! t%e nation, in w%i#% in!",tia+
#i-i+i4ation %a, attaine! it, %ig%e,t !e-e+o$0ent ae $e#i,e+y t%o,e w%i#% ae be#o0ing
wea3e1 An! w%o,e et"n to babai,0 i, t%e 0o,t a$i!1 B"t t%ey !o not ea+i4e it1 T%ey
ae wit%o"t $ote#tion again,t t%e %o,ti+e ,"o"n!ing, t%at ,#ien#e %a, b"i+t abo"t t%e01
In t"t%, o" #i-i+i4ation, +i3e t%o,e $e#e!ing it, %a, #eate! #etain #on!ition, o/
e.i,ten#e w%i#%, /o ea,on, ,ti++ ob,#"e, en!e +i/e it,e+/ i0$o,,ib+e1 T%e an.iety an!
t%e woe, o/ t%e in%abitant, o/ t%e 0o!en #ity ai,e /o0 t%ei $o+iti#a+, e#ono0i#, an!
,o#ia+ in,tit"tion,, b"t, abo-e a++, /o0 t%ei own wea3ne,,1 We ae t%e -i#ti0, o/ t%e
ba#3wa!ne,, o/ t%e ,#ien#e, o/ +i/e o-e t%o,e o/ 0atte1
T%e on+y $o,,ib+e e0e!y /o t%i, e-i+ i, a 0"#% 0oe $o/o"n! 3now+e!ge o/
o",e+-e,1 S"#% a 3now+e!ge wi++ enab+e ", to "n!e,tan! by w%at 0e#%ani,0, 0o!e0
e.i,ten#e a//e#t, o" #on,#io",ne,, an! o" bo!y1 We ,%a++ t%", +ean %ow to a!a$t
o",e+-e, to o" ,"o"n!ing,, an! %ow to #%ange t%e0, ,%o"+! a e-o+"tion be#o0e
in!i,$en,ab+e1 In binging to +ig%t o" t"e nat"e, o" $otentia+itie,, an! t%e way to
a#t"a+i4e t%e0, t%i, ,#ien#e wi++ gi-e ", t%e e.$+anation o/ o" $%y,io+ogi#a+ wea3ening,
an! o/ o" 0oa+ an! inte++e#t"a+ !i,ea,e,1 We %a-e no ot%e 0ean, o/ +eaning t%e
ine.oab+e "+e, o/ o" ogani# an! ,$iit"a+ a#ti-itie,, o/ !i,ting"i,%ing t%e $o%ibite!
/o0 t%e +aw/"+, o/ ea+i4ing t%at we ae not /ee to 0o!i/y, a##o!ing to o" /an#y, o"
en-ion0ent, an! o",e+-e,1 Sin#e t%e nat"a+ #on!ition, o/ e.i,ten#e %a-e been
!e,toye! by 0o!en #i-i+i4ation, t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an %a, be#o0e t%e 0o,t ne#e,,ay o/
a++ ,#ien#e,1
C%a$te II
THE SCIENCE O2 MAN
1
OUR I>NORANCE o/ o",e+-e, i, o/ a $e#"+ia nat"e1 It !oe, not ai,e /o0 !i//i#"+ty in
$o#"ing t%e ne#e,,ay in/o0ation, /o0 it, ina##"a#y, o /o0 it, ,#a#ity1 On t%e
#ontay, it i, !"e to t%e e.te0e ab"n!an#e an! #on/",ion o/ t%e !ata a##"0"+ate! abo"t
it,e+/ by %"0anity !"ing t%e #o",e o/ t%e age,1 A+,o to t%e !i-i,ion o/ 0an into an
a+0o,t in/inite n"0be o/ /ag0ent, by t%e ,#ien#e, t%at %a-e en!ea-oe! to ,t"!y %i,
bo!y an! %i, #on,#io",ne,,1 T%i, 3now+e!ge, to a +age e.tent, %a, not been "ti+i4e!1 In
/a#t, it i, bae+y "ti+i45ab+e1 It, ,tei+ity 0ani/e,t, it,e+/ in t%e 0eagene,, o/ t%e #+a,,i#a+
ab,ta#tion,, o/ t%e ,#%e0ata t%at ae t%e ba,i, o/ 0e!i#ine, %ygiene, e!"#ation,
,o#io+ogy, an! $o+iti#a+ e#ono0y1 T%ee i,, %owe-e, a +i-ing an! i#% ea+ity b"ie! in
t%e eno0o", 0a,, o/ !e/inition,, ob,e-ation,, !o#tine,, !e,ie,, an! !ea0,
e$e,enting 0an;, e//ot, towa! a 3now+e!ge o/ %i0,e+/1 In a!!ition to t%e ,y,te0, an!
,$e#"+ation, o/ ,#ienti,t, an! $%i+o,o$%e,, we %a-e t%e $o,iti-e e,"+t, o/ t%e e.$eien#e
o/ $a,t geneation,, an! a+,o a 0"+tit"!e o/ ob,e-ation, #aie! o"t wit% t%e ,$iit an!,
o##a,iona++y, wit% t%e te#%ni8"e, o/ ,#ien#e1 B"t we 0",t 0a3e a 7"!i#io", #%oi#e /o0
t%e,e %eteogeneo", t%ing,1
A0ong t%e n"0eo", #on#e$t, e+ating to t%e %"0an being, ,o0e ae 0ee +ogi#a+
#on,t"#t, o/ o" 0in!1 We !o not /in! in t%e o"te wo+! any being to w%o0 t%ey a$$+y1
T%e ot%e, ae $"e+y an! ,i0$+y t%e e,"+t o/ e.$eien#e1 T%ey %a-e been #a++e! by
Bi!g0an o$eationa+ #on#e$t,1 An o$eationa+ #on#e$t i, e8"i-a+ent to t%e o$eation o
to t%e ,et o/ o$eation, in-o+-e! in it, a#8"i,ition1 In!ee!, a++ $o,iti-e 3now+e!ge
!e0an!, t%e ",e o/ a #etain te#%ni8"e, o/ #etain $%y,i#a+ o 0enta+ o$eation,1 W%en
we ,ay t%at an ob7e#t i, one 0ete +ong, we 0ean t%at it %a, t%e ,a0e +engt% a, a o! o/
woo! o o/ 0eta+, w%o,e !i0en,ion i,, in it, t"n, e8"a+ to t%at o/ t%e ,tan!a! 0ete 3e$t
at t%e Intenationa+ B"ea" o/ Weig%t, an! Mea,"e, in Pai,1 It i, 8"ite e-i!ent t%at t%e
t%ing, we #an ob,e-e ae t%e on+y one, we ea++y 3now1 In t%e /oegoing e.a0$+e, t%e
#on#e$t o/ +engt% i, ,ynony0o", wit% t%e 0ea,"e0ent o/ ,"#% +engt%1 A##o!ing to
Bi!g0an, #on#e$t, !ea+ing wit% t%ing, ,it"ate! o"t,i!e t%e e.$ei0enta+ /ie+! ae
0eaning+e,,1 T%",, a 8"e,tion %a, no ,igni/i#ation i/ it i, not $o,,ib+e to !i,#o-e t%e
o$eation, $e0itting ", to an,we it1
T%e $e#i,ion o/ any #on#e$t w%at,oe-e !e$en!, "$on t%at o/ t%e o$eation, by w%i#%
it i, a#8"ie!1 I/ 0an i, !e/ine! a, a being #o0$o,e! o/ 0atte an! #on,#io",ne,,, ,"#% a
$o$o,ition i, 0eaning+e,,1 2o t%e e+ation, between #on,#io",ne,, an! bo!i+y 0atte
%a-e not, ,o /a, been bo"g%t into t%e e.$ei0enta+ /ie+!1 B"t an o$eationa+ !e/inition i,
gi-en o/ 0an w%en we #on,i!e %i0 a, an ogani,0 #a$ab+e o/ 0ani/e,ting
$%y,i#o#%e0i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 In bio+ogy, a, in $%y,i#,,
t%e #on#e$t, w%i#% wi++ a+way, e0ain ea+, an! 0",t be t%e ba,i, o/ ,#ien#e, ae +in3e!
to #etain 0et%o!, o/ ob,e-ation1 2o e.a0$+e, o" $e,ent i!ea o/ t%e #e++, o/ t%e
#eeba+ #ote., t%ei $ya0i!a+ bo!y, t%ei !en!iti# $o#e,,e,, an! t%ei ,0oot% a.on,
e,"+t, /o0 t%e te#%ni8"e, in-ente! by Ra0on y Ca7a+1 T%i, i, an o$eationa+ #on#e$t1
S"#% a #on#e$t wi++ #%ange on+y w%en new an! 0oe $e/e#t te#%ni8"e, wi++ be
!i,#o-ee!1 B"t to ,ay t%at #eeba+ #e++, ae t%e ,eat o/ 0enta+ $o#e,,e, i, a wot%+e,,
a//i0ation, /o t%ee i, no $o,,ibi+ity o/ ob,e-ing t%e $e,en#e o/ 0enta+ $o#e,,e, in
t%e bo!y o/ #eeba+ #e++,1 O$eationa+ #on#e$t, ae t%e on+y ,o+i! /o"n!ation "$on w%i#%
we #an b"i+!1 2o0 t%e i00en,e /"n! o/ 3now+e!ge we $o,,e,, abo"t o",e+-e,, we 0",t
,e+e#t t%e !ata #oe,$on!ing to w%at e.i,t, not on+y in o" 0in!, b"t a+,o in nat"e1
We 3now t%at a0ong t%e #on#e$t, e+ating to 0an, ,o0e ae ,$e#i/i# o/ %i0, ot%e,
be+ong to a++ +i-ing being,, an! ,ti++ ot%e, ae t%o,e o/ #%e0i,ty, $%y,i#,, an!
0e#%ani#,1 T%ee ae a, 0any ,y,te0, o/ #on#e$t, a, o/ ,tata in t%e ogani4ation o/
+i-ing 0atte1 At t%e +e-e+ o/ t%e e+e#toni#, ato0i#, an! 0o+e#"+a ,t"#t"e, /o"n! in
0an;, ti,,"e,, a, we++ a, in tee,, ,tone,, o #+o"!,, t%e #on#e$t, o/ ,$a#e5ti0e #ontin""0,
enegy, /o#e, 0a,,, ento$y, ,%o"+! be ",e!1 An! a+,o t%o,e o/ o,0oti# ten,ion, e+e#ti#
#%age, ion,, #a$i++aity, $e0eabi+ity, !i//",ion1 T%e #on#e$t, o/ 0i#e++a, !i,$e,ion,
a!,o$tion, an! /+o##"+ation a$$ea at t%e +e-e+ o/ t%e 0ateia+ aggegate, +age t%an
0o+e#"+e,1 W%en t%e 0o+e#"+e, an! t%ei #o0bination, %a-e ee#te! ti,,"e #e++,, an!
w%en t%e,e #e++, %a-e a,,o#iate! toget%e to /o0 ogan, an! ogani,0,, t%e #on#e$t, o/
#%o0o,o0e, gene, %ee!ity, a!a$tation, $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e, e/+e., in,tin#t, et#1, 0",t be
a!!e! to t%o,e a+ea!y 0entione!1 T%ey ae t%e -ey #on#e$t, o/ $%y,io+ogy1 T%ey e.i,t
,i0"+taneo",+y wit% t%e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ #on#e$t,, b"t #annot be e!"#e! to t%e01 At t%e
%ig%e,t +e-e+ o/ ogani4ation, in a!!ition to e+e#ton,, ato0,, 0o+e#"+e,, #e++,, an! ti,,"e,,
we en#o"nte a w%o+e #o0$o,e! o/ ogan,, %"0o,, an! #on,#io",ne,,1 T%en,
$%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ #on#e$t, be#o0e in,"//i#ient1 To t%e0 we 0",t 7oin
t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ #on#e$t, #%aa#tei,ti# o/ 0an, ,"#% a, inte++igen#e, 0oa+ ,en,e,
e,t%eti# ,en,e, an! ,o#ia+ ,en,e1 T%e $in#i$+e, o/ 0ini0"0 e//ot an! o/ 0a.i0"0
$o!"#tion o o/ 0a.i0"0 $+ea,"e, t%e 8"e,t /o +ibety, /o e8"a+ity, et#1, %a-e to be
,"b,tit"te! /o t%e t%e0o!yna0i# +aw, an! t%o,e o/ a!a$tation1
Ea#% ,y,te0 o/ #on#e$t, #an on+y be +egiti0ate+y ",e! in t%e !o0ain o/ t%e ,#ien#e to
w%i#% it be+ong,1 T%e #on#e$t, o/ $%y,i#,, #%e0i,ty, $%y,io+ogy, an! $,y#%o+ogy ae
a$$+i#ab+e to t%e ,"$e$o,e! +e-e+, o/ t%e bo!i+y ogani4ation1 B"t t%e #on#e$t,
a$$o$iate at one +e-e+ ,%o"+! not be 0ing+e! in!i,#i0inate+y wit% t%o,e ,$e#i/i# o/
anot%e1 2o e.a0$+e, t%e ,e#on! +aw o/ t%e0o!yna0i#,, t%e +aw o/ !i,,i$ation o/ /ee
enegy, in!i,$en,ab+e at t%e 0o+e#"+a +e-e+, i, ",e+e,, at t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ +e-e+, w%ee
t%e $in#i$+e, o/ +ea,t e//ot an! o/ 0a.i0"0 $+ea,"e ae a$$+ie!1 T%e #on#e$t, o/
#a$i++aity an! o/ o,0oti# ten,ion !o not t%ow any +ig%t on $ob+e0, $etaining to
#on,#io",ne,,1 It i, not%ing b"t wo! $+ay to e.$+ain a $,y#%o+ogi#a+ $%eno0enon in
te0, o/ #e++ $%y,io+ogy, o o/ 8"ant"0 0e#%ani#,1 Howe-e, t%e 0e#%ani,ti#
$%y,io+ogi,t, o/ t%e nineteent% #ent"y, an! t%ei !i,#i$+e, w%o ,ti++ +inge wit% ",, %a-e
#o00itte! ,"#% an eo in en!ea-oing to e!"#e 0an entie+y to $%y,i#a+ #%e0i,ty1
T%i, "n7",ti/ie! genea+i4ation o/ t%e e,"+t, o/ ,o"n! e.$ei0ent, i, !"e to
o-e,$e#ia+i4ation1 Con#e$t, ,%o"+! not be 0i,",e!1 T%ey 0",t be 3e$t in t%ei $+a#e in
t%e %iea#%y o/ ,#ien#e,1 T%e #on/",ion in o" 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e, #o0e, #%ie/+y
/o0 t%e $e,en#e, a0ong t%e $o,iti-e /a#t,, o/ t%e e0ain, o/ ,#ienti/i#, $%i+o,o$%i#, an!
e+igio", ,y,te0,1 I/ o" 0in! a!%ee, to any ,y,te0 w%at,oe-e, t%e a,$e#t an! t%e
,igni/i#an#e o/ #on#ete $%eno0ena ae #%ange!1 At a++ ti0e,, %"0anity %a,
#onte0$+ate! it,e+/ t%o"g% g+a,,e, #o+oe! by !o#tine,, be+ie/,, an! i++",ion,1 T%e,e
/a+,e o ine.a#t i!ea, 0",t be !i,#a!e!1 Long ago, C+a"!e Bena! in %i, witing,
0entione! t%e ne#e,,ity o/ getting i! o/ $%i+o,o$%i#a+ an! ,#ienti/i# ,y,te0, a, one
wo"+! bea3 t%e #%ain, o/ inte++e#t"a+ ,+a-ey1 B"t ,"#% /ee!o0 %a, not yet been
attaine!1 Bio+ogi,t, an!, abo-e a++, e!"#ato,, e#ono0i,t,, an! ,o#io+ogi,t,, w%en /a#ing
e.te0e+y #o0$+e. $ob+e0,, %a-e o/ten yie+!e! to t%e te0$tation to b"i+! "$ t%eoie,
an! a/tewa!, to t"n t%e0 into ati#+e, o/ /ait%1 An! t%ei ,#ien#e, %a-e #y,ta++i4e! in
/o0"+a, a, igi! a, t%e !og0a, o/ a e+igion1
We 0eet wit% to"b+e,o0e e0in!e, o/ ,"#% 0i,ta3e, in a++ t%e !e$at0ent, o/
3now+e!ge1 T%e 8"ae+ o/ t%e -ita+5i,t, an! t%e 0e#%ani,t,, t%e /"ti+ity o/ w%i#% a,to"n!,
", to!ay, ao,e /o0 one o/ t%e 0o,t /a0o", o/ t%e,e eo,1 T%e -ita+i,t, t%o"g%t t%at t%e
ogani,0 wa, a 0a#%ine w%o,e $at, wee integate! wit% one anot%e by a /a#to t%at
wa, not $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+1 A##o!ing to t%e0, t%e $o#e,,e, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e "nity o/
t%e +i-ing being wee go-ene! by an in!e$en!ent ,$iit"a+ $in#i$+e, an ente+e#%y, an
i!ea ana+ogo", to t%at o/ an enginee w%o !e,ign, a 0a#%ine1 T%i, a"tono 0o", /a#to
wa, not a /o0 o/ enegy an! !i! not $o!"#e enegy1 It wa, on+y #on#ene! wit% t%e
0anage0ent o/ t%e ogani,01 E-i!ent+y, ente+e#%y i, not an o$eationa+ #on#e$t1 It i,
$"e+y a 0enta+ #on,t"#t1 In ,%ot, t%e -ita+i,t, #on,i!ee! t%e bo!y a, a 0a#%ine, g"i!e!
by an enginee, w%o0 t%ey #a++e! ente+e#%y1 An! t%ey !i! not ea+i4e t%at t%i, enginee
wa, not%ing b"t t%e inte++igen#e o/ t%e ob,e-e1 A, /o t%e 0e#%ani,t,, t%ey be+ie-e! t%at
a++ $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie, #o"+! be e.$+aine! by t%e +aw, o/ $%y,i#,,
#%e0i,ty, an! 0e#%ani#,1 T%ey t%", b"i+t a 0a#%ine, an!, +i3e t%e -ita+i,t,, t%ey wee t%e
enginee o/ t%i, 0a#%ine1 T%en, a, Woo!ge $ointe! o"t, t%ey /ogot t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%at
enginee1 S"#% a #on#e$t i, not o$eationa+1 It i, e-i!ent t%at 0e#%ani,0 an! -ita+i,0
,%o"+! be e7e#te! /o t%e ,a0e ea,on a, a++ ot%e ,y,te0,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, we 0",t
/ee o",e+-e, /o0 t%e 0a,, o/ i++",ion,, eo,, an! ba!+y ob,e-e! /a#t,, /o0 t%e /a+,e
$ob+e0, in-e,tigate! by t%e wea350in!e! o/ t%e ea+0 o/ ,#ien#e, an! /o0 t%e $,e"!o5
!i,#o-eie, o/ #%a+atan, an! ,#ienti,t, e.to++e! by t%e !ai+y $e,,1 A+,o /o0 t%e ,a!+y
",e+e,, in-e,tigation,, t%e +ong ,t"!ie, o/ 0eaning+e,, t%ing,, t%e ine.ti#ab+e 7"0b+e t%at
%a, been ,tan!ing 0o"ntain %ig% e-e ,in#e bio+ogi#a+ e,ea#% be#a0e a $o/e,,ion +i3e
t%o,e o/ t%e ,#%oo+5tea#%e, t%e #+egy0an, an! t%e ban3 #+e31
T%i, e+i0ination #o0$+ete!, t%e e,"+t, o/ t%e $atient +abo o/ a++ ,#ien#e, #on#ening
t%e0,e+-e, wit% 0an, t%e a##"0"+ate! wea+t% o/ t%ei e.$eien#e, wi++ e0ain a, t%e
"n,%a3ab+e ba,i, o/ o" 3now+e!ge1 In t%e %i,toy o/ %"0anity, t%e e.$e,,ion o/ a++ o"
/"n!a0enta+ a#ti-itie, #an be ea! at a ,ing+e g+an#e1 In a!!ition to $o,iti-e ob,e-ation,,
to ,"e /a#t,, t%ee ae 0any t%ing, neit%e $o,iti-e no in!"bitab+e1 T%ey ,%o"+! not be
e7e#te!1 O/ #o",e, o$eationa+ #on#e$t, ae t%e on+y /o"n!ation "$on w%i#% ,#ien#e #an
be ,o+i!+y b"i+t1 B"t #eati-e i0agination a+one i, #a$ab+e o/ in,$iing #on7e#t"e, an!
!ea0, $egnant wit% t%e wo+!, o/ t%e /"t"e1 We 0",t #ontin"e a,3ing 8"e,tion, w%i#%,
/o0 t%e $oint o/ -iew o/ ,o"n!, ,#ienti/i# #iti#i,0, ae 0eaning+e,,1 An! e-en i/ we
tie! to $e-ent o" 0in! /o0 $","ing t%e i0$o,,ib+e an! t%e "n3nowab+e, ,"#% an
e//ot wo"+! be -ain1 C"io,ity i, a ne#e,,ity o/ o" nat"e, a b+in! i0$"+,e t%at obey, no
"+e1 O" 0in! t"n, ao"n! a++ e.tena+ ob7e#t, an! $enetate, wit%in t%e !e$t%, o/
o",e+-e,, a, in,tin#ti-e+y an! a, ie,i,tib+y a, a a##oon e.$+oe,, wit% it, #+e-e +itt+e
$aw,, t%e ,+ig%te,t !etai+, o/ it, naow wo+!1 C"io,ity i0$e+, ", to !i,#o-e t%e
"ni-e,e1 It ine.oab+y !aw, ", in it, tain to "n3nown #o"ntie,1 An! "n#+i0bab+e
0o"ntain, -ani,% be/oe it +i3e ,0o3e be/oe t%e win!1
2
A t%oo"g% e.a0ination o/ 0an i, in!i,$en,ab+e1 T%e baenne,, o/ #+a,,i#a+ ,#%e0ata
i, !"e to t%e /a#t t%at, !e,$ite t%e geat ,#o$e o/ o" 3now+e!ge, we %a-e ne-e
a$$e%en!e! o" w%o+e being wit% a ,"//i#ient+y $enetating e//ot1 T%",, we 0",t !o
0oe t%an #on,i!e t%e a,$e#t o/ 0an at a #etain $eio! o/ %i, %i,toy, in #etain
#on!ition, o/ %i, +i/e1 We 0",t ga,$ %i0 in a++ %i, a#ti-itie,, t%o,e t%at ae o!inai+y
a$$aent a, we++ a, t%o,e t%at 0ay e0ain $otentia+1 S"#% in/o0ation #an on+y be
obtaine! by +oo3ing #ae/"++y in t%e $e,ent an! in t%e $a,t /o a++ t%e 0ani/e,tation, o/
o" ogani# an! 0enta+ $owe,1 A+,o by an e.a0ination, bot% ana+yti# an! ,ynt%eti#, o/
o" #on,tit"tion an! o/ o" $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, an! 0enta+ e+ation, wit% o"
en-ion0ent1 We ,%o"+! /o++ow t%e wi,e a!-i#e t%at @e,#ate,, in %i, "iscourse on
Method# ga-e to t%o,e w%o ,ee3 t%e t"t%, an! !i-i!e o" ,"b7e#t into a, 0any $at, a, ae
ne#e,,ay in o!e to 0a3e a #o0$+ete in-entoy o/ ea#% one o/ t%e01 B"t it ,%o"+! be
#+ea+y "n!e,too! t%at ,"#% a !i-i,ion i, on+y a 0et%o!o+ogi#a+ e.$e!ient, #eate! by
o",e+-e,, an! t%at 0an e0ain, in!i-i,ib+e1
T%ee i, no $i-i+ege! teitoy1 In t%e aby,,e, o/ o" inne wo+! e-eyt%ing %a, a
0eaning1 We #annot #%oo,e on+y t%o,e t%ing, t%at $+ea,e ",, a##o!ing to t%e !i#tate, o/
o" /ee+ing,, o" i0agination, t%e ,#ienti/i# an! $%i+o,o$%i#a+ /o0 o/ o" 0in!1 A
!i//i#"+t o ob,#"e ,"b7e#t 0",t not be neg+e#te! 7",t be#a",e it i, !i//i#"+t an! ob,#"e1
A++ 0et%o!, ,%o"+! be e0$+oye!1 T%e 8"a+itati-e i, a, t"e a, t%e 8"antitati-e1 T%e
e+ation, t%at #an be e.$e,,e! in 0at%e0ati#a+ te0, !o not $o,,e,, geate ea+ity t%an
t%o,e t%at #annot be ,o e.$e,,e!1 @awin, C+a"!e Bena!, an! Pa,te", w%o,e
!i,#o-eie, #o"+! not be !e,#ibe! in a+gebai# /o0"+a,, wee a, geat ,#ienti,t, a,
Newton an! Ein,tein1 Rea+ity i, not ne#e,,ai+y #+ea an! ,i0$+e1 It i, not e-en ,"e t%at
we ae a+way, ab+e to "n!e,tan! it1 In a!!ition, it a,,"0e, in/inite+y -aie! a,$e#t,1 A
,tate o/ #on,#io",ne,,, t%e %"0ea+ bone, a wo"n!, ae e8"a++y ea+ t%ing,1 A
$%eno0enon !oe, not owe it, i0$otan#e to t%e /a#i+ity wit% w%i#% ,#ienti/i# te#%ni8"e,
#an be a$$+ie! to it, ,t"!y1 It 0",t be #on#ei-e! in /"n#tion, not o/ t%e ob,e-e an! %i,
0et%o!, b"t o/ t%e ,"b7e#t, t%e %"0an being1 T%e gie/ o/ t%e 0ot%e w%o %a, +o,t %e
#%i+!, t%e !i,te,, o/ t%e 0y,ti#a+ ,o"+ $+"nge! in t%e 6!a3 nig%t,6 t%e ,"//eing o/ t%e
$atient tot"e! by #an#e, ae e-i!ent ea+itie,, a+t%o"g% t%ey ae not 0ea,"ab+e1 T%e
,t"!y o/ t%e $%eno0ena o/ #+ai-oyan#e ,%o"+! not be neg+e#te! any 0oe t%an t%at o/
t%e #%ona.y o/ ne-e,, t%o"g% #+ai-oyan#e #an neit%e be $o!"#e! at wi++ no
0ea,"e!, w%i+e it i, $o,,ib+e to 0ea,"e #%ona.y e.a#t+y by a ,i0$+e 0et%o!1 In
0a3ing t%i, in -entoy, we ,%o"+! "ti+i4e a++ $o,,ib+e 0ean, an! be #ontent wit%
ob,e-ing t%e $%eno0ena t%at #annot be 0ea,"e!1
It o/ten %a$$en, t%at "n!"e i0$otan#e i, gi-en to ,o0e $at at t%e e.$en,e o/ t%e
ot%e,1 We ae ob+ige! to #on,i!e a++ t%e !i//eent a,$e#t, o/ 0an, $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+,
anato0i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, 0eta$,y#%i#a+, inte++e#t"a+, 0oa+, ati,ti#, e+igio",,
e#ono0i#, an! ,o#ia+1 E-ey ,$e#ia+i,t, owing to a we++53nown $o/e,,iona+ bia,, be+ie-e,
t%at %e "n!e,tan!, t%e entie %"0an being, w%i+e in ea+ity %e on+y ga,$, a tiny $at o/
%i01 2ag0entay a,$e#t, ae #on,i!ee! a, e$e,enting t%e w%o+e1 An! t%e,e a,$e#t, ae
ta3en at an!o0, /o++owing t%e /a,%ion o/ t%e 0o0ent, w%i#% in t"n gi-e, 0oe
i0$otan#e to t%e in!i-i!"a+ o to ,o#iety, to $%y,io+ogi#a+ a$$etite, o to ,$iit"a+
a#ti-itie,, to 0",#"+a !e-e+o$0ent o to bain $owe, to bea"ty o to "ti+ity, et#1 Man,
t%ee/oe, a$$ea, wit% 0any !i//eent -i,age,1 We abitai+y #%oo,e a0ong t%e0 t%e
one t%at $+ea,e, ",, an! /oget t%e ot%e,1
Anot%e 0i,ta3e #on,i,t, in ,"$$e,,ing a $at o/ ea+ity /o0 t%e in-entoy1 T%ee ae
0any ea,on, a##o"nting /o t%i,1 We $e/e to ,t"!y ,y,te0, t%at #an ea,i+y be i,o+ate!
an! a$$oa#%e! by ,i0$+e 0et%o!,1 We genea++y neg+e#t t%e 0oe #o0$+e.1 O" 0in!
%a, a $atia+ity /o $e#i,e an! !e/initi-e ,o+"tion, an! /o t%e e,"+ting inte++e#t"a+
,e#"ity1 We %a-e an a+0o,t ie,i,tib+e ten!en#y to ,e+e#t t%e ,"b7e#t, o/ o"
in-e,tigation, /o t%ei te#%ni#a+ /a#i+ity an! #+eane,, at%e t%an /o t%ei i0$otan#e1
T%",, 0o!e0 $%y,io+ogi,t, $in#i$a++y #on#en t%e0,e+-e, wit% $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+
$%eno0ena ta3ing $+a#e in +i-ing ani0a+,, an! $ay +e,, attention to $%y,io+ogi#a+ an!
/"n#tiona+ $o#e,,e,1 T%e ,a0e t%ing %a$$en, wit% $%y,i#ian, w%en t%ey ,$e#ia+i4e in
,"b7e#t, w%o,e te#%ni8"e, ae ea,y an! a+ea!y 3nown, at%e t%an in !egeneati-e
!i,ea,e,, ne"o,e,, an! $,y#%o,e,, w%o,e ,t"!y wo"+! e8"ie t%e ",e o/ i0agination an!
t%e #eation o/ new 0et%o!,1 E-eyone ea+i4e,, %owe-e, t%at t%e !i,#o-ey o/ ,o0e o/
t%e +aw, o/ t%e ogani4ation o/ +i-ing 0atte wo"+! be 0oe i0$otant t%an, /o e.a0$+e,
t%at o/ t%e %yt%0 o/ t%e #i+ia o/ ta#%ea+ #e++,1 Wit%o"t any !o"bt, it wo"+! be 0"#%
0oe ",e/"+ to /ee %"0anity /o0 #an#e, t"be#"+o,i,, ateio,#+eo,i,, ,y$%i+i,, an! t%e
inn"0eab+e 0i,/ot"ne, #a",e! by ne-o", an! 0enta+ !i,ea,e,, t%an to engo,, one,e+/
in t%e 0in"te ,t"!y o/ $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ $%eno0ena o/ ,e#on!ay i0$otan#e 0ani/e,ting
t%e0,e+-e, in t%e #o",e o/ !i,ea,e,1 On a##o"nt o/ te#%ni#a+ !i//i#"+tie,, #etain 0atte,
ae bani,%e! /o0 t%e /ie+! o/ ,#ienti/i# e,ea#%, an! e/",e! t%e ig%t o/ 0a3ing
t%e0,e+-e, 3nown1
I0$otant /a#t, 0ay be #o0$+ete+y ignoe!1 O" 0in! %a, a nat"a+ ten!en#y to e7e#t
t%e t%ing, t%at !o not /it into t%e /a0e o/ t%e ,#ienti/i# o $%i+o,o$%i#a+ be+ie/, o/ o"
ti0e1 A/te a++, ,#ienti,t, ae on+y 0en1 T%ey ae ,at"ate! wit% t%e $e7"!i#e, o/ t%ei
en-ion0ent an! o/ t%ei e$o#%1 T%ey wi++ing+y be+ie-e t%at /a#t, t%at #annot be e.$+aine!
by #"ent t%eoie, !o not e.i,t1 @"ing t%e $eio! w%en $%y,io+ogy wa, i!enti/ie! wit%
$%y,i#a+ #%e0i,ty, t%e $eio! o/ ?a#8"e, Loeb an! o/ Bay+i,,, t%e ,t"!y o/ 0enta+
/"n#tion, wa, neg+e#te!1 No one wa, intee,te! in $,y#%o+ogy an! in 0in! !i,o!e,1 At
t%e $e,ent ti0e, ,#ienti,t, w%o ae #on#ene! ,o+e+y in t%e $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, an!
$%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ a,$e#t, o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e, ,ti++ +oo3 "$on te+e$at%y an! ot%e
0eta$,y#%i#a+ $%eno0ena a, i++",ion,1 E-i!ent /a#t, %a-ing an "not%o!o. a$$eaan#e
ae ,"$$e,,e!1 By ea,on o/ t%e,e !i//i#"+tie,, t%e in-entoy o/ t%e t%ing, w%i#% #o"+!
+ea! ", to a bette "n!e,tan!ing o/ t%e %"0an being, %a, been +e/t in#o0$+ete1 We 0",t,
t%en, go ba#3 to a nai-e ob,e-ation o/ o",e+-e, in a++ o" a,$e#t,, e7e#t not%ing, an!
!e,#ibe ,i0$+y w%at we ,ee1
At /i,t g+an#e, t%e ,#ienti/i# 0et%o! ,ee0, not to be a$$+i#ab+e to t%e ana+y,i, o/ a++
o" a#ti-itie,1 It i, ob-io", t%at we, t%e ob,e-e,, ae "nab+e to /o++ow %"0an $e,ona+ity
into e-ey egion w%ee it e.ten!,1 O" te#%ni8"e, !o not ga,$ t%ing, %a-ing neit%e
!i0en,ion, no weig%t1 T%ey on+y ea#% t%o,e ,it"ate! in ,$a#e an! ti0e1 T%ey ae
in#a$ab+e o/ 0ea,"ing -anity, %ate!, +o-e, bea"ty, o t%e !ea0, o/ t%e ,#ienti,t, t%e
in,$iation o/ t%e $oet, t%e e+e-ation o/ t%e 0y,ti#a+ ,o"+ towa! >o!1 B"t t%ey ea,i+y
e#o! t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ a,$e#t, an! t%e 0ateia+ e,"+t, o/ t%e,e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ,tate,1
Menta+ an! ,$iit"a+ a#ti-itie,, w%en t%ey $+ay an i0$otant $at in o" +i/e, e.$e,,
t%e0,e+-e, by a #etain be%a-io, #etain a#t,, a #etain attit"!e towa! o" /e++ow 0en1 It
i, on+y in t%i, 0anne t%at t%e 0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! 0y,ti# /"n#tion, #an be e.$+oe! by
,#ienti/i# 0et%o!,1 We a+,o %a-e at o" !i,$o,a+ t%e ,tate0ent, o/ t%o,e w%o %a-e
ta-e+e! in t%e,e a+0o,t "n3nown egion,1 B"t t%e -eba+ e.$e,,ion o/ t%ei e.$eien#e,
i,, in genea+, !i,#on#eting1 O"t,i!e t%e !o0ain o/ inte++igen#e, not%ing i, #+ea+y
!e/inab+e1 O/ #o",e, t%e e+",i-ene,, o/ a t%ing !oe, not ,igni/y it, non5e.i,ten#e1 W%en
one ,ai+, in !en,e /og, t%e in-i,ib+e o#3, ae none t%e +e,, $e,ent1 2o0 ti0e to ti0e
t%ei 0ena#ing /o0, e0ege /o0 t%e w%ite 0i,t1 An! at on#e t%ey ae ,wa++owe! "$
again1 To t%i, $%eno0enon #an be t"t%/"++y #o0$ae! t%e e-ane,#ent -i,ion, o/ ati,t,
an!, abo-e a++, o/ geat 0y,ti#,1 T%o,e t%ing, w%i#% o" te#%ni8"e, ae in#a$ab+e o/
ga,$ing ne-et%e+e,, ,ta0$ t%e initiate! wit% a -i,ib+e 0a31 In ,"#% in!ie#t way, !oe,
,#ien#e 3now t%e ,$iit"a+ wo+! w%i#%, by !e/inition, it i, /obi!!en to ente1 Man in %i,
entiety i, +o#ate! wit%in t%e 7"i,!i#tion o/ t%e ,#ienti/i# te#%ni8"e,1
3
T%e #iti#a+ e-iew o/ t%e !ata #on#ening 0an yie+!, a +age a0o"nt o/ $o,iti-e
in/o0ation1 We ae t%", enab+e! to 0a3e a #o0$+ete in-entoy o/ %"0an a#ti-itie,1 S"#%
an in-entoy wi++ +ea! to t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ new ,#%e0ata, i#%e t%an t%e #+a,,i#a+ one,1
B"t o" 3now+e!ge wi++ not, in t%i, 0anne, $oge,, -ey ,ti3ing+y1 We ,%a++ %a-e to go
/at%e an! b"i+! "$ a ea+ ,#ien#e o/ 0an1 A ,#ien#e #a$ab+e o/ "n!eta3ing, wit% t%e
%e+$ o/ a++ 3nown te#%ni8"e,, a 0oe e.%a",ti-e e.a0ination o/ o" inne wo+!, an! a+,o
o/ ea+i4ing t%at ea#% $at ,%o"+! be #on,i!ee! a, a /"n#tion o/ t%e w%o+e1 In o!e to
!e-e+o$ ,"#% a ,#ien#e, we 0",t, /o ,o0e ti0e, t"n o" attention away /o0 0e#%ani#a+
in-ention, an! e-en, in a #etain 0ea,"e, /o0 #+a,,i#a+ %ygiene an! 0e!i#ine, /o0 t%e
$"e+y 0ateia+ a,$e#t, o/ o" e.i,ten#e1 E-eybo!y i, intee,te! in t%ing, t%at in#ea,e
wea+t% an! #o0/ot1 B"t no one "n!e,tan!, t%at t%e ,t"#t"a+, /"n#tiona+, an! 0enta+
8"a+ity o/ ea#% in!i-i!"a+ %a, to be i0$o-e!1 T%e %ea+t% o/ t%e inte++igen#e an! o/ t%e
a//e#ti-e ,en,e, 0oa+ !i,#i$+ine, an! ,$iit"a+ !e-e+o$0ent ae 7",t a, ne#e,,ay a, t%e
%ea+t% o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e $e-ention o/ in/e#tio", !i,ea,e,1
No a!-antage i, to be gaine! by in#ea,ing t%e n"0be o/ 0e#%ani#a+ in-ention,1 It
wo"+! $e%a$, be a, we++ not to a##o! ,o 0"#% i0$otan#e to !i,#o-eie, o/ $%y,i#,,
a,tono0y, an! #%e0i,ty1 In t"t%, $"e ,#ien#e ne-e !ie#t+y bing, ", any %a01 B"t
w%en it, /a,#inating bea"ty !o0inate, o" 0in! an! en,+a-e, o" t%o"g%t, in t%e ea+0 o/
inani0ate 0atte, it be#o0e, !angeo",1 Man 0",t now t"n %i, attention to %i0,e+/, an!
to t%e #a",e o/ %i, 0oa+ an! inte++e#t"a+ !i,abi+ity1 W%at i, t%e goo! o/ in#ea,ing t%e
#o0/ot, t%e +"."y, t%e bea"ty, t%e ,i4e, an! t%e #o0$+i#ation, o/ o" #i-i+i4ation, i/ o"
wea3ne,, $e-ent, ", /o0 g"i!ing it to o" be,t a!-antage< It i, ea++y not wot% w%i+e
to go on e+aboating a way o/ +i-ing t%at i, binging abo"t t%e !e0oa+i4ation an! t%e
!i,a$$eaan#e o/ t%e nob+e,t e+e0ent, o/ t%e geat a#e,1 It wo"+! be /a bette to $ay
0oe attention to o",e+-e, t%an to #on,t"#t /a,te ,tea0e,, 0oe #o0/otab+e
a"to0obi+e,, #%ea$e a!io,, o te+e,#o$e, /o e.a0ining t%e ,t"#t"e o/ e0ote neb"+ae1
W%at ea+ $oge,, wi++ be a##o0$+i,%e! w%en ai#a/t ta3e ", to E"o$e o to C%ina in a
/ew %o",< I, it ne#e,,ay to in#ea,e $o!"#tion "n#ea,ing+y, ,o t%at 0en 0ay #on,"0e
+age an! +age 8"antitie, o/ ",e+e,, t%ing,< T%ee i, not t%e ,%a!ow o/ a !o"bt t%at
0e#%ani#a+, $%y,i#a+, an! #%e0i#a+ ,#ien#e, ae in#a$ab+e o/ gi-ing ", inte++igen#e,
0oa+ !i,#i$+ine, %ea+t%, ne-o", e8"i+ibi"0, ,e#"ity, an! $ea#e1
O" #"io,ity 0",t t"n a,i!e /o0 it, $e,ent $at%, an! ta3e anot%e !ie#tion1 It 0",t
+ea-e t%e $%y,i#a+ an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ in o!e to /o++ow t%e 0enta+ an! t%e ,$iit"a+1 So
/a, ,#ien#e, #on#ening t%e0,e+-e, wit% %"0an being, %a-e #on/ine! t%ei a#ti-itie, to
#etain a,$e#t, o/ t%ei ,"b7e#t1 T%ey %a-e not ,"##ee!e! in e,#a$ing /o0 Cate,ian
!"a+i,01 T%ey %a-e been !o0inate! by 0e#%ani,01 In $%y,io+ogy, %ygiene, an!
0e!i#ine, a, we++ a, in t%e ,t"!y o/ e!"#ation an! o/ $o+iti#a+ an! ,o#ia+ e#ono0y,
,#ienti,t, %a-e been #%ie/+y ab,obe! by ogani#, %"0oa+, an! inte++e#t"a+ a,$e#t, o/
0an1 T%ey %a-e not $ai! any geat attention to %i, a//e#ti-e an! 0oa+ /o0, %i, inne
+i/e, %i, #%aa#te, %i, e,t%eti# an! e+igio", nee!,, t%e #o00on ,"b,tat"0 o/ ogani# an!
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,, t%e inti0ate e+ation, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ an! o/ %i, 0enta+ an!
,$iit"a+ en-ion0ent1 A a!i#a+ #%ange i, in!i,$en,ab+e1 T%i, #%ange e8"ie, bot% t%e
wo3 o/ ,$e#ia+i,t, !e-oting t%ei e//ot, to t%e $ati#"+a 3now+e!ge e+ate! to o" bo!y
an! o" 0in!, an! o/ ,#ienti,t, #a$ab+e o/ integating t%e !i,#o-eie, o/ t%e ,$e#ia+i,t, in
/"n#tion o/ 0an a, a w%o+e1 T%e new ,#ien#e 0",t $oge,,, by a !o"b+e e//ot o/
ana+y,i, an! ,ynt%e,i,, towa! a #on#e$tion o/ t%e %"0an in!i-i!"a+ at on#e ,"//i#ient+y
#o0$+ete an! ,"//i#ient+y ,i0$+e to ,e-e a, a ba,i, /o o" a#tion1
4
Man #annot be ,e$aate! into $at,1 He wo"+! #ea,e to e.i,t i/ %i, ogan, wee i,o+ate!
/o0 one anot%e1 A+t%o"g% in!i-i,ib+e, %e a,,"0e, !i//eent a,$e#t,1 Hi, a,$e#t, ae t%e
%eteogeneo", 0ani/e,tation, o/ %i, "nity to o" ,en,e ogan,1 He #an be #o0$ae! to an
e+e#ti# +a0$ w%o,e $e,en#e i, e#o!e! in a !i//eent 0anne by a t%e0o0ete, a
-o+t0ete, a $%otoga$%i# $+ate, o a ,e+eni"0 #e++1 We ae in#a$ab+e o/ !ie#t+y
a$$e%en!ing %i0 in %i, ,i0$+i#ity1 We #an on+y ga,$ %i0 t%o"g% o" ,en,e, an! o"
,#ienti/i# in,t"0ent,1 A##o!ing to o" 0ean, o/ in-e,tigation, %i, a#ti-ity a$$ea, to be
$%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, o $,y#%o+ogi#a+1 T%e ana+y,i, o/ %i, 0ani/o+!ne,,
nat"a++y !e0an!, t%e %e+$ o/ -aio", te#%ni8"e,1 A, %e 0ani/e,t, %i0,e+/ e.#+",i-e+y
t%o"g% t%e agen#y o/ t%e,e te#%ni8"e,, %e ne#e,,ai+y ta3e, on t%e a$$eaan#e o/ being
0"+ti$+e1
T%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an 0a3e, ",e o/ a++ ot%e ,#ien#e,1 T%i, i, one o/ t%e ea,on, /o it,
,+ow $oge,, an! it, !i//i#"+ty1 2o e.a0$+e, in o!e to ,t"!y t%e in/+"en#e o/ a
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ /a#to on a ,en,iti-e in!i-i!"a+, t%e 0et%o!, o/ 0e!i#ine, $%y,io+ogy,
$%y,i#,, an! #%e0i,ty %a-e to be e0$+oye!1 Let ", ,"$$o,e t%at o" ,"b7e#t e#ei-e, ba!
new,1 T%i, $,y#%o+ogi#a+ e-ent 0ay e.$e,, it,e+/ ,i0"+taneo",+y by 0oa+ ,"//eing,
ne-o", agitation, #i#"+atoy !i,t"ban#e,, +e,ion, o/ t%e ,3in, $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+
0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e b+oo!, et#1 W%en !ea+ing wit% 0an we ae ob+ige! to e0$+oy t%e
0et%o!, an! #on#e$t, o/ ,e-ea+ ,#ien#e,, e-en /o t%e ,i0$+e,t e.$ei0ent1 I/ we ,t"!y
t%e e//e#t, o/ a gi-en /oo!, eit%e ani0a+ o -egetab+e, on a go"$ o/ in!i-i!"a+,, we 0",t
/i,t +ean t%e #%e0i#a+ #o0$o,ition o/ t%at /oo!1 An! a+,o t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ an!
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ ,tate,, an! t%e an#e,ta+ #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, w%o ae to be t%e
,"b7e#t, o/ t%e in-e,tigation1 T%en we %a-e to e#o! a##"ate+y t%e #%ange, in weig%t, in
%eig%t, in t%e /o0 o/ t%e ,3e+eton, in 0",#"+a ,tengt%, in ,",#e$tibi+ity to !i,ea,e,, in
t%e $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, an! anato0i#a+ #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e b+oo!, in ne-o",
e8"i+ibi"0, in inte++igen#e, #o"age, /eti+ity, +onge-ity, w%i#% ta3e $+a#e !"ing t%e
#o",e o/ t%e e.$ei0ent1
Ob-io",+y, no one ,#ienti,t i, #a$ab+e o/ 0a,teing a++ t%e te#%ni8"e, in!i,$en,ab+e to
t%e ,t"!y o/ a ,ing+e %"0an $ob+e01 T%ee/oe, $oge,, in 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e,
e8"ie, t%e ,i0"+taneo", e//ot, o/ -aio", ,$e#ia+i,t,1 Ea#% ,$e#ia+i,t #on/ine, %i0,e+/
to one $at o/ t%e bo!y, o #on,#io",ne,,, o o/ t%ei e+ation, wit% t%e en-ion0ent1 He i,
anato0i,t, $%y,io+ogi,t, #%e0i,t, $,y#%o+ogi,t, $%y,i#ian, %ygieni,t, e!"#ato, #+egy0an,
,o#io+ogi,t, e#ono0i,t1 Ea#% ,$e#ia+ity i, !i-i!e! into ,0a++e an! ,0a++e $at,1 T%ee
ae ,$e#ia+i,t, in g+an!"+a $%y,io+ogy, in -ita0ine,, in !i,ea,e, o/ t%e e#t"0, in t%o,e o/
t%e no,e, in e!"#ation o/ ,0a++ #%i+!en o o/ a!"+t,, in %ygiene o/ /a#toie, an! o/
$i,on,, in $,y#%o+ogy o/ a++ #ategoie, o/ in!i-i!"a+,, in !o0e,ti# e#ono0y, "a+
e#ono0y, et#1 S"#% a !i-i,ion o/ t%e wo3 %a, 0a!e $o,,ib+e t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e
$ati#"+a ,#ien#e,1 S$e#ia+i4ation i, i0$eati-e1 S#ienti,t, %a-e to !e-ote t%ei attention
to one !e$at0ent o/ 3now+e!ge1 An! it i, i0$o,,ib+e /o a ,$e#ia+i,t, a#ti-e+y engage! in
t%e $","it o/ %i, own ta,3, to "n!e,tan! t%e %"0an being a, a w%o+e1 In!ee!, ,"#% a
,tate o/ a//ai, i, en!ee! ne#e,,ay by t%e -a,t e.tent o/ t%e /ie+! o/ ea#% ,#ien#e1 B"t it
$e,ent, a #etain !ange1 2o e.a0$+e, Ca+0ette, w%o %a! ,$e#ia+i4e! in ba#teio+ogy,
wi,%e! to $e-ent t%e ,$ea! o/ t"be#"+o,i, a0ong t%e 2en#% $o$"+ation1 He, nat"a++y,
$e,#ibe! t%e ",e o/ t%e -a##ine %e %a! in-ente!1 I/, in a!!ition to being a ba#teio+ogi,t,
%e %a! $o,,e,,e! a 0oe genea+ 3now+e!ge o/ %ygiene an! 0e!i#ine, %e wo"+! %a-e
a!-i,e! a+,o t%e a!o$tion o/ 0ea,"e, wit% ega! to !we++ing,, /oo!, wo3ing
#on!ition,, an! t%e way o/ +i-ing o/ t%e $eo$+e1 A ,i0i+a o##"en#e too3 $+a#e in t%e
Unite! State, in t%e ogani4ation o/ t%e e+e0entay ,#%oo+,1 ?o%n @ewey, w%o i, a
$%i+o,o$%e, "n!etoo3 to i0$o-e t%e e!"#ation o/ A0ei#an #%i+!en1 B"t %i, 0et%o!,
wee ,"ite! to t%e ,#%e0a, t%e ab,ta#tion, w%i#% %i, $o/e,,iona+ bia, 0a!e %i0 ta3e /o
t%e #on#ete #%i+!1
Sti++ 0oe %a0 i, #a",e! by t%e e.te0e ,$e#ia+i4ation o/ t%e $%y,i#ian,1 Me!i#ine %a,
,e$aate! t%e ,i#3 %"0an being into ,0a++ /ag0ent, an! ea#% /ag0ent %a, it, ,$e#ia+i,t1
W%en a ,$e#ia+i,t, /o0 t%e beginning o/ %i, #aee, #on/ine, %i0,e+/ to a 0in"te $at o/
t%e bo!y, %i, 3now+e!ge o/ t%e e,t i, ,o "!i0entay t%at %e i, in#a$ab+e o/ t%oo"g%+y
"n!e,tan!ing e-en t%at $at in w%i#% %e ,$e#ia+i4e,1 A ,i0i+a t%ing %a$$en, to
e!"#ato,, #+egy0en, e#ono0i,t,, an! ,o#io+ogi,t, w%o, be/oe +i0iting t%e0,e+-e,
entie+y to t%ei $ati#"+a !o0ain, %a-e not ta3en t%e to"b+e to a#8"ie a genea+
3now+e!ge o/ 0an1 T%e 0oe e0inent t%e ,$e#ia+i,t, t%e 0oe !angeo", %e i,1 S#ienti,t,
w%o %a-e ,ti3ing+y !i,ting"i,%e! t%e0,e+-e, by geat !i,#o-eie, o ",e/"+ in-ention,
o/ten #o0e to be+ie-e t%at t%ei 3now+e!ge o/ one ,"b7e#t e.ten!, to a++ ot%e,1 E!i,on,
/o e.a0$+e, !i! not %e,itate to i0$at to t%e $"b+i# %i, -iew, on $%i+o,o$%y an! e+igion1
An! t%e $"b+i# +i,tene! to %i, wo!, wit% e,$e#t, i0agining t%e0 to #ay a, 0"#%
weig%t on t%e,e new ,"b7e#t, a, on t%e /o0e one,1 T%",, geat 0en, in ,$ea3ing abo"t
t%ing, t%ey !o not t%oo"g%+y "n!e,tan!, %in!e %"0an $oge,, in one o/ it, /ie+!,,
w%i+e %a-ing #ontib"te! to it, a!-an#e0ent in anot%e1 T%e !ai+y $e,, o/ten gi-e, ", t%e
!"bio", bene/it o/ t%e ,o#io+ogi#a+, e#ono0i#, an! ,#ienti/i# o$inion, o/ 0an"/a#t"e,,
ban3e,, +awye,, $o/e,,o,, $%y,i#ian,, w%o,e %ig%+y ,$e#ia+i4e! 0in!, ae in#a$ab+e o/
a$$e%en!ing in t%ei bea!t% t%e 0o0ento", $ob+e0, o/ o" ti0e1 Howe-e, 0o!en
#i-i+i4ation ab,o+"te+y nee!, ,$e#ia+i,t,1 Wit%o"t t%e0, ,#ien#e #o"+! not $oge,,1 B"t,
be/oe t%e e,"+t o/ t%ei e,ea#%e, i, a$$+ie! to 0an, t%e ,#attee! !ata o/ t%ei ana+y,e,
0",t be integate! in an inte++igib+e ,ynt%e,i,1
S"#% a ,ynt%e,i, #annot be obtaine! by a ,i0$+e o"n!tab+e #on/een#e o/ t%e
,$e#ia+i,t,1 It e8"ie, t%e e//ot, o/ one 0an, not 0ee+y t%o,e o/ a go"$1 A wo3 o/ at
%a, ne-e been $o!"#e! by a #o00ittee o/ ati,t,, no a geat !i,#o-ey 0a!e by a
#o00ittee o/ ,#%o+a,1 T%e ,ynt%e,e, nee!e! /o t%e $oge,, o/ o" 3now+e!ge o/ 0an
,%o"+! be e+aboate! in a ,ing+e bain1 It i, i0$o,,ib+e to 0a3e ",e o/ t%e 0a,, o/
in/o0ation a##"0"+ate! by t%e ,$e#ia+i,t,1 2o no one %a, "n!eta3en to #oo!inate t%e
!ata a+ea!y obtaine!, an! to #on,i!e t%e %"0an being in %i, entiety1 To!ay t%ee ae
0any ,#ienti/i# wo3e,, b"t -ey /ew ea+ ,#ienti,t,1 T%i, $e#"+ia ,it"ation i, not !"e to
+a#3 o/ in!i-i!"a+, #a$ab+e o/ %ig% inte++e#t"a+ a#%ie-e0ent,1 In!ee!, ,ynt%e,e,, a, we++
a, !i,#o-eie,, !e0an! e.#e$tiona+ 0enta+ $owe an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ en!"an#e1 Boa!
an! ,tong 0in!, ae ae t%an $e#i,e an! naow one,1 It i, ea,y to be#o0e a goo!
#%e0i,t, a goo! $%y,i#i,t, a goo! $%y,io+ogi,t, a goo! $,y#%o+ogi,t, o a goo!
,o#io+ogi,t1 On t%e #ontay, -ey /ew in!i-i!"a+, ae #a$ab+e o/ a#8"iing an! ",ing
3now+e!ge o/ ,e-ea+ !i//eent ,#ien#e,1 Howe-e, ,"#% 0en !o e.i,t1 So0e o/ t%o,e
w%o0 o" ,#ienti/i# in,tit"tion, an! "ni-e,itie, %a-e /o#e! to ,$e#ia+i4e naow+y #o"+!
a$$e%en! a #o0$+e. ,"b7e#t bot% in it, entiety an! in it, $at,1 So /a, ,#ienti/i# wo3e,
!e-oting t%e0,e+-e,, wit%in a 0in"te /ie+!, to $o+onge! ,t"!y o/ a genea++y
in,igni/i#ant !etai+, %a-e a+way, been t%e 0o,t /a-oe!1 An oigina+ $ie#e o/ wo3,
wit%o"t any ea+ i0$otan#e, i, #on,i!ee! o/ geate -a+"e t%an a t%oo"g% 3now+e!ge o/
an entie ,#ien#e1 Pe,i!ent, o/ "ni-e,itie, an! t%ei a!-i,e, !o not ea+i4e t%at ,ynt%eti#
0in!, ae a, in!i,$en,ab+e a, ana+yti# one,1 I/ t%e ,"$eioity o/ t%i, 3in! o/ inte++e#t
wee e#ogni4e!, an! it, !e-e+o$0ent en#o"age!, ,$e#ia+i,t, wo"+! #ea,e to be
!angeo",1 2o t%e ,igni/i#an#e o/ t%e $at, in t%e ogani4ation o/ t%e w%o+e #o"+! t%en be
#oe#t+y e,ti0ate!1
At t%e beginning o/ it, %i,toy 0oe t%an at it, 4enit% a ,#ien#e nee!, ,"$eio 0in!,1
To be#o0e a geat $%y,i#ian e8"ie, 0oe i0agination, 7"!g0ent, an! inte++igen#e t%an
to be#o0e a geat #%e0i,t1 At t%e $e,ent ti0e o" 3now+e!ge o/ 0an #an on+y $oge,,
by atta#ting a $owe/"+ inte++e#t"a+ e+ite1 >eat 0enta+ #a$a#itie, ,%o"+! be e8"ie!
/o0 t%e yo"ng 0en w%o !e,ie to !e-ote t%e0,e+-e, to bio+ogy1 It ,ee0, t%at t%e
in#ea,e! n"0be o/ ,#ienti/i# wo3e,, t%ei being ,$+it "$ into go"$, w%o,e ,t"!ie, ae
+i0ite! to a ,0a++ ,"b7e#t, an! o-e5,$e#ia+i4ation %a-e bo"g%t abo"t a ,%in3ing o/
inte++igen#e1 T%ee i, no !o"bt t%at t%e 8"a+ity o/ any %"0an go"$ !e#ea,e, w%en t%e
n"0be o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, #o0$o,ing t%i, go"$ in#ea,e, beyon! #etain +i0it,1 T%e
S"$e0e Co"t o/ t%e Unite! State, #on,i,t, o/ nine 0en w%o,e $o/e,,iona+ -a+"e an!
#%aa#te ae t"+y e0inent1 B"t i/ it wee #o0$o,e! o/ nine %"n!e! 7"i,t, in,tea! o/
nine, t%e $"b+i# wo"+! i00e!iate+y +o,e, an! ig%t+y, it, e,$e#t /o t%e %ig%e,t #o"t o/
t%i, #o"nty1
T%e be,t way to in#ea,e t%e inte++igen#e o/ ,#ienti,t, wo"+! be to !e#ea,e t%ei
n"0be1 A/te a++, t%e 3now+e!ge o/ 0an #o"+! be !e-e+o$e! by a -ey ,0a++ go"$ o/
wo3e,, $o-i!e! t%at t%ey wee en!owe! wit% #eati-e i0agination an! gi-en $owe/"+
0ean, /o #aying o"t t%ei e,ea#%e,1 >eat ,"0, o/ 0oney ae wa,te! e-ey yea on
,#ienti/i# e,ea#%, in A0ei#a a, we++ a, in E"o$e, be#a",e t%o,e w%o ae ent",te! wit%
t%i, wo3 !o not genea++y $o,,e,, t%e 8"a+itie, ne#e,,ay to t%e #on8"eo, o/ new
wo+!,1 An! a+,o be#a",e t%e /ew in!i-i!"a+, en!owe! wit% t%i, e.#e$tiona+ $owe +i-e
"n!e #on!ition, $e#+"!ing inte++e#t"a+ #eation1 Neit%e +aboatoie,, no a$$aat",, no
ogani4ation #an gi-e to ,#ienti,t, t%e ,"o"n!ing, in!i,$en,ab+e to t%ei ,"##e,,1
Mo!en +i/e i, o$$o,e! to t%e +i/e o/ t%e 0in!1 Howe-e, 0en o/ ,#ien#e %a-e to be 0ee
"nit, o/ a %e! w%o,e a$$etite, ae $"e+y 0ateia+ an! w%o,e %abit, ae entie+y !i//eent
/o0 t%ei,1 T%ey -ain+y e.%a",t t%ei ,tengt% an! ,$en! t%ei ti0e in t%e $","it o/ t%e
#on!ition, !e0an!e! by t%e e+aboation o/ t%o"g%t1 No one o/ t%e0 i, wea+t%y eno"g% to
$o#"e t%e i,o+ation an! t%e ,i+en#e w%i#% in /o0e ti0e, e-eybo!y #o"+! %a-e /o
not%ing, e-en in t%e +age,t #itie,1 No atte0$t %a, ,o /a been 0a!e to #eate, in t%e 0i!,t
o/ t%e agitation o/ t%e new #ity, i,+an!, o/ ,o+it"!e w%ee 0e!itation wo"+! be $o,,ib+e1
S"#% an inno-ation, %owe-e, i, an ob-io", ne#e,,ity1 T%e #on,t"#tion o/ -a,t ,ynt%e,e,
i, beyon! t%e ea#% o/ 0in!, "n#ea,ing+y !i,$e,e! in t%e #on/",ion o/ o" $e,ent 0o!e,
o/ e.i,ten#e1 T%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an, e-en 0oe t%an t%at o/ t%e ot%e
,#ien#e,, !e$en!, on i00en,e inte++e#t"a+ e//ot1 T%e nee! o/ ,"#% an e//ot !e0an!, a
e-i,ion, not on+y o/ o" #on#e$tion o/ t%e ,#ienti,t, b"t a+,o o/ t%e #on!ition, "n!e
w%i#% ,#ienti/i# e,ea#% i, #aie! on1

H"0an being, ae not goo! ,"b7e#t, /o ,#ienti/i# in-e,tigation1 One !oe, not ea,i+y
/in! $eo$+e wit% i!enti#a+ #%aa#tei,ti#,1 It i, a+0o,t i0$o,,ib+e to -ei/y t%e e,"+t, o/
an e.$ei0ent by e/eing t%e ,"b7e#t to a ,"//i#ient+y ,i0i+a #onto+1 Let ", ,"$$o,e, /o
e.a0$+e, t%at we wi,% to #o0$ae two 0et%o!, o/ e!"#ation1 2o ,"#% a ,t"!y we #%oo,e
two go"$, o/ #%i+!en, a, nea+y a+i3e a, $o,,ib+e1 I/ t%e,e #%i+!en, a+t%o"g% o/ t%e ,a0e
age an! t%e ,a0e ,i4e, be+ong to !i//eent ,o#ia+ #+a,,e,, i/ t%ei /oo! i, not t%e ,a0e, i/
t%ey +i-e in !i//eent $,y#%o+ogi#a+ at0o,$%ee,, t%e e,"+t, #annot be #o0$ae!1 In a +i3e
0anne, t%e e//e#t, o/ two 0o!e, o/ +i/e on #%i+!en be+onging to one /a0i+y %a-e +itt+e
-a+"e1 2o, %"0an a#e, not being $"e, t%ee ae o/ten $o/o"n! !i//een#e, between t%e
o//,$ing o/ t%e ,a0e $aent,1 On t%e #ontay, t%e e,"+t, wi++ be #on#+",i-e w%en t%e
#%i+!en, w%o,e be%a-io i, #o0$ae! "n!e !i//eent #on!ition,, ae twin, /o0 a ,ing+e
o-"01 We ae genea++y ob+ige! to be #ontent wit% a$$o.i0ate in/o0ation1 T%i, i, one
o/ t%e /a#to, t%at %a-e i0$e!e! t%e $oge,, o/ t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an1
In e,ea#%e, !ea+ing wit% $%y,i#, an! #%e0i,ty, an! a+,o wit% $%y,io+ogy, one a+way,
atte0$t, to i,o+ate e+ati-e+y ,i0$+e ,y,te0,, an! to !ete0ine t%ei e.a#t #on!ition,1 B"t
w%en t%e %"0an being %a, to be ,t"!ie! a, an entiety, an! in %i, e+ation, wit% %i,
en-ion0ent, ,"#% a +i0itation o/ t%e ,"b7e#t i, i0$o,,ib+e1 T%e ob,e-e 0",t be
en!owe! wit% ,o"n! 7"!g0ent in o!e not to +o,e %i, way in t%e #o0$+e.ity o/ t%e /a#t,1
T%e !i//i#"+tie, be#o0e a+0o,t in,"0o"ntab+e in eto,$e#ti-e in-e,tigation,1 S"#%
,t"!ie, e8"ie a -ey e.$eien#e! 0in!1 O/ #o",e, we ,%o"+! a, ae+y a, $o,,ib+e "ti+i4e
t%e #on7e#t"a+ ,#ien#e w%i#% i, #a++e! %i,toy1 B"t t%ee %a-e been in t%e $a,t #etain
e-ent,, e-ea+ing t%e e.i,ten#e in 0an o/ e.tao!inay $otentia+itie,1 A 3now+e!ge o/ t%e
gene,i, o/ t%e,e 8"a+itie, wo"+! be o/ geat i0$otan#e1 W%at /a#to, #a",e!, !"ing t%e
e$o#% o/ Pei#+e,, t%e ,i0"+taneo", a$$eaan#e o/ ,o 0any geni",e,< A ,i0i+a e-ent
o##"e! at t%e ti0e o/ t%e Renai,,an#e1 W%en#e ,$ang t%e i00en,e e.$an,ion, not on+y
o/ inte++igen#e, ,#ienti/i# i0agination, an! e,t%eti# int"ition, b"t a+,o o/ $%y,i#a+ -igo,
a"!a#ity, an! t%e ,$iit o/ a!-ent"e in t%e 0en o/ t%i, $eio!< W%y !i! t%ey $o,,e,, ,"#%
0ig%ty $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,< One ea,i+y ea+i4e, %ow ",e/"+ wo"+! be
$e#i,e in/o0ation ega!ing t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e, t%e /oo!, t%e e!"#ation, t%e inte++e#t"a+,
0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio", ,"o"n!ing, o/ t%e $eo$+e w%o +i-e! !"ing t%e ti0e
i00e!iate+y $e#e!ing t%e a$$eaan#e o/ a $+eia! o/ geat 0en1
Anot%e #a",e o/ t%e !i//i#"+tie, in e.$ei0enting on %"0an being, i, t%e /a#t t%at t%e
ob,e-e an! %i, ,"b7e#t +i-e at abo"t t%e ,a0e %yt%01 T%e e//e#t, o/ a #etain !iet, o/ an
inte++e#t"a+ o 0oa+ !i,#i$+ine, o/ $o+iti#a+ o ,o#ia+ #%ange,, ae /e+t b"t ,+ow+y1 It i,
on+y a/te a +a$,e o/ t%ity o /oty yea, t%at t%e -a+"e o/ an e!"#ationa+ 0et%o! #an be
e,ti0ate!1 T%e in/+"en#e o/ a gi-en 0o!e o/ +i-ing "$on t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+
a#ti-itie, o/ a %"0an go"$ !oe, not 0ani/e,t it,e+/ be/oe a geneation %a, $a,,e!1
In-ento, o/ new ,y,te0, o/ !iet, $%y,i#a+ #"+t"e, %ygiene, e!"#ation, 0oa+,, ,o#ia+
e#ono0y, ae a+way, too ea+y in $"b+i,%ing t%e ,"##e,, o/ t%ei own in-ention,1 It i,
on+y now t%at t%e e,"+t o/ t%e Monte,,oi ,y,te0, o o/ t%e e!"#ationa+ $in#i$+e, o/ ?o%n
@ewey, #o"+! be $o/itab+y ana+y4e!1 We ,%o"+! wait anot%e 8"ate o/ a #ent"y to
3now t%e ,igni/i#an#e o/ t%e inte++igen#e te,t, w%i#% $,y#%o+ogi,t, %a-e 0a!e in t%e
,#%oo+, !"ing t%e,e $a,t yea,1 T%e on+y way to a,#etain t%e e//e#t o/ a gi-en /a#to on
0an i, to /o++ow a geat n"0be o/ in!i-i!"a+, t%o"g% t%e -i#i,,it"!e, o/ t%ei +i/e ig%t
"$ to t%ei !eat%1 An! e-en t%en t%e 3now+e!ge t%", obtaine! wi++ be go,,+y
a$$o.i0ate1
T%e $oge,, o/ %"0anity a$$ea, to ", to be -ey ,+ow be#a",e we, t%e ob,e-e,, ae
"nit, o/ t%e %e!1 Ea#% one o/ ", #an 0a3e b"t /ew ob,e-ation,1 O" +i/e i, too ,%ot1
Many e.$ei0ent, ,%o"+! be #on!"#te! /o a #ent"y at t%e +ea,t1 In,tit"tion, ,%o"+! be
e,tab+i,%e! in ,"#% a way t%at ob,e-ation, an! e.$ei0ent, #o00en#e! by one ,#ienti,t
wo"+! not be inte"$te! by %i, !eat%1 S"#% ogani4ation, ae ,ti++ "n3nown in t%e ea+0
o/ ,#ien#e1 B"t t%ey a+ea!y e.i,t in ot%e +ine, o/ en!ea-o1 In t%e 0ona,tey o/
So+e,0e, t%ee ,"##e,,i-e geneation, o/ Bene!i#tine 0on3, %a-e !e-ote! t%e0,e+-e,,
o-e a $eio! o/ abo"t /i/ty5/i-e yea,, to t%e e#on,t"#tion o/ >egoian 0",i#1 A
,i0i+a 0et%o! ,%o"+! be a$$+ie! to t%e in-e,tigation o/ #etain $ob+e0, o/ %"0an
bio+ogy1 In,tit"tion,, in ,o0e 0ea,"e i00ota+, +i3e e+igio", o!e,, w%i#% wo"+! a++ow
t%e "ninte"$te! #ontin"ation o/ an e.$ei0ent a, +ong a, 0ig%t be ne#e,,ay, ,%o"+!
#o0$en,ate /o t%e too ,%ot !"ation o/ t%e e.i,ten#e o/ in!i-i!"a+ ob,e-e,1
Cetain !ata, "gent+y nee!e!, #an be $o#"e! wit% t%e %e+$ o/ ,%ot5+i-e! ani0a+,1 2o
t%i, $"$o,e, 0i#e an! at, %a-e been #%ie/+y ",e!1 Co+onie, #on,i,ting o/ 0any
t%o",an!, o/ t%e,e ani0a+, %a-e been e0$+oye! to ,t"!y !i//eent !iet,, t%ei in/+"en#e
on t%e a$i!ity o/ gowt%, on ,i4e, !i,ea,e, +onge-ity, et#1 Un/ot"nate+y, at, an! 0i#e
%a-e on+y -ey e0ote ana+ogie, wit% 0an1 It i, !angeo",, /o e.a0$+e, to a$$+y to
#%i+!en, w%o,e #on,tit"tion i, ,o !i//eent, #on#+",ion, o/ e,ea#%e, 0a!e on t%e,e
ani0a+,1 Be,i!e,, t%e 0enta+ ,tate, a##o0$anying anato0i#a+ an! /"n#tiona+ #%ange, in
bone,, ti,,"e,, an! %"0o, "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ /oo! an! 0o!e o/ +i/e, #annot be
$o$e+y in-e,tigate! on ,"#% +ow ty$e, o/ ani0a+,1 By ob,e-ing 0oe inte++igent
ani0a+,, ,"#% a, 0on3ey, an! !og,, one wo"+! obtain 0oe !etai+e! an! i0$otant
in/o0ation1
Mon3ey,, !e,$ite t%ei #eeba+ !e-e+o$0ent, ae not goo! ,"b7e#t, /o
e.$ei0entation1 T%ei $e!igee i, not a-ai+ab+e1 T%ey #annot be be! ea,i+y o in
,"//i#ient+y +age n"0be,1 T%ey ae !i//i#"+t to %an!+e1 On t%e #ontay, inte++igent !og,
#an be $o#"e! ea!i+y1 T%ei an#e,ta+ #%aa#tei,ti#, ae ea,i+y ta#e!1 S"#% ani0a+,
$o$agate a$i!+y1 T%ey 0at"e in a yea1 >enea++y, t%ey !o not +i-e beyon! /i/teen
yea,1 @etai+e! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ob,e-ation, #an be 0a!e wit%o"t to"b+e, e,$e#ia++y on
,%e$%e! !og,, w%i#% ae ,en,iti-e, inte++igent, a+et, an! attenti-e1 Wit% t%e ai! o/ t%e,e
ani0a+, o/ $"e bee!, an! in ,"//i#ient n"0be, t%e #o0$+e. an! i0$otant $ob+e0 o/
t%e in/+"en#e o/ en-ion0ent on t%e in!i-i!"a+ #o"+! be e+"#i!ate!1 2o e.a0$+e, we
,%o"+! a,#etain w%et%e t%e in#ea,e in ,tat"e, w%i#% i, ta3ing $+a#e in t%e $o$"+ation o/
t%e Unite! State,, i, an a!-antage o a !i,a!-antage1 It i, a+,o i0$eati-e to 3now w%at
e//e#t 0o!en +i/e an! /oo! %a-e on t%e ne-o", ,y,te0 o/ #%i+!en, an! on t%ei
inte++igen#e, a+etne,,, an! a"!a#ity1 An e.ten,i-e e.$ei0ent #aie! o"t on ,e-ea+
%"n!e! !og, o-e a $eio! o/ twenty yea, wo"+! gi-e ,o0e $e#i,e in/o0ation on
t%e,e ,"b7e#t,, w%i#% ae o/ $aa0o"nt i0$otan#e to 0i++ion, o/ $eo$+e1 It wo"+!
in!i#ate, 0oe a$i!+y t%an t%e ob,e-ation o/ %"0an being,, in w%at !ie#tion t%e !iet
an! 0o!e o/ +i-ing o/ t%e $o$"+ation ,%o"+! be #%ange!1 S"#% ,t"!y wo"+! e//e#ti-e+y
,"$$+e0ent t%e in#o0$+ete an! bie/ e.$ei0ent, w%i#% now a$$ea to ,ati,/y n"tition
,$e#ia+i,t,1 Howe-e, t%e ob,e-ation o/ e-en t%e %ig%e,t ty$e o/ ani0a+ #annot entie+y
e$+a#e t%at o/ 0an1 In o!e to !e-e+o$ !e/initi-e 3now+e!ge, e.$ei0ent, on go"$, o/
%"0an being, ,%o"+! be ,tate! "n!e ,"#% #on!ition, t%at t%ey #o"+! be #ontin"e! by
,e-ea+ geneation, o/ ,#ienti,t,1
!
A bette 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e, #annot be a#8"ie! 0ee+y by ,e+e#ting $o,iti-e /a#t,
in t%e 0a,, o/ in/o0ation #on#ening 0an, an! by 0a3ing a #o0$+ete in-entoy o/ %i,
a#ti-itie,1 Neit%e wo"+! t%e #o0$+etion o/ t%e,e !ata by new ob,e-ation, an!
e.$ei0ent,, an! t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ a t"e ,#ien#e o/ 0an be ,"//i#ient1 Abo-e a++, we
nee! a ,ynt%e,i, t%at #an be "ti+i4e!1 T%e $"$o,e o/ t%i, 3now+e!ge i, not to ,ati,/y o"
#"io,ity, b"t to eb"i+! o",e+-e, an! o" ,"o"n!ing,1 S"#% a $"$o,e i, e,,entia++y
$a#ti#a+1 T%e a#8"i,ition o/ a +age 8"antity o/ new !ata, i/ t%e,e !ata e0ain ,#attee! in
t%e bain, an! in t%e boo3, o/ ,$e#ia+i,t,, i, ab,o+"te+y ",e+e,,1 A !i#tionay !oe, not
#on/e a +iteay o $%i+o,o$%i#a+ #"+t"e "$on it, owne1 O" i!ea, 0",t be a,,e0b+e! a,
a +i-ing w%o+e, wit%in t%e inte++igen#e an! t%e 0e0oy o/ a /ew ,"$eio in!i-i!"a+,1
T%",, t%e e//ot, w%i#% %"0anity %a, 0a!e, an! i, #ea,e+e,,+y 0a3ing, to attain a bette
3now+e!ge o/ it,e+/ wo"+! be#o0e $o!"#ti-e1
T%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an wi++ be t%e ta,3 o/ t%e /"t"e1 We 0",t now be #ontent wit% an
initiation, bot% ana+yti# an! ,ynt%eti#, into t%o,e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e %"0an being w%i#%
,#ienti/i# #iti#i,0 %a, !e0on,tate! to be t"e1 In t%e /o++owing $age, 0an wi++ a$$ea to
", a, nai-e+y a, to t%e ob,e-e an! to %i, te#%ni8"e,1 We ,%a++ -iew %i0 in t%e /o0 o/
/ag0ent, #a-e! by t%e,e te#%ni8"e,1 B"t a, /a a, i, $o,,ib+e, t%e,e /ag0ent, wi++ be
e$+a#e! in t%e w%o+e1 S"#% 3now+e!ge i,, o/ #o",e, 0o,t ina!e8"ate1 B"t it i, #etain1 It
#ontain, no 0eta$%y,i#a+ e+e0ent,1 It i, a+,o e0$ii#a+, be#a",e no $in#i$+e go-en, t%e
#%oi#e an! t%e o!e o/ t%e ob,e-ation,1 We !o not ,ee3 to $o-e o to !i,$o-e any
t%eoy1 T%e !i//eent a,$e#t, o/ 0an ae #on,i!ee! a, ,i0$+y a,, w%en a,#en!ing a
0o"ntain, one #on,i!e, t%e o#3,, toent,, 0ea!ow,, an! $ine,, an! e-en, abo-e t%e
,%a!ow, o/ t%e -a++ey, t%e +ig%t o/ t%e $ea3,1 In bot% #a,e,, t%e ob,e-ation, ae 0a!e a,
t%e #%an#e, o/ t%e way !e#i!e1 T%e,e ob,e-ation, ae, %owe-e, ,#ienti/i#1 T%ey
#on,tit"te a 0oe o +e,, ,y,te0ati4e! bo!y o/ 3now+e!ge1 Nat"a++y, t%ey !o not %a-e t%e
$e#i,ion o/ t%o,e o/ a,tono0e, an! $%y,i#i,t,1 B"t t%ey ae a, e.a#t a, i, $e0itte! by
t%e te#%ni8"e, e0$+oye!, an! t%e nat"e o/ t%e ob7e#t to w%i#% t%e te#%ni8"e, ae a$$+ie!1
2o in,tan#e, we 3now t%at 0en ae en!owe! wit% 0e0oy an! e,t%eti# ,en,e1 A+,o t%at
t%e $an#ea, ,e#ete, in,"+in, t%at #etain 0enta+ !i,ea,e, !e$en! on +e,ion, o/ t%e bain,
t%at ,o0e in!i-i!"a+, 0ani/e,t $%eno0ena o/ #+ai-oyan#e1 Me0oy, an! t%e a#ti-ity o/
in,"+in #an be 0ea,"e!1 B"t not e,t%eti# e0otion o 0oa+ ,en,e1 T%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/
te+e$at%y, o t%e e+ation, between 0enta+ !i,ea,e, an! t%e bain, +en! t%e0,e+-e, ,ti++
+e,, to e.a#t ,t"!y1 Ne-et%e+e,,, a++ t%e,e !ata, a+t%o"g% a$$o.i0ate, ae ,"e1
T%i, 3now+e!ge 0ay be e$oa#%e! wit% being #o00on$+a#e an! in#o0$+ete1 It i,
#o00on$+a#e be#a",e bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,,, !"ation, a!a$tation, an! in!i-i!"a+ity
ae we++ 3nown to ,$e#ia+i,t, in anato0y, $%y,io+ogy, $,y#%o+ogy, 0eta$,y#%i#,,
%ygiene, 0e!i#ine, e!"#ation, e+igion, an! ,o#io+ogy1 It i, in#o0$+ete be#a",e a #%oi#e
%a! to be 0a!e a0ong an i00en,e n"0be o/ /a#t,1 An! ,"#% a #%oi#e i, bo"n! to be
abitay1 It i, +i0ite! to w%at a$$ea, to be 0o,t i0$otant1 T%e e,t i, neg+e#te!, /o a
,ynt%e,i, ,%o"+! be ,%ot an! "n!e,tan!ab+e at a ,ing+e g+an#e1 H"0an inte++igen#e i,
#a$ab+e o/ etaining on+y a #etain n"0be o/ !etai+,1 It wo"+!, t%en, ,ee0 t%at o"
3now+e!ge o/ 0an, in o!e to be ",e/"+, 0",t be in#o0$+ete1 T%e +i3ene,, o/ a $otait i,
!"e to t%e ,e+e#tion o/ !etai+,, an! not to t%ei n"0be1 A !awing 0oe /o#ib+y
e.$e,,e, t%e #%aa#te o/ an in!i-i!"a+ t%an a $%otoga$% !oe,1 We ae going to ta#e
on+y o"g% ,3et#%e, o/ o",e+-e,, ,i0i+a to anato0i#a+ /ig"e, #%a+3e! on a b+a#3boa!1
O" ,3et#%e, wi++ be t"e, in ,$ite o/ t%e intentiona+ ,"$$e,,ion o/ !etai+,1 T%ey wi++ be
ba,e! on $o,iti-e !ata an! not on t%eoie, an! !ea0,1 T%ey wi++ ignoe -ita+i,0 an!
0e#%ani,0, ea+i,0 an! no0ina+i,0, ,o"+ an! bo!y, 0in! an! 0atte1 B"t t%ey wi++
#ontain a++ t%at #an be ob,e-e!1 E-en t%e ine.$+i#ab+e /a#t, +e/t o"t by #+a,,i#a+
#on#e$tion, o/ 0an, t%o,e /a#t, t%at ,t"bbon+y e/",e to ente t%e /a0e o/ #on-entiona+
t%o"g%t, an! t%ee/oe 0ay +ea! to "n3nown ea+0,1 T%",, o" in-entoy wi++ in#+"!e a++
a#t"a+ an! $otentia+ a#ti-itie, o/ t%e %"0an being1 In t%i, 0anne we ,%a++ be#o0e
initiate! into a 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e,, w%i#% i, on+y !e,#i$ti-e an! ,ti++ not /a /o0
t%e #on#ete1 S"#% 3now+e!ge !oe, not #+ai0 !e/initi-ene,, o in/a++ibi+ity1 It i,
e0$ii#a+, a$$o.i0ati-e, #o00on$+a#e, an! in#o0$+ete1 B"t a+,o ,#ienti/i# an!
inte++igib+e to e-eybo!y1
C%a$te III
BO@: AN@ PH:SIOLO>ICAL ACTIAITIES

1
WE ARE #on,#io", o/ e.i,ting, o/ $o,,e,,ing an a#ti-ity o/ o" own, a $e,ona+ity1 We
3now t%at we ae !i//eent /o0 a++ ot%e in!i-i!"a+,1 We be+ie-e t%at o" wi++ i, /ee1 We
/ee+ %a$$y o "n%a$$y1 T%e,e int"ition, #on,tit"te /o ea#% o/ ", t%e "+ti0ate ea+ity1
O" ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,, g+i!e t%o"g% ti0e a, a i-e t%o"g% a -a++ey1 Li3e t%e
i-e, we ae bot% #%ange an! $e0anen#e1 We ae in!e$en!ent o/ o" en-ion0ent,
0"#% 0oe ,o t%an ae t%e ot%e ani0a+,1 O" inte++igen#e %a, ,et ", /ee1 Man i,, abo-e
a++, t%e in-ento o/ too+,, a0,, an! 0a#%ine,1 Wit% t%e ai! o/ t%e,e in-ention, %e wa,
ab+e to 0ani/e,t %i, ,$e#i/i# #%aa#tei,ti#,, an! to !i,ting"i,% %i0,e+/ /o0 a++ ot%e
+i-ing being,1 He %a, e.$e,,e! %i, inne ten!en#ie, in an ob7e#ti-e 0anne by ee#ting
,tat"e,, te0$+e,, t%eate,, #at%e!a+,, %o,$ita+,, "ni-e,itie,, +aboatoie,, an! /a#toie,1
He %a,, in t%i, way, ,ta0$e! t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e eat% wit% t%e 0a3 o/ %i, /"n!a0enta+
a#ti-itie,55t%at i,, o/ %i, e,t%eti# an! e+igio", /ee+ing,, %i, 0oa+ ,en,e, %i, inte++igen#e,
an! %i, ,#ienti/i# #"io,ity1
T%i, /o#", o/ 0ig%ty a#ti-itie, #an be ob,e-e! /o0 wit%in o /o0 wit%o"t1 Seen /o0
wit%in, it ,%ow, to t%e +one ob,e-e, w%o i, o" ,e+/, %i, own t%o"g%t,, ten!en#ie,,
!e,ie,, 7oy,, an! ,oow,1 Seen /o0 wit%o"t, it a$$ea, a, t%e %"0an bo!y, o" own,
an! a+,o t%at o/ a++ o" /e++ow #eat"e,1 T%",, 0an a,,"0e, two tota++y !i//eent a,$e#t,1
2o t%i, ea,on, %e %a, been +oo3e! "$on a, being 0a!e "$ o/ two $at,, t%e bo!y an! t%e
,o"+1 Howe-e, no one %a, e-e ob,e-e! a ,o"+ wit%o"t a bo!y, o a bo!y wit%o"t a ,o"+1
On+y t%e o"te ,"/a#e o/ o" bo!y i, -i,ib+e to ",1 We $e#ei-e o" /"n#tiona+ a#ti-itie,
a, a -ag"e ,en,e o/ we++5being1 B"t we ae not #on,#io", o/ any o/ o" ogan,1 T%e bo!y
obey, 0e#%ani,0, entie+y %i!!en /o0 ",1 It !i,#+o,e, it, #on,tit"tion on+y t%o"g% t%e
te#%ni8"e, o/ anato0y an! $%y,io+ogy1 T%en, a ,t"$en!o", #o0$+e.ity a$$ea, "n!e it,
,ee0ing ,i0$+i#ity1 Man ne-e a++ow, %i0,e+/ to be ob,e-e! ,i0"+taneo",+y in %i, o"te
an! $"b+i# a,$e#t, an! in %i, inne an! $i-ate one1 E-en i/ we $enetate t%e ine.ti#ab+e
0a4e o/ t%e bain an! t%e ne-o", /"n#tion,, now%ee !o we 0eet wit% #on,#io",ne,,1
So"+ an! bo!y ae #eation, o/ o" 0et%o!, o/ ob,e-ation1 T%ey ae #a-e! by t%o,e
0et%o!, /o0 an in!i-i,ib+e w%o+e1
T%i, w%o+e #on,i,t, o/ ti,,"e,, ogani# /+"i!,, an! #on,#io",ne,,1 It e.ten!,
,i0"+taneo",+y in ,$a#e an! in ti0e1 It /i++, t%e t%ee !i0en,ion, o/ ,$a#e, an! t%at o/
ti0e wit% it, %eteogeneo", 0a,,1 Howe-e, it i, not #o0$i,e! /"++y wit%in t%e,e /o"
!i0en,ion,1 2o #on,#io",ne,, i, +o#ate! bot% wit%in t%e #eeba+ 0atte an! o"t,i!e t%e
$%y,i#a+ #ontin""01 T%e %"0an being i, too #o0$+e. to be a$$e%en!e! in %i, entiety1
We %a-e to !i-i!e %i0 into ,0a++ $at, by o" 0et%o!, o/ ob,e-ation1 Te#%no+ogi#a+
ne#e,,ity ob+ige, ",, t%ee/oe, to !e,#ibe %i0 a, being #o0$o,e! o/ a #o$oa+
,"b,tat"0 an! o/ -aio", a#ti-itie,1 An! a+,o to #on,i!e ,e$aate+y t%e te0$oa+,
a!a$ti-e, an! in!i-i!"a+ a,$e#t, o/ t%e,e a#ti-itie,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e we 0",t a-oi!
0a3ing t%e #+a,,i#a+ eo, o/ e!"#ing %i0 to a bo!y, o a #on,#io",ne,,, o an
a,,o#iation o/ bot%, an! o/ be+ie-ing in t%e #on#ete e.i,ten#e o/ t%e $at, ab,ta#te! /o0
%i0 by o" 0in!1
2
T%e %"0an bo!y i, $+a#e!, on t%e ,#a+e o/ 0agnit"!e,, %a+/way between t%e ato0 an!
t%e ,ta1 A##o!ing to t%e ,i4e o/ t%e ob7e#t, ,e+e#te! /o #o0$ai,on, it a$$ea, eit%e
+age o ,0a++1 It, +engt% i, e8"i-a+ent to t%at o/ two %"n!e! t%o",an! ti,,"e #e++,, o o/
two 0i++ion, o/ o!inay 0i#obe,, o o/ two bi++ion, o/ a+b"0in 0o+e#"+e,, $+a#e! en! to
en!1 Man i, giganti# in #o0$ai,on wit% an e+e#ton, an ato0, a 0o+e#"+e o a 0i#obe1
B"t, w%en #o0$ae! wit% a 0o"ntain, o wit% t%e eat%, %e i, tiny1 Moe t%an /o"
t%o",an! in!i-i!"a+, wo"+! %a-e to ,tan! one "$on t%e ot%e in o!e to e8"a+ t%e %eig%t
o/ Mo"nt E-ee,t1 A tee,tia+ 0ei!ian i, a$$o.i0ate+y e8"i-a+ent to twenty 0i++ion,
o/ t%e0 $+a#e! en! to en!1 Lig%t, a, i, we++ 3nown, ta-e+, abo"t one %"n!e! an! /i/ty
0i++ion ti0e, t%e +engt% o/ o" bo!y in one ,e#on!1 T%e inte,te++a !i,tan#e, ae ,"#% t%at
t%ey %a-e to be 0ea,"e! in +ig%t yea,1 O" ,tat"e, in e+ation to ,"#% a ,y,te0 o/
e/een#e, be#o0e, in#on#ei-ab+y ,0a++1 2o t%i, ea,on, E!!ington an! ?ean,, in t%ei
boo3, o/ $o$"+a a,tono0y, a+way, ,"##ee! in i0$e,,ing t%ei ea!e, wit% t%e
#o0$+ete in,igni/i#an#e o/ 0an in t%e "ni-e,e1 In ea+ity, o" ,$atia+ geatne,, o
,0a++ne,, i, wit%o"t i0$otan#e1 2o w%at i, ,$e#i/i# o/ 0an %a, no $%y,i#a+ !i0en,ion,1
T%e 0eaning o/ o" $e,en#e in t%i, wo+! a,,"e!+y !oe, not !e$en! "$on o" ,i4e1
O" ,tat"e ,ee0, to be a$$o$iate to t%e #%aa#te o/ t%e ti,,"e #e++,, an! to t%e nat"e
o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange,, o 0etabo+i,0, o/ t%e ogani,01 A, ne-e i0$"+,e, $o$agate
in e-eybo!y at t%e ,a0e ,$ee!, 0en o/ a -ey 0"#% +age /a0e t%an o", wo"+! %a-e
too ,+ow a $e#e$tion o/ e.tena+ t%ing,, an! t%ei 0",#"+a ea#tion, wo"+! be too
,+"ggi,%1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e t%e ate o/ t%ei #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, wo"+! be $o/o"n!+y
0o!i/ie!1 It i, we++ 3nown t%at t%e 0etabo+i,0 o/ +age ani0a+, i, +owe t%an t%at o/
,0a++ one,1 T%e %o,e, /o in,tan#e, %a, a +e,,e 0etabo+i# a#ti-ity t%an t%e 0o",e1 A
geat in#ea,e in o" ,tat"e wo"+! !i0ini,% t%e inten,ity o/ o" e.#%ange,1 An! $obab+y
!e$i-e ", o/ o" agi+ity an! o/ t%e a$i!ity o/ o" $e#e$tion,1 S"#% an a##i!ent wi++ not
%a$$en, be#a",e t%e ,i4e o/ %"0an being, -aie, on+y wit%in naow +i0it,1 T%e
!i0en,ion, o/ o" bo!y ae !ete0ine! ,i0"+taneo",+y by %ee!ity an! !e-e+o$0enta+
#on!ition,1 In a gi-en a#e, one ob,e-e, ta++ an! ,%ot in!i-i!"a+,1 T%e,e !i//een#e, in
t%e +engt% o/ t%e ,3e+eton #o0e /o0 t%e ,tate o/ t%e en!o#ine g+an!, an! /o0 t%e
#oe+ation o/ t%ei a#ti-itie, in ,$a#e an! ti0e1 T%ey ae o/ $o/o"n! ,igni/i#an#e1 It i,
$o,,ib+e, by 0ean, o/ $o$e !iet an! 0o!e o/ +i-ing, to a"g0ent o !i0ini,% t%e ,tat"e
o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, #o0$o,ing a nation1 Li3ewi,e, to 0o!i/y t%e 8"a+ity o/ t%ei ti,,"e, an!
$obab+y a+,o o/ t%ei 0in!1 We 0",t not b+in!+y #%ange t%e !i0en,ion, o/ t%e %"0an
bo!y in o!e to gi-e it 0oe bea"ty an! 0",#"+a ,tengt%1 In /a#t, ,ee0ing+y
"ni0$otant a+teation, o/ o" ,i4e an! /o0 #o"+! #a",e $o/o"n! 0o!i/i#ation, o/ o"
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1 T%ee i, no a!-antage in in#ea,ing 0an;, ,tat"e by
ati/i#ia+ 0ean,1 A+etne,,, en!"an#e, an! a"!a#ity !o not gow wit% t%e -o+"0e o/ t%e
bo!y1 Men o/ geni", ae not ta++1 M",,o+ini i, o/ 0e!i"0 ,i4e, an! Na$o+eon wa, ,%ot1
Ea#% 0an i, #%aa#tei4e! by %i, /ig"e, %i, way o/ #aying %i0,e+/, t%e a,$e#t o/ %i,
/a#e1 O" o"twa! /o0 e.$e,,e, t%e 8"a+itie,, t%e $owe,, o/ o" bo!y an! o" 0in!1 In
a gi-en a#e, it -aie, a##o!ing to t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+,1 T%e 0an o/ t%e
Renai,,an#e, w%o,e +i/e wa, a #on,tant /ig%t, w%o wa, e.$o,e! #ontin"o",+y to !ange,
an! to in#+e0en#ie,, w%o wa, #a$ab+e o/ a, geat an ent%",ia,0 /o t%e !i,#o-eie, o/
>a+i+eo a, /o t%e 0a,te$ie#e, o/ Leona!o !a Ain#i o Mi#%e+ange+o, !i! not e,e0b+e
0o!en 0an w%o +i-e, in a ,tea05%eate! a$at0ent, an ai5#on!itione! o//i#e, a #+o,e!
#a, w%o #onte0$+ate, ab,"! /i+0,, +i,ten, to %i, a!io, an! $+ay, go+/ an! bi!ge1 Ea#%
e$o#% $"t, it, ,ea+ on %"0an being,1 We begin to ob,e-e t%e new ty$e, #eate! by
0oto5#a,, #ine0a,, an! at%+eti#,1 So0e, 0oe /e8"ent in Latin #o"ntie,, ae
#%aa#tei4e! by an a!i$o,e a,$e#t, /+abby ti,,"e,, !i,#o+oe! ,3in, $ot"!ing ab!o0en,
t%in +eg,, aw3wa! $o,t"e, "ninte++igent an! b"ta+ /a#e1 Ot%e, a$$ea, e,$e#ia++y
a0ong Ang+o5Sa.on,, an! ,%ow boa! ,%o"+!e,, naow wai,t, an! bi!+i3e #ani"01
O" /o0 i, 0o+!e! by o" $%y,io+ogi#a+ %abit,, an! e-en by o" ","a+ t%o"g%t,1 It,
#%aa#tei,ti#, ae $at+y !"e to t%e 0",#+e, "nning "n!e t%e ,3in o a+ong t%e bone,1
T%e ,i4e o/ t%e,e 0",#+e, !e$en!, on t%e e.e#i,e to w%i#% t%ey ae ,"b0itte!1 T%e
bea"ty o/ t%e bo!y #o0e, /o0 t%e %a0onio", !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e 0",#+e, an! t%e
,3e+eton1 It ea#%e! t%e %eig%t o/ $e/e#tion at t%e e$o#% o/ Pei#+e,, in t%e >ee3 at%+ete,
w%o0 P%i!ia, an! %i, !i,#i$+e, i00ota+i4e! in t%ei ,tat"e,1 T%e ,%a$e o/ t%e /a#e, t%e
0o"t%, t%e #%ee3,, t%e eye+i!,, an! t%e +ine, o/ t%e -i,age ae !ete0ine! by t%e %abit"a+
#on!ition o/ t%e /+at 0",#+e,, w%i#% 0o-e in t%e a!i$o,e ti,,"e "n!e+ying t%e ,3in1 An!
t%e ,tate o/ t%e,e 0",#+e, !e$en!, on t%at o/ o" 0in!1 In!ee!, ea#% in!i-i!"a+ #an gi-e
%i, /a#e t%e e.$e,,ion t%at %e #%oo,e,1 B"t %e !oe, not 3ee$ ,"#% a 0a,3 $e0anent+y1
Unwitting+y, o" -i,age $oge,,i-e+y 0o!e+, it,e+/ "$on o" ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1
Wit% t%e a!-an#e o/ age it be#o0e, 0oe an! 0oe $egnant wit% t%e /ee+ing,, t%e
a$$etite,, an! t%e a,$iation, o/ t%e w%o+e being1 T%e bea"ty o/ yo"t% #o0e, /o0 t%e
nat"a+ %a0ony o/ t%e +inea0ent, o/ t%e %"0an /a#e1 T%at, ,o ae, o/ an o+! 0an, /o0
%i, ,o"+1
T%e -i,age e.$e,,e, ,ti++ !ee$e t%ing, t%an t%e %i!!en a#ti-itie, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 In
t%i, o$en boo3 one #an ea! not on+y t%e -i#e,, t%e -it"e,, t%e inte++igen#e, t%e ,t"$i!ity,
t%e /ee+ing,, t%e 0o,t #ae/"++y #on#ea+e! %abit,, o/ an in!i-i!"a+, b"t a+,o t%e
#on,tit"tion o/ %i, bo!y, an! %i, ten!en#ie, to ogani# an! 0enta+ !i,ea,e,1 In /a#t, t%e
a,$e#t o/ bone,, 0",#+e,, /at, ,3in, an! %ai !e$en!, on t%e n"tition o/ ti,,"e,1 An! t%e
n"tition o/ ti,,"e, i, eg"+ate! by t%e #o0$o,ition o/ b+oo! $+a,0a, t%at i,, by t%e
a#ti-ity o/ t%e g+an!"+a an! !ige,ti-e ,y,te0,1 T%e ,tate o/ t%e ogan, i, e-ea+e! by t%e
a,$e#t o/ t%e bo!y1 T%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e ,3in e/+e#t, t%e /"n#tiona+ #on!ition, o/ t%e
en!o#ine g+an!,, t%e ,to0a#%, t%e inte,tine,, an! t%e ne-o", ,y,te01 It $oint, o"t t%e
0obi! ten!en#ie, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 In /a#t, $eo$+e w%o be+ong to !i//eent
0o$%o+ogi#a+ #+a,,e,55/o in,tan#e, to t%e #eeba+, !ige,ti-e, 0",#"+a, o e,$iatoy
ty$e,55ae not +iab+e to t%e ,a0e ogani# o 0enta+ !i,ea,e,1 T%ee ae geat /"n#tiona+
!i,$aitie, between ta++ an! ,$ae 0en, an! boa! an! ,%ot one,1 T%e ta++ ty$e, eit%e
a,t%eni# o at%+eti#, i, $e!i,$o,e! to t"be#"+o,i, an! to !e0entia $ae#o.1 T%e ,%ot,
$y#ni# ty$e, to #y#+i# 0ania, !iabete,, %e"0ati,0, an! go"t1 In t%e !iagno,i, an!
$ogno,i, o/ !i,ea,e,, an#ient $%y,i#ian,, 8"ite ig%t+y, attib"te! geat i0$otan#e to
te0$ea0ent, i!io,yn#a,ie,, an! !iat%e,e,1 Ea#% 0an bea, on %i, /a#e t%e !e,#i$tion o/
%i, bo!y an! %i, ,o"+1
3
T%e ,3in, w%i#% #o-e, t%e o"te ,"/a#e o/ t%e bo!y, i, i0$e0eab+e to wate an! to
ga,e,1 It !oe, not a++ow t%e 0i#obe, +i-ing on it, ,"/a#e to ente t%e ogani,01 It i,
#a$ab+e o/ !e,toying t%e0 wit% t%e ai! o/ ,"b,tan#e, ,e#ete! by it, g+an!,1 B"t it #an be
#o,,e! by t%e 0in"te an! !ea!+y being,, w%i#% we #a++ -i",e,1 It, e.tena+ /a#e i,
e.$o,e! to +ig%t, win!, %"0i!ity, !yne,,, %eat, an! #o+!1 It, intena+ /a#e i, in #onta#t
wit% an a8"ati# wo+!, wa0 an! !e$i-e! o/ +ig%t, w%ee #e++, +i-e +i3e 0aine ani0a+,1
@e,$ite it, t%inne,,, t%e ,3in e//e#ti-e+y $ote#t, t%e ogani# /+"i!, again,t t%e "n#ea,ing
-aiation, o/ #o,0i# ,"o"n!ing,1 It i, 0oi,t, ,"$$+e, e.ten,ib+e, e+a,ti#, !"ab+e1 It,
!"abi+ity i, !"e to it, 0o!e o/ #on,tit"tion, to it, ,e-ea+ +aye, o/ #e++,, w%i#% ,+ow+y
an! en!+e,,+y 0"+ti$+y1 T%e,e #e++, !ie w%i+e e0aining "nite! to one anot%e +i3e t%e
,+ate, o/ a oo/55+i3e ,+ate, #ea,e+e,,+y b+own away by t%e win! an! #ontin"a++y e$+a#e!
by new ,+ate,1 T%e ,3in, ne-et%e+e,,, etain, it, 0oi,tne,, an! ,"$$+ene,,, be#a",e ,0a++
g+an!, ,e#ete on it, ,"/a#e bot% wate an! /atty ,"b,tan#e,1 At t%e no,ti+,, 0o"t%, an",,
"et%a, an! -agina, it 7oin, t%e 0"#o,a,, t%o,e 0e0bane, t%at #o-e t%e inne ,"/a#e o/
t%e bo!y1 A++ it, oi/i#e,, wit% t%e e.#e$tion o/ t%e no,ti+,, ae #+o,e! by e+a,ti# an!
#onta#ti+e ing,, t%e ,$%in#te,1 T%",, it i, t%e a+0o,t $e/e#t+y /oti/ie! /ontie o/ a
#+o,e! wo+!1
T%o"g% it, o"te ,"/a#e, t%e bo!y ente, into #o00"ni#ation wit% a++ t%e t%ing, o/ t%e
#o,0i# "ni-e,e1 In /a#t, t%e ,3in i, t%e !we++ing5$+a#e o/ an i00en,e 8"antity o/ ,0a++
e#e$to ogan,, ea#% o/ w%i#% egi,te,, a##o!ing to it, own ,t"#t"e, t%e #%ange,
ta3ing $+a#e in t%e en-ion0ent1 Ta#ti+e #o$",#+e, ,#attee! a++ o-e it, ,"/a#e ae
,en,iti-e to $e,,"e, to $ain, to %eat, o to #o+!1 T%o,e ,it"ate! in t%e 0"#o,a o/ t%e
tong"e ae a//e#te! by #etain 8"a+itie, o/ /oo!, an! a+,o by te0$eat"e1 Ai -ibation,
a#t on t%e e.te0e+y #o0$+e. a$$aat", o/ t%e intena+ ea by t%e 0e!i"0 o/ t%e
ty0$ani# 0e0bane an! t%e bone, o/ t%e 0i!!+e ea1 T%e netwo3 o/ o+/a#toy ne-e,,
w%i#% e.ten!, into t%e na,a+ 0"#o", 0e0bane, i, ,en,iti-e to o!o,1 A ,tange
$%eno0enon o##", in t%e e0byo1 T%e bain #a",e, a $at o/ it,e+/, t%e o$ti# ne-e an!
t%e etina, to ,%oot o"t towa! t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e bo!y1 T%e $at o/ t%e ,3in o-e+ying t%e
yo"ng etina "n!egoe, an a,toni,%ing 0o!i/i#ation1 It be#o0e, tan,$aent, /o0, t%e
#onea an! t%e #y,ta++ine +en,, an! "nite, wit% ot%e ti,,"e, to b"i+! "$ t%e $o!igio",
o$ti#a+ ,y,te0 w%i#% we #a++ t%e eye1 T%e bain i,, t%",, enab+e! to e#o! t%e
e+e#to0agneti# wa-e, #o0$i,e! between e! an! -io+et1
Inn"0eab+e ne-e /ibe, a!iate /o0 a++ t%e,e ogan, an! #onne#t t%e0 wit% t%e ,$ina+
#o! an! t%e bain1 T%o"g% t%e agen#y o/ t%e,e ne-e, t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0
,$ea!, +i3e a web o-e t%e entie ,"/a#e o/ t%e bo!y w%ee it ente, into #onta#t wit% t%e
o"te wo+!1 T%e a,$e#t o/ t%e "ni-e,e !e$en!, on t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e ,en,e ogan,,
an! on t%ei !egee o/ ,en,iti-ene,,1 2o in,tan#e, ,%o"+! t%e etina e#o! in/a5e! ay,
o/ geat wa-e +engt%, nat"e wo"+! ta3e on a !i//eent -i,age1 T%e #o+o o/ wate, o#3,,
an! tee, wo"+! -ay wit% t%e ,ea,on, be#a",e o/ t%e #%ange, in t%e te0$eat"e1 ?"+y;,
#+ea !ay,, w%en t%e ,0a++e,t !etai+, o/ t%e +an!,#a$e ,tan! o"t ,%a$+y again,t !a3
,%a!ow,, wo"+! be ob,#"e! by a e!!i,% %a4e1 Heat ay,, being -i,ib+e, wo"+! #on#ea+
a++ ob7e#t,1 In winte, t%e at0o,$%ee wo"+! be#o0e #+ea an! t%e #onto", o/ t%ing,
$e#i,e1 T%e a,$e#t o/ 0en, %owe-e, wo"+! e0ain -ey !i//eent1 T%ei o"t+ine, -ag"e1
T%ei /a#e, %i!!en by a e! 0i,t i,,"ing /o0 t%ei 0o"t% an! no,ti+,1 A/te -io+ent
e.e#i,e, t%e bo!y wo"+! ,ee0 to in#ea,e in ,i4e, on a##o"nt o/ t%e %eat e+ea,e! by t%e
,3in an! ,"o"n!ing t%e /ig"e wit% a +age a"a1 In a +i3e 0anne, t%e #o,0i# wo+!
wo"+! a,,"0e anot%e a$$eaan#e i/ t%e etina be#a0e ,en,iti-e to "+ta5-io+et ay, an!
t%e ,3in to +ig%t ay,1 O i/ t%e a#"tene,, o/ a++ o" ,en,e ogan, wee #on,i!eab+y
a"g0ente!1
We ignoe t%ing, w%i#% %a-e no a#tion on t%e ne-e en!ing, o/ t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e ,3in1
T%ee/oe, we !o not $e#ei-e #o,0i# ay,, a+t%o"g% t%ey $a,, ig%t t%o"g% o" bo!y1 It
,ee0, t%at e-eyt%ing ea#%ing t%e bain %a, to ente t%e ,en,oy ogan,55t%at i,, to
in/+"en#e t%e ne-o", +aye en-e+o$ing o" bo!y1 T%e "n3nown agent o/ te+e$at%i#
#o00"ni#ation, i, $e%a$, t%e on+y e.#e$tion to t%i, "+e1 In #+ai-oyan#e, it +oo3, a,
t%o"g% t%e ,"b7e#t !ie#t+y ga,$, t%e e.tena+ ea+ity wit%o"t t%e %e+$ o/ t%e ","a+ ne-e
#%anne+,1 B"t ,"#% $%eno0ena ae ae1 A, a "+e, t%e ,en,e, ae t%e gateway t%o"g%
w%i#% t%e $%y,i#a+ an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ "ni-e,e $enetate, o" ogani,01 T%",, t%e 8"a+ity
o/ an in!i-i!"a+ $at+y !e$en!, on t%at o/ %i, ,"/a#e1 2o t%e bain i, 0o+!e! by t%e
#ontin"a+ 0e,,age, it e#ei-e, /o0 t%e o"te wo+!1 T%ee/oe, t%e ,tate o/ o" en-e+o$e
,%o"+! not be 0o!i/ie! t%o"g%t+e,,+y by new %abit, o/ +i/e1 2o in,tan#e, we ae /a /o0
3nowing #o0$+ete+y w%at e//e#t e.$o,"e to ,"n ay, %a, "$on t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e
entie bo!y1 Unti+ t%e e.a#t nat"e o/ t%i, e//e#t %a, been a,#etaine!, n"!i,0 an!
e.aggeate! tanning o/ t%e ,3in by nat"a+ +ig%t, o by "+ta5-io+et ay,, ,%o"+! not be
b+in!+y a##e$te! by t%e w%ite a#e,1 T%e ,3in an! it, a$$en!age, $+ay t%e $at o/ a
/ait%/"+ 3ee$e o/ o" ogan, an! o" b+oo!1 T%ey a++ow #etain t%ing, to ente o" inne
wo+! an! e.#+"!e ot%e,1 T%ey ae t%e e-e o$en, t%o"g% #ae/"++y wat#%e!, !oo to o"
#enta+ ne-o", ,y,te01 T%ey 0",t be +oo3e! "$on a, being an e,,entia+ $at o/ o",e+-e,1
O" intena+ /ontie begin, at t%e 0o"t% an! t%e no,e, an! en!, at t%e an",1 T%o"g%
t%e,e o$ening, t%e o"t,i!e wo+! $enetate, into t%e e,$iatoy an! !ige,ti-e ,y,te0,1
W%i+e t%e ,3in i, i0$e-io", to wate an! to ga,, t%e 0"#o", 0e0bane, o/ t%e +"ng, an!
o/ t%e inte,tine, a++ow t%e,e ,"b,tan#e, to $a,,1 T%ey ae e,$on,ib+e /o t%e #%e0i#a+
#ontin"ity o/ o" bo!y wit% it, ,"o"n!ing,1 O" inne ,"/a#e i, /a +age t%an t%at o/
t%e ,3in1 T%e aea #o-ee! by t%e /+at #e++, o/ t%e $"+0onay a+-eo+i i, i00en,e1 It i,
a$$o.i0ate+y e8"a+ to /i-e %"n!e! ,8"ae 0ete,1 T%e t%in 0e0bane /o0e! by t%e,e
#e++, i, ta-e,e! by o.ygen /o0 t%e ai an! by #abon !io.i!e /o0 t%e -eno", b+oo!1 It
i, ea,i+y a//e#te! by $oi,ono", ga,e, an! by ba#teia, an! 0oe $ati#"+a+y by $ne"5
0o#o##i1 At0o,$%ei# ai, be/oe ea#%ing t%e $"+0onay a+-eo+i, $a,,e, t%o"g% t%e
no,e, t%e $%ayn., t%e +ayn., t%e ta#%ea, an! t%e bon#%i, w%ee it i, 0oi,tene! an!
/ee! /o0 !",t an! 0i#obe,1 B"t t%i, nat"a+ $ote#tion i, now in,"//i#ient be#a",e t%e
ai o/ #itie, %a, been $o++"te! by #oa+ !",t, ga,o+ine /"0e,, an! ba#teia ,et /ee by t%e
0"+tit"!e o/ %"0an being,1 Re,$iatoy 0"#o,a i, 0"#% 0oe !e+i#ate t%an ,3in1 It i,
!e/en,e+e,, again,t ,tong iitant,1 It, /agi+ity 0ay #a",e entie $o$"+ation, to be
e.te0inate! by to.i# ga,e, in t%e geat wa, o/ t%e /"t"e1
2o0 0o"t% to an",, t%e bo!y i, ta-e,e! by a ,tea0 o/ n"titi-e ,"b,tan#e,1 T%e
!ige,ti-e 0e0bane, !ete0ine t%e nat"e o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ e+ation, between t%e e.tena+
wo+! an! t%e inne wo+! o/ o" ti,,"e, an! ogani# /+"i!,1 B"t t%ei /"n#tion, ae /a
0oe #o0$+e. t%an t%o,e o/ t%e e,$iatoy one,1 T%ey 0",t $o/o"n!+y tan,/o0 t%e
/oo!,t"//, w%i#% ea#% t%ei ,"/a#e1 T%ey ae not on+y a /i+te, b"t a+,o a #%e0i#a+
/a#toy1 T%e /e0ent, ,e#ete! by t%ei g+an!, #o++aboate wit% t%o,e o/ t%e $an#ea, in
!e#o0$o,ing t%e a+i0ent, into ,"b,tan#e, #a$ab+e o/ being ab,obe! by t%e inte,tina+
#e++,1 T%e !ige,ti-e ,"/a#e i, e.tao!inai+y -a,t1 T%e 0"#o,a, ,e#ete an! ab,ob +age
8"antitie, o/ /+"i!,1 T%ei #e++, a++ow t%e /oo!,t"//,, w%en !ige,te!, to ente t%e bo!y1 B"t
t%ey e,i,t t%e $enetation o/ t%e ba#teia t%at ,wa0 in t%e !ige,ti-e ta#t1 T%e,e
!angeo", ene0ie, ae genea++y %e+! in #onto+ by t%e t%in inte,tina+ 0e0bane, an! t%e
+e"#o#yte, !e/en!ing it1 B"t t%ey ae a+way, a 0ena#e1 Ai",e, t%i-e in t%e $%ayn. an!
t%e no,e1 Ste$to#o##i, ,ta$%y+o#o##i, an! 0i#obe, o/ !i$%t%eia in t%e ton,i+,1 T%e
ba#i++i o/ ty$%oi! /e-e an! o/ !y,entey 0"+ti$+y wit% ea,e in t%e inte,tine,1 T%e
,o"n!ne,, o/ t%e e,$iatoy an! !ige,ti-e 0e0bane, go-en,, in a +age 0ea,"e, t%e
e,i,tan#e o/ t%e ogani,0 to in/e#tio", !i,ea,e,, it, ,tengt%, it, e8"i+ibi"0, it,
e//e#ti-ity, it, inte++e#t"a+ attit"!e1
T%",, o" bo!y #on,tit"te, a #+o,e! "ni-e,e, +i0ite! on one ,i!e by t%e ,3in, an! on t%e
ot%e by t%e 0"#o,a, #o-eing o" inne ,"/a#e,1 I/ t%e,e 0e0bane, ae i0$aie! at any
$oint, t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ i, en!angee!1 E-en a ,"$e/i#ia+ b"n, w%en
e.ten!ing o-e a +age aea o/ t%e ,3in, e,"+t, in !eat%1 T%i, #o-eing ,e$aate, o"
ogan, an! %"0o, /o0 t%e #o,0i# en-ion0ent, an! yet a++ow, 0o,t e.ten,i-e $%y,i#a+
an! #%e0i#a+ #o00"ni#ation, between t%e,e two wo+!,1 It a##o0$+i,%e, t%e 0ia#+e o/
being a baie at on#e #+o,e! an! o$en1 2o it !oe, not $ote#t o" ne-o", ,y,te0
again,t o" 0enta+ ,"o"n!ing,1 We 0ay be wo"n!e!, an! e-en 3i++e!, by ,"bt+e
ene0ie, w%i#%, ignoing o" anato0i#a+ /ontie,, in-a!e o" #on,#io",ne,,, +i3e a-iato,
bo0ba!ing a #ity wit%o"t ta3ing any noti#e o/ it, /oti/i#ation,1
4
T%e in,i!e o/ o" bo!y !oe, not e,e0b+e t%e !e,#i$tion, o/ #+a,,i#a+ anato0y1 T%i,
,#ien#e %a, #on,t"#te! a ,#%e0a o/ t%e %"0an being t%at i, $"e+y ,t"#t"a+ an! 8"ite
"nea+1 It i, not 0ee+y by o$ening a #o$,e t%at one 0ay +ean %ow 0an i, #on,tit"te!1
O/ #o",e, we #an ob,e-e in t%i, way %i, /a0ewo3, t%e ,3e+eton an! t%e 0",#+e,,
w%i#% ae t%e ,#a//o+! o/ t%e ogan,1 In a #age /o0e! by t%e ,$ina+ #o+"0n, t%e ib,, an!
t%e ,ten"0, ae ,",$en!e! t%e %eat an! t%e +"ng,1 T%e +i-e, ,$+een, 3i!ney,, ,to0a#%,
inte,tine,, an! ,e."a+ g+an!, ae atta#%e!, by t%e /o+!, o/ t%e $eitone"0, to t%e inne
,"/a#e o/ a +age #a-ity w%o,e botto0 i, /o0e! by t%e $e+-i,, t%e ,i!e, by t%e
ab!o0ina+ 0",#+e,, an! t%e oo/ by t%e !ia$%ag01 T%e 0o,t /agi+e o/ a++ t%e ogan,, t%e
bain an! t%e #o!, ae en#+o,e! in o,,eo", bo.e,, t%e #ani"0 an! t%e ,$ine1 T%ey ae
$ote#te! again,t t%e %a!ne,, o/ t%e wa++, o/ t%ei +o!ging, by a ,y,te0 o/ 0e0bane,
an! a #",%ion o/ +i8"i!1
One #annot "n!e,tan! t%e +i-ing being by ,t"!ying a !ea! bo!y1 2o t%e ti,,"e, o/ a
#o$,e %a-e been !e$i-e! o/ t%ei #i#"+ating b+oo! an! o/ t%ei /"n#tion,1 In ea+ity, an
ogan ,e$aate! /o0 it, n"titi-e 0e!i"0 no +onge e.i,t,1 In t%e +i-ing bo!y, b+oo! i,
$e,ent e-eyw%ee1 It $"+,ate, in t%e ateie,, g+i!e, t%o"g% t%e -ein,, /i++, t%e #a$i++ay
-e,,e+,, bat%e, a++ ti,,"e, in tan,$aent +y0$%1 In o!e to a$$e%en! t%i, inne wo+! a,
it i,, 0oe !e+i#ate te#%ni8"e, t%an t%o,e o/ anato0y an! o/ %i,to+ogy ae in!i,$en,ab+e1
We 0",t ,t"!y ogan, o/ +i-ing ani0a+, an! o/ 0en, a, t%ey ae ,een in t%e #o",e o/
,"gi#a+ o$eation,, an! not ,i0$+y t%o,e o/ #a!a-e, $e$ae! /o !i,,e#tion1 T%ei
,t"#t"e ,%o"+! be +eane!, bot% /o0 0i#o,#o$i#a+ ,e#tion, o/ !ea! ti,,"e, 0oe o +e,,
0o!i/ie! by /i.ati-e, an! !ye,, an! /o0 +i-ing ti,,"e, w%i+e /"n#tioning1 A+,o /o0
#ine0atoga$%i# /i+0, on w%i#% t%ei 0o-e0ent, %a-e been e#o!e!1 We 0",t not
,e$aate #e++, /o0 0e!i"0 an! /"n#tion /o0 ,t"#t"e, a, anato0y %a, !one1
Wit%in t%e bo!y, t%e #e++, be%a-e +i3e ,0a++ ogani,0, $+"nge! in an aeate! an!
n"titi-e 0e!i"01 T%i, 0e!i"0 i, ana+ogo", to ,ea wate1 Howe-e, it #ontain, a ,0a++e
8"antity o/ ,a+t,, an! it, #o0$o,ition i, 0"#% i#%e an! 0oe -aie!1 T%e +e"#o#yte, o/
t%e b+oo! an! t%e #e++, #o-eing t%e wa++, o/ b+oo! -e,,e+, an! +y0$%ati#, ae +i3e /i,%
,wi00ing /ee+y in t%e !e$t% o/ t%e o#ean o +ying /+at on t%e ,an!y botto01 B"t t%e #e++,
/o0ing t%e ti,,"e, !o not /+oat in a /+"i!1 T%ey ae #o0$aab+e, not to /i,%, b"t to
a0$%ibia in%abiting 0a,%e, o 0oi,t ,an!1 A++ +i-ing #e++, !e$en! ab,o+"te+y on t%e
0e!i"0 in w%i#% t%ey ae i00e,e!1 T%ey 0o!i/y t%i, 0e!i"0 "n#ea,ing+y, an! ae
0o!i/ie! by it1 In /a#t, t%ey ae in,e$aab+e /o0 it1 A, in,e$aab+e a, t%ei bo!y i, /o0
it, n"#+e",1 T%ei ,t"#t"e an! /"n#tion, ae entie+y ,"bo!inate! to t%e $%y,i#a+,
$%y,i#o#%e0i#a+, an! #%e0i#a+ #on!ition, o/ t%e ,"o"n!ing /+"i!1 T%i, /+"i! i, t%e
inte,titia+ +y0$% w%i#% at on#e $o!"#e,, an! i, $o!"#e! by, b+oo! $+a,0a1 Ce++, an!
0e!i"0, ,t"#t"e an! /"n#tion, #annot be ,e$aate! /o0 one anot%e1 T%e i,o+ation o/
#e++, /o0 t%ei nat"a+ en-ion0ent i, a+toget%e "nwaante!1 Howe-e, 0et%o!o+ogi#a+
ne#e,,ity /o#e, ", to !i-i!e t%i, en,e0b+e into /ag0ent,, an! to !e,#ibe, on one ,i!e,
t%e #e++, an! ti,,"e,, an!, on t%e ot%e, t%e ogani# 0e!i"055t%at i,, t%e b+oo! an! t%e
%"0o,1
T%e #e++, #ongegate in ,o#ietie,, w%i#% ae #a++e! ti,,"e, an! ogan,1 B"t t%e ana+ogy
o/ t%e,e ,o#ietie, to %"0an an! in,e#t #o00"nitie, i, 8"ite ,"$e/i#ia+1 2o t%e
in!i-i!"a+ity o/ #e++, i, 0"#% +e,, !e/inite t%an t%at o/ 0en an! e-en o/ in,e#t,1 T%e "+e,
o/ t%e,e a,,o#iation, ae 0ee+y t%e e.$e,,ion o/ t%e in%eent $o$etie, o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+,1 T%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ %"0an being, ae 0oe ea,i+y +eane! t%an t%o,e o/
t%ei ,o#ietie,1 P%y,io+ogy i, a ,#ien#e1 H"0an ,o#io+ogy i, not1 On t%e #ontay, #e++
,o#io+ogy i, 0oe a!-an#e! t%an t%e ,#ien#e o/ t%e ,t"#t"e an! /"n#tion, o/ t%e #e++ a,
an in!i-i!"a+1 Anato0i,t, an! $%y,io+ogi,t, %a-e +ong ,in#e 3nown t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/
ti,,"e, an! ogan,55t%at i,, o/ #e++ ,o#ietie,1 On+y e#ent+y %a-e t%ey ,"##ee!e! in
ana+y4ing t%e $o$etie, o/ t%e #e++, t%e0,e+-e,, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, 0a3ing "$ t%e ogani#
a,,o#iation,1 Owing to t%e new $o#e!"e, /o t%e #"+ti-ation o/ ti,,"e,, it %a, been
$o,,ib+e to ,t"!y +i-ing #e++, in a /+a,3 a, ea,i+y a, bee, in a %i-e1 T%o,e #e++, %a-e
e-ea+e! t%e0,e+-e, a, en!owe! wit% "n,",$e#te! $owe,, wit% a,to"n!ing $o$etie,1
Ait"a+ in t%e no0a+ #on!ition, o/ +i/e, t%e,e $o$etie, a#t"a+i4e "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/
!i,ea,e,, w%en t%e ogani# 0e!i"0 "n!egoe, #etain $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ #%ange,1 T%e,e
/"n#tiona+ #%aa#tei,ti#,, /a 0oe t%an t%ei ,t"#t"e, gi-e to ti,,"e, t%e $owe o/
b"i+!ing "$ t%e +i-ing bo!y1
@e,$ite it, 0in"tene,,, ea#% #e++ i, a -ey #o0$+e. ogani,01 It !oe, not in any way
e,e0b+e t%e /a-oite ab,ta#tion o/ #%e0i,t,, a !o$ o/ ge+atin ,"o"n!e! by a ,e0i5
$e0eab+e 0e0bane1 T%e ,"b,tan#e, w%i#% bio+ogi,t, #a++ $oto$+a,0, i, /o"n! neit%e
in it, n"#+e", no in it, bo!y1 Poto$+a,0 i, a #on#e$t !e$i-e! o/ ob7e#ti-e 0eaning1 ?",t
a, t%e #on#e$t ant%o$o$+a,0 wo"+! be, i/ by ,"#% a #on#e$t one atte0$te! to !e/ine t%e
#ontent o/ t%e %"0an bo!y1 Ce++, #an now be /i+0e! an! 0agni/ie! to ,"#% an e.tent t%at,
w%en t%own on t%e ,#een, t%ey ae +age t%an a 0an1 A++ t%ei ogan, ae t%en -i,ib+e1
In t%e 0i!!+e o/ t%ei bo!y /+oat, a 3in! o/ o-oi!, e+a,ti#5wa++e! ba++oon, t%e n"#+e",,
w%i#% a$$ea, to be /"++ o/ an inet an! tan,$aent 7e++y1 In t%i, 7e++y ae ,een two
n"#+eo+i, w%i#% ,+ow+y an! "n#ea,ing+y #%ange t%ei ,%a$e1 Ao"n! t%e n"#+e", t%ee i, a
geat agitation o/ ,0a++ $ati#+e,1 T%e 0o-e0ent, ae $ati#"+a+y a#ti-e ao"n! a #+",te
o/ -e,i#+e,, #oe,$on!ing to t%e ogan #a++e! by anato0i,t, t%e a$$aat", o/ >o+gi o o/
Rena"t, an! w%o,e /"n#tion, ae #onne#te! wit% t%e n"tition o/ t%e #e++1 S0a++ an!
in!i,tin#t gan"+e, /o0 a 3in! o/ w%i+$oo+ in t%at ,a0e !i,ti#t1 Lage g+ob"+e,
en!+e,,+y 4ig4ag t%o"g% t%e #e++, going a, /a a, t%e e.te0itie, o/ it, 0obi+e an!
tan,itoy a0,1 B"t t%e 0o,t e0a3ab+e ogan, ae +ong /i+a0ent,, t%e 0ito#%on!ia,,
w%i#% e,e0b+e ,na3e, o, in #etain #e++,, ,%ot ba#teia1 Ae,i#+e,, gan"+ation,,
g+ob"+e,, an! /i+a0ent, g+i!e, !an#e, an! "n!"+ate $e$et"a++y in t%e /ee ,$a#e, o/ t%e
#e++ bo!y1
T%i, ,t"#t"a+ #o0$+e.ity o/ t%e +i-ing #e++ i, !i,#on#eting, b"t it, #%e0i#a+
#on,tit"tion i, ,ti++ 0oe inti#ate1 T%e n"#+e",, w%i#%, wit% t%e e.#e$tion o/ t%e n"#+eo+i,
a$$ea, to be #o0$+ete+y e0$ty, #ontain, ,"b,tan#e, o/ a t"+y 0a-e+o", nat"e1 T%e
,i0$+i#ity attib"te! by #%e0i,t, to it, #on,tit"ent n"5#+eo$otein, i, an i++",ion1 In /a#t,
t%e n"#+ea ,"b,tan#e #o0$i,e, t%e gene,, t%o,e 0y,teio", being, o/ w%i#% we 3now
not%ing e.#e$t t%at t%ey ae t%e %ee!itay ten!en#ie, o/ #e++, an! o/ 0en1 In,tea! o/
being ,i0$+e, t%e #%e0i#a+ #o0$o,ition o/ t%e n"#+e", 0",t be o/ bewi+!eing
#o0$+e.ity1 T%e gene, ae genea++y in-i,ib+e1 Howe-e, we 3now t%at t%ey !we++ in t%e
#%o0o,o0e,, t%o,e e+ongate! bo!ie, ,een in t%e #+ea /+"i! o/ t%e n"#+e", w%en t%e #e++
i, going to !i-i!e1 At t%i, 0o0ent t%e #%o0o,o0e, /o0 in a 0oe o +e,, !i,tin#t
0anne two go"$,1 T%e,e go"$, 0o-e away /o0 ea#% ot%e1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e
entie #e++ ,%a3e, -io+ent+y, to,,e, it, #ontent, in a++ !ie#tion,, an! !i-i!e, into two $at,1
T%e,e $at,, t%e !a"g%te #e++,, wit%!aw /o0 ea#% ot%e w%i+e ,ti++ "nite! by ,o0e
e+a,ti# /i+a0ent,1 T%e,e /i+a0ent, ,tet#% an! /ina++y gi-e way1 T%",, two new e+e0ent,
o/ t%e ogani,0 %a-e be#o0e in!i-i!"a+i4e!1
Ce++,, +i3e ani0a+,, be+ong to 0any !i//eent a#e,1 T%e,e a#e,, o ty$e,, ae !e/ine! by
bot% t%ei ,t"#t"a+ an! t%ei /"n#tiona+ #%aa#tei,ti#,1 T%ey ,$ing /o0 !i//eent /ie+!,,
,"#% a, t%e t%yoi! g+an!, t%e ,$+een, t%e ,3in, t%e +i-e, et#1 B"t, ,tange to ,ay, #e++,
oiginating /o0 t%e ,a0e egion 0ay a,,"0e !i//eent ty$e, at ,"##e,,i-e $eio!, o/
ti0e1 T%e ogani,0 i, a, %eteogeneo", in ti0e a, in ,$a#e1 T%e #e++ ty$e, t%at b"i+! "$
t%e bo!y 0ay be o"g%+y !i-i!e! into two #+a,,e,1 T%e /i.e! #e++,, w%o,e a,,o#iation,
/o0 t%e ti,,"e, an! t%e ogan,, an! t%e 0obi+e #e++,, w%i#% ta-e+ t%o"g%o"t t%e entie
ogani,01 T%e #onne#ti-e an! e$it%e+ia+ ty$e, o/ #e++, be+ong to t%e /i.e! #ategoy1
E$it%e+ia+ #e++, ae t%e nob+e,t e+e0ent, o/ t%e bo!y1 T%ey #on,tit"te t%e bain, t%e ,3in,
t%e en!o#ine g+an!,, et#1 Conne#ti-e #e++, b"i+! "$ t%e /a0ewo3 o/ t%e ogan,1 T%ey
ae t"+y "bi8"ito",1 Ao"n! t%e0 a$$ea -aio", ,"b,tan#e,, ,"#% a, #ati+age, #a+#i"0,
/ibo", ti,,"e, e+a,ti# /ibe,, w%i#% gi-e ,3e+eton, 0",#+e,, b+oo! -e,,e+,, an! ogan, t%e
,o+i!ity an! e+a,ti#ity in!i,$en,ab+e to t%ei /"n#tion,1 In a!!ition, t%ey 0eta0o$%o,e
into #onta#ti+e e+e0ent,1 T%e,e ae t%e 0",#+e, o/ t%e %eat, o/ t%e -e,,e+,, o/ t%e
!ige,ti-e a$$aat",, an! a+,o o/ t%e +o#o0oti-e ,y,te01 A+t%o"g% #onne#ti-e an!
e$it%e+ia+ #e++, ,ee0 to be i00obi+e an! ae ,ti++ #a++e! by t%ei o+! na0e o/ /i.e! #e++,,
ne-et%e+e,, t%ey 0o-e, a, #ine0atoga$%y %a, ,%own1 B"t t%ei 0o-e0ent, ae ,+ow1
T%ey g+i!e in t%ei 0e!i"0 +i3e oi+ ,$ea!ing o-e t%e ,"/a#e o/ wate1 T%ey !ag wit%
t%e0 t%ei n"#+e",, ,",$en!e! in t%e /+"i! 0a,, o/ t%ei bo!y1 T%ey !i//e 0a3e!+y /o0
t%e 0obi+e #e++,1 T%o,e #e++, in#+"!e t%e !i//eent ty$e, o/ +e"#o#yte, o/ t%e b+oo! an! o/
t%e ti,,"e,1 T%ei 0otion i, a$i!1 T%e +e"#o#yte,, #%aa#tei4e! by t%e $e,en#e o/
,e-ea+ n"#+ei, e,e0b+e a0eba,1 T%e +y0$%o#yte, #aw+ 0oe ,+ow+y, +i3e ,0a++ wo0,1
T%e +age one,, t%e 0ono#yte,, %a-e t%e a$$eaan#e o/ an o#to$",1 T%ey e.t"!e +ong
tenta#+e, /o0 t%ei ,"b,tan#e, an! a+,o ,"o"n! t%e0,e+-e, wit% a t%in, "n!"+ating
0e0bane1 A/te %a-ing en-e+o$e! !ea! #e++, an! 0i#obe, in t%e /o+!, o/ t%i,
0e0bane, t%ey -oa#io",+y !e-o" t%e01
W%en t%e,e !i//eent #e++ ty$e, ae be! in /+a,3,, t%ei #%aa#tei,ti#, be#o0e 7",t a,
a$$aent a, t%o,e o/ t%e -aio", 3in!, o/ 0i#obe,1 Ea#% ty$e %a, it, own in%eent
$o$etie,, w%i#% e0ain ,$e#i/i#, e-en w%en ,e-ea+ yea, %a-e e+a$,e! ,in#e it,
,e$aation /o0 t%e ogani,01 Ce++ ty$e, ae #%aa#tei4e! by t%ei 0o!e o/ +o#o0otion,
t%ei way o/ a,,o#iating wit% one anot%e, t%e a,$e#t o/ t%ei #o+onie,, t%e ate o/ t%ei
gowt%, t%ei e,$on,e to -aio", #%e0i#a+,, t%e ,"b,tan#e, t%ey ,e#ete, t%e /oo! t%ey
e8"ie, a, we++ a, by t%ei ,%a$e an! ,t"#t"e1 T%i, boa!e #on#e$tion i, ta3ing t%e
$+a#e o/ t%e $"e+y 0o$%o+ogi#a+ !e/inition, o/ #+a,,i#a+ anato0y1 T%e +aw, o/
ogani4ation o/ ea#% #e++ #o00"nity55t%at i,, o/ ea#% ogan 55!ei-e /o0 t%e,e
e+e0entay $o$etie,1 Ti,,"e #e++,, $o,,e,,ing on+y t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, a,#ibe! to t%e0
by anato0y, wo"+! be in#a$ab+e o/ b"i+!ing "$ a +i-ing ogani,01 B"t t%ey ae en!owe!
wit% 0"#% %ig%e $owe,1 T%ey !o not 0ani/e,t a++ o/ t%e01 Be,i!e, t%e a#ti-itie, w%i#%
t%ey ","a++y !i,$+ay, t%ey $o,,e,, ot%e,, genea++y %i!!en, b"t #a$ab+e o/ be#o0ing
a#t"a+ in e,$on,e to #etain #%ange, o/ t%e 0e!i"01 T%ey ae t%", enab+e! to !ea+ wit%
t%e "n/oe,eeab+e e-ent, ta3ing $+a#e in t%e #o",e o/ no0a+ +i/e an! !"ing i++ne,,e,1
Ce++, "nite in !en,e 0a,,e,, t%e ti,,"e, an! ogan,, w%o,e a#%ite#toni# !e$en!, on t%e
,t"#t"a+ an! /"n#tiona+ nee!, o/ t%e ogani,0 in it, tota+ity1 T%e %"0an bo!y i, a
#o0$a#t an! 0obi+e "nit1 An! it, %a0ony i, a,,"e! by bot% t%e b+oo! an! t%e ne-e,
w%i#% integate a++ #e++ #o00"nitie,1 T%e e.i,ten#e o/ ti,,"e, #annot be #on#ei-e!
wit%o"t t%at o/ a /+"i! 0e!i"01 T%e ne#e,,ay e+ation, o/ t%e anato0i#a+ e+e0ent, an! o/
t%e -e,,e+, #aying t%i, n"titi-e 0e!i"0 !ete0ine t%e ,%a$e o/ t%e ogan,1 S"#% ,%a$e
a+,o i, in/+"en#e! by t%e $e,en#e o/ t%e !"#t, t%o"g% w%i#% g+an!"+a $o!"#t, ae
,e#ete!1 A++ ,$atia+ o!eing o/ bo!i+y ,t"#t"e, i, #o00an!e! by t%ei /oo!
e8"ie0ent,1 T%e a#%ite#t"a+ $+an o/ ea#% ogan i, in,$ie! by t%e nee! o/ t%e #e++, to
be i00e,e! in a 0e!i"0 a+way, i#% in /oo!,t"//, an! ne-e en#"0bee! by wa,te
$o!"#t,1

T%e ogani# 0e!i"0 i, a $at o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 S%o"+! it be e0o-e!, t%e bo!y wo"+!
#ea,e to e.i,t1 E-ey 0ani/e,tation o/ t%e +i/e o/ o" ogan, an! ne-o", #ente,, o"
t%o"g%t,, o" a//e#tion,, t%e #"e+ty, t%e "g+ine,,, an! t%e bea"ty o/ t%e "ni-e,e, it, -ey
e.i,ten#e, !e$en! on t%e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ ,tate o/ o" %"0o,1 T%e ogani# 0e!i"0 i,
#o0$o,e! o/ b+oo!, /+owing in t%e -e,,e+,, an! o/ /+"i!,, $+a,0a o +y0$%, w%i#% /i+te
t%o"g% t%e wa++, o/ t%e #a$i++aie, into t%e ti,,"e,1 T%ee i, a genea+ ogani# 0e!i"0,
t%e b+oo!, an! egiona+ 0e!ia, #on,i,ting o/ t%e inte,titia+ +y0$% o/ ea#% ogan1 An
ogan 0ay be #o0$ae! to a $on! #o0$+ete+y /i++e! wit% a8"ati# $+ant, an! /e! by a
,0a++ boo31 T%e a+0o,t ,tagnant wate i, $o++"te! by wa,te $o!"#t,, !ea! /ag0ent, o/
$+ant,, an! #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, ,et /ee by t%e01 T%e !egee o/ ,tagnation an! o/
$o++"tion o/ t%e wate !e$en!, on t%e a$i!ity an! t%e -o+"0e o/ t%e boo31 S"#% i, t%e
#a,e wit% inte,titia+ +y0$%1 In ,%ot, t%e #o0$o,ition o/ t%e egiona+ 0e!ia in%abite! by
t%e -aio", #e++, o/ t%e bo!y e,t,, !ie#t+y o in!ie#t+y, on b+oo!1
T%e b+oo! i, a ti,,"e, +i3e a++ t%e ot%e ti,,"e,1 It i, #o0$o,e! o/ abo"t twenty5/i-e o
t%ity t%o",an! bi++ion, o/ e! #e++,, an! o/ /i/ty bi++ion, o/ w%ite #e++,1 B"t t%e,e #e++, ae
not, +i3e t%o,e o/ t%e ot%e ti,,"e,, i00obi+i4e! in a /a0ewo31 T%ey ae ,",$en!e! in a
-i,#o", +i8"i!, t%e $+a,0a1 B+oo! i, a 0o-ing ti,,"e, /in!ing it, way into a++ $at, o/ t%e
bo!y1 It #aie, to ea#% #e++ t%e $o$e no"i,%0ent1 A#ting, at t%e ,a0e ti0e, a, a 0ain
,ewe t%at ta3e, away t%e wa,te $o!"#t, ,et /ee by +i-ing ti,,"e,1 It a+,o #ontain,
#%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, an! #e++, #a$ab+e o/ e$aiing ogan, w%ee-e ne#e,,ay1 T%e,e
$o$etie, ae in!ee! ,tange1 W%en #aying o"t ,"#% a,toni,%ing !"tie,, t%e b+oo!
,tea0 be%a-e, +i3e a toent w%i#%, wit% t%e %e+$ o/ t%e 0"! an! t%e tee, !i/ting in it,
,tea0, wo"+! ,et abo"t e$aiing t%e %o",e, ,it"ate! on it, ban3,1
B+oo! $+a,0a i, not e.a#t+y w%at #%e0i,t, be+ie-e it to be1 It i, in#o0$aab+y i#%e
t%an t%e #+a,,i#a+ ab,ta#tion,1 Wit%o"t any !o"bt, $+a,0a ea++y i, t%e ,o+"tion o/ ba,e,,
a#i!,, ,a+t,, an! $otein,, w%o,e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ e8"i+ibia ae e.$e,,e! in t%e +aw,
!i,#o-ee! by Aan S+y3e an! Hen!e,on1 Owing to t%i, $ati#"+a #o0$o,ition, it, ioni#
a+3a+inity i, 0aintaine! nea t%e ne"ta+ $oint, in ,$ite o/ t%e a#i!, #ea,e+e,,+y +ibeate!
by t%e ti,,"e,1 In t%i, 0anne it ,"$$+ie, a++ t%e #e++, o/ t%e entie ogani,0 wit% an
"n-aying 0e!i"0, neit%e too a#i! no too a+3a+ine1 B"t it a+,o #ontain, $otein,,
$o+y$e$ti!e,, a0ino a#i!,, ,"ga,, /at,, en4y0e,, 0eta+, in in/inite,i0a+ 8"antitie,, an!
t%e ,e#etion, o/ a++ g+an!, an! ti,,"e,1 T%e nat"e o/ t%e 0a7oity o/ t%e,e ,"b,tan#e, i,
,ti++ -ey i0$e/e#t+y 3nown1 We ae ,#a#e+y beginning to "n!e,tan! t%e i00en,e
#o0$+e.ity o/ t%ei /"n#tion,1 Ea#% #e++ ty$e /in!, in t%e b+oo! $+a,0a t%e /oo!,t"//,
in!i,$en,ab+e to it, 0aintenan#e, an! a+,o ,"b,tan#e, a##e+eating o eta!ing it,
a#ti-ity1 T%",, #etain /atty #o0$o"n!, +in3e! to t%e $otein, o/ ,e"0 ae #a$ab+e o/
#"bing #e++"+a $o+i/eation, an! e-en o/ $e-enting it #o0$+ete+y1 T%e ,e"0 a+,o
#ontain, ,"b,tan#e, o$$o,ing t%e 0"+ti$+i#ation o/ ba#teia, t%e antibo!ie,1 T%e,e
antibo!ie, a$$ea w%en t%e ti,,"e, %a-e to !e/en! t%e0,e+-e, again,t in-a!ing 0i#obe,1
In a!!ition, t%ee i, in b+oo! $+a,0a a $otein /ibinogen, /at%e o/ /ibin, w%o,e ,%e!,
,$ontane5o",+y a!%ee to t%e wo"n!, o/ b+oo! -e,,e+, an! ,to$ %e0o%age,1
Re! an! w%ite #o$",#+e, $+ay an i0$otant $at in t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e ogani#
0e!i"01 We 3now t%at b+oo! $+a,0a !i,,o+-e, on+y a ,0a++ a0o"nt o/ at0o,$%ei#
o.ygen1 Wit%o"t t%e %e+$ o/ t%e e! #o$",#+e,, it wo"+!, t%ee/oe, be in#a$ab+e o/
,"$$+ying t%e i00en,e $o$"+ation o/ bo!y #e++, wit% t%e o.ygen t%ey e8"ie1 T%e,e e!
#o$",#+e, ae not +i-ing #e++,1 T%ey ae tiny ,a#3, /"++ o/ %e0og+obin1 @"ing t%ei
$a,,age t%o"g% t%e +"ng, t%ey ta3e on a +oa! o/ o.ygen w%i#%, a /ew in,tant, +ate, t%ey
%an! o-e to t%e gee!y ti,,"e #e++,1 W%en ta3ing !e+i-ey o/ t%e o.ygen, t%e,e #e++,
,i0"+taneo",+y get i! o/ t%ei #abon !io.i!e an! ot%e wa,te $o!"#t, by $a,,ing t%e0
on to t%e b+oo!1 T%e w%ite #o$",#+e,, on t%e #ontay, ae +i-ing ogani,0,1 So0eti0e,
t%ey /+oat in t%e b+oo! ,tea0, ,o0eti0e, t%ey e,#a$e /o0 t%e #a$i++ay -e,,e+, by
,+i$$ing t%o"g% t%ei wa++, into t%e ti,,"e,, an! #ee$ on t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e #e++, o/ t%e
0"#o", 0e0bane,, o/ t%e inte,tine,, o/ t%e g+an!,, an! o/ a++ t%e ogan,1 Owing to t%e,e
0i#o,#o$i# e+e0ent,, t%e b+oo! a#t, a, a 0obi+e ti,,"e, a e$aiing agent, a 0e!i"0 bot%
,o+i! an! /+"i!, #a$ab+e o/ going w%ee-e it, $e,en#e 0ay be ne#e,,ay1 It #an a$i!+y
,"o"n! 0i#obe, atta#3ing a egion o/ t%e ogani,0 wit% a geat 0a,, o/ +e"#o#yte,,
w%i#% /ig%t t%e in/e#tion1 It a+,o bing, to t%e ,"/a#e o/ a wo"n! o/ t%e ,3in o o/ any
ogan w%ite #o$",#+e, o/ t%e +age ty$e, -it"a+ 0ateia+ /o t%e e#on,t"#tion o/
ti,,"e,1 S"#% +e"#o#yte, %a-e t%e $owe o/ tan,/o0ing t%e0,e+-e, into /i.e! #e++,1 An!
t%o,e #e++, #a++ #onne#ti-e /ibe, into being, an! e$ai t%e in7"e! ti,,"e, by 0ean, o/ a
,#a1
T%e /+"i!, t%at e,#a$e /o0 t%e #a$i++ay -e,,e+, #on,tit"te t%e +o#a+ 0e!i"0 o/ ti,,"e,
an! ogan,1 It i, $a#ti#a++y i0$o,,ib+e to ,t"!y t%e #o0$o,ition o/ t%i, 0e!i"01
Howe-e, w%en !ye,, w%o,e #o+o #%ange, wit% t%e ioni# a#i!ity o/ t%e ti,,"e,, ae
in7e#te! into t%e ogani,0, a, wa, !one by Ro",, t%e ogan, ta3e on !i//eent %"e,1 T%e
!i-e,ity o/ t%e +o#a+ 0e!ia #an be -i,"a+i4e!1 In ea+ity, ,"#% !i-e,ity i, 0"#% 0oe
$o/o"n! t%an i, ,%own by t%i, $o#e!"e1 B"t we ae not ab+e to !ete#t a++ it,
#%aa#tei,ti#,1 In t%e -a,t wo+! o/ t%e %"0an ogani,0 t%ee ae 0o,t -aie! #o"ntie,1
A+t%o"g% t%e,e #o"ntie, ae iigate! by ban#%e, o/ t%e ,a0e ,tea0, t%e 8"a+ity o/ t%e
wate in t%ei +a3e, an! t%ei $on!, a+,o !e$en!, on t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e ,oi+ an! t%e
nat"e o/ t%e -egetation1 Ea#% ogan, ea#% ti,,"e, #eate, it, own 0e!i"0 at t%e e.$en,e
o/ b+oo! $+a,0a1 On t%e e#i$o#a+ a!7",t0ent o/ t%e #e++, an! t%ei 0e!i"0 ae ba,e! t%e
%ea+t% o !i,ea,e, ,tengt% o wea3ne,,, %a$$ine,, o 0i,ey, o/ ea#% one o/ ",1
!
Between t%e +i8"i!, #o0$o,ing t%e ogani# 0e!i"0, an! t%e wo+! o/ ti,,"e, an!
ogan,, t%ee ae $e$et"a+ #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange,1 N"titi-e a#ti-ity i, a 0o!e o/ being o/
t%e #e++,, a, /"n!a0enta+ a, ,t"#t"e an! /o01 A, ,oon a, t%ei #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange,, o
0etabo+i,0, #ea,e, t%e ogan, #o0e into e8"i+ibi"0 wit% t%ei 0e!i"0 an! !ie1
N"tition i, ,ynony0o", wit% e.i,ten#e1 Li-ing ti,,"e, #a-e o.ygen an! ta3e it /o0
b+oo!1 T%i, 0ean,, in $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ te0,, t%at t%ey $o,,e,, a %ig% e!"#ing $otentia+,
t%at a #o0$+e. ,y,te0 o/ #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, an! o/ /e0ent, enab+e, t%e0 to ",e
at0o,$%ei# o.ygen /o enegy5$o!"#ing ea#tion,1 2o0 t%e o.ygen, %y!ogen, an!
#abon ,"$$+ie! by ,"ga, an! /at,, +i-ing #e++, $o#"e t%e 0e#%ani#a+ enegy ne#e,,ay
/o t%e 0aintenan#e o/ t%ei ,t"#t"e an! /o t%ei 0o-e0ent,, t%e e+e#ti#a+ enegy
0ani/e,ting it,e+/ in e-ey #%ange o/ t%e ogani# #on!ition,, an! t%e %eat in!i,$en,ab+e to
#%e0i#a+ ea#tion, an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,1 T%ey a+,o /in! in b+oo! $+a,0a t%e
nitogen, ,"+/", $%o,$%o",, et#1, w%i#% t%ey "ti+i4e /o t%e #on,t"#tion o/ new #e++,, an!
in t%e $o#e,,e, o/ gowt% an! e$ai1 Wit% t%e %e+$ o/ t%ei /e0ent, t%ey !i-i!e t%e
$otein,, ,"ga,, an! /at, #ontaine! in t%ei 0e!i"0 into ,0a++e an! ,0a++e /ag0ent,,
an! 0a3e ",e o/ t%e enegy ,o +ibeate!1 T%ey ,i0"+taneo",+y b"i+! "$, by 0ean, o/
enegy5ab,obing ea#tion,, #etain #o0$o"n!,, 0oe #o0$+e. an! %a-ing a %ig%e
enegy $otentia+, an! t%ey in#o$oate t%e0 in t%ei own ,"b,tan#e1
T%e inten,ity o/ #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, in t%e #e++ #o00"nitie,, o in t%e entie being,
e.$e,,e, t%e inten,ity o/ ogani# +i/e1 Metabo+i,0 i, 0ea,"e! by t%e 8"antity o/ o.ygen
ab,obe! an! t%at o/ #aboni# a#i! $o!"#e!, w%en t%e bo!y i, in a ,tate o/ #o0$+ete
e$o,e1 T%i, i, #a++e! ba,a+ 0etabo+i,01 T%ee i, a geat in#ea,e in t%e a#ti-ity o/ t%e
e.#%ange, a, ,oon a, 0",#+e, #onta#t an! $e/o0 0e#%ani#a+ wo31 Metabo+i,0 i,
%ig%e in a #%i+! t%an in an a!"+t, in a 0o",e t%an in a !og1 Any -ey +age in#ea,e in t%e
,tat"e o/ %"0an being, wo"+!, a, 0entione! %eeto/oe, $obab+y be /o++owe! by a
!e#+ine o/ ba,a+ 0etabo+i,01 Bain, +i-e, an! en!o#ine g+an!, nee! a geat !ea+ o/
#%e0i#a+ enegy1 B"t 0",#"+a e.e#i,e ai,e, t%e inten,ity o/ t%e e.#%ange, in t%e 0o,t
0a3e! 0anne1 Ne-et%e+e,,, a++ o" a#ti-itie, #annot be e.$e,,e! in #%e0i#a+ te0,1
Inte++e#t"a+ wo3, ,tange to ,ay, !oe, not in#ea,e 0etabo+i,01 It ,ee0, to e8"ie no
enegy, o to #on,"0e a 8"antity o/ it too ,0a++ to be !ete#te! by o" $e,ent te#%ni8"e,1
It i,, in!ee!, an a,toni,%ing /a#t t%at %"0an t%o"g%t, w%i#% %a, tan,/o0e! t%e ,"/a#e
o/ t%e eat%, !e,toye! an! b"i+t nation,, !i,#o-ee! new "ni-e,e, in t%e i00en,ity o/
t%e ,i!eea+ ,$a#e,, i, e+aboate! wit%o"t !e0an!ing a 0ea,"ab+e a0o"nt o/ enegy1 T%e
0ig%tie,t e//ot o/ o" inte++igen#e %a, in#o0$aab+y +e,, e//e#t on 0etabo+i,0 t%an t%e
#onta#tion o/ t%e bi#e$, w%en t%i, 0",#+e +i/t, a weig%t o/ a /ew ga0,1 T%e a0bition o/
Cae,a, t%e 0e!itation o/ Newton, t%e in,$iation o/ Beet%o-en, t%e $a,,ionate
#onte0$+ation o/ Pa,te", !i! not 0o!i/y t%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, o/ t%e,e geat 0en a,
0"#% a, a /ew ba#teia o a ,+ig%t ,ti0"+ation o/ t%e t%yoi! g+an! wo"+! ea,i+y %a-e
!one1
Ba,a+ 0etabo+i,0 i, e0a3ab+y #on,tant1 T%e ogani,0 0aintain, t%e no0a+ a#ti-ity
o/ it, #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, "n!e t%e 0o,t a!-e,e #on!ition,1 E.$o,"e to inten,e #o+!
!oe, not !e#ea,e t%e %yt%0 o/ n"tition1 T%e te0$eat"e o/ t%e bo!y /a++, on+y on t%e
a$$oa#% o/ !eat%1 On t%e #ontay, bea, an! a##oon, +owe t%ei 0etabo+i,0 in winte,
an! /a++ into a ,tate o/ ,+owe +i/e1 Cetain at%o$o!o", ani0a+,, Ta!iga!e, #o0$+ete+y
,to$ t%ei 0etabo+i,0 w%en t%ey ae !ie!1 A #on!ition o/ +atent +i/e i, t%", in!"#e!1
A/te a +a$,e o/ ,e-ea+ wee3,, i/ one 0oi,ten, t%e,e !e,i##ate! ani0a+,, t%ey e-i-e, an!
t%e %yt%0 o/ t%ei +i/e again be#o0e, no0a+1 We %a-e not yet !i,#o-ee! t%e ,e#et o/
$o!"#ing ,"#% a ,",$en,ion o/ n"tition in !o0e,ti# ani0a+, an! in 0an1 It wo"+! be an
e-i!ent a!-antage in #o+! #o"ntie, i/ a ,tate o/ +atent +i/e #o"+! be in!"#e! in ,%ee$ an!
#ow, /o t%e !"ation o/ t%e winte1 It 0ig%t be $o,,ib+e, $e%a$,, to $o+ong +i/e, #"e
#etain !i,ea,e,, an! gi-e %ig%e o$$ot"nitie, to e.#e$tiona++y gi/te! in!i-i!"a+,, i/
%"0an being, #o"+! be 0a!e to %ibenate /o0 ti0e to ti0e1 B"t we ae not #a$ab+e o/
!e#ea,ing t%e ate o/ 0etabo+i,0, e.#e$t by t%e babao", 0et%o! t%at #on,i,t, o/
e0o-ing t%e t%yoi! g+an!1 An! e-en t%at 0et%o! i, 8"ite in,"//i#ient1 A, /a a, 0an i,
#on#ene!, +atent +i/e, /o t%e 0o0ent, i, an i0$o,,ib+e /o0 o/ e.i,ten#e1
$
In t%e #o",e o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange,, wa,te $o!"#t,, o #atabo+ite, ae ,et /ee by
ti,,"e, an! ogan,1 T%ey ten! to a##"0"+ate in t%e egiona+ 0e!i"0 an! to en!e it
"nin%abitab+e /o t%e #e++,1 T%e $%eno0enon o/ n"tition, t%ee/oe, e8"ie, t%e e.i,ten#e
o/ a$$aat",e, #a$ab+e o/ a,,"ing, t%o"g% a a$i! #i#"+ation o/ +y0$% an! b+oo!, t%e
e$+a#e0ent o/ t%e n"titi-e ,"b,tan#e, ",e! by t%e ti,,"e,, an! t%e e+i0ination o/ wa,te
$o!"#t,1 T%e -o+"0e o/ t%e #i#"+ating /+"i!,, #o0$ae! wit% t%at o/ t%e ogan,, i, -ey
,0a++1 T%e weig%t o/ b+oo! o/ a %"0an being i, %a!+y e8"a+ to one5tent% o/ %i, tota+
weig%t1 Howe-e, +i-ing ti,,"e, #on,"0e +age a0o"nt, o/ o.ygen an! g+"#o,e1 T%ey
a+,o +ibeate into t%e inne 0e!i"0 #on,i!eab+e 8"antitie, o/ #aboni#, +a#ti#,
%y!o#%+oi#, $%o,$%oi# a#i!,, et#1 A /ag0ent o/ +i-ing ti,,"e, #"+ti-ate! in a /+a,3,
0",t be gi-en a -o+"0e o/ +i8"i! e8"a+ to two t%o",an! ti0e, it, own -o+"0e, in o!e
not to be $oi,one! wit%in a /ew !ay, by it, wa,te $o!"#t,1 In a!!ition, it e8"ie, a
ga,eo", at0o,$%ee at +ea,t ten ti0e, +age t%an it, /+"i! 0e!i"01 Con,e8"ent+y, a
%"0an bo!y e!"#e! to $"+$ an! #"+ti-ate! in -ito wo"+! !e0an! abo"t two %"n!e!
t%o",an! +ite, o/ n"titi-e /+"i!1 It i, on a##o"nt o/ t%e 0a-e+o", $e/e#tion o/ t%e
a$$aat",e, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e #i#"+ation o/ t%e b+oo!, it, wea+t% o/ n"titi-e ,"b,tan#e,,
an! t%e #on,tant e+i0ination o/ t%e wa,te $o!"#t,, t%at o" ti,,"e, #an +i-e in ,i. o
,e-en +ite, o/ /+"i!, in,tea! o/ two %"n!e! t%o",an!1
T%e ,$ee! o/ #i#"+ation i, ,"//i#ient+y geat to $e-ent t%e #o0$o,ition o/ b+oo! /o0
being 0o!i/ie! by t%e #atabo+ite, o/ ti,,"e,1 T%e a#i!ity o/ $+a,0a in#ea,e, on+y a/te
-io+ent e.e#i,e1 Ea#% ogan eg"+ate, t%e -o+"0e an! t%e a$i!ity o/ it, b+oo! /+ow by
0ean, o/ -a,o0oto ne-e,1 T%e inte,titia+ +y0$% be#o0e, a#i! a, ,oon a, #i#"+ation
,+a#3en, o ,to$,1 T%e 0oe o +e,, in7"io", e//e#t, o/ ,"#% a#i! $oi,oning on t%e -i,#ea
!e$en! on t%e ty$e o/ t%ei #on,tit"ent #e++,1 I/ we e0o-e a !og;, 3i!ney, +ea-e it on a
tab+e /o an %o", an! t%en e$+ant it in t%e ani0a+, t%e 3i!ney i, not !i,t"be! by t%e
te0$oay !e$i-ation o/ b+oo!, b"t e,"0e, it, /"n#tion, an! wo3, in!e/inite+y in a
no0a+ 0anne1 Neit%e !oe, t%e ,",$en,ion o/ t%e #i#"+ation in a +i0b, /o t%ee o /o"
%o",, %a-e any i++ e//e#t,1 T%e bain, %owe-e, i, 0"#% 0oe ,en,iti-e to +a#3 o/ o.ygen1
W%en #i#"+ation i, ,to$$e! an! ane0ia #o0$+ete in t%i, ogan /o abo"t twenty 0in"te,,
!eat% a+way, ta3e, $+a#e1 A/te on+y ten 0in"te,, ane0ia $o!"#e, ,eio", an! o/ten
ie$aab+e !i,o!e,1 T%",, it i, i0$o,,ib+e to bing ba#3 to no0a+ +i/e an in!i-i!"a+
w%o,e bain %a, been #o0$+ete+y !e$i-e! o/ #i#"+ation /o a -ey ,%ot ti0e1 Loweing
o/ t%e b+oo! $e,,"e i, a+,o !angeo",1 Bain an! ot%e ogan, !e0an! a #etain ten,ion
o/ t%e b+oo!1 O" #on!"#t an! t%e 8"a+ity o/ o" t%o"g%t, !e$en!, in a +age 0ea,"e, on
t%e ,tate o/ o" #i#"+atoy a$$aat",1 A++ %"0an a#ti-itie, ae eg"+ate! by t%e $%y,i#a+
an! #%e0i#a+ #on!ition, o/ t%e inne 0e!i"0 an!, "+ti0ate+y, by t%e %eat an! t%e
ateie,1
B+oo! 0aintain, it, #o0$o,ition #on,tant by $e$et"a++y $a,,ing t%o"g% a$$aat",e,
w%ee it i, $"i/ie! an! e#"$eate, t%e n"titi-e ,"b,tan#e, e0o-e! by t%e ti,,"e,1 W%en
-eno", b+oo! et"n, /o0 t%e 0",#+e, an! t%e ogan,, it i, /"++ o/ #aboni# a#i! an!
wa,te $o!"#t, o/ n"tition1 T%e $"+,ation, o/ t%e %eat t%en !i-e it into t%e i00en,e
netwo3 o/ t%e +"ng #a$i++aie,, w%ee ea#% e! #o$",#+e #o0e, into #onta#t wit%
at0o,$%ei# o.ygen1 T%i, ga,, in #on/o0ity wit% #etain ,i0$+e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ +aw,,
$enetate, t%e b+oo! an! i, ta3en "$ by t%e %e0og+obin o/ t%e e! #e++,1 Cabon !io.i!e
,i0"+taneo",+y e,#a$e, into t%e bon#%i, w%en#e it i, e.$e++e! into t%e o"t,i!e
at0o,$%ee by t%e e,$iatoy 0o-e0ent,1 T%e 0oe a$i! t%e e,$iation, t%e 0oe
a#ti-e ae t%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, between ai an! b+oo!1 B"t !"ing it, $a,,age t%o"g%
t%e +"ng,, b+oo! get, i! o/ #aboni# a#i! on+y1 It ,ti++ #ontain, non-o+ati+e a#i!,, an! a++
ot%e wa,te $o!"#t, o/ 0etabo+i,01 It, $"i/i#ation i, #o0$+ete! !"ing it, $a,,age
t%o"g% t%e 3i!ney,1 T%e 3i!ney, ,e$aate /o0 t%e b+oo! #etain ,"b,tan#e, t%at ae
e+i0inate! in t%e "ine1 T%ey a+,o eg"+ate t%e 8"antity o/ ,a+t, in!i,$en,ab+e to $+a,0a in
o!e t%at it, o,0oti# ten,ion 0ay e0ain #on,tant1 T%e /"n#tioning o/ t%e 3i!ney, an! o/
t%e +"ng, i, o/ a $o!igio", e//i#ien#y1 It i, t%e inten,e a#ti-ity o/ t%e,e -i,#ea t%at
$e0it, t%e /+"i! 0e!i"0 e8"ie! by +i-ing ti,,"e, to be ,o +i0ite!, an! t%e %"0an bo!y
to $o,,e,, ,"#% #o0$a#tne,, an! agi+ity1
%
T%e n"titi-e 0ateia+ #aie! by t%e b+oo! to t%e ti,,"e, !ei-e, /o0 t%ee ,o"#e,1
2o0 at0o,$%ei# ai by t%e agen#y o/ t%e +"ng,, /o0 t%e inte,tina+ ,"/a#e, an!, /ina++y,
/o0 t%e en!o#ine g+an!,1 A++ ,"b,tan#e, ",e! by t%e ogani,0, wit% t%e e.#e$tion o/
o.ygen, ae ,"$$+ie! by t%e inte,tine,, eit%e !ie#t+y o in!ie#t+y1 T%e /oo! i,
,"##e,,i-e+y teate! by t%e ,a+i-a, t%e ga,ti# 7"i#e, an! t%e ,e#etion, o/ $an#ea,, +i-e,
an! inte,tina+ 0"#o,a1 @ige,ti-e /e0ent, !i-i!e t%e 0o+e#"+e, o/ $otein,,
#abo%y!ate,, an! /at, into ,0a++e /ag0ent,1 T%e,e /ag0ent, ae #a$ab+e o/ ta-e,ing
t%e 0"#o", 0e0bane,, w%i#% !e/en! o" inne /ontie1 T%ey ae t%en ab,obe! by t%e
b+oo! an! +y0$% -e,,e+, o/ t%e inte,tina+ 0"#o,a, an! $enetate t%e ogani# 0e!i"01
Cetain /at, an! ,"ga, ae t%e on+y ,"b,tan#e, to ente t%e bo!y wit%o"t $e-io",+y
"n!egoing 0o!i/i#ation1 2o t%i, ea,on t%e #on,i,ten#y o/ a!i$o,e $at, -aie, in
#on/o0ity wit% t%e nat"e o/ t%e ani0a+ o -egetab+e /at, in#+"!e! in t%e !iet1 By /ee!ing
a !og wit% /at, o/ a %ig% 0e+ting5$oint o wit% oi+, /+"i! at bo!y te0$eat"e, we #an
en!e it, a!i$o,e ti,,"e eit%e %a! o ,o/t1 Potein, ae bo3en "$ by !ige,ti-e /e0ent,
into t%ei #on,tit"ent a0ino a#i!,1 T%ey t%", +o,e t%ei in!i-i!"a+ity, t%ei a#ia+
,$e#i/i#ity1 In t%i, way, a0ino a#i!,, an! go"$, o/ a0ino a#i!, !ei-e! /o0 $otein, o/
bee/, 0"tton, w%eat, et#1, etain no e-i!en#e o/ t%ei -aio", oigin,1 T%ey b"i+! "$ in t%e
bo!y new $otein,, ,$e#i/i# /o t%e %"0an a#e an! /o t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%e inte,tina+ wa++
a+0o,t #o0$+ete+y $ote#t, t%e ogani,0 /o0 in-a,ion by 0o+e#"+e, be+onging to t%e
ti,,"e, o/ ot%e being,, by o$$o,ing t%e $enetation o/ ani0a+ o -egeta+ $otein, into t%e
b+oo!1 Howe-e, it ,o0eti0e, a++ow, ,"#% $otein, to ente1 So t%e bo!y 0ay ,i+ent+y
be#o0e ,en,iti-e, o e,i,tant, to 0any /oeign ,"b,tan#e,1 T%e baie ai,e! by t%e
inte,tine, again,t t%e o"te wo+! i, not i0$a,,ab+e1
T%e inte,tina+ 0"#o,a i, not a+way, #a$ab+e o/ !ige,ting o ab,obing #etain
in!i,$en,ab+e e+e0ent, o/ t%e /oo!1 In ,"#% an in,tan#e, e-en i/ t%e,e ,"b,tan#e, ae
$e,ent in t%e inte,tina+ +"0en, t%ey #annot ente o" ti,,"e,1 In /a#t, t%e #%e0i#a+
e+e0ent, o/ t%e o"te wo+! a#t on ea#% in!i-i!"a+ in !i//eent way,, a##o!ing to t%e
,$e#i/i# #on,tit"tion o/ %i, inte,tina+ 0"#o,a1 2o0 t%e,e e+e0ent, ae b"i+t o" ti,,"e,
an! o" %"0o,1 Man i, +itea++y 0a!e /o0 t%e !",t o/ t%e eat%1 2o t%i, ea,on %i,
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie, ae $o/o"n!+y in/+"en#e! by t%e geo+ogi#a+
#on,tit"tion o/ t%e #o"nty w%ee %e +i-e,, by t%e nat"e o/ t%e ani0a+, an! $+ant, on
w%i#% %e genea++y /ee!,1 Hi, ,t"#t"e an! %i, /"n#tion, !e$en! a+,o on t%e ,e+e#tion %e
0a3e, o/ #etain e+e0ent, a0ong t%e -egeta+ an! ani0a+ /oo!, at %i, !i,$o,a+1 T%e #%ie/,
a+way, %a! a !iet 8"ite !i//eent /o0 t%at o/ t%ei ,+a-e,1 T%o,e w%o /o"g%t,
#o00an!e!, an! #on8"ee! ",e! #%ie/+y 0eat, an! /e0ente! !in3,, w%eea, t%e
$ea#e/"+, t%e wea3, an! t%e ,"b0i,,i-e wee ,ati,/ie! wit% 0i+3, -egetab+e,, /"it,, an!
#eea+,1 O" a$tit"!e, an! o" !e,tiny #o0e, in ,o0e 0ea,"e, /o0 t%e nat"e o/ t%e
#%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, t%at #on,t"#t o" ti,,"e,1 It ,ee0, a, t%o"g% %"0an being,, +i3e
ani0a+,, #o"+! be ati/i#ia++y gi-en #etain bo!i+y an! 0enta+ #%aa#tei,ti#, i/ ,"b7e#te!
/o0 #%i+!%oo! to a$$o$iate !iet,1
T%e t%i! 3in! o/ n"titi-e ,"b,tan#e, #ontaine! in b+oo!, in a!!ition to at0o,$%ei#
o.ygen an! to $o!"#t, o/ inte,tina+ !ige,tion, #on,i,t,, a, a+ea!y 0entione!, o/ t%e
,e#etion, o/ t%e en!o#ine g+an!,1 T%e ogani,0 %a, t%e $e#"+ia $o$ety o/ being it,
own b"i+!e, o/ 0an"/a#t"ing new #o0$o"n!, /o0 t%e #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, o/ t%e
b+oo!1 T%e,e #o0$o"n!, ,e-e to /ee! #etain ti,,"e, an! to ,ti0"+ate #etain /"n#tion,1
T%i, ,ot o/ #eation o/ it,e+/ by it,e+/ i, ana+ogo", to t%e taining o/ t%e wi++ by an e//ot
o/ t%e wi++1 >+an!,, ,"#% a, t%e t%yoi!, t%e ,"$aena+, t%e $an#ea,, et#1, ,ynt%eti4e /o0
t%e #%e0i#a+, in ,o+"tion in t%e ogani# 0e!i"0 a n"0be o/ new #o0$o"n!,, t%yo.in,
a!ena+in, in,"+in, et#1 T%ey ae t"e #%e0i#a+ tan,/o0e,1 In t%i, way, ,"b,tan#e,
in!i,$en,ab+e /o t%e n"tition o/ #e++, an! ogan,, an! /o $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+
a#ti-itie,, ae $o!"#e!1 S"#% a $%eno0enon i, a, ,tange a, i/ #etain $at, o/ a 0oto
,%o"+! #eate t%e oi+ ",e! by ot%e $at, o/ t%e 0a#%ine, t%e ,"b,tan#e, a##e+eating t%e
#o0b",tion o/ t%e /"e+, an! e-en t%e t%o"g%t, o/ t%e enginee1 Ob-io",+y, ti,,"e, ae
"nab+e to /ee! e.#+",i-e+y on t%e #o0$o"n!, ,"$$+ie! by t%e !iet a/te t%ei $a,,age
t%o"g% t%e inte,tina+ 0"#o,a1 T%e,e #o0$o"n!, %a-e to be e0o+!e! by t%e g+an!,1 To
t%e,e g+an!, i, !"e t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%e bo!y wit% it, 0ani/o+! a#ti-itie,1
Man i,, /i,t o/ a++, a n"titi-e $o#e,,1 He #on,i,t, o/ a #ea,e+e,, 0otion o/ #%e0i#a+
,"b,tan#e,1 One #an #o0$ae %i0 to t%e /+a0e o/ a #an!+e, o to t%e /o"ntain, $+aying in
t%e ga!en, o/ Ae,ai++e,1 T%o,e being,, 0a!e o/ b"ning ga,e, o o/ wate, ae bot%
$e0anent an! tan,itoy1 T%ei e.i,ten#e !e$en!, on a ,tea0 o/ ga, o o/ +i8"i!1 Li3e
o",e+-e,, t%ey #%ange a##o!ing to t%e 8"a+ity an! t%e 8"antity o/ t%e ,"b,tan#e, w%i#%
ani0ate t%e01 A, a +age i-e #o0ing /o0 t%e e.tena+ wo+! an! et"ning to it, 0atte
$e$et"a++y /+ow, t%o"g% a++ t%e #e++, o/ t%e bo!y1 @"ing it, $a,,ing, it yie+!, to ti,,"e,
t%e enegy t%ey nee!, an! a+,o t%e #%e0i#a+, w%i#% b"i+! t%e te0$oay an! /agi+e
,t"#t"e, o/ o" ogan, an! %"0o,1 T%e #o$oea+ ,"b,tat"0 o/ a++ %"0an a#ti-itie,
oiginate, /o0 t%e inani0ate wo+! an!, ,oone o +ate, goe, ba#3 to it1 O" ogani,0 i,
0a!e /o0 t%e ,a0e e+e0ent, a, +i/e+e,, t%ing,1 T%ee/oe, we ,%o"+! not be ,"$i,e!, a,
,o0e 0o!en $%y,io+ogi,t, ,ti++ ae, to /in! at wo3 wit%in o" own ,e+/ t%e ","a+ +aw, o/
$%y,i#, an! o/ #%e0i,ty a, t%ey e.i,t in t%e #o,0i# wo+!1 Sin#e we ae $at, o/ t%e
0ateia+ "ni-e,e, t%e ab,en#e o/ t%o,e +aw, i, "nt%in3ab+e1
&
T%e ,e."a+ g+an!, %a-e ot%e /"n#tion, t%an t%at o/ i0$e++ing 0an to t%e ge,t"e w%i#%,
in $i0iti-e +i/e, $e$et"ate! t%e a#e1 T%ey a+,o inten,i/y a++ $%y,io+ogi#a+, 0enta+, an!
,$iit"a+ a#ti-itie,1 No e"n"#% %a, e-e be#o0e a geat $%i+o,o$%e, a geat ,#ienti,t, o
e-en a geat #i0ina+1 Te,ti#+e, an! o-aie, $o,,e,, /"n#tion, o/ o-ew%e+0ing
i0$otan#e1 T%ey geneate 0a+e o /e0a+e #e++,1 Si0"+taneo",+y, t%ey ,e#ete into t%e
b+oo! #etain ,"b,tan#e,, w%i#% i0$e,, t%e 0a+e o /e0a+e #%aa#tei,ti#, on o" ti,,"e,,
%"0o,, an! #on,#io",ne,,, an! gi-e to a++ o" /"n#tion, t%ei #%aa#te o/ inten,ity1 T%e
te,ti#+e engen!e, a"!a#ity, -io+en#e, an! b"ta+ity, t%e 8"a+itie, !i,ting"i,%ing t%e
/ig%ting b"++ /o0 t%e o. !awing t%e $+ow a+ong t%e /"ow1 T%e o-ay a//e#t, t%e
ogani,0 o/ t%e wo0an in an ana+ogo", 0anne1 B"t it, a#tion +a,t, on+y !"ing a $at o/
%e +i/e1 At t%e 0eno$a",e, t%e g+an! ato$%ie, ,o0ew%at1 T%e ,%ote +i/e o/ t%e o-aie,
gi-e, t%e aging wo0an geat in/eioity to 0an, w%o,e te,ti#+e, e0ain a#ti-e "nti+
e.te0e o+! age1
T%e !i//een#e, e.i,ting between 0an an! wo0an !o not #o0e /o0 t%e $ati#"+a /o0
o/ t%e ,e."a+ ogan,, t%e $e,en#e o/ t%e "te",, /o0 ge,tation, o /o0 t%e 0o!e o/
e!"#ation1 T%ey ae o/ a 0oe /"n!a0enta+ nat"e1 T%ey ae #a",e! by t%e -ey ,t"#t"e
o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! by t%e i0$egnation o/ t%e entie ogani,0 wit% ,$e#i/i# #%e0i#a+
,"b,tan#e, ,e#ete! by t%e o-ay1 Ignoan#e o/ t%e,e /"n!a0enta+ /a#t, %a, +e! $o0ote,
o/ /e0ini,0 to be+ie-e t%at bot% ,e.e, ,%o"+! %a-e t%e ,a0e e!"#ation, t%e ,a0e $owe,,
an! t%e ,a0e e,$on,ibi+itie,1 In ea+ity, wo0an !i//e, $o/o"n!+y /o0 0an1 E-ey one
o/ t%e #e++, o/ %e bo!y bea, t%e 0a3 o/ %e ,e.1 T%e ,a0e i, t"e o/ %e ogan, an!,
abo-e a++, o/ %e ne-o", ,y,te01 P%y,io+ogi#a+ +aw, ae a, ine.oab+e a, t%o,e o/ t%e
,i!eea+ wo+!1 T%ey #annot be e$+a#e! by %"0an wi,%e,1 We ae ob+ige! to a##e$t t%e0
7",t a, t%ey ae1 Wo0en ,%o"+! !e-e+o$ t%ei a$tit"!e, in a##o!an#e wit% t%ei own
nat"e, wit%o"t tying to i0itate t%e 0a+e,1 T%ei $at in t%e $oge,, o/ #i-i+i4ation i,
%ig%e t%an t%at o/ 0en1 T%ey ,%o"+! not aban!on t%ei ,$e#i/i# /"n#tion,1
Wit% ega! to t%e $o$agation o/ t%e a#e, t%e i0$otan#e o/ t%e two ,e.e, i, "ne8"a+1
Te,ti#+e #e++, "n#ea,ing+y $o!"#e, !"ing t%e entie #o",e o/ +i/e, ani0a+#"+e, en!owe!
wit% -ey a#ti-e 0o-e0ent,, t%e ,$e0ato4oa1 T%e,e ,$e0ato4oa ,wi0 in t%e 0"#",
#o-eing t%e -agina an! "te",, an! 0eet t%e o-"0 at t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e "teine 0"#o,a1
T%e o-"0 e,"+t, /o0 t%e ,+ow i$ening o/ t%e ge0ina+ #e++, o/ t%e o-ay1 In t%e o-ay
o/ a yo"ng wo0an t%ee ae abo"t t%ee %"n!e! t%o",an! o-a1 Abo"t /o" %"n!e! o/
t%e0 ea#% 0at"ity1 Between two 0en,t"ation,, t%e #y,t #ontaining t%e o-"0 b",t,1
T%en, t%e o-"0 i, $o7e#te! "$on t%e 0e0bane o/ t%e 2a++o$ian t"be an! i, tan,$ote!
by t%e -ibating #i+ia o/ t%i, 0e0bane into t%e "te",1 It, n"#+e", %a, a+ea!y "n!egone
an i0$otant #%ange1 It %a, e7e#te! %a+/ o/ it, ,"b,tan#e55t%at i,, %a+/ o/ ea#%
#%o0o,o0e1 A ,$e0ato4oon t%en $enetate, it, ,"/a#e1 An! it, #%o0o,o0e,, w%i#%
%a-e a+,o +o,t %a+/ o/ t%ei ,"b,tan#e, "nite wit% t%o,e o/ t%e o-"01 A %"0an being i,
bo01 He i, #o0$o,e! o/ a ,ing+e #e++, ga/te! on t%e "teine 0"#o,a1 T%i, #e++ ,e$aate,
into two $at,, an! t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e e0byo begin,1
T%e /at%e an! t%e 0ot%e #ontib"te in e8"a+ $o$otion, to t%e /o0ation o/ t%e
n"#+e", o/ t%e o-"0, w%i#% engen!e, e-ey #e++ o/ t%e new ogani,01 B"t t%e 0ot%e
gi-e, a+,o, in a!!ition to %a+/ it, n"#+ea ,"b,tan#e, a++ t%e $oto$+a,0 ,"o"n!ing t%e
n"#+e",1 S%e t%", $+ay, a 0oe i0$otant $at in t%e gene,i, o/ t%e e0byo t%an t%e /at%e
!oe,1 In!ee!, $aenta+ #%aa#tei,ti#, ae tan,0itte! to t%e o//,$ing by t%e n"#+e",1 B"t
t%e e0aining $at o/ t%e #e++ a+,o %a, ,o0e in/+"en#e1 T%e +aw, o/ %ee!ity an! t%e
$e,ent t%eoie, o/ t%e geneti#i,t, !o not entie+y e+"#i!ate t%e,e #o0$+e. $%eno0ena1
W%en !i,#",,ing t%e e+ati-e i0$otan#e o/ t%e /at%e an! t%e 0ot%e in e$o!"#tion, we
,%o"+! ne-e /oget t%e e.$ei0ent, o/ Batai++on an! o/ ?a#8"e, Loeb1 2o0 an
"n/eti+i4e! egg, an! wit%o"t t%e inte-ention o/ t%e 0a+e e+e0ent, a no0a+ /og wa,
obtaine! t%o"g% an a$$o$iate te#%ni8"e1 T%e ,$e0ato4oon #an be e$+a#e! by a
#%e0i#a+ o $%y,i#a+ agent1 On+y t%e /e0a+e e+e0ent i, e,,entia+1
Man;, $at in e$o!"#tion i, ,%ot1 T%at o/ t%e wo0an +a,t, nine 0ont%,1 @"ing t%i,
ti0e t%e /et", i, no"i,%e! by #%e0i#a+,, w%i#% /i+te /o0 t%e 0atena+ b+oo! t%o"g% t%e
0e0bane, o/ t%e $+a#enta1 W%i+e t%e 0ot%e ,"$$+ie, %e #%i+! wit% t%e e+e0ent, /o0
w%i#% it, ti,,"e, ae #on,t"#te!, ,%e e#ei-e, #etain ,"b,tan#e, ,e#ete! by t%e
e0byoni# ogan,1 S"#% ,"b,tan#e, 0ay be bene/i#ia+ o !angeo",1 T%e /et",, in /a#t,
oiginate, a+0o,t a, 0"#% /o0 t%e /at%e a, /o0 t%e 0ot%e1 T%ee/oe, a being o/
$at+y /oeign oigin %a, ta3en "$ it, abo!e in t%e wo0an;, bo!y1 T%e +atte i, ,"b7e#te!
to it, in/+"en#e !"ing t%e entie $egnan#y1 In ,o0e in,tan#e, ,%e 0ay be $oi,one! by
%e #%i+!1 He $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ #on!ition, ae a+way, 0o!i/ie! by it1 B"t
/e0a+e,, at any ate a0ong 0a00a+,, ,ee0 on+y to attain t%ei /"++ !e-e+o$0ent a/te one
o 0oe $egnan#ie,1 Wo0en w%o %a-e no #%i+!en ae not ,o we++ ba+an#e! an! be#o0e
0oe ne-o", t%an t%e ot%e,1 In ,%ot, t%e $e,en#e o/ t%e /et",, w%o,e ti,,"e, geat+y
!i//e /o0 %e, be#a",e t%ey ae yo"ng an! ae, in $at, t%o,e o/ %e %",ban!, a#t,
$o/o"n!+y on t%e wo0an1 T%e i0$otan#e to %e o/ t%e geneati-e /"n#tion %a, not been
,"//i#ient+y e#ogni4e!1 S"#% /"n#tion i, in!i,$en,ab+e to %e o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent1 It i,,
t%ee/oe, ab,"! to t"n wo0en again,t 0atenity1 T%e ,a0e inte++e#t"a+ an! $%y,i#a+
taining, an! t%e ,a0e a0bition,, ,%o"+! not be gi-en to yo"ng gi+, a, to boy,1 E!"#ato,
,%o"+! $ay -ey #+o,e attention to t%e ogani# an! 0enta+ $e#"+iaitie, o/ t%e 0a+e an! t%e
/e0a+e, an! to t%ei nat"a+ /"n#tion,1 Between t%e two ,e.e, t%ee ae ie-o#ab+e
!i//een#e,1 An! it i, i0$eati-e to ta3e t%e0 into a##o"nt in #on,t"#ting t%e #i-i+i4e!
wo+!1
1'
T%o"g% %i, ne-o", ,y,te0 0an e#o!, t%e ,ti0"+i i0$inging "$on %i0 /o0 %i,
en-ion0ent1 Hi, ogan, an! 0",#+e, ,"$$+y t%e a$$o$iate an,we1 He ,t"gg+e, /o
e.i,ten#e wit% %i, 0in! ,ti++ 0oe t%an wit% %i, bo!y1 In t%i, #ea,e+e,, /ig%t, %i, %eat,
+"ng,, +i-e, an! en!o#ine g+an!, ae a, in!i,$en,ab+e a, %i, 0",#+e,, %an!,, too+,,
0a#%ine,, an! wea$on,1 See0ing+y /o t%i, $"$o,e %e $o,,e,,e, two ne-o", ,y,te0,1
T%e #enta+, o #eebo,$ina+ ,y,te0, #on,#io", an! -o+"ntay, #o00an!, t%e 0",#+e,1
T%e ,y0$at%eti# ,y,te0, a"tono0o", an! "n#on,#io",, #onto+, t%e ogan,1 T%e ,e#on!
,y,te0 !e$en!, on t%e /i,t T%i, !o"b+e a$$aat", gi-e, to t%e #o0$+e.ity o/ o" bo!y t%e
,i0$+i#ity e8"ie! /o it, a#tion on t%e o"t,i!e wo+!1
T%e #enta+ ,y,te0 #on,i,t, o/ t%e bain, t%e #eebe++"0, an! t%e ,$ina+ #o!1 It a#t,
!ie#t+y on t%e ne-e, o/ t%e 0",#+e,, an! in!ie#t+y on t%o,e o/ t%e ogan,1 It i,
#o0$o,e! o/ a ,o/t, w%iti,%, e.te0e+y /agi+e ,"b,tan#e, /i++ing t%e ,3"++ an! t%e ,$ina+
#o+"0n1 T%i, ,"b,tan#e, by t%e agen#y o/ t%e ,en,iti-e ne-e,, e#ei-e, t%e 0e,,age,
e0anating /o0 t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e bo!y an! /o0 t%e ,en,oy ogan,1 In t%i, way t%e
ne-o", #ente, ae in #on,tant to"#% wit% t%e #o,0i# wo+!1 Si0"+taneo",+y, t%ey ,en!
t%ei o!e, to a++ t%e 0",#+e, t%o"g% t%e 0oto ne-e,, an! to a++ t%e ogan, t%o"g% t%e
,y0$at%eti# ,y,te01 An i00en,e n"0be o/ ne-o", /ibe, inte,e#t t%e ogani,0 in
e-ey !ie#tion1 T%ei 0i#o,#o$i# en!ing, #ee$ between t%e #e++, o/ t%e ,3in, ao"n! t%e
a#ini o/ t%e g+an!, an! t%ei e.#etoy !"#t,, in t%e #oat o/ t%e ateie, an! t%e -ein,, into
t%e #onta#ti+e en-e+o$e, o/ t%e ,to0a#% an! t%e inte,tine,, on t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e 0",#"+a
/ibe,, et#1 T%ey ,$ea! t%ei !e+i#ate netwo3 t%o"g% t%e w%o+e bo!y1 T%ey a++ oiginate
/o0 #e++, in%abiting t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0, t%e !o"b+e #%ain o/ t%e ,y0$at%eti#
gang+ia, an! t%e ,0a++ gang+ia !i,,e0inate! t%o"g% t%e ogan,1
T%e,e #e++, ae t%e nob+e,t an! 0o,t e+aboate o/ t%e e$it%e+ia+ #e++,1 Owing to t%e
te#%ni8"e, o/ Ro0an y Ca7a+, t%ey a$$ea in a++ t%ei ,t"#t"a+ bea"ty1 T%ey $o,,e,, a
+age bo!y w%i#%, in t%e -aietie, /o"n! on t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e bain, e,e0b+e, a $ya0i!1
An! a+,o 0o,t #o0$+e. ogan, w%o,e /"n#tion, ,ti++ e0ain "n3nown1 T%ey e.ten! in t%e
/o0 o/ e.te0e+y ,+en!e /i+a0ent,, t%e !en!ite,, an! t%e a.on,1 Cetain a.on, #o-e t%e
+ong !i,tan#e ,e$aating t%e #eeba+ ,"/a#e /o0 t%e +owe $at o/ t%e #o!1 A.on,,
!en!ite,, an! t%ei 0ot%e #e++ #on,tit"te a !i,tin#t in!i-i!"a+, t%e ne"on1 T%e /ibi+, o/
one #e++ ne-e "nite wit% t%o,e o/ anot%e1 T%ei e.te0itie, /o0 a #+",te o/ -ey tiny
b"+b,, w%i#% ae in #on,tant 0otion on t%ei a+0o,t in-i,ib+e ,te0,, a, i, ,%own by
#ine0atoga$%i# /i+0,1 T%ey ati#"+ate wit% t%e #oe,$on!ing te0ina+, o/ anot%e #e++
by 0ean, o/ a 0e0bane, 3nown a, t%e ,yna$ti# 0e0bane1 In ea#% ne"on t%e ne-o",
in/+". a+way, !i//",e, in t%e ,a0e !ie#tion in e+ation to t%e #e++"+a bo!y1 T%i, !ie#tion
i, #enti$eta+ /o t%e !en!ite,, an! #enti/"ga+ /o t%e a.on,1 It $a,,e, /o0 one ne"on to
t%e ot%e by #o,,ing t%e ,yna$ti# 0e0bane1 Li3ewi,e, it $enetate, 0",#"+a /ibe,
/o0 t%e b"+b, in #onta#t wit% t%ei ,"/a#e1 B"t it, $a,,age i, ,"b7e#t to a ,tange
#on!ition1 T%e -a+"e o/ ti0e, o #%ona.y, 0",t be i!enti#a+ in t%e #ontig"o", ne"on,, o
in t%e ne"on an! t%e 0",#"+a /ibe1 T%e $o$agation o/ ne-o", in/+". !oe, not ta3e
$+a#e between two ne"on, %a-ing !i//eent ti0e ,tan!a!,1 T%",, a 0",#+e an! it, ne-e
0",t be i,o#%oni#1 I/ t%e #%ona.y o/ t%e ne-e o t%e 0",#+e be 0o!i/ie! by a $oi,on,
,"#% a, #"ae o ,ty#%nine, t%e in/+". no +onge ea#%e, t%e 0",#+e1 Paa+y,i, o##",,
a+t%o"g% t%e 0",#+e i, no0a+1 T%e,e te0$oa+ e+ation, o/ ne-e an! 0",#+e ae a,
in!i,$en,ab+e to no0a+ /"n#tion a, i, t%ei ,$atia+ #ontin"ity1 We !o not yet 3now w%at
ta3e, $+a#e wit%in t%e ne-e, !"ing $ain o -o+"ntay 0otion1 B"t we ae awae t%at a
-aiation o/ e+e#ti# $otentia+ ta-e+, a+ong t%e ne-e !"ing it, a#ti-ity1 In /a#t, A!ian
%a, ,%own, in i,o+ate! /ibi+,, t%e $oge,, o/ negati-e wa-e,, w%o,e ai-a+ in t%e bain i,
e.$e,,e! by a ,en,ation o/ $ain1
Ne"on, ati#"+ate wit% ea#% ot%e in a ,y,te0 o/ e+ay,, +i3e e+e#ti#a+ e+ay,1 T%ey ae
!i-i!e! into two go"$,1 One go"$ i, #o0$o,e! o/ e#e$to an! 0oto ne"on,,
e#ei-ing ,ti0"+i /o0 t%e o"t,i!e wo+! o /o0 t%e ogan,, an! #onto++ing t%e -o+"ntay
0",#+e,1 T%e ot%e go"$, o/ t%e ne"on, o/ a,,o#iation, w%o,e -a,t n"0be gi-e, to o"
ne-o", #ente, t%ei e+aboate #o0$+e.ity1 O" inte++igen#e #an no 0oe ea+i4e t%e
i00en,ity o/ t%e bain t%an t%e e.tent o/ t%e ,i!eea+ "ni-e,e1 T%e #eeba+ ,"b,tan#e
#ontain, 0oe t%an twe+-e t%o",an! 0i++ion, o/ #e++,1 T%e,e #e++, ae #onne#te! wit% one
anot%e by /ibi+,, an! ea#% /ibi+ $o,,e,,e, ,e-ea+ ban#%e,1 By 0ean, o/ t%e,e /ibi+,,
t%ey a,,o#iate ,e-ea+ ti++ion, o/ ti0e,1 An! t%i, $o!igio", #ow! o/ tiny in!i-i!"a+, an!
in-i,ib+e /ibi+,, !e,$ite it, "n!ea0e!5o/ #o0$+e.ity, wo3, a, i/ it wee e,,entia++y one1
To ob,e-e, a##",to0e! to t%e ,i0$+i#ity o/ t%e 0o+e#"+a an! ato0i# wo+!, t%e bain
a$$ea, a, an "ninte++igib+e an! 0a-e+o", $%eno0enon1
One o/ t%e $in#i$+e /"n#tion, o/ t%e ne-o", #ente, i, to e,$on! in an a$$o$iate
0anne to ,ti0"+i #o0ing /o0 t%e en-ion0ent, o, in ot%e wo!,, to $o!"#e e/+e.
ea#tion,1 A be%ea!e! /og i, ,",$en!e! wit% it, +eg, %anging1 I/ one o/ it, toe, i,
$in#%e!, t%e +eg 0o-e,, $"++ing away /o0 t%e $ain/"+ ,ti0"+",1 T%i, $%eno0enon i, !"e
to t%e $e,en#e o/ a e/+e. a#55t%at i,, o/ two ne"on,, one ,en,iti-e an! t%e ot%e 0oti-e,
ati#"+ate! wit% one anot%e wit%in t%e #o!1 >enea++y, a e/+e. a# i, not ,o ,i0$+e an!
in#+"!e, one o ,e-ea+ a,,o#iating ne"on, inte$o,e! between ,en,iti-e an! 0oti-e
ne"on,1 T%e ne"oni# ,y,te0, ae e,$on,ib+e /o e/+e.e, ,"#% a, e,$iation,
,wa++owing, ,tan!ing "$ig%t, wa+3ing, a, we++ a, /o 0o,t o/ t%e a#t, o/ o" e-ey5!ay
+i/e1 T%e,e 0o-e0ent, ae a"to0ati#1 B"t ,o0e o/ t%e0 ae in/+"en#e! by #on,#io",ne,,1
2o e.a0$+e, w%en we t%in3 abo"t o" e,$iatoy 0otion, it, %yt%0 i, at on#e 0o!i/ie!1
On t%e #ontay, %eat, ,to0a#%, an! inte,tine, ae 8"ite in!e$en!ent o/ o" wi++1
Howe-e, i/ we $ay too 0"#% attention to t%e0, t%ei a"to0ati,0 0ay be !i,t"be!1
A+t%o"g% t%e 0",#+e, t%at $e0it ,tan!ing, wa+3ing, an! "nning e#ei-e t%ei o!e,
/o0 t%e ,$ina+ #o!, t%ey !e$en! /o t%ei #oo!ination "$on t%e #eebe++"01 Li3e t%e
#o!, t%e #eebe++"0 !oe, not #on#en it,e+/ wit% 0enta+ $o#e,,e,1
T%e #eeba+ ,"/a#e, o #ote. o/ t%e bain, i, a 0o,ai# o/ !i,tin#t ne-o", ogan,
#onne#te! wit% t%e !i//eent $at, o/ t%e bo!y1 2o in,tan#e, t%e +atea+ $at o/ t%e bain,
3nown a, egion o/ Ro+an!o, #onto+, t%e 0o-e0ent, o/ $e%en,ion an! +o#o0otion, an!
a+,o ati#"+ate +ang"age1 2at%e ba#3 on t%e #ote. ae t%e -i,"a+ #ente,1 Wo"n!,,
t"0o,, an! %e0o%age, +o#ate! in t%e,e !i//eent !i,ti#t, e,"+t in !i,t"ban#e, o/ t%e
#oe,$on!ing /"n#tion,1 Si0i+a !i,o!e, a$$ea w%en t%e +e,ion, ae ,it"ate! in t%e
/ibe, "niting t%e #eeba+ #ente, to t%e +owe $at, o/ t%e ,$ina+ #o!1 T%e e/+e.e, #a++e!
by Pa-+o- #on!itiona+ e/+e.e, ta3e $+a#e in t%e #eeba+ #ote.1 A !og ,e#ete, ,a+i-a
w%en /oo! i, $+a#e! in %i, 0o"t%1 T%i, i, an innate e/+e.1 B"t %e a+,o ,e#ete, ,a+i-a
w%en %e ,ee, t%e $e,on w%o ","a++y bing, %i0 %i, no"i,%0ent1 T%i, i, an a#8"ie!, o
#on!itiona+, e/+e.1 T%i, $o$ety o/ t%e ne-o", ,y,te0 o/ ani0a+, an! 0an en!e,
e!"#ation $o,,ib+e1 I/ t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e bain i, e0o-e!, t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ new e/+e.e,
i, 8"ite i0$o,,ib+e1 O" 3now+e!ge o/ t%i, inti#ate ,"b7e#t i, ,ti++ "!i0entay1 We !o
not 3now t%e e+ation, between #on,#io",ne,, an! ne-o", $o#e,,e,, between t%e 0enta+
an! t%e #eeba+1 Neit%e !o we 3now %ow e-ent, ta3ing $+a#e in t%e $ya0i!a+ #e++, ae
in/+"en#e! by $e-io", o e-en /"t"e e-ent,, o %ow e.#itation, ae #%ange! into
in%ibition,, an! -i#e -e,a1 We "n!e,tan! ,ti++ +e,, %ow "n$e!i#tab+e $%eno0ena ,$ing
/o0 t%e bain, %ow t%o"g%t i, bon1
Bain an! ,$ina+ #o!, wit% ne-e, an! 0",#+e,, #on,tit"te an in!i-i,ib+e ,y,te01
M",#+e,, /o0 a /"n#tiona+ $oint o/ -iew, ae on+y a $at o/ t%e bain1 It i, wit% t%ei %e+$
an! t%at o/ t%e bone, t%at %"0an inte++igen#e %a, $"t it, 0a3 on t%e wo+!1 Man %a, been
gi-en $owe o-e %i, en-ion0ent by t%e ,%a$e o/ %i, ,3e+eton1 T%e +i0b, #on,i,t o/
ati#"+ate! +e-e,, #o0$o,e! o/ t%ee ,eg0ent,1 T%e "$$e +i0b i, 0o"nte! "$on a
0obi+e $+ate, t%e ,%o"+!e b+a!e, w%i+e t%e o,,eo", gi!+e, t%e $e+-i,, to w%i#% t%e +owe
+i0b i, 7ointe!, i, a+0o,t igi! an! i00obi+e1 T%e 0oti-e 0",#+e, +ie a+ong t%e bone,1
Nea t%e e.te0ity o/ t%e a0, t%e,e 0",#+e, e,o+-e into ten!on,, w%i#% 0o-e t%e
/inge, an! t%e %an! it,e+/1 T%e %an! i, a 0a,te$ie#e1 Si0"+taneo",+y, it /ee+, an! it a#t,1
It a#t, a, i/ en!owe! wit% ,ig%t1 Owing to t%e "ni8"e $o$etie, o/ it, ,3in, it, ta#ti+e
ne-e,, it, 0",#+e,, an! it, bone,, t%e %an! i, #a$ab+e o/ 0an"/a#t"ing a0, an! too+,1
We ne-e wo"+! %a-e a#8"ie! o" 0a,tey o-e 0atte wit%o"t t%e ai! o/ o" /inge,,
t%o,e /i-e ,0a++ +e-e,, ea#% #o0$o,e! o/ t%ee ati#"+ate! ,eg0ent,, w%i#% ae 0o"nte!
"$on t%e 0eta#a$", an! t%e bone, o/ t%e wi,t1 T%e %an! a!a$t, it,e+/ to t%e o"g%e,t
wo3 a, we++ a, to t%e 0o,t !e+i#ate1 It %a, wie+!e! wit% e8"a+ ,3i++ t%e /+int 3ni/e o/ t%e
$i0iti-e %"nte, t%e b+a#3,0it%;, %a00e, t%e woo!#"tte;, a., t%e /a0e;, $+ow, t%e
,wo! o/ t%e 0e!ie-a+ 3nig%t, t%e #onto+, o/ t%e 0o!en a-iato, t%e ati,t;, b",%, t%e
7o"na+i,t;, $en, t%e t%ea!, o/ t%e ,i+35wea-e1 It i, ab+e to 3i++ an! to b+e,,, to ,tea+ an! to
gi-e, to ,ow gain on t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e /ie+!, an! to t%ow gena!e, in t%e ten#%e,1 T%e
e+a,ti#ity, ,tengt%, an! a!a$ti-ene,, o/ t%e +owe +i0b,, w%o,e $en!"+"05+i3e
o,#i++ation, !ete0ine wa+3ing an! "nning, %a-e ne-e been e8"a+e! by o" 0a#%ine,,
w%i#% on+y 0a3e ",e o/ t%e $in#i$+e o/ t%e w%ee+1 T%e t%ee +e-e,, ati#"+ate! on t%e
$e+-i,, a!a$t t%e0,e+-e, wit% 0a-e+o", ,"$$+ene,, to a++ $o,t"e,, e//ot,, an!
0o-e0ent,1 T%ey #ay ", on t%e $o+i,%e! /+oo o/ a ba++oo0 an! in t%e #%ao, o/ t%e i#e5
/ie+!,, "$on t%e ,i!ewa+3, o/ Pa3 A-en"e an! on t%e ,+o$e, o/ t%e Ro#3y Mo"ntain,1
T%ey enab+e ", to wa+3, to "n, to /a++, to #+i0b, to ,wi0, to wan!e a++ o-e t%e eat%
"n!e a++ #on!ition,1
T%ee i, anot%e ogani# ,y,te0 #o0$o,e! o/ #eeba+ ,"b,tan#e, ne-e,, 0",#+e,, an!
#ati+age,, w%i#%, to t%e ,a0e !egee a, t%e %an!, %a, !ete0ine! t%e ,"$eioity o/ 0an
o-e a++ +i-ing being,1 It #on,i,t, o/ t%e tong"e an! t%e +ayn., an! t%ei ne-o",
a$$aat",1 Owing to t%i, ,y,te0, we ae #a$ab+e o/ e.$e,,ing o" t%o"g%t,, o/
#o00"ni#ating wit% o" /e++ow 0en by 0ean, o/ ,o"n!,1 Wee it not /o +ang"age,
#i-i+i4ation wo"+! not e.i,t1 T%e ",e o/ ,$ee#%, +i3e t%at o/ t%e %an!, %a, geat+y ai!e! t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e bain1 T%e #eeba+ $at, o/ t%e %an!, t%e tong"e, an! t%e +ayn.
e.ten! o-e a +age aea o/ t%e bain ,"/a#e1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e t%at t%e ne-o", #ente,
#onto+ witing, ,$ea3ing, an! t%e ga,$ing an! %an!+ing o/ ob7e#t,, t%ey ae, in et"n,
,ti0"+ate! by t%e,e a#t,1 Si0"+taneo",+y, t%ey ae !ete0ining an! !ete0ine!1 It ,ee0,
t%at t%e wo3 o/ t%e 0in! i, %e+$e! by t%e %yt%0i# #onta#tion, o/ t%e 0",#+e,1 Cetain
e.e#i,e, a$$ea to ,ti0"+ate t%o"g%t1 2o t%i, ea,on, $e%a$,, Ai,tot+e an! %i, !i,#i$+e,
wee in t%e %abit o/ wa+3ing w%i+e !i,#",,ing t%e /"n!a0enta+ $ob+e0, o/ $%i+o,o$%y
an! ,#ien#e1 No $at o/ t%e ne-o", #ente, ,ee0, to a#t ,e$aate+y1 Ai,#ea, 0",#+e,,
,$ina+ #o!, #eeb"0, ae /"n#tiona++y one1 S3e+eta+ 0",#+e,, /o t%ei #oo!inate!
a#tion, !e$en! on bain an! ,$ina+ #o!, an! a+,o on 0any ogan,1 T%ey e#ei-e t%ei
o!e, /o0 t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0, an! t%ei enegy /o0 t%e %eat, t%e +"ng,, t%e
en!o#ine g+an!,, an! t%e b+oo!1 To #ay o"t t%e !ie#tion, o/ t%e bain, t%ey !e0an! t%e
%e+$ o/ t%e w%o+e bo!y1
11
T%e a"tono0o", ne-o", ,y,te0 enab+e, ea#% -i,#", to #oo$eate wit% t%e entie
ogani,0 in o" !ea+ing, wit% t%e o"t,i!e wo+!1 Ogan, ,"#% a, t%e ,to0a#%, +i-e, %eat,
et#1, ae not ,"b7e#t to o" wi++1 We ae in#a$ab+e o/ !e#ea,ing o in#ea,ing t%e #a+ibe
o/ o" ateie,, t%e %yt%0 o/ o" $"+,e o o/ t%e #onta#tion, o/ o" inte,tine,1 T%e
a"to0ati,0 o/ t%e,e /"n#tion, i, !"e to t%e $e,en#e o/ e/+e. a#, wit%in t%e ogan,1
T%e,e egiona+ bain, ae 0a!e "$ o/ ,0a++ #+",te, o/ ne-o", #e++, ,#attee! in t%e
ti,,"e,, "n!e t%e ,3in, ao"n! t%e b+oo! -e,,e+,, et#1 T%ee ae n"0eo", e/+e. #ente,,
e,$on,ib+e /o t%e in!e$en!en#e o/ t%e -i,#ea1 2o e.a0$+e, an inte,tina+ +oo$, w%en
e0o-e! /o0 t%e ogani,0 an! $o-i!e! wit% ati/i#ia+ #i#"+ation, !i,$+ay, no0a+
0o-e0ent,1 A ga/te! 3i!ney, a+t%o"g% it, ne-e, ae #"t, ,tat, to wo3 at on#e1 Mo,t
ogan, ae en!owe! wit% a #etain /ee!o01 T%ey ae t%", ab+e to /"n#tion, e-en w%en
i,o+ate! /o0 t%e bo!y1 Howe-e, t%ey ae bo"n! by inn"0eab+e ne-o", /ibe, to t%e
!o"b+e #%ain o/ ,y0$at%eti# gang+ia ,it"ate! in /ont o/ t%e ,$ina+ #o+"0n, an! to ot%e
gang+ia ,"o"n!ing t%e ab!o0ina+ -e,,e+,1 T%e,e gang+ia integate a++ t%e ogan, an!
eg"+ate t%ei wo31 Moeo-e, t%o"g% t%ei e+ation, wit% t%e ,$ina+ #o! an! t%e bain
t%ey #oo!inate t%e a#ti-ity o/ t%e -i,#ea wit% t%at o/ t%e 0",#+e, in t%e a#t, w%i#%
!e0an! an e//ot o/ t%e entie bo!y1
T%e -i,#ea, a+t%o"g% !e$en!ent on t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0, ae, in ,o0e 0ea,"e,
in!e$en!ent o/ it1 It i, $o,,ib+e to e0o-e, in a ,ing+e 0a,,, t%e +"ng,, %eat, ,to0a#%,
+i-e, $an#ea,, inte,tine,, ,$+een, 3i!ney,, an! b+a!!e, wit% t%ei b+oo! -e,,e+, an!
ne-e,, /o0 t%e bo!y o/ a #at o a !og, wit%o"t t%e %eat #ea,ing to beat, o t%e b+oo! to
#i#"+ate1 I/ t%i, -i,#ea+ entity i, $+a#e! in a wa0 bat% an! o.ygen ,"$$+ie! to it, +"ng,,
+i/e #ontin"e,1 T%e %eat $"+,ate,, t%e ,to0a#% an! t%e inte,tine, 0o-e an! !ige,t t%ei
/oo!1 T%e -i,#ea #an be e//e#ti-e+y i,o+ate! /o0 t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0 in a ,i0$+e
way, a, Cannon %a, !one, by e.ti$ating t%e !o"b+e ,y0$at%eti# #%ain /o0 +i-ing #at,1
T%e ani0a+, w%i#% %a-e "n!egone t%i, o$eation #ontin"e to +i-e in goo! %ea+t% a, +ong
a, t%ey e0ain in t%ei #age1 B"t t%ey ae not #a$ab+e o/ a /ee e.i,ten#e1 In t%e ,t"gg+e
/o +i/e t%ey #an no +onge #a++ t%ei %eat, +"ng,, an! g+an!, to t%e %e+$ o/ t%ei 0",#+e,,
#+aw,, an! teet%1
T%e !o"b+e #%ain o/ t%e ,y0$at%eti# gang+ia i, #onne#te! wit% t%e #eebo,$ina+ ,y,te0
by ban#%e, #o00"ni#ating wit% t%e #ania+, !o,a+, an! $e+-i# egion, o/ t%e ne-o",
,"b,tan#e1 T%e ,y0$at%eti# o a"tono0o", ne-e, o/ t%e #ania+ an! $e+-i# egion, ae
#a++e! $aa,y0$at%eti#1 T%o,e o/ t%e !o,a+ egion ae t%e ,y0$at%eti#1 In t%ei a#tion,
t%e $aa5,y0$at%eti# an! t%e ,y0$at%eti# ae antagoni,ti# to one anot%e1 Ea#% ogan
e#ei-e, it, ne-e, ,i0"+taneo",+y /o0 t%e,e two ,y,te0,1 T%e $aa,y0$at%eti# ,+ow,
t%e %eat, an! t%e ,y0$at%eti# a##e+eate, it1 T%e +atte !i+ate, t%e $"$i+, w%i+e t%e /o0e
#a",e, it, #onta#tion1 T%e 0o-e0ent, o/ t%e inte,tine,, ae, on t%e #ontay, !e#ea,e!
by t%e ,y0$at%eti# an! in#ea,e! by t%e $aa,y0$at%eti#1 A##o!ing to t%e $e!o0inan#e
o/ t%e one o t%e ot%e o/ t%e,e ,y,te0,, %"0an being, ae en!owe! wit% !i//eent
te0$ea0ent,1 T%e #i#"+ation o/ ea#% ogan i, eg"+ate! by t%e,e ne-e,1 T%e
,y0$at%eti# bing, abo"t #on,ti#tion o/ t%e ateie, an! $a++o o/ t%e /a#e, ,"#% a, ae
ob,e-e! in e0otion an! #etain !i,ea,e,1 It, ,e#tion i, /o++owe! by e!ne,, o/ t%e ,3in
an! #onta#tion o/ t%e $"$i+1 So0e g+an!,, ,"#% a, t%e %y$o$%y,i, an! t%e ,"$aena+,,
ae 0a!e "$ o/ bot% g+an!"+a an! ne-o", #e++,1 T%ey ente into a#ti-ity "n!e t%e
in/+"en#e o/ t%e ,y0$at%eti#1 T%e #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, ,e#ete! by t%e,e #e++, %a-e t%e
,a0e e//e#t "$on b+oo! -e,,e+, a, t%e ,ti0"+ation o/ t%e ne-e1 T%ey in#ea,e t%e $owe
o/ t%e ,y0$at%eti#1 Li3e t%e ,y0$at%eti#, a!ena+in #a",e, t%e -e,,e+, to #onta#t1 In /a#t,
t%e a"tono0o", ne-o", ,y,te0, by 0ean, o/ it, ,y0$at%eti# an! $aa,y0$at%eti# /ibe,,
!o0inate, t%e entie wo+! o/ t%e -i,#ea, an! "ni/ie, t%ei a#tion1 We ,%a++ !e,#ibe +ate
%ow t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion,, t%o,e w%i#% enab+e t%e ogani,0 to en!"e, !e$en! 0o,t+y
on t%e ,y0$at%eti# ,y,te01
T%e a"tono0o", a$$aat", i, +in3e!, a, we 3now, to t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0,
,"$e0e #oo!inato o/ a++ ogani# a#ti-itie,1 It i, e$e,ente! by a #ente ,it"ate! at t%e
ba,e o/ t%e bain1 T%i, #ente !ete0ine, t%e 0ani/e,tation o/ e0otion,1 Wo"n!, o
t"0o, in t%i, egion bing abo"t #etain !i,o!e, o/ t%e a//e#ti-e /"n#tion,1 In /a#t, it i,
by t%e agen#y o/ t%e en!o#ine g+an!, t%at o" e0otion, e.$e,, t%e0,e+-e,1 S%a0e, /ea,
an! ange 0o!i/y t%e #"taneo", #i#"+ation1 T%ey #a",e $a++o o /+",%ing o/ t%e /a#e,
#onta#tion o !i+atation o/ t%e $"$i+,, $ot",ion o/ t%e eye, !i,#%age o/ a!ena+in into
t%e #i#"+ation, inte"$tion o/ t%e ga,ti# ,e#etion,, et#1 O" ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,,
%a-e a 0a3e! e//e#t "$on t%e /"n#tion, o/ t%e -i,#ea1 Many !i,ea,e, o/ t%e ,to0a#% an!
o/ t%e %eat oiginate in ne-o", to"b+e,1 T%e in!e$en!en#e o/ t%e ,y0$at%eti# ,y,te0
/o0 t%e bain i, not ,"//i#ient to $ote#t o" ogan, again,t t%e !i,t"ban#e, o/ o" 0in!1
Ogan, ae $o-i!e! wit% ,en,iti-e ne-e,1 T%ey ,en! /e8"ent 0e,,age, to t%e ne-o",
#ente, an!, 0oe $ati#"+a+y, to t%e #ente o/ -i,#ea+ #on,#io",ne,,1 W%en, in t%e !ai+y
,t"gg+e /o e.i,ten#e, o" attention i, atta#te! by t%e o"t,i!e wo+!, t%e ,ti0"+i #o0ing
/o0 t%e ogan, !o not $a,, t%e t%e,%o+! o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 Howe-e, t%ey !o gi-e a
#etain #o+o to o" t%o"g%t,, o" e0otion,, o" a#tion,, to a++ o" +i/e, t%o"g% we !o not
#+ea+y ea+i4e t%ei %i!!en $owe1 One ,o0eti0e, e.$eien#e,, wit%o"t any ea,on, a
/ee+ing o/ i00inent 0i,/ot"ne1 O an i0$e,,ion o/ 7oy, o/ "ne.$+ainab+e %a$$ine,,1 T%e
,tate o/ o" ogani# ,y,te0 ob,#"e+y a#t, on #on,#io",ne,,1 A !i,ea,e! -i,#", 0ay, in
t%i, 0anne, ,o"n! an a+a01 W%en a 0an, in eit%e goo! o ba! %ea+t%, /ee+, t%at %e i, in
!ange, t%at !eat% a$$oa#%e,, ,"#% waning $obab+y #o0e, to %i0 /o0 t%e #ente o/
-i,#ea+ #on,#io",ne,,1 An! -i,#ea+ #on,#io",ne,, i, ae+y 0i,ta3en1 O/ #o",e, in t%e
in%abitant, o/ t%e new #ity, ,y0$at%eti# /"n#tion, ae o/ten a, i++ ba+an#e! a, 0enta+
a#ti-itie,1 T%e a"tono0o", ,y,te0 ,ee0, to be#o0e +e,, #a$ab+e o/ $ote#ting t%e %eat,
,to0a#%, inte,tine,, an! g+an!, /o0 t%e woie, o/ e.i,ten#e1 Again,t t%e !ange, an!
b"ta+ity o/ $i0iti-e +i/e it e//e#ti-e+y !e/en!e! t%e ogan,1 B"t it i, not ,tong eno"g% to
e,i,t t%e #on,tant ,%o#3, o/ 0o!en +i/e1
12
T%e bo!y t%", a$$ea, a, an e.te0e+y #o0$+e. t%ing, a ,t"$en!o", a,,o#iation o/
!i//eent #e++ a#e,, ea#% a#e #o0$i,ing bi++ion, o/ in!i-i!"a+,1 T%e,e in!i-i!"a+, +i-e
i00e,e! in %"0o, 0a!e o/ #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e,, w%i#% ae 0an"/a#t"e! by t%e
ogan,, an! o/ ot%e ,"b,tan#e, !ei-e! /o0 /oo!1 2o0 one en! o/ t%e bo!y to t%e ot%e,
t%ey #o00"ni#ate by #%e0i#a+ 0e,,enge,55t%at i,, by t%e agen#y o/ t%ei ,e#etion,1
Moeo-e, t%ey ae "nite! by t%e ne-o", ,y,te01 T%ei a,,o#iation,, a, e-ea+e! by
,#ienti/i# te#%ni8"e,, ae o/ an eno0o", #o0$+e.ity1 Ne-et%e+e,,, t%e,e i00en,e
#ow!, o/ in!i-i!"a+, be%a-e +i3e a $e/e#t+y integate! being1 O" a#t, ae ,i0$+e1 2o
e.a0$+e, t%e a#t o/ a##"ate+y e,ti0ating a 0in"te weig%t, o o/ ,e+e#ting a gi-en n"0be
o/ ob7e#t,, wit%o"t #o"nting t%e0 an! wit%o"t 0a3ing a 0i,ta3e1 Howe-e, ,"#% ge,t"e,
a$$ea to o" 0in! to be #o0$o,e! o/ a 0"+tit"!e o/ e+e0ent,1 T%ey e8"ie t%e
%a0onio", /"n#tioning o/ 0",#"+a an! ta#ti+e ,en,e,, o/ t%e etina, o/ t%e eye an! %an!
0",#+e,, o/ inn"0eab+e ne-o", an! 0",#"+a #e++,1 T%ei ,i0$+i#ity i, $obab+y ea+,
t%ei #o0$+e.ity, ati/i#ia+55 t%at i,, #eate! by o" te#%ni8"e, o/ ob,e-ation1 No ob7e#t
,ee0, to be ,i0$+e, 0oe %o0ogeneo",, t%an t%e wate o/ t%e o#ean1 B"t, i/ we #o"+!
e.a0ine t%i, wate t%o"g% a 0i#o,#o$e %a-ing a 0agni/ying $owe o/ abo"t one
0i++ion !ia0ete,, it, ,i0$+i#ity wo"+! -ani,%1 T%e #+ea !o$ wo"+! be#o0e a
%eteogeneo", $o$"+ation o/ 0o+e#"+e, o/ !i//eent !i0en,ion, an! ,%a$e,, 0o-ing at
-aio", ,$ee!, in an ine.ti#ab+e #%ao,1 T%",, t%e t%ing, o/ o" wo+! ae ,i0$+e o
#o0$+e., a##o!ing to t%e te#%ni8"e, t%at we ,e+e#t /o ,t"!y5ing t%e01 In /a#t, /"n#tiona+
,i0$+i#ity a+way, #oe,$on!, to a #o0$+e. ,"b,tat"01 T%i, i, a $i0ay !at"0 o/
ob,e-ation, w%i#% 0",t be a##e$te! 7",t a, it i,1
O" ti,,"e, ae o/ geat ,t"#t"a+ %eteogeneity1 T%ey ae #o0$o,e! o/ 0any !i,$aate
e+e0ent,1 Li-e, ,$+een, %eat, 3i!ney, ae ,o#ietie, o/ ,$e#i/i# #e++,1 T%ey ae in!i-i!"a+,
!e/inite+y +i0ite! in ,$a#e1 2o anato0i,t, an! ,"geon,, t%e ogani# %eteogeneity o/ t%e
bo!y i, "n8"e,tionab+e1 Ne-et%e+e,,, it 0ay be 0oe a$$aent t%an ea+1 2"n#tion, ae
0"#% +e,, $e#i,e+y +o#ate! t%an ogan,1 T%e ,3e+eton, /o e.a0$+e, i, not 0ee+y t%e
/a0ewo3 o/ t%e bo!y1 It a+,o #on,tit"te, a $at o/ t%e #i#"+atoy, e,$iatoy, an!
n"titi-e ,y,te0,, ,in#e, wit% t%e ai! o/ t%e bone 0aow, it 0an"/a#t"e, +e"#o#yte, an!
e! #e++,1 T%e +i-e ,e#ete, bi+e, !e,toy, $oi,on, an! 0i#obe,, ,toe, g+y#ogen,
eg"+ate, ,"ga 0etabo+i,0 in t%e entie ogani,0, an! $o!"#e, %e$ain1 In a +i3e
0anne, t%e $an#ea,, t%e ,"$aena+,, t%e ,$+een, et#1, !o not #on/ine t%e0,e+-e, to one
/"n#tion1 Ea#% -i,#", $o,,e,,e, 0"+ti$+e a#ti-itie, an! ta3e, $at in a+0o,t a++ t%e e-ent,
o/ t%e bo!y1 It, ,t"#t"a+ /ontie, ae naowe t%an it, /"n#tiona+ one,1 It, $%y,io+ogi#a+
in!i-i!"a+ity i, /a 0oe #o0$e%en,i-e t%an it, anato0i#a+ in!i-i!"a+ity1 A #e++
#o00"nity, by 0ean, o/ it, 0an"/a#t"e! $o!"#t,, $enetate, a++ ot%e #o00"nitie,1
T%e -a,t #e++"+a a,,o#iation, #a++e! -i,#ea ae $+a#e!, a, we 3now, "n!e t%e #o00an!
o/ a ,ing+e ne-o", #ente1 T%i, #ente ,en!, it, ,i+ent o!e, to e-ey egion o/ t%e
ogani# wo+!1 In t%i, way, %eat, b+oo! -e,,e+,, +"ng,, !ige,ti-e a$$aat",, an! en!o#ine
g+an!, be#o0e a /"n#tiona+ w%o+e in w%i#% a++ ogani# in!i-i!"a+itie, b+en!1
T%e %eteogeneity o/ t%e ogani,0 i,, in /a#t, #eate! by t%e /an#y o/ t%e ob,e-e1
S%o"+! an ogan be !e/ine! by it, %i,to+ogi#a+ e+e0ent, o by t%e #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, it
#on,tant+y /abi#ate,< T%e 3i!ney, a$$ea to t%e anato0i,t a, two !i,tin#t g+an!,1 2o0 a
$%y,io+ogi#a+ $oint o/ -iew, %owe-e, t%ey ae a ,ing+e being1 I/ one o/ t%e0 i, e0o-e!,
t%e ,i4e o/ t%e ot%e at on#e in#ea,e,1 An ogan i, not +i0ite! by it, ,"/a#e1 It ea#%e, a,
/a a, t%e ,"b,tan#e, it ,e#ete,1 In ea+ity, it, ,t"#t"a+ an! /"n#tiona+ #on!ition !e$en!,
on t%e ate o/ e+i0ination o/ t%e,e ,"b,tan#e, o o/ t%ei ab,o$tion by ot%e ogan,1 Ea#%
g+an! e.ten!,, by 0ean, o/ it, intena+ ,e#etion,, o-e t%e w%o+e ogani,01 Let ",
,"$$o,e t%e ,"b,tan#e, ,et /ee in t%e b+oo! by te,ti#+e, to be b+"e1 T%e entie bo!y o/ t%e
0a+e wo"+! be b+"e1 T%e te,ti#+e, t%e0,e+-e, wo"+! be 0oe inten,e+y #o+oe!1 B"t t%ei
,$e#i/i# %"e wo"+! be !i//",e! in a++ ti,,"e, an! ogan,1 E-en in t%e #ati+age, at t%e
e.te0ity o/ t%e bone,1 T%e bo!y wo"+! t%en a$$ea to be /o0e! o/ an i00en,e te,ti#+e1
T%e ,$atia+ an! te0$oa+ !i0en,ion, o/ ea#% g+an! ae, in /a#t, e8"a+ to t%o,e o/ t%e entie
ogani,01 An ogan #on,i,t, o/ it, inne 0e!i"0 a, 0"#% a, o/ it, anato0i#a+ e+e0ent,1 It
i, #on,tit"te! bot% by ,$e#i/i# #e++, an! ,$e#i/i# /+"i! o 0e!i"01 An! t%i, /+"i!, t%i,
inne 0e!i"0, geat+y tan,#en!, t%e anato0i#a+ /ontie1 W%en t%e #on#e$t o/ a g+an! i,
e!"#e! to t%at o/ it, /ibo", /a0ewo3, e$it%e+ia+ #e++,, b+oo! -e,,e+,, an! ne-e,, t%e
e.i,ten#e o/ t%e +i-ing ogani,0 be#o0e, in#o0$e%en,ib+e1 In ,%ot, t%e bo!y i, an
anato0i#a+ %eteogeneity an! a $%y,io+ogi#a+ %o0ogeneity1 It a#t, a, i/ it wee ,i0$+e1
B"t it ,%ow, ", a #o0$+e. ,t"#t"e1 S"#% an antit%e,i, i, #eate! by o" 0in!1 We
a+way, !e+ig%t in $i#t"ing 0an a, being #on,t"#te! +i3e one o/ o" 0a#%ine,1
13
In!ee!, bot% a 0a#%ine an! o" bo!y ae ogani,0,1 B"t t%e ogani4ation o/ o" bo!y i,
not ,i0i+a to t%at o/ t%e 0a#%ine1 A 0a#%ine i, #o0$o,e! o/ 0any $at,, oigina++y
,e$aate1 On#e t%e,e $at, ae $"t toget%e, it, 0ani/o+!ne,, be#o0e, "nity1 Li3e t%e
%"0an in!i-i!"a+, it i, a,,e0b+e! /o a ,$e#i/i# $"$o,e1 Li3e %i0, it i, bot% ,i0$+e an!
#o0$+e.1 B"t it i, $i0ai+y #o0$+e. an! ,e#on!ai+y ,i0$+e1 On t%e #ontay, 0an i,
$i0ai+y ,i0$+e an! ,e#on!ai+y #o0$+e.1 He oiginate, /o0 a ,ing+e #e++1 T%i, #e++
!i-i!e, into two ot%e,, w%i#% !i-i!e in t%ei t"n, an! ,"#% !i-i,ion #ontin"e,
in!e/inite+y1 In t%e #o",e o/ t%i, $o#e,, o/ ,t"#t"a+ e+aboation, t%e e0byo etain, t%e
/"n#tiona+ ,i0$+i#ity o/ t%e egg1 T%e #e++, ,ee0 to e0e0be t%ei oigina+ "nity, e-en
w%en t%ey %a-e be#o0e t%e e+e0ent, o/ an inn"0eab+e 0"+tit"!e1 T%ey 3now
,$ontaneo",+y t%e /"n#tion, attib"te! to t%e0 in t%e ogani4e! w%o+e1 I/ we #"+ti-ate
e$it%e+ia+ #e++, o-e a $eio! o/ ,e-ea+ 0ont%,, 8"ite a$at /o0 t%e ani0a+ to w%i#% t%ey
be+ong, t%ey aange t%e0,e+-e, in a 0o,ai#, e.a#t+y a, i/ to $ote#t a ,"/a#e1 :et t%e
,"/a#e to be $ote#te! i, +a#3ing1
Le"#o#yte,, +i-ing in /+a,3,, in!",tio",+y !e-o" 0i#obe, an! e! #o$",#+e,,
a+t%o"g% t%ee i, no ogani,0 to be !e/en!e! again,t t%e in#",ion, o/ t%e,e ene0ie,1 T%e
innate 3now+e!ge o/ t%e $at t%ey 0",t $+ay in t%e w%o+e i, a 0o!e o/ being o/ a++ t%e
e+e0ent, o/ t%e bo!y1
I,o+ate! #e++, %a-e t%e ,ing"+a $owe o/ e$o!"#ing, wit%o"t !ie#tion o $"$o,e, t%e
e!i/i#e, #%aa#tei4ing ea#% ogan1 I/ a /ew e! #o$",#+e,, i0$e++e! by ga-ity, /+ow
/o0 a !o$ o/ b+oo! $+a#e! in +i8"i! $+a,0a an! /o0 a tiny ,tea0, ban3, ae ,oon b"i+t
"$1 T%en, t%e,e ban3, #o-e t%e0,e+-e, wit% /i+a0ent, o/ /ibin, an! t%e ,tea0 be#o0e,
a $i$e, t%o"g% w%i#% t%e e! #e++, g+i!e 7",t a, in a b+oo! -e,,e+1 Ne.t, +e"#o#yte, #o0e,
a!%ee to t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e $i$e, an! ,"o"n! it wit% t%ei "n!"+ating 0e0bane1 T%e
b+oo! ,tea0 now a,,"0e, t%e a$$eaan#e o/ a #a$i++ay -e,,e+ en-e+o$e! in a +aye o/
#onta#ti+e #e++,1 T%",, i,o+ate! e! an! w%ite #o$",#+e, 0anage to #on,t"#t a ,eg0ent
o/ #i#"+atoy a$$aat",, a+t%o"g% t%ee i, neit%e %eat, #i#"+ation, no ti,,"e, to be
iigate!1 Ce++, ae +i3e bee, ee#ting t%ei geo0eti#a+ a+-eo+i, ,ynt%eti4ing %oney,
/ee!ing t%ei e0byo,, a, t%o"g% ea#% one o/ t%e0 "n!e,too! 0at%e0ati#,, #%e0i,ty,
an! bio+ogy, an! "n,e+/i,%+y a#te! /o t%e intee,t, o/ t%e entie #o00"nity1 T%e
,$ontaneo", ten!en#y towa! /o0ation o/ t%e ogan, by t%ei #on,tit"ti-e #e++,, +i3e t%e
,o#ia+ a$tit"!e o/ t%e in,e#t,, i, a $i0ay !at"0 o/ ob,e-ation1 It #annot be e.$+aine! in
t%e +ig%t o/ o" $e,ent #on#e$t,1
An ogan b"i+!, it,e+/ by te#%ni8"e, -ey /oeign to t%e %"0an 0in!1 It i, not 0a!e o/
e.taneo", 0ateia+, +i3e a %o",e1 Neit%e i, it a #e++"+a #on,t"#tion, a 0ee a,,e0b+age
o/ #e++,1 It i,, o/ #o",e, #o0$o,e! o/ #e++,, a, a %o",e i, o/ bi#3,1 B"t it i, bon /o0 a
#e++, a, i/ t%e %o",e oiginate! /o0 one bi#3, a 0agi# bi#3 t%at wo"+! ,et abo"t
0an"/a#t"ing ot%e bi#3,1 T%o,e bi#3,, wit%o"t waiting /o t%e a#%ite#t;, !awing, o
t%e #o0ing o/ t%e bi#3+aye,, wo"+! a,,e0b+e t%e0,e+-e, an! /o0 t%e wa++,1 T%ey
wo"+! a+,o 0eta0o$%o,e into win!ow$ane,, oo/ing5,+ate,, #oa+ /o %eating, an! wate
/o t%e 3it#%en an! t%e bat%oo01 An ogan !e-e+o$, by 0ean, ,"#% a, t%o,e attib"te! to
/aiie, in t%e ta+e, to+! to #%i+!en in bygone ti0e,1 It i, engen!ee! by #e++, w%i#%, to a++
a$$eaan#e,, %a-e a 3now+e!ge o/ t%e /"t"e e!i/i#e, an! ,ynt%eti4e /o0 ,"b,tan#e,
#ontaine! in b+oo! $+a,0a t%e b"i+!ing 0ateia+ an! e-en t%e wo3e,1
T%e,e 0et%o!, ",e! by t%e ogani,0 !o not %a-e t%e ,i0$+i#ity o/ o",1 T%ey a$$ea
,tange to ",1 O" inte++igen#e !oe, not en#o"nte it,e+/ in t%e intaogani# wo+!1 It i,
0o!e+e! on t%e ,i0$+i#ity o/ t%e #o,0i# "ni-e,e, an! not on t%e #o0$+e.ity o/ t%e inne
0e#%ani,0, o/ +i-ing being,1 2o t%e 0o0ent, we #annot "n!e,tan! t%e 0o!e o/
ogani4ation o/ o" bo!y an! it, n"titi-e, ne-o",, an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1
T%e +aw, o/ 0e#%ani#,, $%y,i#,, an! #%e0i,ty ae #o0$+ete+y a$$+i#ab+e to inet
0atte1 Pat+y, to 0an1 T%e i++",ion, o/ t%e 0e#%ani#i,t, o/ t%e nineteent% #ent"y, t%e
!og0a, o/ ?a#8"e, Loeb, t%e #%i+!i,% $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ #on#e$tion, o/ t%e %"0an being,
in w%i#% ,o 0any $%y,io+ogi,t, an! $%y,i#ian, ,ti++ be+ie-e, %a-e to be !e/inite+y
aban!one!1 We 0",t a+,o !i,0i,, t%e $%i+o,o$%i#a+ an! %"0ani,ti# !ea0, o/ $%y,i#i,t,
an! a,tono0e,1 2o++owing 0any ot%e,, ?ean, be+ie-e, an! tea#%e, t%at >o!, #eato o/
t%e ,i!eea+ "ni-e,e, i, a 0at%e0ati#ian1 I/ t%at i, ,o, t%e 0ateia+ wo+!, t%e +i-ing
being,, an! 0an %a-e been #eate!, ob-io",+y, by !i//eent >o!,1 How nai-e o"
,$e#"+ation,C O" 3now+e!ge o/ t%e %"0an bo!y i,, in t"t%, 0o,t "!i0entay1 It i,
i0$o,,ib+e, /o t%e $e,ent, to ga,$ it, #on,tit"tion1 We 0",t, t%en, be #ontent wit% t%e
,#ienti/i# ob,e-ation o/ o" ogani# an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1 An!, wit%o"t any ot%e g"i!e,
0a#% /owa! into t%e "n3nown1
14
O" bo!y i, e.te0e+y ob",t1 It a!a$t, it,e+/ to a++ #+i0ate,, a#ti# #o+! a, we++ a,
to$i#a+ %eat1 It a+,o e,i,t, ,ta-ation, weat%e in#+e0en#ie,, /atig"e, %a!,%i$,,
o-ewo31 Man i, t%e %a!ie,t o/ a++ ani0a+,, an! t%e w%ite a#e,, b"i+!e, o/ o"
#i-i+i4ation, t%e %a!ie,t o/ a++ a#e,1 Howe-e, o" ogan, ae /agi+e1 T%ey ae !a0age!
by t%e ,+ig%te,t ,%o#31 T%ey !i,integate a, ,oon a, b+oo! #i#"+ation ,to$,1 S"#% #onta,t
between t%e ,tengt% an! t%e /agi+ity o/ t%e ogani,0 i,, +i3e 0o,t o/ t%e antit%e,e,
en#o"ntee! in bio+ogy, an i++",ion o/ o" 0in!1 We a+way, "n#on,#io",+y #o0$ae o"
bo!y wit% a 0a#%ine1 T%e ,tengt% o/ a 0a#%ine !e$en!, on t%e 0eta+ ",e! in it,
#on,t"#tion, an! on t%e $e/e#tion o/ t%e a,,e0b+ing o/ it, $at,1 B"t t%at o/ 0an i, !"e
to ot%e #a",e,1 Hi, en!"an#e #o0e, 0oe e,$e#ia++y /o0 t%e e+a,ti#ity o/ %i, ti,,"e,,
t%ei tena#ity, t%ei $o$ety o/ gowing in,tea! o/ weaing o"t, /o0 t%e ,tange $owe
!i,$+aye! by t%e ogani,0 in 0eeting a new ,it"ation by a!a$ti-e #%ange,1 Re,i,tan#e to
!i,ea,e, wo3, an! woie,, #a$a#ity /o e//ot, an! ne-o", e8"i+ibi"0 ae t%e ,ign, o/
t%e ,"$eioity o/ a 0an1 S"#% 8"a+itie, #%aa#tei4e! t%e /o"n!e, o/ o" #i-i+i4ation in
t%e Unite! State, a, we++ a, in E"o$e1 T%e geat w%ite a#e, owe t%ei ,"##e,, to t%e
$e/e#tion o/ t%ei ne-o", ,y,te055ne-o", ,y,te0 w%i#%, a+t%o"g% -ey !e+i#ate an!
e.#itab+e, #an, %owe-e, be !i,#i$+ine!1 To t%e e.#e$tiona+ 8"a+itie, o/ t%ei ti,,"e, an!
#on,#io",ne,, i, !"e t%e $e!o0inan#e o-e t%e e,t o/ t%e wo+! o/ t%e $eo$+e, o/
we,ten E"o$e, an! o/ t%ei ,wa0, in t%e Unite! State,1
We ae ignoant o/ t%e nat"e o/ t%i, ogani# ob",tne,,, o/ t%i, ne-o", an! 0enta+
,"$eioity1 M",t t%ey be attib"te! to t%e ,t"#t"e o/ t%e #e++,, to t%e #%e0i#a+
,"b,tan#e, t%ey ,ynt%eti4e, to t%e 0o!e o/ integation o/ t%e ogan, by t%e %"0o, an!
ne-e,< We !o not 3now1 T%e,e 8"a+itie, ae %ee!itay1 T%ey %a-e e.i,te! in o" $eo$+e
/o 0any #ent"ie,1 B"t e-en in t%e geate,t an! i#%e,t nation, t%ey 0ay !i,a$$ea1 T%e
%i,toy o/ $a,t #i-i+i4ation, ,%ow, t%at ,"#% a #a+a0ity i, $o,,ib+e1 B"t it !oe, not e.$+ain
#+ea+y it, gene,i,1 Ob-io",+y, t%e e,i,tan#e o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e 0in! 0",t be #on,e-e!
at a++ #o,t, in a geat nation1 Menta+ an! ne-o", ,tengt% i, in/inite+y 0oe i0$otant
t%an 0",#"+a ,tengt%1 T%e !e,#en!ant o/ a geat a#e, i/ %e %a, not !egeneate!, i,
en!owe! wit% nat"a+ i00"nity to /atig"e an! to /ea1 He !oe, not t%in3 abo"t %i, %ea+t%
o %i, ,e#"ity1 He i, not intee,te! in 0e!i#ine, an! ignoe, $%y,i#ian,1 He !oe, not
be+ie-e t%at t%e >o+!en Age wi++ ai-e w%en $%y,io+ogi#a+ #%e0i,t, %a-e obtaine! in a
$"e ,tate a++ -ita0ine, an! ,e#etoy $o!"#t, o/ en!o#ine g+an!,1 He +oo3, "$on
%i0,e+/ a, !e,tine! to /ig%t, to +o-e, to t%in3, an! to #on8"e1 He 3now, t%at ,a/ety ,%o"+!
not be /i,t1 Hi, a#tion on %i, en-ion0ent i, a, e,,entia++y ,i0$+e a, t%e +ea$ o/ a wi+!
ani0a+ "$on it, $ey1 No 0oe t%an t%e ani0a+ !oe, %e /ee+ %i, ,t"#t"a+ #o0$+e.ity1
T%e ,o"n! bo!y +i-e, in ,i+en#e1 We !o not %ea, we !o not /ee+, it, wo3ing1 T%e
%yt%0, o/ o" e.i,ten#e ae e.$e,,e! by #ene,t%e,i# i0$e,,ion, w%i#%, +i3e t%e ,o/t
w%iing o/ a ,i.teen5#y+in!e 0oto, /i++ t%e !e$t%, o/ o" #on,#io",ne,, w%en we ae in
,i+en#e an! 0e!itation1 T%e %a0ony o/ ogani# /"n#tion, gi-e, a /ee+ing o/ $ea#e1 W%en
an ogan begin, to !eteioate, t%i, $ea#e 0ay be !i,t"be!1 Pain i, a ,igna+ o/ !i,te,,1
Many $eo$+e, a+t%o"g% t%ey ae not i++, ae not in goo! %ea+t%1 Pe%a$, t%e 8"a+ity o/
,o0e o/ t%ei ti,,"e, i, !e/e#ti-e1 T%e ,e#etion, o/ ,"#% g+an!, o ,"#% 0"#o,a, 0ay be
in,"//i#ient o too ab"n!ant1 T%e e.#itabi+ity o/ t%ei ne-o", ,y,te0, e.aggeate!1 T%ei
ogani# /"n#tion,, not e.a#t+y #oe+ate! in ,$a#e o in ti0e1 O t%ei ti,,"e,, not a,
#a$ab+e o/ e,i,ting in/e#tion, a, t%ey ,%o"+! be1 S"#% in!i-i!"a+, /ee+ $o/o"n!+y t%e,e
ogani# !e/i#ien#ie,, w%i#% bing t%e0 0"#% 0i,ey1 T%e /"t"e !i,#o-ee o/ a 0et%o!
/o in!"#ing ti,,"e, an! ogan, to !e-e+o$ %a0onio",+y wi++ be a geate bene/a#to o/
%"0anity t%an Pa,te" %i0,e+/1 2o %e wi++ $e,ent 0an wit% t%e 0o,t $e#io", o/ a++
gi/t,, wit% an a+0o,t !i-ine o//eing, t%e a$tit"!e /o %a$$ine,,1
T%e wea3ening o/ t%e bo!y %a, 0any #a",e,1 It i, we++ 3nown t%at t%e 8"a+ity o/ ti,,"e,
i, +owee! by too $oo o too i#% a !iet, by a+#o%o+i,0, ,y$%i+i,, #on,ang"ineo", "nion,,
an! a+,o by $o,$eity an! +ei,"e1 Wea+t% i, a, !angeo", a, ignoan#e an! $o-ety1
Ci-i+i4e! 0en !egeneate in to$i#a+ #+i0ate,1 On t%e #ontay, t%ey t%i-e in te0$eate
o #o+! #o"ntie,1 T%ey nee! a way o/ +i/e in-o+-ing #on,tant ,t"gg+e, 0enta+ an!
0",#"+a e//ot, $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0oa+ !i,#i$+ine, an! ,o0e $i-ation,1 S"#% #on!ition,
in"e t%e bo!y to /atig"e an! to ,oow,1 T%ey $ote#t it again,t !i,ea,e, an! e,$e#ia++y
again,t ne-o", !i,ea,e,1 T%ey ie,i,tib+y !i-e %"0anity to t%e #on8"e,t o/ t%e e.tena+
wo+!1
1
@i,ea,e #on,i,t, o/ a /"n#tiona+ an! ,t"#t"a+ !i,o!e1 It, a,$e#t, ae a, n"0eo", a,
o" ogani# a#ti-itie,1 T%ee ae !i,ea,e, o/ t%e ,to0a#%, o/ t%e %eat, o/ t%e ne-o",
,y,te0, et#1 B"t in i++ne,, t%e bo!y $e,e-e, t%e ,a0e "nity a, in %ea+t%1 It i, ,i#3 a, a
w%o+e1 No !i,t"ban#e e0ain, ,ti#t+y #on/ine! to a ,ing+e ogan1 P%y,i#ian, %a-e been
+e! to #on,i!e ea#% !i,ea,e a, a ,$e#ia+ty by t%e o+! anato0i#a+ #on#e$tion o/ t%e %"0an
being1 On+y t%o,e w%o 3now 0an bot% in %i, $at, an! in %i, entiety, ,i0"+taneo",+y
"n!e %i, anato0i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, an! 0enta+ a,$e#t,, ae #a$ab+e o/ "n!e,tan!ing
%i0 w%en %e i, ,i#31
T%ee ae two geat #+a,,e, o/ !i,ea,e55in/e#tio",, o 0i5#obian, !i,ea,e,, an!
!egeneati-e !i,ea,e,1 T%e /i,t ae #a",e! by -i",e, o ba#teia $enetating into t%e
bo!y1 Ai",e, ae in-i,ib+e being,, e.te0e+y ,0a++, %a!+y +age t%an a 0o+e#"+e o/
a+b"0in1 T%ey +i-e wit%in t%e #e++, t%e0,e+-e,1 T%ey ae /on! o/ t%e ne-o", ,"b,tan#e,
an! a+,o o/ t%e ,3in an! t%e g+an!,1 T%ey !e,toy t%o,e ti,,"e, in 0en an! ani0a+, o
0o!i/y t%ei /"n#tion,1 T%ey $o!"#e in/anti+e $aa+y,i,, gi$$e, en#e$%a+iti, +et%agi#a,
et#1, a, a+,o 0ea,+e,, ty$%",, ye++ow /e-e, an! $e%a$, #an#e1 T%ey #an tan,/o0
ino//en,i-e #e++,, t%e +e"#o#yte, o/ t%e %en, /o in,tan#e, into /eo#io", bea,t, w%i#%
in-a!e 0",#+e, an! ogan, an!, in a /ew !ay,, 3i++ t%e ani0a+ a//e#te! wit% t%e !i,ea,e1
T%e,e /o0i!ab+e being, ae "n3nown to ",1 Nobo!y %a, e-e ,een t%e01 T%ey on+y
0ani/e,t t%e0,e+-e, by t%ei e//e#t, "$on ti,,"e,1 Be/oe t%ei on,+a"g%t, #e++, ,tan!
!e/en,e+e,,1 T%ey e,i,t -i",e, no 0oe t%an t%e +ea-e, o/ a tee e,i,t ,0o3e1 In
#o0$ai,on wit% -i",e,, ba#teia ae -eitab+e giant,1 Howe-e, t%ey ea,i+y $enetate into
o" bo!y t%o"g% t%e 0"#o,a, o/ t%e inte,tine,, t%o,e o/ t%e no,e, t%e eye,, t%e t%oat, o
t%o"g% t%e ,"/a#e o/ a wo"n!1 T%ey !o not in,ta++ t%e0,e+-e, wit%in t%e #e++,, b"t
ao"n! t%e01 T%ey in-a!e t%e +oo,e ti,,"e, ,e$aating t%e ogan,1 T%ey 0"+ti$+y "n!e
t%e ,3in, between t%e 0",#+e,, in t%e ab!o0ina+ #a-ity, in t%e 0e0bane, en-e+o$ing t%e
bain an! t%e #o!1 T%ey ,e#ete to.i# ,"b,tan#e, in t%e inte,titia+ +y0$%1 T%ey 0ay a+,o
0igate into t%e b+oo!1 T%ey t%ow into #on/",ion a++ ogani# /"n#tion,1
@egeneati-e !i,ea,e, ae o/ten t%e #on,e8"en#e, o/ ba#teia+ in/e#tion,, a, in #etain
0a+a!ie, o/ t%e %eat an! o/ t%e 3i!ney,1 T%ey ae a+,o #a",e! by t%e $e,en#e in t%e
ogani,0 o/ to.i# ,"b,tan#e, i,,"ing /o0 t%e ti,,"e, t%e0,e+-e,1 W%en t%e ,e#etion, o/
t%e t%yoi! g+an! be#o0e too ab"n!ant, o $oi,ono",, t%e ,y0$to0, o/ e.o$%t%a+0i#
goite 0a3e t%ei a$$eaan#e1 Cetain !i,o!e, ae !"e to +a#3 o/ ,e#etion,
in!i,$en,ab+e to n"tition1 T%e !e/i#ien#y o/ en!o#ine g+an!,, o/ t%yoi!, $an#ea,, +i-e,
o/ ga,ti# 0"#o,a, bing, on !i,ea,e, ,"#% a, 0y.e!e0a, !iabete,, $eni#io", ane0ia,
et#1 Ot%e !i,o!e, ae !ete0ine! by t%e ab,en#e o/ e+e0ent, e8"ie! /o t%e
#on,t"#tion an! 0aintenan#e o/ ti,,"e,, ,"#% a, -ita0ine,, 0inea+ ,a+t,, io!ine, 0eta+,1
W%en t%e ogan, !o not e#ei-e /o0 t%e #o,0i# wo+! t%o"g% t%e inte,tine t%e b"i+!ing
,"b,tan#e, w%i#% t%ey nee!, t%ey +o,e t%ei $owe o/ e,i,tan#e to in/e#tion, !e-e+o$
,t"#t"a+ +e,ion,, 0an"/a#t"e $oi,on,, et#1 T%ee ae a+,o !i,ea,e, w%i#% %a-e ,o /a
ba//+e! a++ t%e ,#ienti,t, an! t%e in,tit"te, /o 0e!i#a+ e,ea#% o/ A0ei#a, E"o$e,
A/i#a, A,ia, an! A",ta+ia1 A0ong t%e0, #an#e an! a 0"+tit"!e o/ ne-o", an! 0enta+
a//e#tion,1
>eat gain, in %ea+t% %a-e been a#%ie-e! ,in#e t%e beginning o/ t%i, #ent"y1
T"be#"+o,i, i, being -an8"i,%e!1 @eat%, /o0 in/anti+e !ia%ea, !i$%t%eia, ty$%oi!
/e-e, et#1, ae being e+i0inate!1 A++ !i,ea,e, o/ ba#teia+ oigin %a-e !e#ea,e! in a
,ti3ing 0anne1 T%e a-eage +engt% o/ +i/e55t%at i,, t%e e.$e#tation o/ +i/e at bit%55wa,
on+y /oty5nine yea, in &'DD1 To!ay it %a, gaine! 0oe t%an e+e-en yea,1 T%e #%an#e,
o/ ,"-i-a+ /o ea#% age "$ to 0at"ity %a-e notab+y a"g0ente!1 Ne-et%e+e,,, in ,$ite o/
t%e ti"0$%, o/ 0e!i#a+ ,#ien#e, t%e $ob+e0 o/ !i,ea,e i, -ey /a /o0 ,o+-e!1 Mo!en
0an i, !e+i#ate1 E+e-en %"n!e! t%o",an! $e,on, %a-e to atten! t%e 0e!i#a+ nee!, o/
&ED,DDD,DDD ot%e $e,on,1 E-ey yea, a0ong t%i, $o$"+ation o/ t%e Unite! State,, t%ee
ae abo"t &DD,DDD,DDD i++ne,,e,, ,eio", o ,+ig%t1 In t%e %o,$ita+,, FDD,DDD be!, ae
o##"$ie! e-ey !ay o/ t%e yea1 T%e #ae o/ t%e,e $atient, e8"ie, t%e e//ot, o/ &G),DDD
!o#to,, EHD,DDD n",e, o ,t"!ent n",e,, ID,DDD !enti,t,, an! &)D,DDD $%a0a#i,t,1 It
a+,o ne#e,,itate, F,DDD %o,$ita+,, H,DDD #+ini#,, an! ID,DDD $%a0a#ie,1 T%e $"b+i#
,$en!, ann"a++y JF&),DDD,DDD in 0e!i#ine,1 Me!i#a+ #ae, "n!e a++ it, /o0,, #o,t, abo"t
J(,)DD,DDD,DDD yea+y1 Ob-io",+y, !i,ea,e i, ,ti++ a %ea-y e#ono0i# b"!en1 It,
i0$otan#e in 0o!e0 +i/e i, in#a+#"+ab+e1
Me!i#ine i, /a /o0 %a-ing !e#ea,e! %"0an ,"//eing, a, 0"#% a, it en!ea-o, to
0a3e ", be+ie-e1 In!ee!, t%e n"0be o/ !eat%, /o0 in/e#tio", !i,ea,e, %a, geat+y
!i0ini,%e!1 B"t we ,ti++ 0",t !ie, an! we !ie in a 0"#% +age $o$otion /o0
!egeneati-e !i,ea,e,1 T%e yea, o/ +i/e w%i#% we %a-e gaine! by t%e ,"$$e,,ion o/
!i$%t%eia, ,0a++$o., ty$%oi! /e-e, et#1, ae $ai! /o by t%e +ong ,"//eing, an! t%e
+ingeing !eat%, #a",e! by #%oni# a//e#tion,, an! e,$e#ia++y by #an#e, !iabete,, an!
%eat !i,ea,e1 In a!!ition, 0an i, +iab+e, a, %e wa, in /o0e ti0e,, to #%oni# ne$%iti,,
bain t"0o,, ateia+ ,#+eo,i,, ,y$%i+i,, #eeba+ %e0o%age,, %y$eten,ion, an! a+,o to
t%e inte++e#t"a+, 0oa+, an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ !e#ay !ete0ine! by t%e,e 0a+a!ie,1 He i,
e8"a++y ,"b7e#t to t%e ogani# an! /"n#tiona+ !i,o!e, bo"g%t in t%ei tain by e.#e,, o/
/oo!, in,"//i#ient $%y,i#a+ e.e#i,e, an! o-ewo31 T%e +a#3 o/ e8"i+ibi"0 an! t%e
ne"o,e, o/ t%e -i,#ea+ ne-o", ,y,te0 bing abo"t 0any a//e#tion, o/ t%e ,to0a#% an!
t%e inte,tine,1 Heat !i,ea,e, be#o0e 0oe /e8"ent1 An! a+,o !iabete,1 T%e 0a+a!ie, o/
t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0 ae inn"0eab+e1 In t%e #o",e o/ %i, +i/e, e-ey in!i-i!"a+
,"//e, /o0 ,o0e atta#3 o/ ne"a,t%enia, o/ ne-o", !e$e,,ion, engen!ee! by #on,tant
agitation, noi,e, an! woie,1 A+t%o"g% 0o!e0 %ygiene %a, 0a!e %"0an e.i,ten#e /a
,a/e, +onge, an! 0oe $+ea,ant, !i,ea,e, %a-e not been 0a,tee!1 T%ey %a-e ,i0$+y
#%ange! in nat"e1
T%i, #%ange #o0e, "n!o"bte!+y /o0 t%e e+i0ination o/ in/e#tion,1 B"t it 0ay be !"e
a+,o to 0o!i/i#ation, in t%e #on,tit"tion o/ ti,,"e, "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e new 0o!e,
o/ +i/e1 T%e ogani,0 ,ee0, to %a-e be#o0e 0oe ,",#e$tib+e to !egeneati-e !i,ea,e,1 It
i, #ontin"a++y ,"b7e#te! to ne-o", an! 0enta+ ,%o#3,, to to.i# ,"b,tan#e, 0an"/a#t"e!
by !i,t"be! ogan,, to t%o,e #ontaine! in /oo! an! ai1 It i, a+,o a//e#te! by t%e
!e/i#ien#ie, o/ t%e e,,entia+ $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ /"n#tion,1 T%e ,ta$+e /oo!, 0ay not
#ontain t%e ,a0e n"titi-e ,"b,tan#e, a, in /o0e ti0e,1 Ma,, $o!"#tion %a, 0o!i/ie!
t%e #o0$o,ition o/ w%eat, egg,, 0i+3, /"it, an! b"tte, a+t%o"g% t%e,e ati#+e, %a-e
etaine! t%ei /a0i+ia a$$eaan#e1 C%e0i#a+ /eti+i4e,, by in#ea,ing t%e ab"n!an#e o/
t%e #o$, wit%o"t e$+a#ing a++ t%e e.%a",te! e+e0ent, o/ t%e ,oi+, %a-e in!ie#t+y
#ontib"te! to #%ange t%e n"titi-e -a+"e o/ #eea+ gain, an! o/ -egetab+e,1 Hen, %a-e
been #o0$e++e!, by ati/i#ia+ !iet an! 0o!e o/ +i-ing, to ente t%e an3, o/ 0a,,
$o!"#e,1 Ha, not t%e 8"a+ity o/ t%ei egg, been 0o!i/ie!< T%e ,a0e 8"e,tion 0ay be
a,3e! abo"t 0i+3, be#a",e #ow, ae now #on/ine! to t%e ,tab+e a++ t%e yea o"n!, an! ae
/e! on 0an"/a#t"e! $o-en!e1 Hygieni,t, %a-e not $ai! ,"//i#ient attention to t%e
gene,i, o/ !i,ea,e,1 T%ei ,t"!ie, o/ #on!ition, o/ +i/e an! !iet, an! o/ t%ei e//e#t, on t%e
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ ,tate o/ 0o!en 0an, ae ,"$e/i#ia+, in#o0$+ete, an! o/ too
,%ot !"ation1 T%ey %a-e, t%",, #ontib"te! to t%e wea3ening o/ o" bo!y an! o" ,o"+1
An! t%ey +ea-e ", wit%o"t $ote#tion again,t t%e !egeneati-e !i,ea,e,, t%e !i,ea,e,
e,"+ting /o0 #i-i+i4ation1 We #annot "n!e,tan! t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e,e a//e#tion,
be/oe %a-ing #on,i!ee! t%e nat"e o/ o" 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1 In !i,ea,e a, in %ea+t%, bo!y
an! #on,#io",ne,,, a+t%o"g% !i,tin#t, ae in,e$aab+e1
C%a$te IA
MENTAL ACTIAITIES

1
SIMULTANEOUSL: wit% $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,, t%e bo!y 0ani/e,t, ot%e a#ti-itie,,
w%i#% ae #a++e! 0enta+1 T%e ogan, e.$e,, t%e0,e+-e, by 0e#%ani#a+ wo3, %eat,
e+e#ti#a+ $%eno0ena, an! #%e0i#a+ tan,/o0ation,, 0ea,"ab+e by t%e te#%ni8"e, o/
$%y,i#, an! #%e0i,ty1 T%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%e 0in!, o/ #on,#io",ne,,, i, !ete#te! by ot%e
$o#e!"e,, ,"#% a, t%o,e e0$+oye! in into,$e#tion an! in t%e ,t"!y o/ %"0an be%a-io1
T%e #on#e$t o/ #on,#io",ne,, i, e8"i-a+ent to t%e ana+y,i, 0a!e by o",e+/ o/ o" own
,e+/, an! o/ t%e e.$e,,ion o/ t%e ,e+/ o/ o" /e++ow 0en1 It i, #on-enient to !i-i!e t%e
0enta+ a#ti-itie, into inte++e#t"a+, 0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio",, a+t%o"g% ,"#%
#+a,,i/i#ation i, not%ing b"t an ate/a#t1 In ea+ity, t%e bo!y an! t%e ,o"+ ae -iew, ta3en
o/ t%e ,a0e ob7e#t by !i//eent 0et%o!,, ab,ta#tion, obtaine! by o" ea,on /o0 t%e
#on#ete "nity o/ o" being1 T%e antit%e,i, o/ 0atte an! 0in! e$e,ent, 0ee+y t%e
o$$o,ition o/ two 3in!, o/ te#%ni8"e,1 T%e eo o/ @e,#ate, wa, to be+ie-e in t%e ea+ity
o/ t%e,e ab,ta#tion, an! to #on,i!e t%e 0ateia+ an! t%e 0enta+ a, %eteogeneo",, a, two
!i//eent t%ing,1 T%i, !"a+i,0 %a, weig%e! %ea-i+y "$on t%e entie %i,toy o/ o"
3now+e!ge o/ 0an1 2o it %a, engen!ee! t%e /a+,e $ob+e0 o/ t%e e+ation, o/ t%e ,o"+
an! t%e bo!y1
T%ee ae no ,"#% e+ation,1 Neit%e t%e ,o"+ no t%e bo!y #an be in-e,tigate!
,e$aate+y1 We ob,e-e 0ee+y a #o0$+e. being, w%o,e a#ti-itie, %a-e been abitai+y
!i-i!e! into $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+1 O/ #o",e, one wi++ a+way, #ontin"e to ,$ea3 o/
t%e ,o"+ a, an entity1 ?",t a, one ,$ea3, o/ t%e ,etting an! t%e i,ing o/ t%e ,"n, a+t%o"g%
e-eybo!y 3now,, ,in#e >a+i+eo;, ti0e, t%at t%e ,"n i, e+ati-e+y i00obi+e1 T%e ,o"+ i, t%e
a,$e#t o/ o",e+-e, t%at i, ,$e#i/i# o/ o" nat"e an! !i,ting"i,%e, 0an /o0 a++ ot%e
ani0a+,1 We ae not #a$ab+e o/ !e/ining t%i, /a0i+ia an! $o/o"n!+y 0y,teio", entity1
W%at i, t%o"g%t, t%at ,tange being, w%i#% +i-e, in t%e !e$t%, o/ o",e+-e, wit%o"t
#on,"0ing a 0ea,"ab+e 8"antity o/ #%e0i#a+ enegy< I, it e+ate! to t%e 3nown /o0, o/
enegy< Co"+! it be a #on,tit"ent o/ o" "ni-e,e, ignoe! by t%e $%y,i#i,t,, b"t in/inite+y
0oe i0$otant t%an +ig%t< T%e 0in! i, %i!!en wit%in t%e +i-ing 0atte, #o0$+ete+y
neg+e#te! by $%y,io+ogi,t, an! e#ono0i,t,, a+0o,t "nnoti#e! by $%y,i#ian,1 An! yet it i,
t%e 0o,t #o+o,,a+ $owe o/ t%i, wo+!1 I, it $o!"#e! by t%e #eeba+ #e++,, +i3e in,"+in by
t%e $an#ea, an! bi+e by t%e +i-e< 2o0 w%at ,"b,tan#e, i, it e+aboate!< @oe, it #o0e
/o0 a $ee.i,ting e+e0ent, a, g+"#o,e /o0 g+y#ogen, o /ibin /o0 /ibinogen< @oe, it
#on,i,t o/ a 3in! o/ enegy !i//eing /o0 t%at ,t"!ie! by $%y,i#,, e.$e,,ing it,e+/ by
ot%e +aw,, an! geneate! by t%e #e++, o/ t%e #eeba+ #ote.< O ,%o"+! it be #on,i!ee!
a, an i00ateia+ being, +o#ate! o"t,i!e ,$a#e an! ti0e, o"t,i!e t%e !i0en,ion, o/ t%e
#o,0i# "ni-e,e, an! in,eting it,e+/ by an "n3nown $o#e!"e into o" bain, w%i#%
wo"+! be t%e in!i,$en,ab+e #on!ition o/ it, 0ani/e,tation, an! t%e !ete0ining agent o/
it, #%aa#tei,ti#,<
At a++ ti0e,, an! in a++ #o"ntie,, geat $%i+o,o$%e, %a-e !e-ote! t%ei +i-e, to t%e
in-e,tigation o/ t%e,e $ob+e0,1 T%ey %a-e not /o"n! t%ei ,o+"tion1 We #annot e/ain
/o0 a,3ing t%e ,a0e 8"e,tion,1 B"t t%o,e 8"e,tion, wi++ e0ain "nan,wee! "nti+ new
0et%o!, /o $enetating 0oe !ee$+y into #on,#io",ne,, ae !i,#o-ee!1 Meanw%i+e, we
/ee+ t%e "ge to 3now, an! not 0ee+y to ,$e#"+ate o to !ea01 I/ o" "n!e,tan!ing o/
t%i, e,,entia+, ,$e#i/i# a,$e#t o/ t%e %"0an being i, to $oge,,, we 0",t 0a3e a #ae/"+
,t"!y o/ t%e $%eno0ena attainab+e by o" $e,ent 0et%o!, o/ ob,e-ation, an! o/ t%ei
e+ation, wit% $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 We 0",t a+,o %a-e t%e #o"age to e.$+oe t%o,e
egion, o/ t%e ,e+/ w%o,e %oi4on,, on e-ey ,i!e, ae ,%o"!e! in !en,e 0i,t1
Man #on,i,t, o/ a++ %i, a#t"a+ an! $otentia+ a#ti-itie,1 T%e /"n#tion, w%i#%, at #etain
e$o#%, an! in #etain en-ion0ent,, e0ain -it"a+, ae a, ea+ a, t%o,e w%i#% #on,tant+y
e.$e,, t%e0,e+-e,1 T%e witing, o/ R"y,boe#3 t%e A!0iab+e #ontain a, 0any t"t%, a,
t%o,e o/ C+a"!e Bena!1 The Adornment of the ()iritual Marria*e# an! t%e +ntroduction
to the (tudy of ,-)erimental Medicine !e,#ibe two a,$e#t,, t%e /o0e +e,, /e8"ent an!
t%e +atte 0oe ","a+, o/ t%e ,a0e being1 T%e /o0, o/ %"0an a#ti-ity #on,i!ee! by P+ato
ae 0oe ,$e#i/i# o/ o" nat"e t%an %"nge, t%i,t, ,e."a+ a$$etite, an! gee!1 Sin#e t%e
Renai,,an#e, a $i-i+ege! $o,ition %a, abitai+y been gi-en to #etain a,$e#t, o/ 0an1
Matte %a, been ,e$aate! /o0 0in!1 To 0atte %a, been attib"te! a geate ea+ity t%an
to 0in!1 P%y,io+ogy an! 0e!i#ine %a-e !ie#te! t%ei attention to t%e #%e0i#a+
0ani/e,tation, o/ t%e bo!y;, a#ti-itie, an! to t%e ogani# !i,o!e, e.$e,,e! by
0i#o,#o$i#a+ +e,ion, o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 So#io+ogy %a, en-i,age! 0an a+0o,t "ni8"e+y /o0
t%e $oint o/ -iew o/ %i, abi+ity to "n 0a#%ine,, o/ %i, o"t$"t o/ wo3, o/ %i, #a$a#ity a, a
#on,"0e, o/ %i, e#ono0i# -a+"e1 Hygiene %a, #on#ene! it,e+/ wit% %i, %ea+t%, t%e 0ean,
o/ in#ea,ing t%e $o$"+ation, $e-ention o/ in/e#tio", !i,ea,e,, an! wit% e-ey $o,,ib+e
a!!ition to o" $%y,io+ogi#a+ we+/ae1 Pe!agogy %a, !ie#te! it, e//ot, towa! t%e
inte++e#t"a+ an! 0",#"+a !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e #%i+!en1 B"t t%e,e ,#ien#e, %a-e neg+e#te!
t%e ,t"!y o/ t%e -aio", a,$e#t, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 T%ey ,%o"+! %a-e e.a0ine! 0an in t%e
#on-eging +ig%t o/ $%y,io+ogy an! $,y#%o+ogy1 T%ey ,%o"+! %a-e "ti+i4e! e8"itab+y t%e
!ata ,"$$+ie! by into,$e#tion an! by t%e ,t"!y o/ be%a-io1 Bot% t%e,e te#%ni8"e, attain
t%e ,a0e ob7e#t1 B"t one #on,i!e, 0an /o0 in,i!e, an! t%e ot%e /o0 o"t,i!e1 T%ee i,
no ea,on to gi-e to one a geate -a+"e t%an to t%e ot%e1
2
T%e e.i,ten#e o/ inte++igen#e i, a $i0ay !at"0 o/ ob,e-ation1 T%i, $owe o/
!i,#ening t%e e+ation, between t%ing, a,,"0e, a #etain -a+"e an! a #etain /o0 in ea#%
in!i-i!"a+1 Inte++igen#e i, 0ea,"ab+e by a$$o$iate te#%ni8"e,1 T%e,e 0ea,"e0ent,
!ea+ on+y wit% a #on-entiona+ a,$e#t o/ t%e 0in!1 T%ey !o not gi-e an a##"ate i!ea o/
inte++e#t"a+ -a+"e1 B"t t%ey $e0it a o"g% #+a,,i/i#ation o/ %"0an being,1 T%ey ae
",e/"+ in ,e+e#ting ,"itab+e 0en /o "ni0$otant $o,ition,, ,"#% a, t%o,e o$en to /a#toy
%an!, an! 0ino ban3 o ,toe #+e3,1 In a!!ition, t%ey %a-e bo"g%t to +ig%t an i0$otant
/a#t, t%e wea3ne,, o/ t%e 0in! o/ 0o,t in!i-i!"a+,1 T%ee i,, in!ee!, an eno0o",
!i-e,ity in t%e 8"antity an! t%e 8"a+ity o/ t%e inte++igen#e $o,,e,,e! by ea#% one1 In t%i,
e,$e#t #etain 0en ae giant,, an! 0any, !wa/,1 E-ey %"0an being i, bon wit%
!i//eent inte++e#t"a+ #a$a#itie,1 B"t, geat o ,0a++, t%e,e $otentia+itie, e8"ie, in o!e to
be a#t"a+i4e!, #on,tant e.e#i,e an! #etain i++5!e/ine! en-ion0enta+ #on!ition,1
Inte++e#t"a+ $owe i, a"g0ente! by t%e %abit o/ $e#i,e ea,oning, t%e ,t"!y o/ +ogi#, t%e
",e o/ 0at%e0ati#a+ +ang"age, 0enta+ !i,#i$+ine, an! #o0$+ete an! !ee$ ob,e-ation o/
t%ing,1 On t%e #ontay, in#o0$+ete an! ,"$e/i#ia+ ob,e-ation,, a a$i! ,"##e,,ion o/
i0$e,,ion,, 0"+ti$+i#ity o/ i0age,, an! +a#3 o/ inte++e#t"a+ !i,#i$+ine %in!e t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ 0in!1 We 3now %ow "ninte++igent t%e #%i+!en ae w%o +i-e in a #ow!e!
#ity, a0ong 0"+tit"!e, o/ $eo$+e an! e-ent,, in tain, an! a"to0obi+e,, in t%e #on/",ion
o/ t%e ,teet,, a0ong t%e ab,"!itie, o/ t%e #ine0a,, in ,#%oo+, w%ee inte++e#t"a+
#on#entation i, not e8"ie!1 T%ee ae ot%e /a#to, #a$ab+e o/ /a#i+itating o %a0$eing
t%e gowt% o/ inte++igen#e1 T%ey #on,i,t o/ #etain %abit, o/ +i-ing an! o/ eating1 B"t t%ei
e//e#t i, not #+ea+y 3nown1 It ,ee0, t%at o-eab"n!an#e o/ /oo! an! e.#e,, o/ at%+eti#,
$e-ent inte++e#t"a+ $oge,,1 At%+ete, ae not, in genea+, -ey inte++igent1 In o!e to
ea#% it, %ig%e,t !e-e+o$0ent t%e 0in! $obab+y !e0an!, an en,e0b+e o/ #on!ition,,
w%i#% %a, o##"e! on+y at #etain e$o#%, an! in #etain #o"ntie,1 W%at wee t%e 0o!e
o/ e.i,ten#e, t%e !iet, an! t%e e!"#ation o/ t%e 0en o/ t%e geat $eio!, o/ t%e %i,toy o/
#i-i+i4ation< We ae a+0o,t tota++y ignoant o/ t%e gene,i, o/ inte++igen#e1 An! we be+ie-e
t%at t%e 0in! o/ #%i+!en #an be !e-e+o$e! by t%e 0ee taining o/ t%ei 0e0oy an! by
t%e e.e#i,e, $a#ti#e! in 0o!en ,#%oo+,C
Inte++igen#e a+one i, not #a$ab+e o/ engen!eing ,#ien#e1 B"t it i, an in!i,$en,ab+e
/a#to in it, #eation1 S#ien#e, in it, t"n, /oti/ie, inte++igen#e1 It %a, bo"g%t to %"0anity
a new inte++e#t"a+ attit"!e, t%e #etainty gi-en by ob,e-ation, e.$ei0entation, an!
+ogi#a+ ea,oning1 Cetainty !ei-e! /o0 ,#ien#e i, -ey !i//eent /o0 t%at !ei-e! /o0
/ait%1 T%e +atte i, 0oe $o/o"n!1 It #annot be ,%a3en by ag"0ent,1 It e,e0b+e, t%e
#etainty gi-en by #+ai-oyan#e1 B"t, ,tange to ,ay, it i, not #o0$+ete+y /oeign to
,#ien#e1 Ob-io",+y, geat !i,#o-eie, ae not t%e $o!"#t o/ inte++igen#e a+one1 Men o/
geni",, in a!!ition to t%ei $owe, o/ ob,e-ation an! #o0$e%en,ion, $o,,e,, ot%e
8"a+itie,, ,"#% a, int"ition an! #eati-e i0agination1 T%o"g% int"ition t%ey +ean t%ing,
ignoe! by ot%e 0en, t%ey $e#ei-e e+ation, between ,ee0ing+y i,o+ate! $%eno0ena,
t%ey "n#on,#io",+y /ee+ t%e $e,en#e o/ t%e "n3nown tea,"e1 A++ geat 0en ae en!owe!
wit% int"ition1 T%ey 3now, wit%o"t ana+y,i,, wit%o"t ea,oning, w%at i, i0$otant /o
t%e0 to 3now1 A t"e +ea!e o/ 0en !oe, not nee! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ te,t,, o e/een#e #a!,,
w%en #%oo,ing %i, ,"bo!inate,1 A goo! 7"!ge, wit%o"t going into t%e !etai+, o/ +ega+
ag"0ent,, an! e-en, a##o!ing to Ca!o4o, ,tating /o0 eoneo", $e0i,e,, i, #a$ab+e
o/ en!eing a 7",t ,enten#e1 A geat ,#ienti,t in,tin#ti-e+y ta3e, t%e $at% +ea!ing to a
!i,#o-ey1 T%i, $%eno0enon, in /o0e ti0e,, wa, #a++e! in,$iation1
Men o/ ,#ien#e be+ong to two !i//eent ty$e,55t%e +ogi#a+ an! t%e int"iti-e1 S#ien#e
owe, it, $oge,, to bot% /o0, o/ 0in!,1 Mat%e0ati#,, a+t%o"g% a $"e+y +ogi#a+
,t"#t"e, ne-et%e+e,, 0a3e, ",e o/ int"ition1 A0ong t%e 0at%e0ati#ian, t%ee ae
int"iti-e, an! +ogi#ian,, ana+y,t, an! geo0eti#ian,1 He0itte an! Weie,ta,, wee
int"iti-e,1 Rie0ann an! Betan!, +ogi#ian,1 T%e !i,#o-eie, o/ int"ition %a-e a+way, to
be !e-e+o$e! by +ogi#1 In o!inay +i/e, a, in ,#ien#e, int"ition i, a $owe/"+ b"t
!angeo", 0ean, o/ a#8"iing 3now+e!ge1 So0eti0e, it #an %a!+y be !i,ting"i,%e! /o0
i++",ion1 T%o,e w%o e+y "$on it entie+y ae +iab+e to 0i,ta3e,1 It i, /a /o0 being a+way,
t",twot%y1 B"t t%e geat 0an, o t%e ,i0$+e w%o,e %eat i, $"e, #an be +e! by it to t%e
,"00it, o/ 0enta+ an! ,$iit"a+ +i/e1 It i, a ,tange 8"a+ity1 To a$$e%en! ea+ity wit%o"t
t%e %e+$ o/ inte++igen#e a$$ea, ine.$+i#ab+e1 One o/ t%e a,$e#t, o/ int"ition e,e0b+e, a
-ey a$i! !e!"#tion /o0 an in,tantaneo", ob,e-ation1 T%e 3now+e!ge t%at geat
$%y,i#ian, ,o0eti0e, $o,,e,, #on#ening t%e $e,ent an! t%e /"t"e ,tate o/ t%ei $atient,
i, o/ ,"#% a nat"e1 A ,i0i+a $%eno0enon o##", w%en one a$$ai,e, in a /+a,% a 0an;,
-a+"e, o ,en,e, %i, -it"e, an! %i, -i#e,1 B"t "n!e anot%e a,$e#t, int"ition ta3e, $+a#e
8"ite in!e$en!ent+y o/ ob,e-ation an! ea,oning1 We 0ay be +e! by it to o" goa+ w%en
we !o not 3now %ow to attain t%i, goa+ an! e-en w%ee it i, +o#ate!1 T%i, 0o!e o/
3now+e!ge i, #+o,e+y ana+ogo", to #+ai-oyan#e, to t%e ,i.t% ,en,e o/ C%a+e, Ri#%et1
C+ai-oyan#e an! te+e$at%y ae a $i0ay !at"0 o/ ,#ienti/i# ob,e-ation1
&
T%o,e
en!owe! wit% t%i, $owe ga,$ t%e ,e#et t%o"g%t, o/ ot%e in!i-i!"a+, wit%o"t ",ing
t%ei ,en,e ogan,1 T%ey a+,o $e#ei-e e-ent, 0oe o +e,, e0ote in ,$a#e an! ti0e1 T%i,
8"a+ity i, e.#e$tiona+1 It !e-e+o$, in on+y a ,0a++ n"0be o/ %"0an being,1 B"t 0any
$o,,e,, it in a "!i0entay ,tate1 T%ey ",e it wit%o"t e//ot an! in a ,$ontaneo", /a,%ion1
C+ai-oyan#e a$$ea, 8"ite #o00on$+a#e to t%o,e %a-ing it1 It bing, to t%e0 a
3now+e!ge w%i#% i, 0oe #etain t%an t%at gaine! t%o"g% t%e ,en,e ogan,1 A
#+ai-oyant ea!, t%e t%o"g%t, o/ ot%e $eo$+e a, ea,i+y a, %e e.a0ine, t%e e.$e,,ion, o/
t%ei /a#e,1 B"t t%e wo!, to ,ee an! to /ee+ !o not a##"ate+y e.$e,, t%e $%eno0ena
ta3ing $+a#e in %i, #on,#io",ne,,1 He !oe, not ob,e-e, %e !oe, not t%in31 He 3now,1 T%e
ea!ing o/ t%o"g%t, ,ee0, to be e+ate! ,i0"+taneo",+y to ,#ienti/i#, e,t%eti#, an!
e+igio", in,$iation, an! to te+e$at%y1 Te+e$at%i# #o00"ni#ation, o##" /e8"ent+y1 In
0any in,tan#e,, at t%e ti0e o/ !eat% o o/ geat !ange, an in!i-i!"a+ i, bo"g%t into a
#etain 3in! o/ e+ation wit% anot%e1 T%e !ying 0an, o t%e -i#ti0 o/ an a##i!ent, e-en
w%en ,"#% a##i!ent i, not /o++owe! by !eat%, a$$ea, to a /ien! in %i, ","a+ a,$e#t1 T%e
$%anto0 genea++y e0ain, ,i+ent1 So0eti0e, %e ,$ea3, an! anno"n#e, %i, !eat%1 T%e
#+ai-oyant 0ay a+,o $e#ei-e at a geat !i,tan#e a ,#ene, an in!i-i!"a+, a +an!,#a$e,
w%i#% %e i, #a$ab+e o/ !e,#ibing 0in"te+y an! e.a#t+y1 T%ee ae 0any /o0, o/
te+e$at%y1 A n"0be o/ $e,on,, a+t%o"g% not en!owe! wit% t%e gi/t o/ #+ai-oyan#e, %a-e
e#ei-e!, on#e o twi#e in t%ei +i/eti0e, a te+e$at%i# #o00"ni#ation1

&
T%e e.i,ten#e o/ te+e$at%i# $%eno0ena, a, we++ a, ot%e 0eta$,y#%i# $%eno0ena, i, not a##e$te! by
0o,t bio+ogi,t, an! $%y,i#ian,1 T%e attit"!e o/ t%e,e ,#ienti,t, ,%o"+! not be b+a0e!1 2o t%e,e $%eno0ena
ae e.#e$tiona+ an! e+",i-e1 T%ey #annot be e$o!"#e! at wi++1 Be,i!e,, t%ey ae %i!!en in t%e eno0o",
0a,, o/ t%e ,"$e,tition,, +ie,, an! i++",ion, a##"0"+ate! /o #ent"ie, by 0an3in!1 A+t%o"g% t%ey %a-e
been 0entione! in e-ey #o"nty an! at e-ey e$o#%, t%ey %a-e not been in-e,tigate! ,#ienti/i#a++y1 It i,,
ne-et%e+e,,, a /a#t t%at t%ey ae a no0a+, a+t%o"g% ae, a#ti-ity o/ t%e %"0an being1 T%e a"t%o began
t%ei ,t"!y w%en %e wa, a yo"ng 0e!i#a+ ,t"!ent1 He wa, intee,te! in t%i, ,"b7e#t in t%e ,a0e 0anne a,
in $%y,io+ogy, #%e0i,ty, an! $at%o+ogy1 He ea+i4e! +ong ago t%e !e/i#ien#ie, o/ t%e 0et%o!, ",e! by t%e
,$e#ia+i,t, o/ $,y#%i#a+ e,ea#%, o/ t%e ,ean#e, w%ee $o/e,,iona+ 0e!i"0, o/ten "ti+i4e t%e a0ate"i,0 o/
t%e e.$ei0ente,1 He %a, 0a!e %i, own ob,e-ation, an! e.$ei0ent,1 He %a, ",e! in t%i, #%a$te t%e
3now+e!ge t%at %e %a, a#8"ie! %i0,e+/1 An! not t%e o$inion o/ ot%e,1 T%e ,t"!y o/ 0eta$,y#%i#, !oe, not
!i//e /o0 t%at o/ $,y#%o+ogy an! $%y,io+ogy1 S#ienti,t, ,%o"+! not be a+a0e! by it, "not%o!o.
a$$eaan#e1 Se-ea+ atte0$t,, a, i, we++ 3nown, %a-e a+ea!y been 0a!e to a$$+y ,#ienti/i# te#%ni8"e, to
#+ai-oyan#e an! te+e$at%y, an! %a-e 0et wit% 0o!eate ,"##e,,1 T%e So#iety /o P,y#%i#a+ Re,ea#% wa,
/o"n!e! in Lon!on in &HHE, "n!e t%e $e,i!en#y o/ Heny Si!gwi#3, Po/e,,o o/ Moa+ P%i+o,o$%y at t%e
Uni-e,ity o/ Ca0bi!ge1 In &'&', an Intenationa+ In,tit"te o/ Meta$,y#%i#, wa, e,tab+i,%e! in Pai, wit%
t%e a$$o-a+ o/ t%e 2en#% >o-en0ent, an! "n!e t%e a",$i#e, o/ t%e geat $%y,io+ogi,t, Ri#%et, t%e
!i,#o-ee o/ ana$%y+a.i,, an! o/ a +eane! $%y,i#ian, ?o,e$% Tei,,ie, Po/e,,o o/ Me!i#ine at t%e
Uni-e,ity o/ Lyon,1 A0ong t%e 0e0be, o/ it, Co00ittee o/ A!0ini,tation ae a $o/e,,o at t%e
Me!i#a+ S#%oo+ o/ t%e Uni-e,ity o/ Pai,, an! ,e-ea+ $%y,i#ian,1 It, $e,i!ent, C%a+e, Ri#%et, %a, witten
a teati,e on Meta$,y#%i#,1 T%e In,tit"te $"b+i,%e, t%e Re.ue M/ta)sychi0ue. In t%e Unite! State, t%i,
ban#% o/ %"0an $,y#%o+ogy %a, %a!+y atta#te! t%e attention o/ t%e ,#ienti/i# in,tit"tion,1 Howe-e, t%e
@e$at0ent o/ P,y#%o+ogy o/ @"3e Uni-e,ity %a, "n!eta3en ,o0e -a+"ab+e 0eta$,y#%i#a+ e,ea#%e,
"n!e t%e !ie#tion o/ @1 ?1 B1 R%ine1
T%",, 3now+e!ge o/ t%e e.tena+ wo+! 0ay #o0e to 0an t%o"g% ot%e #%anne+, t%an
,en,e ogan,1 It i, #etain t%at t%o"g%t 0ay be tan,0itte! /o0 one in!i-i!"a+ to anot%e,
e-en i/ t%ey ae ,e$aate! by +ong !i,tan#e1 T%e,e /a#t,, w%i#% be+ong to t%e new ,#ien#e
o/ 0eta$,y#%i#,, 0",t be a##e$te! 7",t a, t%ey ae1 T%ey #on,tit"te a $at o/ t%e ea+ity1
T%ey e.$e,, a ae an! a+0o,t "n3nown a,$e#t o/ o",e+-e,1 T%ey ae $o,,ib+y
e,$on,ib+e /o t%e "n#anny 0enta+ a#"te5ne,, ob,e-e! in #etain in!i-i!"a+,1 W%at
e.tao!inay $enetation wo"+! e,"+t /o0 t%e "nion o/ !i,#i$+ine! inte++igen#e an! o/
te+e$at%i# a$tit"!eC In!ee!, inte++igen#e, w%i#% %a, gi-en ", 0a,tey o-e t%e $%y,i#a+
wo+!, i, not a ,i0$+e t%ing1 We 3now on+y one o/ it, a,$e#t,1 We en!ea-o to !e-e+o$ it
in t%e ,#%oo+, an! "ni-e,itie,1 T%i, a,$e#t i, b"t a ,0a++ $at o/ a 0a-e+o", a#ti-ity
#on,i,ting o/ ea,on, 7"!g0ent, -o+"ntay attention, int"ition, an! $e%a$, #+ai-oyan#e1
To ,"#% a /"n#tion, 0an i, in!ebte! /o %i, $owe to a$$e%en! ea+ity, an! to "n!e,tan!
%i, en-ion0ent, %i, /e++ow #eat"e,, an! %i0,e+/1
3
Inte++e#t"a+ a#ti-ity i,, at t%e ,a0e ti0e, !i,tin#t an! in!i,tin#t /o0 t%e /+owing 0a,, o/
o" ot%e ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 It i, a 0o!e o/ o" being an! #%ange, a, we !o1 We
0ay #o0$ae it to a #ine0atoga$%i# /i+0, w%i#% wo"+! e#o! t%e ,"##e,,i-e $%a,e, o/ a
,toy on a ,"/a#e -aying in ,en,iti-ene,, /o0 one $oint to anot%e1 It i, e-en 0oe
ana+ogo", to t%e -a++ey, an! t%e %i++, o/ t%e +ong bi++ow, o/ t%e o#ean, w%i#% e/+e#t in a
!i//eent 0anne t%e #+o"!, $a,,ing in t%e ,3y1 Inte++igen#e $o7e#t, it, -i,ion, on t%e
$e$et"a++y #%anging ,#een o/ o" a//e#ti-e ,tate,, o/ o" ,oow, o o" 7oy,, o/ o" +o-e
o o" %ate!1 To ,t"!y t%i, a,$e#t o/ o",e+-e,, we ,e$aate it ati/i#ia++y /o0 an
in!i-i,ib+e w%o+ene,,1 In ea+ity, t%e 0an w%o t%in3,, ob,e-e,, an! ea,on, i,, at t%e
,a0e ti0e, %a$$y o "n%a$$y, !i,t"be! o ,eene, ,ti0"+ate! o !e$e,,e! by %i,
a$$etite,, %i, a-e,ion,, an! %i, !e,ie,1 T%e wo+!, t%ee/oe, a,,"0e, a !i//eent -i,age,
a##o!ing to t%e a//e#ti-e an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ ,tate,, w%i#% ae t%e 0o-ing ba#3go"n! o/
#on,#io",ne,, !"ing inte++e#t"a+ a#ti-ity1 E-eyone 3now, t%at +o-e, %ate, ange, an!
/ea ae #a$ab+e o/ binging #on/",ion e-en to +ogi#1 In o!e to 0ani/e,t t%e0,e+-e,,
t%e,e ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,, e8"ie #etain 0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange,1
T%e 0oe inten,e t%e e0otiona+ !i,t"ban#e,, t%e 0oe a#ti-e be#o0e t%e,e e.#%ange,1
We 3now t%at, on t%e #ontay, 0etabo+i,0 i, not 0o!i/ie! by inte++e#t"a+ wo31
A//e#ti-e /"n#tion, ae -ey nea t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+1 T%ey gi-e to ea#% %"0an being %i,
te0$ea0ent1 Te0$ea0ent #%ange, /o0 one in!i-i!"a+ to t%e ot%e, /o0 one a#e to
t%e ot%e1 It i, a 0i.t"e o/ 0enta+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, an! ,t"#t"a+ #%aa#tei,ti#,1 It i, 0an
%i0,e+/1 It i, e,$on,ib+e /o %i, naowne,,, %i, 0e!io#ity, o %i, ,tengt%1 W%at /a#to,
bing abo"t t%e wea3ening o/ te0$ea0ent in #etain ,o#ia+ go"$, an! in #etain
nation,< It ,ee0, t%at t%e -io+en#e o/ t%e e0otiona+ 0oo!, !i0ini,%e, w%en wea+t%
in#ea,e,, w%en e!"#ation i, genea+i4e!, w%en !iet be#o0e, 0oe e+aboate1 At t%e ,a0e
ti0e, a//e#ti-e /"n#tion, ae ob,e-e! to ,e$aate /o0 inte++igen#e, an! to e.aggeate
"n!"+y #etain o/ t%ei a,$e#t,1 T%e /o0, o/ +i/e, o/ e!"#ation, o o/ /oo! bo"g%t by
0o!en #i-i+i4ation $e%a$, ten! to gi-e ", t%e 8"a+itie, o/ #att+e, o to !e-e+o$ o"
e0otiona+ i0$"+,e, in%a0onio",+y1
Moa+ a#ti-ity i, e8"i-a+ent to t%e a$tit"!e $o,,e,,e! by 0an to i0$o,e "$on %i0,e+/ a
"+e o/ #on!"#t, to #%oo,e between ,e-ea+ $o,,ib+e a#t, t%o,e w%i#% %e #on,i!e, to be
goo!, to get i! o/ %i, own ,e+/i,%ne,, an! 0a+i#io",ne,,1 It #eate, in %i0 t%e /ee+ing o/
ob+igation, o/ !"ty1 T%i, $e#"+ia ,en,e i, ob,e-e! on+y in a ,0a++ n"0be o/ in!i-i!"a+,1
In 0o,t o/ t%e0 it e0ain, -it"a+1 B"t t%e /a#t o/ it, e.i,ten#e #annot be !enie!1 I/ 0oa+
,en,e !i! not e.i,t, So#ate, wo"+! not %a-e !"n3 t%e %e0+o#31 To!ay it 0ay be
ob,e-e!, e-en in a ,tate o/ %ig% !e-e+o$0ent, in #etain ,o#ia+ go"$, an! in #etain
#o"ntie,1 It %a, 0ani/e,te! it,e+/ at a++ e$o#%,1 In t%e #o",e o/ t%e %i,toy o/ 0an3in! it,
i0$otan#e %a, been !e0on,tate! to be /"n!a0enta+1 It i, e+ate! bot% to inte++igen#e an!
to e,t%eti# an! e+igio", ,en,e,1 It i0$e+, ", to !i,ting"i,% ig%t /o0 wong, an! to
#%oo,e ig%t in $e/een#e to wong1 In %ig%+y #i-i+i4e! being,, wi++ an! inte++igen#e ae
one an! t%e ,a0e /"n#tion1 2o0 wi++ an! inte++igen#e #o0e a++ 0oa+ -a+"e,1
Moa+ ,en,e, +i3e inte++e#t"a+ a#ti-ity, a$$aent+y !e$en!, on #etain ,t"#t"a+ an!
/"n#tiona+ ,tate, o/ t%e bo!y1 T%e,e ,tate, e,"+t /o0 t%e i00anent #on,tit"tion o/ o"
ti,,"e, an! o" 0in!,, an! a+,o /o0 /a#to, w%i#% %a-e a#te! "$on ", !"ing o"
!e-e+o$0ent1 In %i, e,,ay on t%e Foundation of ,thics# $e,ente! at t%e Roya+ So#iety o/
S#ien#e, o/ Co$en%agen, S#%o$en%a"e e.$e,,e! t%e o$inion t%at t%e 0oa+ $in#i$+e
%a, it, ba,i, in o" nat"e1 In ot%e te0,, %"0an being, $o,,e,, innate ten!en#ie, to
,e+/i,%ne,,, 0eanne,,, o $ity1 T%e,e ten!en#ie, a$$ea -ey ea+y in +i/e1 T%ey ae
ob-io", to any #ae/"+ ob,e-e1 T%ee ae, wite, >a++a-a!in, t%e $"e egoi,t,,
#o0$+ete+y in!i//eent to t%e %a$$ine,, o 0i,ey o/ t%ei /e++ow 0en1 T%ee ae t%e
0a+i#io",, w%o ta3e $+ea,"e in witne,,ing t%e 0i,/ot"ne, o ,"//eing, o/ ot%e,, an!
e-en in #a",ing t%e01 T%ee ae t%o,e w%o ,"//e t%e0,e+-e, /o0 t%e ,"//eing, o/ any
%"0an being1 T%i, $owe o/ ,y0$at%y engen!e, 3in!ne,, an! #%aity, an! t%e a#t,
in,$ie! by t%o,e -it"e,1 T%e #a$a#ity o/ /ee+ing t%e $ain o/ ot%e, i, t%e e,,entia+
#%aa#tei,ti# o/ t%e %"0an being w%o en!ea-o, to a++e-iate, a0ong %i, bot%e,, t%e
b"!en an! t%e 0i,ey o/ e.i,ten#e1 Ea#% one, in a #etain 0ea,"e, i, bon goo!,
0e!io#e, o ba!1 B"t, +i3e inte++igen#e, 0oa+ ,en,e #an be !e-e+o$e! by e!"#ation,
!i,#i$+ine, an! wi++ $owe1
T%e !e/inition o/ goo! an! e-i+ i, ba,e! bot% on ea,on an! on t%e i00e0oia+
e.$eien#e o/ %"0anity1 It i, e+ate! to ba,i# ne#e,,itie, o/ in!i-i!"a+ an! ,o#ia+ +i/e1
Howe-e, it i, ,o0ew%at abitay1 B"t at ea#% e$o#% an! in ea#% #o"nty it ,%o"+! be
-ey #+ea+y !e/ine! an! i!enti#a+ /o a++ #+a,,e, o/ in!i-i!"a+,1 T%e goo! i, e8"i-a+ent to
7",ti#e, #%aity, bea"ty1 T%e e-i+, to ,e+/i,%ne,,, 0eanne,,, "g+ine,,1 In 0o!en
#i-i+i4ation, t%e t%eoeti#a+ "+e, o/ #on!"#t ae ba,e! "$on t%e e0ain, o/ C%i,tian
0oa+,1 No one obey, t%e01 Mo!en 0an %a, e7e#te! a++ !i,#i$+ine o/ %i, a$$etite,1
Howe-e, bio+ogi#a+ an! in!",tia+ 0oa+, %a-e no $a#ti#a+ -a+"e, be#a",e t%ey ae
ati/i#ia+ an! ta3e into #on,i!eation on+y one a,$e#t o/ t%e %"0an being1 T%ey ignoe
,o0e o/ o" 0o,t e,,entia+ a#ti-itie,1 T%ey !o not gi-e to 0an an a0o ,tong eno"g% to
$ote#t %i0 again,t %i, own in%eent -i#e,1
In o!e to 3ee$ %i, 0enta+ an! ogani# ba+an#e, 0an 0",t i0$o,e "$on %i0,e+/ an
inne "+e1 T%e ,tate #an t%",t +ega+ity "$on $eo$+e by /o#e1 B"t not 0oa+ity1 E-eyone
,%o"+! ea+i4e t%e ne#e,,ity o/ ,e+e#ting t%e ig%t an! a-oi!ing t%e wong, o/ ,"b0itting
%i0,e+/ to ,"#% ne#e,,ity by an e//ot o/ %i, own wi++1 T%e Ro0an Cat%o+i# C%"#%, in it,
!ee$ "n!e,tan!ing o/ %"0an $,y#%o+ogy, %a, gi-en to 0oa+ a#ti-itie, a /a %ig%e $+a#e
t%an to inte++e#t"a+ one,1 T%e 0en, %onoe! by %e abo-e a++ ot%e,, ae neit%e t%e +ea!e,
o/ nation,, t%e 0en o/ ,#ien#e, no t%e $%i+o,o$%e,1 T%ey ae t%e ,aint,55 t%at i,, t%o,e
w%o ae -it"o", in a %eoi# 0anne1 W%en we wat#% t%e in%abitant, o/ t%e new #ity, we
/"++y "n!e,tan! t%e $a#ti#a+ ne#e,,ity o/ 0oa+ ,en,e1 Inte++igen#e, wi++ $owe, an!
0oa+ity ae -ey #+o,e+y e+ate!1 B"t 0oa+ ,en,e i, 0oe i0$otant t%an inte++igen#e1
W%en it !i,a$$ea, /o0 a nation t%e w%o+e ,o#ia+ ,t"#t"e ,+ow+y #o00en#e, to
#"0b+e away1 In bio+ogi#a+ e,ea#%, we %a-e not gi-en ,o /a to 0oa+ a#ti-itie, t%e
i0$otan#e t%at t%ey !e,e-e1 Moa+ ,en,e 0",t be ,t"!ie! in a, $o,iti-e a 0anne a,
inte++igen#e1 S"#% a ,t"!y i, #etain+y !i//i#"+t1 B"t t%e 0any a,$e#t, o/ t%i, ,en,e in
in!i-i!"a+, an! go"$, o/ in!i-i!"a+, #an ea,i+y be !i,#ene!1 It i, a+,o $o,,ib+e to
ana+y4e t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+, $,y#%o+ogi#a+, an! ,o#ia+ e//e#t, o/ 0oa+,1 O/ #o",e, ,"#%
e,ea#%e, #annot be "n!eta3en in a +aboatoy1 2ie+! wo3 i, in!i,$en,ab+e1 T%ee ae
,ti++ to!ay 0any %"0an #o00"nitie, w%i#% ,%ow t%e -aio", #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ 0oa+
,en,e, an! t%e e,"+t, o/ it, ab,en#e o o/ it, $e,en#e in !i//eent !egee,1 Wit%o"t any
!o"bt, 0oa+ a#ti-itie, ae +o#ate! wit%in t%e !o0ain o/ ,#ienti/i# ob,e-ation1
In 0o!en #i-i+i4ation in!i-i!"a+, w%o,e #on!"#t i, in,$ie! by a 0oa+ i!ea+ ae -ey
,e+!o0 en#o"ntee!1 Howe-e, ,"#% in!i-i!"a+, ,ti++ e.i,t1 We #annot %e+$ noti#ing t%ei
a,$e#t w%en we 0eet t%e01 Moa+ bea"ty i, an e.#e$tiona+ an! -ey ,ti3ing
$%eno0enon1 He w%o %a, #onte0$+ate! it b"t on#e ne-e /oget, it, a,$e#t1 T%i, /o0 o/
bea"ty i, /a 0oe i0$e,,i-e t%an t%e bea"ty o/ nat"e an! o/ ,#ien#e1 It gi-e, to t%o,e
w%o $o,,e,, it, !i-ine gi/t,, a ,tange, an ine.$+i#ab+e $owe1 It in#ea,e, t%e ,tengt% o/
inte++e#t1 It e,tab+i,%e, $ea#e a0ong 0en1 M"#% 0oe t%an ,#ien#e, at, an! e+igio",
ite,, 0oa+ bea"ty i, t%e ba,i, o/ #i-i+i4ation1
4
E,t%eti# ,en,e e.i,t, in t%e 0o,t $i0iti-e %"0an being, a, in t%e 0o,t #i-i+i4e!1 It
e-en ,"-i-e, t%e !i,a$$eaan#e o/ inte++igen#e1 2o t%e i!iot an! t%e in,ane ae #a$ab+e
o/ ati,ti# $o!"#tion,1 T%e #eation o/ /o0,, o o/ ,eie, o/ ,o"n!,, #a$ab+e o/
awa3ening an e,t%eti# e0otion, i, an e+e0entay nee! o/ o" nat"e1 Man %a, a+way,
#onte0$+ate! wit% !e+ig%t ani0a+,, /+owe,, tee,, ,3y, o#ean, an! 0o"ntain,1 Be/oe t%e
!awn o/ #i-i+i4ation %e ",e! %i, o"g% too+, to e$o!"#e t%e $o/i+e o/ +i-ing being, on
woo!, i-oy, an! ,tone1 To!ay, w%en %i, e,t%eti# ,en,e i, not !"++e! by %i, e!"#ation, %i,
%abit, o/ +i/e, an! t%e ,t"$i!ity o/ /a#toy wo3, %e ta3e, $+ea,"e in 0a3ing ob7e#t, a/te
%i, own in,$iation1 He en7oy, an e,t%eti# /ee+ing in #on#entating on ,"#% wo31 In
E"o$e, an! e,$e#ia++y in 2an#e, t%ee ae ,ti++ #oo3,, b"t#%e,, ,tone5#"tte,, ,abot5
0a3e,, #a$ente,, b+a#3,0it%,, #"t+e,, an! 0e#%ani#, w%o ae ati,t,1 T%o,e w%o 0a3e
$a,ty o/ bea"ti/"+ ,%a$e an! !e+i#ate ta,te, w%o ,#"+$t"e in +a! %o",e,, 0en, an!
ani0a+,, w%o /oge 0a7e,ti# ion gate,, w%o b"i+! %an!,o0e $ie#e, o/ /"nit"e, w%o
#a-e a o"g% ,tat"e /o0 ,tone o woo!, w%o wea-e bea"ti/"+ woo+ o ,i+3 0ateia+,,
e.$eien#e, a, 0"#% a, geat ,#"+$to,, $ainte,, 0",i#ian,, o a#%ite#t,, t%e !i-ine
$+ea,"e o/ #eation1
E,t%eti# a#ti-ity e0ain, $otentia+ in 0o,t in!i-i!"a+, be#a",e in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation
%a, ,"o"n!e! t%e0 wit% #oa,e, -"+ga, an! "g+y ,ig%t,1 Be#a",e we %a-e been
tan,/o0e! into 0a#%ine,1 T%e wo3e ,$en!, %i, +i/e e$eating t%e ,a0e ge,t"e
t%o",an!, o/ ti0e, ea#% !ay1 He 0an"/a#t"e, on+y ,ing+e $at,1 He ne-e 0a3e, t%e
#o0$+ete ob7e#t1 He i, not a++owe! to ",e %i, inte++igen#e1 He i, t%e b+in! %o,e $+o!!ing
o"n! an! o"n! t%e w%o+e !ay +ong to !aw wate /o0 a we++1 In!",tia+i,0 /obi!, 0an
t%e -ey 0enta+ a#ti-itie, w%i#% #o"+! bing %i0 e-ey !ay ,o0e 7oy1 In ,a#i/i#ing 0in!
to 0atte, 0o!en #i-i+i4ation %a, $e$etate! a 0o0ento", eo1 An eo a++ t%e 0oe
!angeo", be#a",e nobo!y e-o+t, again,t it, be#a",e it i, a##e$te! a, ea,i+y a, t%e
"n%ea+t%y +i/e o/ geat #itie, an! t%e #on/ine0ent in /a#toie,1 Howe-e, t%o,e w%o
e.$eien#e e-en a "!i0entay e,t%eti# /ee+ing in t%ei wo3 ae /a %a$$ie t%an t%o,e
w%o $o!"#e 0ee+y in o!e to be ab+e to #on,"0e1 In it, $e,ent /o0, in!",ty %a,
!e$i-e! t%e wo3e o/ oigina+ity an! bea"ty1 T%e -"+gaity an! t%e g+oo0 o/ o"
#i-i+i4ation ae !"e, at +ea,t $at+y, to t%e ,"$$e,,ion /o0 o" !ai+y +i/e o/ t%e ,i0$+e
/o0, o/ e,t%eti# $+ea,"e1
E,t%eti# a#ti-ity 0ani/e,t, it,e+/ in bot% t%e #eation an! t%e #onte0$+ation o/ bea"ty1 It
i, #o0$+ete+y !i,intee,te!1 In t%e 7oy o/ #eation, #on,#io",ne,, e,#a$e, /o0 it,e+/ an!
be#o0e, ab,obe! in anot%e being1 Bea"ty i, an ine.%a",tib+e ,o"#e o/ %a$$ine,, /o
t%o,e w%o !i,#o-e it, abo!e1 It i, %i!!en e-eyw%ee1 It ,$ing, "$ /o0 t%e %an!, w%i#%
0o!e+ o !e#oate %o0e0a!e eat%enwae, w%i#% #a-e woo!, w%i#% wea-e ,i+3, w%i#%
#%i,e+ 0ab+e, w%i#% o$en an! e$ai %"0an /+e,%1 It ani0ate, t%e b+oo!y at o/ t%e
,"geon,, a, we++ a, t%at o/ t%e $ainte,, t%e 0",i#ian,, an! t%e $oet,1 It i, $e,ent a+,o in
t%e #a+#"+ation, o/ >a+i+eo, in t%e -i,ion, o/ @ante, in t%e e.$ei0ent, o/ Pa,te", in t%e
i,ing o/ t%e ,"n on t%e o#ean, in t%e winte ,to0, on t%e %ig% 0o"ntain,1 It be#o0e,
,ti++ 0oe $oignant in t%e i00en,ity o/ t%e ,i!eea+ an! ato0i# wo+!,, in t%e $o!igio",
%a0ony o/ t%e bain #e++,, o in t%e ,i+ent ,a#i/i#e o/ t%e 0an w%o gi-e, %i, +i/e /o t%e
,a+-ation o/ ot%e,1 Un!e it, 0"+ti$+e /o0, it i, a+way, t%e nob+e,t an! 0o,t i0$otant
g"e,t o/ t%e %"0an #eeb"0, #eato o/ o" "ni-e,e1
T%e ,en,e o/ bea"ty !oe, not !e-e+o$ ,$ontaneo",+y1 It e.i,t, in o" #on,#io",ne,, in a
$otentia+ ,tate1 At #etain e$o#%,, in #etain #i#"0,tan#e,, it e0ain, -it"a+1 It 0ay e-en
-ani,% in nation, w%i#% /o0e+y wee $o"! o/ t%ei geat ati,t, an! t%ei 0a,te$ie#e,1
To!ay, 2an#e !e,$i,e, t%e 0a7e,ti# e0nant, o/ %e $a,t an! e-en !e,toy, %e nat"a+
bea"tie,1 T%e !e,#en!ant, o/ t%e 0en w%o #on#ei-e! an! ee#te! t%e 0ona,tey o/ Mo"nt
Saint5Mi#%e+ no +onge "n!e,tan! it, ,$+en!o1 T%ey #%ee/"++y a##e$t t%e in!e,#ibab+e
"g+ine,, o/ t%e 0o!en %o",e, in No0an!y an! Bittany, an! e,$e#ia++y in t%e Pai,
,"b"b,1 Li3e Mo"nt Saint5Mi#%e+ an! t%e 0a7oity o/ 2en#% #itie, an! -i++age,, Pai,
%a, been !i,ga#e! by a %i!eo", #o00e#ia+i,01 @"ing t%e %i,toy o/ a #i-i+i4ation, t%e
,en,e o/ bea"ty, +i3e 0oa+ ,en,e, gow,, ea#%e, it, o$ti0"0, !e#+ine,, an! !i,a$$ea,1

In 0o!en 0en, we ,e+!o0 ob,e-e t%e 0ani/e,tation, o/ 0y,ti#a+ a#ti-ity, o e+igio",

,en,e1
E
T%e ten!en#y to 0y,ti#ity, e-en in it, 0o,t "!i0entay /o0, i, e.#e$tiona+1
M"#% 0oe e.#e$tiona+ t%an 0oa+ ,en,e1 Ne-et%e+e,,, it e0ain, one o/ t%e e,,entia+
%"0an a#ti-itie,1 H"0anity %a, been 0oe t%oo"g%+y i0$egnate! wit% e+igio",
in,$iation t%an wit% $%i+o,o$%i#a+ t%o"g%t1 In t%e an#ient #ity, e+igion wa, t%e ba,i, o/
/a0i+y an! ,o#ia+ +i/e1 T%e #at%e!a+, an! t%e "in, o/ t%e te0$+e, ee#te! by o"
an#e,to, ,ti++ #o-e t%e ,oi+ o/ E"o$e1 In!ee!, t%ei 0eaning i, to!ay ,#a#e+y
"n!e,too!1 To t%e 0a7oity o/ 0o!en 0en t%e #%"#%e, ae on+y 0",e"0, /o !ea!
e+igion,1 T%e attit"!e o/ t%e to"i,t, -i,iting t%e #at%e!a+, o/ E"o$e #+ea+y ,%ow, %ow
#o0$+ete+y e+igio", ,en,e %a, been e+i0inate! /o0 0o!en +i/e1 My,ti#a+ a#ti-ity %a,
been bani,%e! /o0 0o,t e+igion,1 E-en it, 0eaning %a, been /ogotten1 S"#% ignoan#e
i, $obab+y e,$on,ib+e /o t%e !e#a!en#e o/ t%e #%"#%e,1 T%e ,tengt% o/ a e+igion
!e$en!, "$on t%e /o#",e, o/ 0y,ti#a+ a#ti-ity w%ee it, +i/e #on,tant+y gow,1 Howe-e,
e+igio", ,en,e e0ain, to!ay an in!i,$en,ab+e a#ti-ity o/ t%e #on,#io",ne,, o/ a n"0be
o/ in!i-i!"a+,1 It i, again 0ani/e,ting it,e+/ a0ong $eo$+e o/ %ig% #"+t"e1 An!, ,tange to
,ay, t%e 0ona,teie, o/ t%e geat e+igio", o!e, ae too ,0a++ to e#ei-e a++ t%e yo"ng
0en an! wo0en w%o #a-e to ente t%e ,$iit"a+ wo+! t%o"g% a,#eti#i,0 an! 0y,ti#ity1

E
A+t%o"g% e+igio", a#ti-ity %a, $+aye! an i0$otant $at in t%e %i,toy o/ %"0anity, one #annot a#8"ie
ea,i+y a ,"$e/i#ia+ 3now+e!ge o/ t%i, /o0, now ,o ae, o/ o" 0enta+ /"n#tion,1 In!ee!, t%e +iteat"e
#on#ening a,#eti#i,0 an! 0y,ti#ity i, i00en,e1 T%e witing, o/ t%e geat C%i,tian 0y,ti#, ae at o"
!i,$o,a+1 One 0ay 0eet a+,o, e-en in t%e new #ity, 0en an! wo0en w%o ae #ente, o/ t"e e+igio",
a#ti-ity1 >enea++y, %owe-e, t%e 0y,ti#, ae o"t o/ o" ea#% in 0ona,teie,1 O t%ey o##"$y %"0b+e
$o,ition, an! ae #o0$+ete+y ignoe!1 T%e a"t%o be#a0e intee,te! in a,#eti#i,0 an! 0y,ti#ity at t%e ,a0e
ti0e a, in 0eta$,y#%i#a+ $%eno0ena1 He %a, 3nown a /ew gen"ine 0y,ti#, an! ,aint,1 He !oe, not %e,itate
to 0ention 0y,ti#ity in t%i, boo3, be#a",e %e %a, ob,e-e! it, 0ani/e,tation,1 B"t %e ea+i4e, t%at %i,
!e,#i$tion o/ t%i, a,$e#t o/ 0enta+ a#ti-ity wi++ $+ea,e neit%e 0en o/ ,#ien#e no 0en o/ e+igion1
S#ienti,t, wi++ #on,i!e ,"#% an atte0$t a, $"ei+e o in,ane1 E##+e,ia,ti#,, a, i0$o$e an! abote!,
be#a",e 0y,ti#a+ $%eno0ena be+ong on+y in an in!ie#t way to t%e !o0ain o/ ,#ien#e1 Bot% t%e,e #iti#i,0,
wi++ be 7",ti/ie!1 Ne-et%e+e,,, it i, i0$o,,ib+e not to #o"nt 0y,ti#i,0 a0ong /"n!a0enta+ %"0an a#ti-itie,1
Re+igio", a#ti-ity a,,"0e, -aio", a,$e#t,, a, !oe, 0oa+ a#ti-ity1 In it, 0oe
e+e0entay ,tate it #on,i,t, o/ a -ag"e a,$iation towa! a $owe tan,#en!ing t%e
0ateia+ an! 0enta+ /o0, o/ o" wo+!, a 3in! o/ "n/o0"+ate! $aye, a 8"e,t /o 0oe
ab,o+"te bea"ty t%an t%at o/ at o ,#ien#e1 It i, a3in to e,t%eti# a#ti-ity1 T%e +o-e o/
bea"ty +ea!, to 0y,ti#i,01 In a!!ition, e+igio", ite, ae a,,o#iate! wit% -aio", /o0, o/
at1 Song ea,i+y be#o0e, tan,/o0e! into $aye1 T%e bea"ty $","e! by t%e 0y,ti# i,
,ti++ i#%e an! 0oe in!e/inab+e t%an t%e i!ea+ o/ t%e ati,t1 It %a, no /o01 It #annot be
e.$e,,e! in any +ang"age1 It %i!e, wit%in t%e t%ing, o/ t%e -i,ib+e wo+!1 It 0ani/e,t,
it,e+/ ae+y1 It e8"ie, an e+e-ation o/ t%e 0in! towa! a being w%o i, t%e ,o"#e o/ a++
t%ing,, towa! a $owe, a #ente o/ /o#e,, w%o0 t%e 0y,ti# #a++, >o!1 At ea#% $eio! o/
%i,toy in ea#% nation t%ee %a-e been in!i-i!"a+, $o,,e,,ing to a %ig% !egee t%i,
$ati#"+a ,en,e1 C%i,tian 0y,ti#i,0 #on,tit"te, t%e %ig%e,t /o0 o/ e+igio", a#ti-ity1 It
i, 0oe integate! wit% t%e ot%e a#ti-itie, o/ #on,#io",ne,, t%an ae Hin!" an! Tibetan
0y,ti#i,0,1 O-e A,iati# e+igion, it %a, t%e a!-antage o/ %a-ing e#ei-e!, in it, -ey
in/an#y, t%e +e,,on, o/ >ee#e an! o/ Ro0e1 >ee#e ga-e it inte++igen#e, an! Ro0e, o!e
an! 0ea,"e1
My,ti#i,0, in it, %ig%e,t ,tate, #o0$i,e, a -ey e+aboate te#%ni8"e, a ,ti#t !i,#i$+ine1
2i,t, t%e $a#ti#e o/ a,#eti#i,01 It i, a, i0$o,,ib+e to ente t%e ea+0 o/ 0y,ti#ity wit%o"t
a,#eti# $e$aation a, to be#o0e an at%+ete wit%o"t ,"b0itting to $%y,i#a+ taining1
Initiation to a,#eti#i,0 i, %a!1 T%ee/oe, -ey /ew 0en %a-e t%e #o"age to -ent"e
"$on t%e 0y,ti# way1 He w%o want, to "n!eta3e t%i, o"g% an! !i//i#"+t 7o"ney 0",t
eno"n#e a++ t%e t%ing, o/ t%i, wo+! an!, /ina++y, %i0,e+/1 T%en %e 0ay %a-e to !we++ /o
a +ong ti0e in t%e ,%a!ow, o/ ,$iit"a+ nig%t1 W%i+e a,3ing /o t%e ga#e o/ >o! an!
!e$+oing %i, !ega!ation an! "n!e,e-e!ne,,, %e "n!egoe, t%e $"i/i#ation o/ %i,
,en,e,1 It i, t%e /i,t an! !a3 ,tage o/ 0y,ti# +i/e1 He $oge,,i-e+y wean, %i0,e+/ /o0
%i0,e+/1 Hi, $aye be#o0e, #onte0$+ation1 He ente, into i++"0inati-e +i/e1 He i, not
#a$ab+e o/ !e,#ibing %i, e.$eien#e,1 W%en %e atte0$t, to e.$e,, w%at %e /ee+,, %e
,o0eti0e, boow,, a, !i! St1 ?o%n o/ t%e Co,,, t%e +ang"age o/ #ana+ +o-e1 Hi, 0in!
e,#a$e, /o0 ,$a#e an! ti0e1 He a$$e%en!, an ine//ab+e being1 He ea#%e, t%e ,tage o/
"niti-e +i/e1 He i, in >o! an! a#t, wit% Hi01
T%e +i/e o/ a++ geat 0y,ti#, #on,i,t, o/ t%e ,a0e ,te$,1 We 0",t a##e$t t%ei
e.$eien#e, a, !e,#ibe! by t%e01 On+y t%o,e w%o t%e0,e+-e, %a-e +e! t%e +i/e o/ $aye
ae #a$ab+e o/ "n!e,tan!ing it, $e#"+iaitie,1 T%e ,ea#% /o >o! i,, in!ee!, an entie+y
$e,ona+ "n!eta3ing1 By t%e e.e#i,e o/ t%e no0a+ a#ti-itie, o/ %i, #on,#io",ne,,, 0an
0ay en!ea-o to ea#% an in-i,ib+e ea+ity bot% i00anent in an! tan,#en!ing t%e
0ateia+ wo+!1 T%",, %e t%ow, %i0,e+/ into t%e 0o,t a"!a#io", a!-ent"e t%at one #an
!ae1 He 0ay be +oo3e! "$on a, a %eo, o a +"nati#1 B"t nobo!y ,%o"+! a,3 w%et%e
0y,ti#a+ e.$eien#e i, t"e o /a+,e, w%et%e it i, a"to,"gge,tion, %a++"#ination, o a
7o"ney o/ t%e ,o"+ beyon! t%e !i0en,ion, o/ o" wo+! an! it, "nion wit% a %ig%e
ea+ity1 One 0",t be #ontent wit% %a-ing an o$eationa+ #on#e$t o/ ,"#% an e.$eien#e1
My,ti#i,0 i, ,$+en!i!+y geneo",1 It bing, to 0an t%e /"+/i++0ent o/ %i, %ig%e,t !e,ie,1
Inne ,tengt%, ,$iit"a+ +ig%t, !i-ine +o-e, ine//ab+e $ea#e1 Re+igio", int"ition i, a, ea+ a,
e,t%eti# in,$iation1 T%o"g% t%e #onte0$+ation o/ ,"$e%"0an bea"ty, 0y,ti#, an! $oet,
0ay ea#% t%e "+ti0ate t"t%1
!
T%e,e /"n!a0enta+ a#ti-itie, ae not !i,tin#t /o0 one anot%e1 T%ei +i0it, ae
#on-enient, b"t ati/i#ia+1 T%ey 0ay be #o0$ae! to an a0eba w%o,e 0"+ti$+e an!
tan,itoy +i0b,, t%e $,e"!o$o!,, #on,i,t o/ a ,ing+e ,"b,tan#e1 T%ey ae a+,o ana+ogo",
to t%e "no++ing o/ ,"$e$o,e! /i+0,, w%i#% e0ain "n!e#i$%eab+e "n+e,, ,e$aate! /o0
one anot%e1 E-eyt%ing %a$$en, a, i/ t%e bo!i+y ,"b,tat"0, w%i+e /+owing in ti0e,
,%owe! ,e-ea+ ,i0"+taneo", a,$e#t, o/ it, "nity1 A,$e#t,, w%i#% o" te#%ni8"e, !i-i!e
into $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+1 Un!e it, 0enta+ a,$e#t, %"0an a#ti-ity #ea,e+e,,+y
0o!i/ie, it, /o0, it, 8"a+ity, an! it, inten,ity1 T%i, e,,entia++y ,i0$+e $%eno0enon i,
!e,#ibe! a, an a,,o#iation o/ !i//eent /"n#tion,1 T%e $+"a+ity o/ t%e 0ani/e,tation, o/
t%e 0in! i, bo0 /o0 a 0et%o!o+ogi#a+ ne#e,,ity1 In o!e to !e,#ibe #on,#io",ne,, we
ae ob+ige! to ,e$aate it into $at,1 A, t%e $,e"!o$o!, o/ t%e a0eba ae t%e a0eba it,e+/,
t%e a,$e#t, o/ #on,#io",ne,, ae 0an %i0,e+/, an! b+en! in %i, onene,,1
Inte++igen#e i, a+0o,t ",e+e,, to t%o,e w%o $o,,e,, not%ing e+,e1 T%e $"e inte++e#t"a+ i,
an in#o0$+ete %"0an being1 He i, "n%a$$y be#a",e %e i, not #a$ab+e o/ enteing t%e
wo+! t%at %e "n!e,tan!,1 T%e abi+ity to ga,$ t%e e+ation, between $%eno0ena e0ain,
,tei+e "n+e,, a,,o#iate! wit% ot%e a#ti-itie,, ,"#% a, 0oa+ ,en,e, a//e#ti-ity, wi++ $owe,
7"!g0ent, i0agination, an! ,o0e ogani# ,tengt%1 It #an on+y be "ti+i4e! at t%e #o,t o/ an
e//ot1 T%o,e w%o want to #on8"e ea+ 3now+e!ge %a-e to en!"e a +ong an! %a!
$e$aation1 T%ey ,"b0it t%e0,e+-e, to a 3in! o/ a,#eti#i,01 In t%e ab,en#e o/
#on#entation, inte++igen#e i, "n$o!"#ti-e1 On#e !i,#i$+ine!, it be#o0e, #a$ab+e o/
$","ing t"t%1 B"t to ea#% it, goa+ it e8"ie, t%e %e+$ o/ 0oa+ ,en,e1 >eat ,#ienti,t,
a+way, %a-e $o/o"n! inte++e#t"a+ %one,ty1 T%ey /o++ow ea+ity w%ee-e +e! by it1 T%ey
ne-e ,ee3 to ,"b,tit"te t%ei own !e,ie, /o /a#t,, o to %i!e t%e,e /a#t, w%en t%ey
be#o0e to"b+e,o0e1 T%e 0an w%o +ong, /o t%e #onte0$+ation o/ t"t% %a, to e,tab+i,%
$ea#e wit%in %i01 Hi, 0in! ,%o"+! be +i3e t%e ,ti++ wate o/ a +a3e1 A//e#ti-e a#ti-itie,,
%owe-e, ae in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e $oge,, o/ inte++igen#e1 B"t t%ey ,%o"+! #on,i,t on+y o/
ent%",ia,0, t%at $a,,ion w%i#% Pa,te" #a++e! t%e inne go!1 T%o"g%t 5 gow, on+y wit%in
t%o,e w%o ae #a$ab+e o/ +o-e an! %ate1 It e8"ie, t%e ai! o/ t%e w%o+e bo!y, be,i!e, t%at
o/ t%e ot%e 0enta+ /"n#tion,1 W%en inte++igen#e a,#en!, t%e %ig%e,t ,"00it, an! i,
i++"0inate! by int"ition an! #eati-e i0agination, it ,ti++ nee!, a 0oa+ an! ogani# /a0e1
T%e e.#+",i-e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e a//e#ti-e, e,t%eti#, o 0y,ti# a#ti-itie, bing, into
being in/eio in!i-i!"a+,, i!+e !ea0e,, naow, "n,o"n! 0in!,1 S"#% ty$e, ae o/ten
en#o"ntee!, a+t%o"g% inte++e#t"a+ e!"#ation i, gi-en nowa!ay, to e-eybo!y1 Howe-e,
%ig% #"+t"e i, not ne#e,,ay to /eti+i4e e,t%eti# an! e+igio", ,en,e, an! to bing /ot%
ati,t,, $oet,, an! 0y,ti#,, a++ t%o,e w%o !i,intee,te!+y #onte0$+ate t%e -aio", a,$e#t,
o/ bea"ty1 T%e ,a0e i, t"e o/ 0oa+ ,en,e an! 7"!g0ent1 T%e,e a#ti-itie, ae a+0o,t
,"//i#ient wit%in t%e0,e+-e,1 T%ey !o not e8"ie to be a,,o#iate! wit% geat inte++igen#e
to ,"$$+y 0an wit% an a$tit"!e /o %a$$ine,,1 T%ey ,ee0 to ,tengt%en ogani# /"n#tion,1
T%ei !e-e+o$0ent 0",t be t%e ,"$e0e goa+ o/ e!"#ation, be#a",e t%ey gi-e e8"i+ibi"0
to t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%ey 0a3e %i0 a ,o+i! b"i+!ing5,tone o/ t%e ,o#ia+ e!i/i#e1 To t%o,e
w%o #on,tit"te t%e 0"+tit"!e, o/ in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation, 0oa+ ,en,e i, /a 0oe ne#e,,ay
t%an inte++igen#e1
T%e !i,tib"tion o/ 0enta+ a#ti-itie, -aie, geat+y in t%e !i//eent ,o#ia+ go"$,1 Mo,t
#i-i+i4e! 0en 0ani/e,t on+y an e+e0entay /o0 o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 T%ey ae #a$ab+e o/
t%e ea,y wo3 w%i#%, in 0o!en ,o#iety, in,"e, t%e ,"-i-a+ o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%ey
$o!"#e, t%ey #on,"0e, t%ey ,ati,/y t%ei $%y,io+ogi#a+ a$$etite,1 T%ey a+,o ta3e $+ea,"e
in wat#%ing, a0ong geat #ow!,, at%+eti# ,$e#ta#+e,, in ,eeing #%i+!i,% an! -"+ga
0o-ing $i#t"e,, in being a$i!+y tan,$ote! wit%o"t e//ot, o in +oo3ing at ,wi/t+y
0o-ing ob7e#t,1 T%ey ae ,o/t, ,enti0enta+, +a,#i-io",, an! -io+ent1 T%ey %a-e no 0oa+,
e,t%eti#, o e+igio", ,en,e1 T%ey ae e.te0e+y n"0eo",1 T%ey %a-e engen!ee! a -a,t
%e! o/ #%i+!en w%o,e inte++igen#e e0ain, "!i0entay1 T%ey #on,tit"te a $at o/ t%e
$o$"+ation o/ t%e t%ee 0i++ion #i0ina+, +i-ing in /ee!o0, o/ t%o,e in%abiting t%e 7ai+,,
an! o/ t%e /eeb+e50in!e!, t%e 0oon,, t%e in,ane, w%o o-e/+ow /o0 a,y+"0, an!
,$e#ia+i4e! %o,$ita+,1
T%e 0a7oity o/ #i0ina+,, w%o ae not in $enitentiaie,, be+ong to a %ig%e #+a,,1 T%ey
ae 0a3e!, %owe-e, by t%e ato$%y o/ #etain a#ti-itie, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 T%e bon
#i0ina+, in-ente! by Lo0bo,o, !oe, not e.i,t1 B"t t%ee ae bon !e/e#ti-e, w%o
be#o0e #i0ina+,1 In ea+ity, 0any #i0ina+, ae no0a+1 T%ey ae o/ten 0oe #+e-e t%an
$o+i#e0en an! 7"!ge,1 So#io+ogi,t, an! ,o#ia+ wo3e, !o not 0eet t%e0 !"ing t%ei
,"-ey o/ $i,on,1 T%e gang,te, an! #oo3,, %eoe, o/ t%e #ine0a an! t%e !ai+y $a$e,,
,o0eti0e, !i,$+ay no0a+ an! e-en %ig% 0enta+, a//e#ti-e, an! e,t%eti# a#ti-itie,1 B"t
t%ei 0oa+ ,en,e %a, not !e-e+o$e!1 T%i, !i,%a0ony in t%e wo+! o/ #on,#io",ne,, i, a
$%eno0enon #%aa#tei,ti# o/ o" ti0e1 We %a-e ,"##ee!e! in gi-ing ogani# %ea+t% to
t%e in%abitant, o/ t%e 0o!en #ity1 B"t, !e,$ite t%e i00en,e ,"0, ,$ent on e!"#ation, we
%a-e /ai+e! to !e-e+o$ #o0$+ete+y t%ei inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ a#ti-itie,1 E-en in t%e e+ite
o/ t%e $o$"+ation, #on,#io",ne,, o/ten +a#3, %a0ony an! ,tengt%1 T%e e+e0entay
/"n#tion, ae !i,$e,e!, o/ $oo 8"a+ity, an! o/ +ow inten,ity1 So0e o/ t%e0 0ay be 8"ite
!e/i#ient1 T%e 0in! o/ 0o,t $eo$+e #an be #o0$ae! to a e,e-oi #ontaining a ,0a++
8"antity o/ wate o/ !o"bt/"+ #o0$o,ition an! "n!e +ow $e,,"e1 An! t%at o/ on+y a /ew
in!i-i!"a+, to a e,e-oi #ontaining a +age -o+"0e o/ $"e wate "n!e %ig% $e,,"e1
T%e %a$$ie,t an! 0o,t ",e/"+ 0en #on,i,t o/ a we++5integate! w%o+e o/ inte++e#t"a+,
0oa+, an! ogani# a#ti-itie,1 T%e 8"a+ity o/ t%e,e a#ti-itie,, an! t%ei e8"i+ibi"0, gi-e,
to ,"#% a ty$e it, ,"$eioity o-e t%e ot%e,1 T%ei inten,ity !ete0ine, t%e ,o#ia+ +e-e+ o/
a gi-en in!i-i!"a+1 It 0a3e, o/ %i0 a ta!e,0an o a ban3 $e,i!ent, a +itt+e $%y,i#ian o a
#e+ebate! $o/e,,o, a -i++age 0ayo o a $e,i!ent o/ t%e Unite! State,1 T%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ #o0$+ete %"0an being, 0",t be t%e ai0 o/ o" e//ot,1 It i, on+y wit%
,"#% t%oo"g%+y !e-e+o$e! in!i-i!"a+, t%at a ea+ #i-i+i4ation #an be #on,t"#te!1 T%ee i,
a+,o a #+a,, o/ 0en w%o, a+t%o"g% a, !i,%a0onio", a, t%e #i0ina+ an! t%e in,ane, ae
in!i,$en,ab+e to 0o!en ,o#iety1 T%ey ae t%e 0en o/ geni",1 T%e,e ae #%aa#tei4e! by
a 0on,to", gowt% o/ ,o0e o/ t%ei $,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 A geat ati,t, a geat
,#ienti,t, a geat $%i+o,o$%e, i, ae+y a geat 0an1 He i, genea++y a 0an o/ #o00on
ty$e, wit% one ,i!e o-e5!e-e+o$e!1 >eni", #an be #o0$ae! to a t"0o gowing "$on a
no0a+ ogani,01 T%e,e i++5ba+an#e! being, ae o/ten "n%a$$y1 B"t t%ey gi-e to t%e entie
#o00"nity t%e bene/it o/ t%ei 0ig%ty i0$"+,e,1 T%ei !i,%a0ony e,"+t, in t%e $oge,,
o/ #i-i+i4ation1 H"0anity %a, ne-e gaine! anyt%ing /o0 t%e e//ot, o/ t%e #ow!1 It i,
!i-en onwa! by t%e $a,,ion o/ a /ew abno0a+ in!i-i!"a+,, by t%e /+a0e o/ t%ei
inte++igen#e, by t%ei i!ea+ o/ ,#ien#e, o/ #%aity, an! o/ bea"ty1
$
Menta+ a#ti-itie, e-i!ent+y !e$en! on $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 Ogani# 0o!i/i#ation,
ae ob,e-e! to #oe,$on! to t%e ,"##e,,ion o/ t%e ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 In-e,e+y,
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ $%eno0ena ae !ete0ine! by #etain /"n#tiona+ ,tate, o/ t%e ogan,1 T%e
w%o+e #on,i,ting o/ bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,, i, 0o!i/iab+e by ogani# a, we++ a, by
0enta+ /a#to,1 Min! an! ogani,0 #o00"ne in 0an, +i3e /o0 an! 0ab+e in a ,tat"e1
One #annot #%ange t%e /o0 wit%o"t bea3ing t%e 0ab+e1 T%e bain i, ,"$$o,e! to be t%e
,eat o/ t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ /"n#tion,, be#a",e it, +e,ion, ae /o++owe! by i00e!iate an!
$o/o"n! !i,o!e, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 It i, $obab+y by 0ean, o/ t%e #eeba+ #e++, t%at
0in! in,et, it,e+/ in 0atte1 Bain an! inte++igen#e !e-e+o$ ,i0"+taneo",+y in #%i+!en1
W%en ,eni+e ato$%y o##",, inte++igen#e !e#ea,e,1 T%e $e,en#e o/ t%e ,$io#%ete, o/
,y$%i+i, ao"n! t%e $ya0i!a+ #e++, bing, abo"t !e+",ion, o/ gan!e"1 W%en t%e -i", o/
+et%agi# en#e$%a+iti, atta#3, t%e bain ,"b,tan#e, $o/o"n! !i,t"ban#e, o/ $e,ona+ity
a$$ea1 Menta+ a#ti-ity ,"//e, te0$oay #%ange, "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ a+#o%o+ #aie!
by b+oo! /o0 t%e ,to0a#% to t%e ne-o", #e++,1 T%e /a++ o/ b+oo! $e,,"e !"e to a
%e0o%age ,"$$e,,e, a++ 0ani/e,tation, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 In ,%ot, 0enta+ +i/e i,
ob,e-e! to !e$en! on t%e ,tate o/ t%e #eeb"01
T%e,e ob,e-ation, !o not ,"//i#e to !e0on,tate t%at t%e bain a+one i, t%e ogan o/
#on,#io",ne,,1 In /a#t, t%e #eeba+ #ente, ae not #o0$o,e! e.#+",i-e+y o/ ne-o",
0atte1 T%ey a+,o #on,i,t o/ /+"i!, in w%i#% t%e #e++, ae i00e,e! an! w%o,e
#o0$o,ition i, eg"+ate! by b+oo! ,e"01 An! b+oo! ,e"0 #ontain, t%e g+an! an! ti,,"e
,e#etion, t%at !i//",e t%o"g% t%e entie bo!y1 E-ey ogan i, $e,ent in t%e #eeba+
#ote. by t%e agen#y o/ b+oo! an! +y0$%1 T%ee/oe, o" ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,, ae
+in3e! to t%e #%e0i#a+ #on,tit"tion o/ t%e %"0o, o/ t%e bain a, 0"#% a, to t%e ,t"#t"a+
,tate o/ it, #e++,1 W%en t%e ogani# 0e!i"0 i, !e$i-e! o/ t%e ,e#etion, o/ t%e ,"$aena+
g+an!,, t%e $atient /a++, into a $o/o"n! !e$e,,ion1 He e,e0b+e, a #o+!5b+oo!e! ani0a+1
T%e /"n#tiona+ !i,o!e, o/ t%e t%yoi! g+an! bing abo"t eit%e ne-o", an! 0enta+
e.#itation o a$at%y1 Moa+ i!iot,, /eeb+e50in!e!, an! #i0ina+, ae /o"n! in /a0i+ie,
w%ee +e,ion, o/ t%i, g+an! ae %ee!itay1 E-eyone 3now, %ow %"0an $e,ona+ity i,
0o!i/ie! by !i,ea,e, o/ t%e +i-e, t%e ,to0a#%, an! t%e inte,tine,1 Ob-io",+y, t%e #e++, o/
t%e ogan, !i,#%age into t%e bo!i+y /+"i!, #etain ,"b,tan#e, t%at ea#t "$on o" 0enta+
an! ,$iit"a+ /"n#tion,1
T%e te,ti#+e, 0oe t%an any ot%e g+an!, e.et, a $o/o"n! in/+"en#e "$on t%e ,tengt%
an! 8"a+ity o/ t%e 0in!1 In genea+, geat $oet,, ati,t,, an! ,aint,, a, we++ a, #on8"eo,,
ae ,tong+y ,e.e!1 T%e e0o-a+ o/ t%e genita+ g+an!,, e-en in a!"+t in!i-i!"a+,, $o!"#e,
,o0e 0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e 0enta+ ,tate1 A/te e.ti$ation o/ t%e o-aie,, wo0en be#o0e
a$at%eti# an! +o,e $at o/ t%ei inte++e#t"a+ a#ti-ity o 0oa+ ,en,e1 T%e $e,ona+ity o/ 0en
w%o %a-e "n!egone #a,tation i, a+tee! in a 0oe o +e,, 0a3e! way1 T%e %i,toi#a+
#owa!i#e o/ Abe+a! in /a#e o/ t%e $a,,ionate +o-e an! ,a#i/i#e / HK+oL,e wa, $obab+y
!"e to t%e b"ta+ 0"ti+ation i0$o,e! "$on %i01 A+0o,t a++ geat ati,t, wee geat +o-e,1
In,$iation ,ee0, to !e$en! on a #etain #on!ition o/ t%e ,e."a+ g+an!,1 Lo-e ,ti0"+ate,
0in! w%en it !oe, not attain it, ob7e#t1 I/ Beati#e %a! been t%e 0i,te,, o/ @ante, t%ee
wo"+! $e%a$, be no @i-ine Co0e!y1 T%e geat 0y,ti#, o/ten ",e! t%e e.$e,,ion, o/
So+o0on;, Song1 It ,ee0, t%at t%ei "n5a,,"age! ,e."a+ a$$etite, "ge! t%e0 0oe
/o#ib+y a+ong t%e $at% o/ eno"n#e0ent an! #o0$+ete ,a#i/i#e1 A wo30an;, wi/e #an
e8"e,t t%e ,e-i#e, o/ %e %",ban! e-ey !ay1 B"t t%e wi/e o/ an ati,t o o/ a $%i+o,o$%e
%a, not t%e ig%t to !o ,o a, o/ten1 It i, we++ 3nown t%at ,e."a+ e.#e,,e, i0$e!e
inte++e#t"a+ a#ti-ity1 In o!e to ea#% it, /"++ $owe, inte++igen#e ,ee0, to e8"ie bot% t%e
$e,en#e o/ we++5!e-e+o$e! ,e."a+ g+an!, an! t%e te0$oay e$e,,ion o/ t%e ,e."a+
a$$etite1 2e"! %a, ig%t+y e0$%a,i4e! t%e #a$ita+ i0$otan#e o/ ,e."a+ i0$"+,e, in t%e
a#ti-itie, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 Howe-e, %i, ob,e-ation, e/e #%ie/+y to ,i#3 $eo$+e1 Hi,
#on#+",ion, ,%o"+! not be genea+i4e! to in#+"!e no0a+ in!i-i!"a+,, e,$e#ia++y t%o,e
w%o ae en!owe! wit% a ,tong ne-o", ,y,te0 an! 0a,tey o-e t%e0,e+-e,1 W%i+e t%e
wea3, t%e ne-o",, an! t%e "nba+an#e! be#o0e 0oe abno0a+ w%en t%ei ,e."a+
a$$etite, ae e$e,,e!, t%e ,tong ae en!ee! ,ti++ ,tonge by $a#ti#ing ,"#% a /o0 o/
a,#eti#i,01
T%e !e$en!en#e o/ 0enta+ a#ti-itie, an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ /"n#tion, !oe, not agee wit%
t%e #+a,,i#a+ #on#e$tion t%at $+a#e, t%e ,o"+ e.#+",i-e+y in t%e bain1 In /a#t, t%e entie
bo!y a$$ea, to be t%e ,"b,tat"0 o/ 0enta+ an! ,$iit"a+ enegie,1 T%o"g%t i, t%e
o//,$ing o/ t%e en!o#ine g+an!, a, we++ a, o/ t%e #eeba+ #ote.1 T%e integity o/ t%e
ogani,0 i, in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e 0ani/e,tation, o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 Man t%in3,, in-ent,,
+o-e,, ,"//e,, a!0ie,, an! $ay, wit% %i, bain an! a++ %i, ogan,1
%
Ea#% ,tate o/ #on,#io",ne,, $obab+y %a, a #oe,$on!ing ogani# e.$e,,ion1
E0otion,, a, i, we++ 3nown, !ete0ine t%e !i+atation o t%e #onta#tion o/ t%e ,0a++
ateie,, t%o"g% t%e -a,o0oto ne-e,1 T%ey ae, t%ee/oe, a##o0$anie! by #%ange, in
t%e #i#"+ation o/ t%e b+oo! in ti,,"e, an! ogan,1 P+ea,"e #a",e, t%e ,3in o/ t%e /a#e to
/+",%1 Ange an! /ea t"n it w%ite1 In #etain in!i-i!"a+,, ba! new, 0ay bing abo"t a
,$a,0 o/ t%e #oonay ateie,, ane0ia o/ t%e %eat, an! ,"!!en !eat%1 T%e a//e#ti-e ,tate,
a#t on a++ t%e g+an!, by in#ea,ing o !e#ea,ing t%ei #i#"+ation1 T%ey ,ti0"+ate o ,to$
t%e ,e#etion,, o 0o!i/y t%ei #%e0i#a+ #on,tit"tion1 T%e !e,ie /o /oo! #a",e,
,a+i-ation, e-en in t%e ab,en#e o/ any a+i0ent1 In Pa-+o-;, !og,, ,a+i-ation /o++owe! t%e
,o"n! o/ a be++, i/ t%e be++ %a! $e-io",+y "ng w%i+e t%e ani0a+ wa, being /e!1 An
e0otion 0ay ,et in a#ti-ity #o0$+e. 0e#%ani,0,1 W%en one in!"#e, a ,enti0ent o/ /ea
in a #at, a, Cannon !i! in a /a0o", e.$ei0ent, t%e -e,,e+, o/ t%e ,"$aena+ g+an!,
be#o0e !i+ate!, t%e g+an!, ,e#ete a!ena+in, a!ena+in in#ea,e, t%e $e,,"e o/ t%e b+oo!
an! t%e a$i!ity o/ it, #i#"+ation, an! $e$ae, t%e w%o+e ogani,0 /o atta#3 o !e/en,e1
T%",, en-y, %ate, /ea, w%en t%e,e ,enti0ent, ae %abit"a+, ae #a$ab+e o/ ,tating
ogani# #%ange, an! gen"ine !i,ea,e,1 Moa+ ,"//eing $o/o"n!+y !i,t"b, %ea+t%1
B",ine,, 0en w%o !o not 3now %ow to /ig%t woy !ie yo"ng1 T%e o+! #+ini#ian, t%o"g%t
t%at $ota#te! ,oow, an! #on,tant an.iety $e$ae t%e way /o t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/
#an#e1 E0otion, in!"#e, in e,$e#ia++y ,en,iti-e in!i-i!"a+,, ,ti3ing 0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e
ti,,"e, an! %"0o,1 T%e %ai o/ a Be+gian wo0an #on!e0ne! to !eat% by t%e >e0an,
be#a0e w%ite !"ing t%e nig%t $e#e!ing t%e e.e#"tion1 On t%e a0 o/ anot%e wo0an, an
e"$tion a$$eae! !"ing a bo0ba!0ent1 A/te t%e e.$+o,ion o/ ea#% ,%e++, t%e e"$tion
be#a0e e!!e an! +age1 S"#% $%eno0ena ae /a /o0 being e.#e$tiona+1 ?o+tain %a,
$o-e! t%at a 0oa+ ,%o#3 0ay #a",e 0a3e! #%ange, in t%e b+oo!1 A $atient, a/te
%a-ing e.$eien#e! geat /ig%t, ,%owe! a !o$ in ateia+ $e,,"e, an! a !e#ea,e in t%e
n"0be o/ t%e w%ite #o$",#+e,, an! in t%e #oag"+ation ti0e o/ b+oo! $+a,0a1 T%e 2en#%
e.$e,,ion, ,e /aie !" 0a"-ai, ,ang, i, +itea++y t"e1 T%o"g%t #an geneate ogani#
+e,ion,1 T%e in,tabi+ity o/ 0o!en +i/e, t%e #ea,e+e,, agitation, an! t%e +a#3 o/ ,e#"ity
#eate ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,, w%i#% bing abo"t ne-o", an! ogani# !i,o!e, o/ t%e
,to0a#% an! o/ t%e inte,tine,, !e/e#ti-e n"tition, an! $a,,age o/ inte,tina+ 0i#obe, into
t%e #i#"+atoy a$$aat",1 Co+iti, an! t%e a##o0$anying in/e#tion, o/ t%e 3i!ney, an! o/
t%e b+a!!e ae t%e e0ote e,"+t, o/ 0enta+ an! 0oa+ "nba+an#e1 S"#% !i,ea,e, ae
a+0o,t "n3nown in ,o#ia+ go"$, w%ee +i/e i, ,i0$+e an! not ,o agitate!, w%ee an.iety
i, +e,, #on,tant1 In a +i3e 0anne, t%o,e w%o 3ee$ t%e $ea#e o/ t%ei inne ,e+/ in t%e 0i!,t
o/ t%e t"0"+t o/ t%e 0o!en #ity ae i00"ne /o0 ne-o", an! ogani# !i,o!e,1
P%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie, 0",t e0ain o"t,i!e t%e /ie+! o/ #on,#io",ne,,1 T%ey ae
!i,t"be! w%en we t"n o" attention towa! t%e01 T%",, $,y#%oana+y,i,, in !ie#ting t%e
0in! o/ t%e $atient "$on %i0,e+/, 0ay agga-ate %i, ,tate o/ "nba+an#e1 In,tea! o/
in!"+ging in ,e+/5ana+y,i,, it i, bette to e,#a$e /o0 one,e+/ t%o"g% an e//ot t%at !oe,
not ,#atte t%e 0in!1 W%en o" a#ti-ity i, ,et towa! a $e#i,e en!, o" 0enta+ an!
ogani# /"n#tion, be#o0e #o0$+ete+y %a0oni4e!1 T%e "ni/i#ation o/ t%e !e,ie,, t%e
a$$+i#ation o/ t%e 0in! to a ,ing+e $"$o,e, $o!"#e a ,ot o/ inne $ea#e1 Man integate,
%i0,e+/ by 0e!itation, 7",t a, by a#tion1 B"t %e ,%o"+! not be #ontent wit% #onte0$+ating
t%e bea"ty o/ t%e o#ean, o/ t%e 0o"ntain,, an! o/ t%e #+o"!,, t%e 0a,te$ie#e, o/ t%e
ati,t, an! t%e $oet,, t%e 0a7e,ti# #on,t"#tion, o/ $%i+o,o$%i#a+ t%o"g%t, t%e
0at%e0ati#a+ /o0"+a, w%i#% e.$e,, nat"a+ +aw,1 He 0",t a+,o be t%e ,o"+ w%i#%
,ti-e, to attain a 0oa+ i!ea+, ,ea#%e, /o +ig%t in t%e !a3ne,, o/ t%i, wo+!, 0a#%e,
/owa! a+ong t%e 0y,ti# way, an! eno"n#e, it,e+/ in o!e to a$$e%en! t%e in-i,ib+e
,"b,tat"0 o/ t%e "ni-e,e1
T%e "ni/i#ation o/ t%e a#ti-itie, o/ #on,#io",ne,, +ea!, to geate %a0ony o/ ogani#
an! 0enta+ /"n#tion,1 In t%e #o00"nitie, w%ee 0oa+ ,en,e an! inte++igen#e ae
,ti0"+taneo",+y !e-e+o$e!, ne-o", an! n"titi-e !i,ea,e,, #i0ina+ity, an! in,anity ae
ae1 In ,"#% go"$,, t%e in!i-i!"a+ i, %a$$ie1 B"t w%en $,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie, be#o0e
0oe inten,e an! ,$e#ia+i4e!, t%ey 0ay bing abo"t #etain !i,t"ban#e, o/ t%e %ea+t%1
T%o,e w%o $","e 0oa+, ,#ienti/i#, o e+igio", i!ea+, !o not ,ee3 $%y,io+ogi#a+ ,e#"ity
o +onge-ity1 To t%o,e i!ea+, t%ey ,a#i/i#e t%e0,e+-e,1 It ,ee0, a+,o t%at #etain ,tate, o/
#on,#io",ne,, !ete0ine t"e $at%o+ogi#a+ #%ange,1 Mo,t o/ t%e geat 0y,ti#, %a-e
en!"e! $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ ,"//eing, at +ea,t !"ing a $at o/ t%ei +i/e1 Moeo-e,
#onte0$+ation 0ay be a##o0$anie! by ne-o", $%eno0ena e,e0b+ing t%o,e o/ %y,teia
an! #+ai-oyan#e1 In t%e %i,toy o/ t%e ,aint,, one ea!, !e,#i$tion, o/ e#,ta,ie,, t%o"g%t
tan,0i,,ion, -i,ion, o/ e-ent, %a$$ening at a !i,tan#e, an! e-en o/ +e-itation,1
A##o!ing to t%e te,ti0ony o/ t%ei #o0$anion,, ,e-ea+ o/ t%e C%i,tian 0y,ti#, %a-e
0ani/e,te! t%i, ,tange $%eno0enon1 T%e ,"b7e#t, ab,obe! in %i, $aye, tota++y
"n#on,#io", o/ t%e o"t,i!e wo+!, gent+y i,e, abo-e t%e go"n!1 B"t it %a, not been
$o,,ib+e ,o /a to bing t%e,e e.tao!inay /a#t, into t%e /ie+! o/ ,#ienti/i# ob,e-ation1
Cetain ,$iit"a+ a#ti-itie, 0ay #a",e anato0i#a+ a, we++ a, /"n#tiona+ 0o!i/i#ation, o/
t%e ti,,"e, an! t%e ogan,1 T%e,e ogani# $%eno0ena ae ob,e-e! in -aio",
#i#"0,tan#e,, a0ong t%e0 being t%e ,tate o/ $aye1 Paye ,%o"+! be "n!e,too!, not a,
a 0ee 0e#%ani#a+ e#itation o/ /o0"+a,, b"t a, a 0y,ti#a+ e+e-ation, an ab,o$tion o/
#on,#io",ne,, in t%e #onte0$+ation o/ a $in#i$+e bot% $e0eating an! tan,#en!ing o"
wo+!1 S"#% a $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ,tate i, not inte++e#t"a+1 It i, in#o0$e%en,ib+e to
$%i+o,o$%e, an! ,#ienti,t,, an! ina##e,,ib+e to t%e01 B"t t%e ,i0$+e ,ee0 to /ee+ >o! a,
ea,i+y a, t%e %eat o/ t%e ,"n o t%e 3in!ne,, o/ a /ien!1 T%e $aye w%i#% i, /o++owe! by
ogani# e//e#t, i, o/ a ,$e#ia+ nat"e1 2i,t, it i, entie+y !i,intee,te!1 Man o//e, %i0,e+/
to >o!1 He ,tan!, be/oe Hi0 +i3e t%e #an-a, be/oe t%e $ainte o t%e 0ab+e be/oe t%e
,#"+$to1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, %e a,3, /o Hi, ga#e, e.$o,e, %i, nee!, an! t%o,e o/ %i,
bot%e, in ,"//eing1 >enea++y, t%e $atient w%o i, #"e! i, not $aying /o %i0,e+/1 B"t
/o anot%e1 S"#% a ty$e o/ $aye !e0an!, #o0$+ete en"n#iation55t%at i,, a %ig%e /o0
o/ a,#eti#i,01 T%e 0o!e,t, t%e ignoant, an! t%e $oo ae 0oe #a$ab+e o/ t%i, ,e+/5!enia+
t%an t%e i#% an! t%e inte++e#t"a+1 W%en it $o,,e,, ,"#% #%aa#tei,ti#,, $aye 0ay ,et in
0otion a ,tange $%eno0enon, t%e 0ia#+e,
In a++ #o"ntie,, at a++ ti0e,, $eo$+e %a-e be+ie-e! in t%e e.i,ten#e o/ 0ia#+e,, in t%e
0oe o +e,, a$i! %ea+ing o/ t%e ,i#3 at $+a#e, o/ $i+gi0age, at #etain ,an#t"aie,1
(
B"t
a/te t%e geat i0$et", o/ ,#ien#e !"ing t%e nineteent% #ent"y, ,"#% be+ie/ #o0$+ete+y
!i,a$$eae!1 It wa, genea++y a!0itte!, not on+y t%at 0ia#+e, !i! not e.i,t, b"t t%at t%ey
#o"+! not e.i,t1 A, t%e +aw, o/ t%e0o!yna0i#, 0a3e $e$et"a+ 0otion i0$o,,ib+e,
$%y,io+ogi#a+ +aw, o$$o,e 0ia#+e,1 S"#% i, ,ti++ t%e attit"!e o/ 0o,t $%y,io+ogi,t, an!
$%y,i#ian,1 Howe-e, in -iew o/ t%e /a#t, ob,e-e! !"ing t%e +a,t /i/ty yea, t%i, attit"!e
#annot be ,",taine!1 T%e 0o,t i0$otant #a,e, o/ 0ia#"+o", %ea+ing %a-e been e#o!e!
by t%e Me!i#a+ B"ea" o/ Lo"!e,1 O" $e,ent #on#e$tion o/ t%e in/+"en#e o/ $aye
"$on $at%o+ogi#a+ +e,ion, i, ba,e! "$on t%e ob,e-ation o/ $atient, w%o %a-e been #"e!
a+0o,t in,tantaneo",+y o/ -aio", a//e#tion,, ,"#% a, $eitonea+ t"be#"+o,i,, #o+!
ab,#e,,e,, o,teiti,, ,"$$"ating wo"n!,, +"$",, #an#e, et#1 T%e $o#e,, o/ %ea+ing
#%ange, +itt+e /o0 one in!i-i!"a+ to anot%e1 O/ten, an a#"te $ain1 T%en a ,"!!en
,en,ation o/ being #"e!1 In a /ew ,e#on!,, a /ew 0in"te,, at t%e 0o,t a /ew %o",,
wo"n!, ae #i#ati4e!, $at%o+ogi#a+ ,y0$to0, !i,a$$ea, a$$etite et"n,1 So0eti0e,
/"n#tiona+ !i,o!e, -ani,% be/oe t%e anato0i#a+ +e,ion, ae e$aie!1 T%e ,3e+eta+
!e/o0ation, o/ Pott;, !i,ea,e, t%e #an#eo", g+an!,, 0ay ,ti++ $e,i,t two o t%ee !ay,
a/te t%e %ea+ing o/ t%e 0ain +e,ion,1 T%e 0ia#+e i, #%ie/+y #%aa#tei4e! by an e.te0e
a##e+eation o/ t%e $o#e,,e, o/ ogani# e$ai1 T%ee i, no !o"bt t%at t%e ate o/
#i#ati4ation o/ t%e anato0i#a+ !e/e#t, i, 0"#% geate t%an t%e no0a+ one1 T%e on+y
#on!ition in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e o##"en#e o/ t%e $%eno0enon i, $aye1 B"t t%ee i, no
nee! /o t%e $atient %i0,e+/ to $ay, o e-en to %a-e any e+igio", /ait%1 It i, ,"//i#ient
t%at ,o0e one ao"n! %i0 be in a ,tate o/ $aye1 S"#% /a#t, ae o/ $o/o"n! ,igni/i#an#e1
T%ey ,%ow t%e ea+ity o/ #etain e+ation,, o/ ,ti++ "n3nown nat"e, between $,y#%o+ogi#a+
an! ogani# $o#e,,e,1 T%ey $o-e t%e ob7e#ti-e i0$otan#e o/ t%e ,$iit"a+ a#ti-itie,,
w%i#% %ygieni,t,, $%y,i#ian,, e!"#ato,, an! ,o#io+ogi,t, %a-e a+0o,t a+way, neg+e#te! to
,t"!y1 T%ey o$en to 0an a new wo+!1

(
Mia#"+o", #"e, ,e+!o0 o##"1 @e,$ite t%ei ,0a++ n"0be, t%ey $o-e t%e e.i,ten#e o/ ogani# an!
0enta+ $o#e,,e, t%at we !o not 3now1 T%ey ,%ow t%at #etain 0y,ti# ,tate,, ,"#% a, t%at o/ $aye, %a-e
!e/inite e//e#t,1 T%ey ae ,t"bbon, ie!"#ib+e /a#t,, w%i#% 0",t be ta3en into a##o"nt1 T%e a"t%o 3now,
t%at 0ia#+e, ae a, /a /o0 ,#ienti/i# ot%o!o.y a, 0y,ti#ity1 T%e in-e,tigation o/ ,"#% $%eno0ena i, ,ti++
0oe !e+i#ate t%an t%at o/ te+e$at%y an! #+ai-oyan#e1 B"t ,#ien#e %a, to e.$+oe t%e entie /ie+! o/ ea+ity1
He %a, atte0$te! to +ean t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%i, 0o!e o/ %ea+ing, a, we++ a, o/ t%e o!inay 0o!e,1 He
began t%i, ,t"!y in &'DE, at a ti0e w%en t%e !o#"0ent, wee ,#a#e, w%en it wa, !i//i#"+t /o a yo"ng
!o#to, an! !angeo", /o %i, /"t"e #aee, to be#o0e intee,te! in ,"#% a ,"b7e#t1 To!ay, any $%y,i#ian
#an ob,e-e t%e $atient, bo"g%t to Lo"!e,, an! e.a0ine t%e e#o!, 3e$t in t%e Me!i#a+ B"ea"1 Lo"!e,
i, t%e #ente o/ an Intenationa+ Me!i#a+ A,,o#iation, #o0$o,e! o/ 0any 0e0be,1 T%ee i, a ,+ow+y
gowing +iteat"e abo"t 0ia#"+o", %ea+ing1 P%y,i#ian, ae be#o0ing 0oe intee,te! in t%e,e
e.tao!inay /a#t,1 Se-ea+ #a,e, %a-e been e$ote! at t%e Me!i#a+ So#iety o/ Bo!ea". by $o/e,,o, o/
t%e 0e!i#a+ ,#%oo+ o/ t%e "ni-e,ity an! ot%e e0inent $%y,i#ian,1 T%e Co00ittee on Me!i#ine an!
Re+igion o/ t%e New :o3 A#a!e0y o/ Me!i#ine, $e,i!e! o-e by @1 21 Pete,on, %a, e#ent+y ,ent to
Lo"!e, one o/ it, 0e0be, in o!e to begin a ,t"!y o/ t%i, i0$otant ,"b7e#t1
&
Menta+ a#ti-itie, ae in/+"en#e! by ,o#ia+ en-ion0ent a, $o/o"n!+y a, by t%e /+"i!, o/
t%e bo!y1 Li3e $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,, t%ey i0$o-e wit% e.e#i,e1 @i-en by t%e
o!inay ne#e,,itie, o/ +i/e, ogan,, bone,, an! 0",#+e, wo3 wit%o"t inte"$tion1 T%",,
t%ey ae #o0$e++e! to !e-e+o$1 B"t, a##o!ing to t%e 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+,
t%ey be#o0e 0oe o +e,, %a0onio", an! ,tong1 T%e #on,tit"tion o/ an A+$ine g"i!e i,
0"#% ,"$eio to t%at o/ an in%abitant o/ New :o31 Ne-et%e+e,,, t%e ogan, an!
0",#+e, o/ t%e +atte ,"//i#e /o ,e!entay +i/e1 Min!, on t%e #ontay, !oe, not "n/o+!
,$ontaneo",+y1 T%e ,on o/ a ,#%o+a in%eit, no 3now+e!ge /o0 %i, /at%e1 I/ +e/t a+one
on a !e,et i,+an!, %e wo"+! be no bette t%an Co5Magnon 0en1 T%e $owe, o/ t%e 0in!
e0ain -it"a+ in t%e ab,en#e o/ e!"#ation an! o/ an en-ion0ent beaing t%e ,ta0$ o/ t%e
inte++e#t"a+, 0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio", a##o0$+i,%0ent, o/ o" an#e,to,1 T%e
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ ,tate o/ t%e ,o#ia+ go"$ !ete0ine,, in a +age 0ea,"e, t%e n"0be, t%e
8"a+ity, an! t%e inten,ity o/ t%e 0ani/e,tation, o/ in!i-i!"a+ #on,#io",ne,,1 I/ t%e ,o#ia+
en-ion0ent i, 0e!io#e, inte++igen#e an! 0oa+ ,en,e /ai+ to !e-e+o$1 T%e,e a#ti-itie,
0ay be#o0e t%oo"g%+y -itiate! by ba! ,"o"n!ing,1 We ae i00e,e! in t%e %abit, o/
o" e$o#%, +i3e ti,,"e #e++, in t%e ogani# /+"i!,1 Li3e t%e,e #e++,, we ae in#a$ab+e o/
!e/en!ing o",e+-e, again,t t%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e #o00"nity1 T%e bo!y 0oe e//e#ti-e+y
e,i,t, t%e #o,0i# t%an t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ wo+!1 It i, g"a!e! again,t t%e in#",ion, o/ it,
$%y,i#a+ an! #%e0i#a+ ene0ie, by t%e ,3in, an! t%e !ige,ti-e an! e,$iatoy 0"#o,a,1
On t%e #ontay, t%e /ontie, o/ t%e 0in! ae entie+y o$en1 Con,#io",ne,, i, t%",
e.$o,e! to t%e atta#3, o/ it, inte++e#t"a+ an! ,$iit"a+ ,"o"n!ing,1 A##o!ing to t%e
nat"e o/ t%e,e atta#3,, it !e-e+o$, in a no0a+ o !e/e#ti-e 0anne1
Inte++igen#e !e$en!, +age+y on e!"#ation an! en-ion0ent1 A+,o, on inne !i,#i$+ine,
on t%e #"ent i!ea, o/ one;, ti0e an! one;, go"$1 It %a, to be 0o+!e! by t%e %abit o/
+ogi#a+ t%in3ing, by t%at o/ 0at%e0ati#a+ +ang"age, an! by a 0et%o!i#a+ ,t"!y o/
%"0anitie, an! ,#ien#e,1 S#%oo+5tea#%e, an! "ni-e,ity $o/e,,o,, a, we++ a, +ibaie,,
+aboatoie,, boo3,, an! e-iew,, ae a!e8"ate 0ean, /o !e-e+o$ing t%e 0in!1 E-en in
t%e ab,en#e o/ $o/e,,o,, boo3, #o"+! ,"//i#e /o t%i, ta,31 One 0ay +i-e in an
"ninte++igent ,o#ia+ en-ion0ent an! yet a#8"ie a %ig% #"+t"e1 T%e e!"#ation o/ t%e
inte++igen#e i, e+ati-e+y ea,y1 B"t t%e /o0ation o/ t%e 0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio",
a#ti-itie, i, -ey !i//i#"+t1 T%e in/+"en#e o/ en-ion0ent on t%e,e a,$e#t, o/
#on,#io",ne,, i, 0"#% 0oe ,"bt+e1 No one #an +ean to !i,ting"i,% ig%t /o0 wong,
an! bea"ty /o0 -"+gaity, by ta3ing a #o",e o/ +e#t"e,1 Moa+ity, at, an! e+igion ae
not ta"g%t +i3e ga00a, 0at%e0ati#,, an! %i,toy1 To /ee+ an! to 3now ae two
$o/o"n!+y !i//eent 0enta+ ,tate,1 2o0a+ tea#%ing ea#%e, inte++igen#e a+one1 Moa+
,en,e, bea"ty, an! 0y,ti#ity ae +eane! on+y w%en $e,ent in o" ,"o"n!ing, an! $at
o/ o" !ai+y +i/e1 We %a-e 0entione! t%at t%e gowt% o/ inte++igen#e i, obtaine! by
taining an! e.e#i,e, w%eea, t%e ot%e a#ti-itie, o/ #on,#io",ne,, !e0an! a go"$ wit%
w%o,e e.i,ten#e t%ey ae i!enti/ie!1
Ci-i+i4ation %a, not ,"##ee!e!, ,o /a, in #eating an en-ion0ent ,"itab+e to 0enta+
a#ti-itie,1 T%e +ow inte++e#t"a+ an! ,$iit"a+ -a+"e o/ 0o,t %"0an being, i, !"e +age+y to
!e/i#ien#ie, o/ t%ei $,y#%o+ogi#a+ at0o,$%ee1 T%e ,"$e0a#y o/ 0atte an! t%e !og0a,
o/ in!",tia+ e+igion %a-e !e,toye! #"+t"e, bea"ty, an! 0oa+,, a, t%ey wee "n!e,too!
by t%e C%i,tian #i-i+i4ation, 0ot%e o/ 0o!en ,#ien#e1 T%e ,0a++ ,o#ia+ go"$,,
$o,,e,,ing t%ei own in!i-i!"a+ity an! ta!ition,, %a-e a+,o been bo3en "$ by t%e
#%ange, in t%ei %abit,1 T%e inte++e#t"a+ #+a,,e, %a-e been !eba,e! by t%e i00en,e ,$ea!
o/ new,$a$e,, #%ea$ +iteat"e, a!io,, an! #ine0a,1 Uninte+5+igen#e i, be#o0ing 0oe
an! 0oe genea+, in ,$ite o/ t%e e.#e++en#e o/ t%e #o",e, gi-en in ,#%oo+,, #o++ege,, an!
"ni-e,itie,1 Stange to ,ay, it o/ten e.i,t, wit% a!-an#e! ,#ienti/i# 3now+e!ge1 S#%oo+
#%i+!en an! ,t"!ent, /o0 t%ei 0in!, on t%e ,i++y $oga0, o/ $"b+i# entetain0ent,1
So#ia+ en-ion0ent, in,tea! o/ /a-oing t%e gowt% o/ inte++igen#e, o$$o,e, it wit% a++ it,
0ig%t1 Howe-e, it i, 0oe $o$itio", to t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e a$$e#iation o/ bea"ty1
A0ei#a %a, i0$ote! t%e geate,t 0",i#ian, o/ E"o$e1 It, 0",e"0, ae ogani4e! wit%
a 0agni/i#en#e ,o /a "ne8"a+e!1 In!",tia+ at i, gowing a$i!+y1 A#%ite#t"e %a,
entee! into a $eio! o/ ti"0$%1 B"i+!ing, o/ e.tao!inay ,$+en!o %a-e tan,/o0e!
t%e a,$e#t o/ +age #itie,1 Ea#% in!i-i!"a+, i/ %e wi,%e,, 0ay #"+ti-ate %i, e,t%eti# ,en,e in
a #etain 0ea,"e1
Moa+ ,en,e i, a+0o,t #o0$+ete+y ignoe! by 0o!en ,o#iety1 We %a-e, in /a#t,
,"$$e,,e! it, 0ani/e,tation,1 A++ ae i0b"e! wit% ie,$on,ibi+ity1 T%o,e w%o !i,#en
goo! an! e-i+, w%o ae in!",tio", an! $o-i!ent, e0ain $oo an! ae +oo3e! "$on a,
0oon,1 T%e wo0an w%o %a, ,e-ea+ #%i+!en, w%o !e-ote, %e,e+/ to t%ei e!"#ation,
in,tea! o/ to %e own #aee, i, #on,i!ee! wea350in!e!1 I/ a 0an ,a-e, a +itt+e 0oney /o
%i, wi/e an! t%e e!"#ation o/ %i, #%i+!en, t%i, 0oney i, ,to+en /o0 %i0 by ente$i,ing
/inan#ie,1 O ta3en by t%e go-en0ent an! !i,tib"te! to t%o,e w%o %a-e been e!"#e! to
want by t%ei own i0$o-i!en#e an! t%e ,%ot,ig%te!ne,, o/ 0an"/a#t"e,, ban3e,, an!
e#ono0i,t,1 Ati,t, an! 0en o/ ,#ien#e ,"$$+y t%e #o00"nity wit% bea"ty, %ea+t%, an!
wea+t%1 T%ey +i-e an! !ie in $o-ety1 Robbe, en7oy $o,$eity in $ea#e1 >ang,te, ae
$ote#te! by $o+iti#ian, an! e,$e#te! by 7"!ge,1 T%ey ae t%e %eoe, w%o0 #%i+!en
a!0ie at t%e #ine0a an! i0itate in t%ei ga0e,1 A i#% 0an %a, e-ey ig%t1 He 0ay
!i,#a! %i, aging wi/e, aban!on %i, o+! 0ot%e to $en"y, ob t%o,e w%o %a-e ent",te!
t%ei 0oney to %i0, wit%o"t +o,ing t%e #on,i!eation o/ %i, /ien!,1 Ho0o,e."a+ity
/+o"i,%e,1 Se."a+ 0oa+, %a-e been #a,t a,i!e1 P,y#%oana+y,t, ,"$e-i,e 0en an!
wo0en in t%ei #on7"ga+ e+ation,1 T%ee i, no !i//een#e between wong an! ig%t, 7",t
an! "n7",t1 Ci0ina+, t%i-e at +ibety a0ong t%e e,t o/ t%e $o$"+ation1 No one 0a3e,
any ob7e#tion to t%ei $e,en#e1 Mini,te, %a-e ationa+i4e! e+igion1 T%ey %a-e !e,toye!
it, 0y,ti#a+ ba,i,1 B"t t%ey !o not ,"##ee! in atta#ting 0o!en 0en1 In t%ei %a+/5e0$ty
#%"#%e, t%ey -ain+y $ea#% a wea3 0oa+ity1 T%ey ae #ontent wit% t%e $at o/
$o+i#e0en, %e+$ing in t%e intee,t o/ t%e wea+t%y to $e,e-e t%e /a0ewo3 o/ $e,ent
,o#iety1 O, +i3e $o+iti#ian,, t%ey /+atte t%e a$$etite, o/ t%e #ow!1
Man i, $owe+e,, again,t ,"#% $,y#%o+ogi#a+ atta#3,1 He ne#e,,ai+y yie+!, to t%e
in/+"en#e o/ %i, go"$1 I/ one +i-e, in t%e #o0$any o/ #i0ina+, o /oo+,, one be#o0e, a
#i0ina+ o a /oo+1 I,o+ation i, t%e on+y %o$e o/ ,a+-ation1 B"t w%ee wi++ t%e in%abitant,
o/ t%e new #ity /in! ,o+it"!e< 6T%o" #an,t etie wit%in t%y,e+/ w%en t%o" wo"+!,t,6 ,ai!
Ma#", A"e+i",1 6No eteat i, 0oe $ea#e/"+ o +e,, to"b+e! t%an t%at en#o"ntee! by
0an in %i, own ,o"+16 B"t we ae not #a$ab+e o/ ,"#% an e//ot1 We #annot /ig%t o"
,o#ia+ ,"o"n!ing, -i#toio",+y1
1'
T%e 0in! i, not a, ob",t a, t%e bo!y1 It i, e0a3ab+e t%at 0enta+ !i,ea,e, by
t%e0,e+-e, ae 0oe n"0eo", t%an a++ t%e ot%e !i,ea,e, $"t toget%e1 Ho,$ita+, /o t%e
in,ane ae /"++ to o-e/+owing, an! "nab+e to e#ei-e a++ t%o,e w%o ,%o"+! be e,taine!1
In t%e State o/ New :o3, a##o!ing to an ati#+e in t%e 1sychiatric 2uarterly by M1
Ben7a0in Ma+4beg an! @1 H1 M1 Po++o#3, one $e,on o"t o/ e-ey twenty5two %a, to be
$+a#e! in an a,y+"0 at ,o0e ti0e o ot%e1 In t%e w%o+e o/ t%e Unite! State,, t%e %o,$ita+,
#ae /o a+0o,t eig%t ti0e, 0oe /eeb+e50in!e! o +"nati#, t%an #on,"0$ti-e,1 Ea#% yea,
abo"t ,i.ty5eig%t t%o",an! new #a,e, ae a!0itte! to in,ane a,y+"0, an! ,i0i+a
in,tit"tion,1 I/ t%e a!0i,,ion, #ontin"e at ,"#% a ate, abo"t one 0i++ion o/ t%e #%i+!en
an! yo"ng $eo$+e w%o ae to!ay atten!ing ,#%oo+,
an! #o++ege, wi++, ,oone o +ate, be #on/ine! in a,y+"0,1 In t%e ,tate %o,$ita+, t%ee
wee, in &'(E, (GD,DDD in,ane1 T%ee wee a+,o in ,$e#ia+ in,tit"tion, H&,)HD /eeb+e5
0in!e! an! e$i+e$ti#,, an! &D,'(D on $ao+e1 T%e,e ,tati,ti#, !o not in#+"!e t%e 0enta+
#a,e, teate! in $i-ate %o,$ita+,1 In t%e w%o+e #o"nty, be,i!e, t%e in,ane, t%ee ae
)DD,DDD /eeb+e0in!e!1 An! in a!!ition, ,"-ey, 0a!e "n!e t%e a",$i#e, o/ t%e Nationa+
Co00ittee /o Menta+ Hygiene %a-e e-ea+e! t%at at +ea,t GDD,DDD #%i+!en ae ,o
"ninte++igent t%at t%ey #annot $o/itab+y /o++ow t%e #o",e, o/ t%e $"b+i# ,#%oo+,1 In /a#t,
t%e in!i-i!"a+, w%o ae 0enta++y !eange! ae /a 0oe n"0eo",1 It i, e,ti0ate! t%at
,e-ea+ %"n!e! t%o",an! $e,on,, not 0entione! in any ,tati,ti#,, ae a//e#te! wit%
$,y#%one"o,e,1 T%e,e /ig"e, ,%ow %ow geat i, t%e /agi+ity o/ t%e #on,#io",ne,, o/
#i-i+i4e! 0en, an! %ow i0$otant /o 0o!en ,o#iety i, t%e $ob+e0 o/ 0enta+ %ea+t%1
T%e !i,ea,e, o/ t%e 0in! ae a ,eio", 0ena#e1 T%ey ae 0oe !angeo", t%an
t"be#"+o,i,, #an#e, %eat an! 3i!ney !i,ea,e,, an! e-en ty$%",, $+ag"e, an! #%o+ea1
T%ey ae to be /eae!, not on+y be#a",e t%ey in#ea,e t%e n"0be o/ #i0ina+,, b"t #%ie/+y
be#a",e t%ey $o/o"n!+y wea3en t%e !o0inant w%ite a#e,1 It ,%o"+! be ea+i4e! t%at
t%ee ae not 0any 0oe /eeb+e50in!e! an! in,ane a0ong t%e #i0ina+, t%an in t%e e,t o/
t%e nation1 In!ee!, a +age n"0be o/ !e/e#ti-e, ae /o"n! in t%e $i,on,1 B"t we 0",t not
/oget t%at 0o,t inte++igent #i0ina+, ae at +age1 T%e /e8"en#y o/ ne"o,i, an!
$,y#%o,i, i, !o"bt+e,, t%e e.$e,,ion o/ a -ey ga-e !e/e#t o/ 0o!en #i-i+i4ation1 T%e
new %abit, o/ e.i,ten#e %a-e #etain+y not i0$o-e! o" 0enta+ %ea+t%1
Mo!en 0e!i#ine %a, /ai+e! in it, en!ea-o to a,,"e to e-eyone t%e $o,,e,,ion o/ t%e
a#ti-itie, w%i#% ae t"+y ,$e#i/i# o/ t%e %"0an being1 P%y,i#ian, ae "tte+y in#a$ab+e o/
$ote#ting #on,#io",ne,, again,t it, "n3nown ene0ie,1 T%e ,y0$to0, o/ 0enta+ !i,ea,e,
an! t%e !i//eent ty$e, o/ /eeb+e0in!e!ne,, %a-e been we++ #+a,,i/ie!1 B"t we ae
#o0$+ete+y ignoant o/ t%e nat"e o/ t%e,e !i,o!e,1 We %a-e not a,#etaine! w%et%e
t%ey ae !"e to ,t"#t"a+ +e,ion, o/ t%e bain o to #%ange, in t%e #o0$o,ition o/ b+oo!5
$+a,0a, o to bot% t%e,e #a",e,1 It i, $obab+e t%at o" ne-o", an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+
a#ti-itie, !e$en! ,i0"+taneo",+y on t%e anato0i#a+ #on!ition, o/ t%e #eeba+ #e++,, on t%e
,"b,tan#e, ,et /ee in t%e b+oo! by en!o#ine g+an!, an! ot%e ti,,"e,, an! on o" 0enta+
,tate, t%e0,e+-e,1 2"n#tiona+ !i,o!e, o/ t%e g+an!,, a, we++ a, ,t"#t"a+ +e,ion, o/ t%e
bain, 0ay be e,$on,ib+e /o ne"o,e, an! $,y#%o,e,1 E-en a #o0$+ete 3now+e!ge o/
t%e,e $%eno0ena wo"+! not bing abo"t geat $oge,,1 T%e $at%o+ogy o/ t%e 0in!
!e$en!, on $,y#%o+ogy, a, t%e $at%o+ogy o/ t%e ogan, on $%y,io+ogy1 B"t $%y,io+ogy i,
a ,#ien#e, w%i+e $,y#%o+ogy i, not1 P,y#%o+ogy await, it, C+a"!e Bena! o it, Pa,te"1 It
i, in t%e ,tate o/ ,"gey w%en ,"geon, wee babe,, o/ #%e0i,ty be/oe La-oi,ie, at
t%e e$o#% o/ t%e a+#%e0i,t,1 Howe-e, it wo"+! be "n7",t to in#i0inate 0o!en
$,y#%o+ogi,t, an! t%ei 0et%o!, /o t%e "!i0entay #on!ition o/ t%ei ,#ien#e1 T%e
e.te0e #o0$+e.ity o/ t%e ,"b7e#t i, t%e 0ain #a",e o/ t%ei ignoan#e1 T%ee ae no
te#%ni8"e, $e0itting t%e e.$+oation o/ t%e "n3nown wo+! o/ t%e ne-o", #e++,, o/ t%ei
a,,o#iation an! $o7e#tion /ibe,, an! o/ t%e #eeba+ an! 0enta+ $o#e,,e,1
It %a, not been $o,,ib+e to bing to +ig%t any $e#i,e e+ation, between ,#%i4o$%eni#
0ani/e,tation,, /o e.a0$+e, an! ,t"#t"a+ a+teation, o/ t%e #eeba+ #ote.1 T%e %o$e,
o/ Koe$e+in, t%e /a0o", $ionee in t%e 0a+a!ie, o/ t%e 0in!, %a-e not 0ateia+i4e!1 T%e
anato0i#a+ ,t"!y o/ t%e,e !i,ea,e, %a, not t%own 0"#% +ig%t on t%ei nat"e1 Menta+
!i,o!e, ae $e%a$, not +o#a+i4e! in ,$a#e1 So0e ,y0$to0, #an be attib"te! to a +a#3
o/ %a0ony in t%e te0$oa+ ,"##e,,ion o/ ne-o", $%eno0ena, to #%ange, in t%e -a+"e o/
ti0e /o #e++, #on,tit"ting a /"n#tiona+ ,y,te01 We 3now a+,o t%at t%e +e,ion, $o!"#e! in
#etain egion, o/ t%e #eeb"0, eit%e by t%e ,$io#%ete, o/ ,y$%i+i, o by t%e 0y,teio",
agent o/ en#e$%a+iti, +et%agi#a, bing abo"t !e/inite 0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e $e,ona+ity1
T%i, 3now+e!ge i, -ag"e, "n#etain, in $o#e,, o/ /o0ation1 Howe-e, it i, i0$eati-e
not to wait /o a #o0$+ete "n!e,tan!ing o/ t%e nat"e o/ in,anity be/oe !e-e+o$ing a
t"+y e//e#ti-e %ygiene o/ t%e 0in!1
T%e !i,#o-ey o/ t%e #a",e, o/ 0enta+ !i,ea,e, wo"+! be 0oe i0$otant t%an t%at o/
t%ei nat"e1 S"#% 3now+e!ge #o"+! +ea! to t%e $e-ention o/ t%e,e 0a+a!ie,1
2eeb+e0in!e!ne,, an! in,anity ae $e%a$, t%e $i#e o/ in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation, an! o/ t%e
e,"+ting #%ange, in o" way, o/ +i/e1 Howe-e, t%e,e a//e#tion, ae o/ten $at o/ t%e
in%eitan#e e#ei-e! /o0 %i, $aent, by ea#% in!i-i!"a+1 T%ey 0ani/e,t t%e0,e+-e,
a0ong $eo$+e w%o,e ne-o", ,y,te0 i, a+ea!y "nba+an#e!1 In t%e /a0i+ie, w%i#% %a-e
a+ea!y $o!"#e! ne"oti#, 8"ee, o-e,en,iti-e in!i-i!"a+,, t%e in,ane an! t%e
/eeb+e0in!e! ,"!!en+y a$$ea1 Howe-e, t%ey a+,o ,$ing "$ /o0 +ineage, w%i#% %a-e
,o /a been /ee /o0 0enta+ !i,o!e,1 T%ee ae #etain+y ot%e #a",e, o/ in,anity t%an
%ee!itay /a#to,1 We 0",t, t%ee/oe, a,#etain %ow 0o!en +i/e a#t, "$on
#on,#io",ne,,1
In ,"##e,,i-e geneation, o/ $"e5be! !og,, ne-o",ne,, i, o/ten ob,e-e! to in#ea,e1
We /in! a0ong t%e,e ani0a+, in!i-i!"a+, #+o,e+y e,e0b+ing t%e /eeb+e50in!e! an! t%e
in,ane1 T%i, $%eno0enon o##", in ,"b7e#t, bo"g%t "$ "n!e ati/i#ia+ #on!ition,, +i-ing
in #o0/otab+e 3enne+,, an! $o-i!e! wit% #%oi#e /oo! 8"ite !i//eent /o0 t%at o/ t%ei
an#e,to,, t%e ,%e$%e!,, w%i#% /o"g%t an! !e/eate! t%e wo+-e,1 It ,ee0, t%at t%e new
#on!ition, o/ e.i,ten#e, i0$o,e! "$on !og,, a, we++ a, "$on 0en, ten! to 0o!i/y t%e
ne-o", ,y,te0 "n/a-oab+y1 B"t e.$ei0ent, o/ +ong !"ation ae ne#e,,ay in o!e to
obtain a $e#i,e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e 0e#%ani,0 o/ t%i, !egeneation1 T%e /a#to, $o0oting
t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ i!io#y an! in,anity ae o/ geat #o0$+e.ity1 @e0entia $ae#o. an!
#i#"+a in,anity 0ani/e,t t%e0,e+-e, 0oe e,$e#ia++y in t%e ,o#ia+ go"$, w%ee +i/e i,
e,t+e,, an! !i,o!ee!, /oo! too e+aboate o too $oo, an! ,y$%i+i, /e8"ent1 An! a+,o
w%en t%e ne-o", ,y,te0 i, %ee!itai+y "n,tab+e, w%en 0oa+ !i,#i$+ine %a, been
,"$$e,,e!, w%en ,e+/i,%ne,,, ie,$on,ibi+ity, an! !i,$e,ion ae #",to0ay1 T%ee ae
$obab+y ,o0e e+ation, between t%e,e /a#to, an! t%e gene,i, o/ $,y#%o,e,1 T%e 0o!en
%abit, o/ +i-ing %i!e a /"n!a0enta+ !e/e#t1 In t%e en-ion0ent #eate! by te#%no+ogy, o"
0o,t ,$e#i/i# /"n#tion, !e-e+o$ in#o0$+ete+y1 @e,$ite t%e 0a-e+, o/ ,#ienti/i#
#i-i+i4ation, %"0an $e,ona+ity ten!, to !i,,o+-e1
C%a$te A
INWAR@ TIME

1
THE @URATION o/ 0an, 7",t a, %i, ,i4e, -aie, a##o!ing to t%e "nit ",e! /o it,
0ea,"e0ent1 It i, +ong w%en e+ate! to t%at o/ 0i#e o b"tte/+ie,1 S%ot in #o0$ai,on
wit% t%e +i/e o/ an oa31 In,igni/i#ant, i/ $+a#e! in t%e /a0e o/ t%e eat%;, %i,toy1 We
0ea,"e it by t%e 0otion o/ t%e %an!, o/ a #+o#3 ao"n! t%e !ia+1 We +i3en it to t%e
$a,,age o/ t%o,e %an!, o-e e8"a+ inte-a+,, t%e ,e#on!,, t%e 0in"te,, t%e %o",1 T%e ti0e
o/ a #+o#3 #oe,$on!, to #etain %yt%0i# e-ent,, ,"#% a, t%e eat%;, otation on it, a.i,
an! ao"n! t%e ,"n1 O" !"ation i,, t%en, e.$e,,e! in "nit, o/ ,o+a ti0e an! #on,i,t, o/
abo"t twenty5/i-e t%o",an! !ay,1 2o t%e #+o#3 w%i#% 0ea,"e, it, a #%i+!;, !ay i, e8"a+
to t%at o/ it, $aent,1 In ea+ity, t%o,e twenty5/o" %o", e$e,ent a -ey ,0a++ $at o/ t%e
#%i+!;, /"t"e +i/e, an! a 0"#% +age /a#tion o/ t%at o/ it, $aent,1 B"t t%ey 0ay a+,o be
+oo3e! "$on a, a 0in"te /ag0ent o/ an o+! 0an;, $a,t e.i,ten#e an! a /a 0oe
i0$otant $at o/ t%at o/ a n",+ing1 T%",, t%e -a+"e o/ $%y,i#a+ ti0e ,ee0, to !i//e
a##o!ing to w%et%e we +oo3 ba#3 to t%e $a,t o /owa! to t%e /"t"e1
We %a-e to e/e o" !"ation to a #+o#3 be#a",e we ae i00e,e! in t%e $%y,i#a+
#ontin""01 An! t%e #+o#3 0ea,"e, one o/ t%e !i0en,ion, o/ t%i, #ontin""01 On t%e
,"/a#e o/ o" $+anet, t%o,e !i0en,ion, ae !i,#ene! t%o"g% $ati#"+a #%aa#tei,ti#,1
T%e -eti#a+ i, i!enti/ie! by t%e $%eno0enon o/ ga-ity1 We ae "nab+e to 0a3e any
!i,tin#tion between t%e two %oi4onta+ !i0en,ion,1 We #o"+!, %owe-e, ,e$aate t%e0
/o0 ea#% ot%e i/ o" ne-o", ,y,te0 wee en!owe! wit% t%e $o$etie, o/ a 0agneti#
nee!+e1 A, /o t%e /o"t% !i0en,ion, o ti0e, it ta3e, on a ,tange a,$e#t1 W%i+e t%e ot%e
t%ee !i0en,ion, o/ t%ing, ae ,%ot an! a+0o,t 0otion+e,,, it a$$ea, a, #ea,e+e,,+y
e.ten!ing an! -ey +ong1 We ta-e+ 8"ite ea,i+y o-e t%e two %oi4onta+ !i0en,ion,1 B"t
in o!e to 0o-e in t%e -eti#a+ one, we 0",t ",e a ,tai#a,e o an e+e-ato, an ai#a/t o
a ba++oon, /o we %a-e to #onten! wit% ga-ity1 To ta-e+ in ti0e i, ab,o+"te+y i0$o,,ib+e1
We++, %a, not !i-"+ge! t%e ,e#et, o/ #on,t"#tion o/ t%e 0a#%ine w%i#% enab+e! one o/
%i, %eoe, to +ea-e %i, oo0 by t%e /o"t% !i0en,ion an! to e,#a$e into t%e /"t"e1 2o
#on#ete 0an, ti0e i, -ey !i//eent /o0 ,$a#e1 B"t t%e /o" !i0en,ion, wo"+! ,ee0
i!enti#a+ to an ab,ta#t 0an in%abiting t%e ,i!eea+ ,$a#e,1 A+t%o"g% !i,tin#t /o0 ,$a#e,
ti0e i, in,e$aab+e /o0 it, at t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e eat% a, in t%e e,t o/ t%e "ni-e,e, w%en
#on,i!ee! by t%e bio+ogi,t a, we++ a, by t%e $%y,i#i,t1
In nat"e, ti0e i, a+way, /o"n! "nite! to ,$a#e1 It i, a ne#e,,ay a,$e#t o/ 0ateia+
being,1 No #on#ete t%ing %a, on+y t%ee ,$atia+ !i0en,ion,1 A o#3, a tee, an ani0a+
#annot be in,tantaneo",1 In!ee!, we ae #a$ab+e o/ b"i+!ing "$ in o" 0in!, being,
entie+y !e,#ibe! wit%in t%ee !i0en,ion,1 B"t a++ #on#ete ob7e#t, %a-e /o"1 An! 0an
e.ten!, bot% in ti0e an! in ,$a#e1 To an ob,e-e +i-ing /a 0oe ,+ow+y t%an we !o %e
wo"+! a$$ea a, ,o0et%ing naow an! e+ongate!, ana+ogo", to t%e in#an!e,#ent tai+ o/ a
0eteo1 Be,i!e,, %e $o,,e,,e, anot%e a,$e#t, i0$o,,ib+e to !e/ine #+ea+y1 2o %e i, not
w%o++y #o0$i,e! wit%in t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""01 T%o"g%t i, not #on/ine! wit%in ti0e
an! ,$a#e1 Moa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio", a#ti-itie, !o not in%abit t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""0
e.#+",i-e+y1 Moeo-e, we 3now t%at #+ai-oyant, 0ay !ete#t %i!!en t%ing, at geat
!i,tan#e,1 So0e o/ t%e0 $e#ei-e e-ent, w%i#% %a-e a+ea!y %a$$ene! o w%i#% wi++ ta3e
$+a#e in t%e /"t"e1 It ,%o"+! be note! t%at t%ey a$$e%en! t%e /"t"e in t%e ,a0e way a,
t%e $a,t1 T%ey ae ,o0eti0e, in#a$ab+e o/ !i,ting"i,%ing t%e one /o0 t%e ot%e1 2o
e.a0$+e, t%ey 0ay ,$ea3, at two !i//eent e$o#%,, o/ t%e ,a0e /a#t, wit%o"t ,",$e#ting
t%at t%e /i,t -i,ion e+ate, to t%e /"t"e, an! t%e ,e#on! to t%e $a,t1 Cetain a#ti-itie, o/
#on,#io",ne,, ,ee0 to ta-e+ o-e ,$a#e an! ti0e1
T%e nat"e o/ ti0e -aie, a##o!ing to t%e ob7e#t, #on,i!ee! by o" 0in!1 T%e ti0e
t%at we ob,e-e in nat"e %a, no ,e$aate e.i,ten#e1 It i, on+y a 0o!e o/ being o/ #on#ete
ob7e#t,1 We o",e+-e, #eate 0at%e0ati#a+ ti0e1 It i, a 0enta+ #on,t"#t, an ab,ta#tion
in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ ,#ien#e1 We #on-enient+y #o0$ae it to a ,taig%t +ine,
ea#% ,"##e,,i-e in,tant being e$e,ente! by a $oint1 Sin#e >a+i+eo;, !ay t%i, ab,ta#tion
%a, been ,"b,tit"te! /o t%e #on#ete !ata e,"+ting /o0 t%e !ie#t ob,e-ation o/ t%ing,1
T%e $%i+o,o$%e, o/ t%e Mi!!+e Age, #on,i!ee! ti0e a, an agent #on#eti4ing
ab,ta#tion,1 S"#% a #on#e$tion e,e0b+e! 0oe #+o,e+y t%at o/ Min3ow,3i t%an t%at o/
>a+i+eo1 To t%e0, a, to Min3ow,3i, to Ein,tein, an! to 0o!en $%y,i#i,t,, ti0e, in nat"e,
a$$eae! a, #o0$+ete+y in,e$aab+e /o0 ,$a#e1 In e!"#ing ob7e#t, to t%ei $i0ay
8"a+itie,55t%at i,, to w%at #an be 0ea,"e! an! i, ,",#e$tib+e o/ 0at%e0ati#a+ teat0ent
55>a+i+eo !e$i-e! t%e0 o/ t%ei ,e#on!ay 8"a+itie,, an! o/ !"ation1 T%i, abitay
,i0$+i/i#ation 0a!e $o,,ib+e t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ $%y,i#,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, it +e! to an
"nwaantab+y ,#%e0ati# #on#e$tion o/ t%e wo+!, e,$e#ia++y o/ t%e bio+ogi#a+ wo+!1 We
0",t +i,ten to Beg,on an! attib"te to ti0e a ea+ity o/ it, own1 An! gi-e ba#3 t%ei
,e#on!ay 8"a+itie, an! !"ation to inani0ate an! +i-ing being,1
T%e #on#e$t o/ ti0e i, e8"i-a+ent to t%e o$eation e8"ie! to e,ti0ate !"ation in t%e
ob7e#t, o/ o" "ni-e,e1 @"ation #on,i,t, o/ t%e ,"$e$o,ition o/ t%e !i//eent a,$e#t, o/
an i!entity1 It i, a 3in! o/ intin,i# 0o-e0ent o/ t%ing,1 T%e eat% e-o+-e, on it, a.i,
an!, wit%o"t +o,ing it, $i0ay 8"a+itie,, ,%ow, a ,"/a#e w%i#% i, ,o0eti0e, +ig%te! an!
,o0eti0e, !a3ene!1 Mo"ntain, 0ay $oge,,i-e+y #%ange t%ei ,%a$e "n!e t%e a#tion
o/ ,now, ain, an! eo,ion, a+t%o"g% t%ey e0ain t%e0,e+-e,1 A tee gow,, an! !oe, not
+o,e it, i!entity1 T%e %"0an in!i-i!"a+ etain, %i, $e,ona+ity t%o"g%o"t t%e /+". o/ t%e
ogani# an! 0enta+ $o#e,,e, t%at 0a3e "$ %i, +i/e1 Ea#% inani0ate o +i-ing being
#o0$i,e, an inne 0otion, a ,"##e,,ion o/ ,tate,, a %yt%0, w%i#% i, %i, -ey own1 S"#%
0otion i, in%eent ti0e1 It #an be 0ea,"e! by e/een#e to t%e 0otion o/ anot%e being1
T%",, we 0ea,"e o" !"ation by #o0$aing it wit% ,o+a ti0e1 A, we in%abit t%e ,"/a#e
o/ t%e eat%, we /in! it #on-enient to $+a#e in it, /a0e t%e ,$atia+ an! te0$oa+
!i0en,ion, o/ e-eyt%ing /o"n! t%eeon1 We e,ti0ate o" %eig%t wit% t%e ai! o/ t%e
0ete, w%i#% i, a$$o.i0ate+y t%e /oty50i++iont% $at o/ t%e 0ei!ian o/ o" $+anet1 In a
+i3e 0anne, t%e otation o/ t%e eat%, o t%e n"0be o/ %o", ti#3e! o// by a #+o#3, i, t%e
,tan!a! to w%i#% we e/e o" te0$oa+ !i0en,ion, o t%e /+ow o/ o" ti0e1 It i, nat"a+
/o %"0an being, to ",e t%e inte-a+, ,e$aating t%e i,ing o/ t%e ,"n /o0 it, ,etting a,
t%e 0ean, to 0ea,"e t%ei !"ation an! ogani4e t%ei +i-e,1 Howe-e, t%e 0oon #o"+!
,e-e t%e ,a0e $"$o,e1 In /a#t, to /i,%e0en !we++ing on ,%oe, w%ee t%e ti!e, ae -ey
%ig%, +"na ti0e i, 0oe i0$otant t%an ,o+a ti0e1 T%ei way o/ +i-ing, an! t%e %o",
e,e-e! /o ,+ee$ing an! eating, ae !ete0ine! by t%e %yt%0 o/ t%e ti!e,1 In ,"#%
#i#"0,tan#e,, %"0an !"ation i, /itte! into t%e /a0e o/ t%e !ai+y -aiation, o/ t%e ,ea5
+e-e+1 In ,%ot, ti0e i, a ,$e#i/i# #%aa#te o/ t%ing,1 It, nat"e -aie, a##o!ing to t%e
#on,tit"tion o/ ea#% ob7e#t1 H"0an being, %a-e a#8"ie! t%e %abit o/ i!enti/ying t%ei
!"ation, an! t%at o/ a++ ot%e being,, wit% t%e ti0e ,%own by #+o#3,1 Ne-et%e+e,,, o"
inne ti0e i, a, !i,tin#t /o0, an! in!e$en!ent o/, t%i, e.tin,i# ti0e, a, o" bo!y i,, in
,$a#e, !i,tin#t /o0, an! in!e$en!ent o/, t%e eat% an! t%e ,"n1
2
Inne ti0e i, t%e e.$e,,ion o/ t%e #%ange, o/ t%e bo!y an! it, a#ti-itie, !"ing t%e
#o",e o/ +i/e1 It i, e8"i-a+ent to t%e "ninte"$te! ,"##e,,ion o/ t%e ,t"#t"a+, %"0oa+,
$%y,io+ogi#a+, an! 0enta+ ,tate, w%i#% #on,tit"te o" $e,ona+ity1 It i, t"+y a !i0en,ion
o/ o",e+-e,1 I0aginay ,+i#e, #a-e! /o0 o" bo!y an! ,o"+ t%o"g% ,"#% !i0en,ion
wo"+! be a, %eteogeneo", a, t%e ,e#tion, 0a!e by anato0i,t, $e$en!i#"+a+y to t%e
t%ee ,$atia+ a.e,1 A, We++, ,ay, in t%e Time Tra.eller# a 0an;, $otait, at eig%t yea,,
/i/teen yea,, ,e-enteen yea,, twenty5t%ee yea,, an! ,o on, ae ,e#tion,, o at%e
i0age,, in t%ee !i0en,ion, o/ a being o/ /o" !i0en,ion, w%o i, a /i.e! an! "na+teab+e
t%ing1 T%e !i//een#e, between t%e,e ,e#tion, e.$e,, #%ange, $oge,,i-e+y o##"ing in
t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%e,e #%ange, ae ogani# an! 0enta+1 T%",, inwa!
ti0e %a, to be !i-i!e! into $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ti0e,1
P%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e i, a /i.e! !i0en,ion, #on,i,ting o/ t%e ,eie, o/ a++ ogani# #%ange,
"n!egone by a %"0an being /o0 t%e beginning o/ %i, e0byoni# +i/e to %i, !eat%1 It
0ay a+,o be #on,i!ee! a, a 0o-e0ent, a, t%e ,"##e,,i-e ,tate, w%i#% b"i+! "$ o" /o"t%
!i0en,ion "n!e t%e eye, o/ t%e ob,e-e1 So0e o/ t%e,e ,tate, ae %yt%0i# an!
e-e,ib+e, ,"#% a, t%e $"+,ation, o/ t%e %eat, t%e #onta#tion, o/ t%e 0",#+e,, t%e
0o-e0ent, o/ t%e ,to0a#% an! t%o,e o/ t%e inte,tine,, t%e ,e#etion, o/ t%e g+an!, o/ t%e
!ige,ti-e a$$aat",, an! t%e $%eno0ena o/ 0en,t"ation1 Ot%e, ae $oge,,i-e an!
ie-e,ib+e, ,"#% a, t%e +o,, o/ t%e ,3in;, e+a,ti#ity, t%e in#ea,e in t%e 8"antity o/ t%e e!
b+oo! #e++,, t%e ,#+eo,i, o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! t%e ateie,1 B"t t%e %yt%0i# an! e-e,ib+e
0o-e0ent, ae +i3ewi,e a+tee! !"ing t%e #o",e o/ +i/e1 T%ey t%e0,e+-e, a+,o "n!ego a
$oge,,i-e an! ie-e,ib+e #%ange1 Si0"+taneo",+y, t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e ti,,"e, an!
t%e %"0o, be#o0e, 0o!i/ie!1 T%i, #o0$+e. 0o-e0ent i, $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e1
T%e ot%e a,$e#t o/ inne ti0e i, $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ti0e1 Con,#io",ne,,, "n!e t%e
in/+"en#e o/ t%e ,ti0"+i #o0ing /o0 t%e o"t,i!e wo+!, e#o!, it, own 0otion, t%e ,eie,
o/ it, ,tate,1 Ti0e, a##o!ing to Beg,on, i, t%e -ey ,t"// o/ $,y#%o+ogi#a+ +i/e1 6@"ation
i, not one in,tant e$+a#ing anot%e1 1 1 1 @"ation i, t%e #ontin"o", $oge,, o/ t%e $a,t
w%i#% gnaw, into t%e /"t"e an! w%i#% ,we++, a, it a!-an#e,1 1 1 1 T%e $i+ing "$ o/ t%e $a,t
"$on t%e $a,t goe, on wit%o"t e+a.ation1 In ea+ity, t%e $a,t i, $e,e-e! by it,e+/,
a"to0ati#a++y1 In it, entiety, $obab+y, it /o++ow, ", at e-ey in,tant1 1 1 1 @o"bt+e,, we
t%in3 wit% on+y a ,0a++ $at o/ o" $a,t, b"t it i, wit% o" entie $a,t, in#+"!ing t%e
oigina+ bent o/ o" ,o"+, t%at we !e,ie, wi++ an! a#t16
&
We ae a %i,toy1 An! t%e +engt%
o/ t%at %i,toy, at%e t%an t%e n"0be o/ o" yea,, e.$e,,e, t%e wea+t% o/ o" inne +i/e1
We ob,#"e+y /ee+ t%at we ae not to!ay i!enti#a+ wit% w%at we wee ye,te!ay1 T%e !ay,
,ee0 to /+y 0oe an! 0oe a$i!+y1 B"t none o/ t%e,e #%ange, i, ,"//i#ient+y $e#i,e o
#on,tant to be 0ea,"e!1 T%e intin,i# 0otion o/ o" #on,#io",ne,, i, in!e/inab+e1 Cetain
o/ o" $,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie, ae not 0o!i/ie! by !"ation1 T%ey !eteioate on+y w%en
t%e bain ,"##"0b, to i++ne,, o to ,eni+ity1

&
Beg,on, Heni1 Creati.e ,.olution# G5)1 Tan,+ation by At%" Mit#%e++1 New :o3, Heny Ho+t an!
Co0$any, In#1
Inwa! ti0e #annot be $o$e+y 0ea,"e! in "nit, o/ ,o+a ti0e1 Howe-e, it i,
genea++y e.$e,,e! in !ay, an! yea, be#a",e t%e,e "nit, ae #on-enient an! a$$+i#ab+e
to t%e #+a,,i/i#ation o/ tee,tia+ e-ent,1 B"t ,"#% a $o#e!"e gi-e, no in/o0ation abo"t
t%e %yt%0 o/ t%e inne $o#e,,e, #on,tit"ting o" intin,i# ti0e1 Ob-io",+y,
#%ono+ogi#a+ age !oe, not #oe,$on! to $%y,io+ogi#a+ age1 P"bety o##", at !i//eent
e$o#%, in !i//eent in!i-i!"a+,1 It i, t%e ,a0e wit% 0eno$a",e1 T"e age i, an ogani# an!
/"n#tiona+ ,tate1 It %a, to be 0ea,"e! by t%e %yt%0 o/ t%e #%ange, o/ t%i, ,tate1 S"#%
%yt%0 -aie, a##o!ing to in!i-i!"a+,1 So0e e0ain yo"ng /o 0any yea,1 On t%e
#ontay, t%e ogan, o/ ot%e, wea o"t ea+y in +i/e1 T%e -a+"e o/ $%y,i#a+ ti0e in a
Nowegian, w%o,e +i/e i, +ong, i, /a /o0 being i!enti#a+ wit% t%at in an E,3i0o, w%o,e
+i/e i, ,%ot1 To e,ti0ate t"e, o $%y,io+ogi#a+, age, we 0",t !i,#o-e, eit%e in t%e
ti,,"e, o in t%e %"0o,, a 0ea,"ab+e $%eno0enon, w%i#% $oge,,e, wit%o"t
inte"$tion !"ing t%e w%o+e +i/eti0e1
Man i, #on,tit"te!, in %i, /o"t% !i0en,ion, by a ,eie, o/ /o0, /o++owing, an!
b+en!ing into, ea#% ot%e1 He i, egg, e0byo, in/ant, a!o+e,#ent, a!"+t, 0at"e an! o+!
0an1 T%e,e 0o$%o+ogi#a+ a,$e#t, ae t%e e.$e,,ion o/ #%e0i#a+, ogani#, an!
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ e-ent,1 Mo,t o/ t%e,e -aiation, #annot be 0ea,"e!1 W%en 0ea,"ab+e,
t%ey ae genea++y /o"n! to ta3e $+a#e on+y !"ing a #etain $eio! o/ t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+1 B"t $%y,io+ogi#a+ !"ation i, e8"i-a+ent to o" /o"t% !i0en,ion in it, entie
+engt%1 T%e $oge,,i-e ,+a#3ening o/ gowt% !"ing in/an#y an! yo"t%, t%e $%eno0ena
o/ $"bety an! o/ 0eno$a",e, t%e !i0in"tion o/ ba,a+ 0etabo+i,0, t%e w%itening o/ t%e
%ai, et#1, ae t%e 0ani/e,tation, o/ !i//eent ,tage, o/ o" !"ation1 T%e ate at w%i#%
ti,,"e, gow a+,o !e#+ine, wit% age1 S"#% gowt% a#ti-ity 0ay be o"g%+y e,ti0ate! in
/ag0ent, o/ ti,,"e, e.ti$ate! /o0 t%e bo!y an! #"+ti-ate! in /+a,3,1 B"t, a, /a a, t%e
age o/ t%e ogani,0 it,e+/ i, #on#ene!, t%e in/o0ation t%", obtaine! i, /a /o0 being
e+iab+e1 In!ee!, ,o0e ti,,"e, gow 0oe a#ti-e, ot%e, +e,, a#ti-e, at #etain $eio!, o/
$%y,io+ogi#a+ +i/e1 Ea#% ogan #%ange, at it, own %yt%0, w%i#% !i//e, /o0 t%at o/ t%e
bo!y a, a w%o+e1 Cetain $%eno0ena, %owe-e, e.$e,, a genea+ 0o!i/i#ation o/ t%e
ogani,01 2o e.a0$+e, t%e ate o/ %ea+ing o/ a ,"$e/i#ia+ wo"n! -aie, in /"n#tion o/
t%e age o/ t%e $atient1 It i, we++ 3nown t%at t%e $oge,, o/ #i#ati4ation #an be #a+#"+ate!
wit% two e8"ation, ,et "$ by Le#o0te !" NoMy1 T%e /i,t o/ t%e,e e8"ation, gi-e, a
#oe//i#ient, #a++e! in!e. o/ #i#ati4ation, w%i#% !e$en!, on t%e ,"/a#e an! t%e age o/ t%e
wo"n!1 By into!"#ing t%i, in!e. in a ,e#on! e8"ation, one 0ay, /o0 two 0ea,"e0ent,
o/ t%e wo"n! ta3en at an inte-a+ o/ ,e-ea+ !ay,, $e!i#t t%e /"t"e $oge,, o/ e$ai1
T%e ,0a++e t%e wo"n! an! t%e yo"nge t%e 0an, t%e geate i, t%e in!e.1 Wit% t%e %e+$ o/
t%i, in!e., Le#o0te !" NoMy %a, !i,#o-ee! a #on,tant t%at e.$e,,e, t%e egeneati-e
a#ti-ity #%aa#tei,ti# o/ a gi-en age1 T%i, #on,tant i, e8"a+ to t%e $o!"#t o/ t%e in!e. by
t%e ,8"ae oot o/ t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e wo"n!1 T%e #"-e o/ it, -aiation, ,%ow, t%at a
twenty5yea5o+! $atient %ea+, twi#e a, 8"i#3+y a, a /oty5yea5o+! one1 T%o"g% t%e,e
e8"ation,, t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ age o/ a 0an #an be !e!"#e! /o0 t%e ate o/ %ea+ing o/ a
wo"n!1 2o0 ten to abo"t /oty5/i-e yea,, t%e in/o0ation t%", obtaine! i, -ey !e/inite1
B"t +ate, t%e -aiation, o/ t%e in!e. o/ #i#ati4ation ae ,o ,0a++ t%at t%ey +o,e a++
,igni/i#an#e1
B+oo! $+a,0a a+one !i,$+ay,, t%o"g%o"t t%e entie +i/eti0e, $oge,,i-e 0o!i/i#ation,
#%aa#tei4ing t%e ,ene,#en#e o/ t%e bo!y a, a w%o+e1 We 3now t%at it #ontain, t%e
,e#etion, o/ a++ ti,,"e, an! ogan,1 P+a,0a an! ti,,"e, being a #+o,e! ,y,te0, any
a+teation in t%e ti,,"e, ea#t, on t%e $+a,0a, an! -i#e -e,a1 @"ing t%e #o",e o/ +i/e,
t%i, ,y,te0 "n!egoe, #ontin"o", #%ange,1 So0e o/ t%e,e #%ange, 0ay be !ete#te! bot%
by #%e0i#a+ ana+y,i, an! by $%y,io+ogi#a+ ea#tion,1 T%e $+a,0a o t%e ,e"0 o/ an aging
ani0a+ %a, been /o"n! to in#ea,e it, e,taining e//e#t on t%e gowt% o/ #e++ #o+onie,1
T%e atio o/ t%e aea o/ a #o+ony +i-ing in ,e"0, to t%at o/ an i!enti#a+ #o+ony +i-ing in a
,a+ine ,o+"tion an! a#ting a, a #onto+, i, #a++e! t%e gowt% in!e.1 T%e o+!e t%e ani0a+ to
w%i#% t%e ,e"0 be+ong,, t%e ,0a++e i, t%i, in!e.1 T%",, t%e %yt%0 o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+
ti0e #an be 0ea,"e!1 @"ing t%e /i,t !ay, o/ +i/e, b+oo! ,e"0 !oe, not in%ibit t%e
gowt% o/ #e++ #o+onie, any 0oe t%an !oe, t%e #onto+ ,o+"tion1 At t%i, 0o0ent t%e -a+"e
o/ t%e in!e. a$$oa#%e, "nity1 A, t%e ani0a+ be#o0e, o+!e, it, ,e"0 e,tain, #e++
0"+ti$+i#ation 0oe e//e#ti-e+y1 An! t%e in!e. !e#ea,e,1 @"ing t%e +a,t yea, o/ +i/e, it
i, genea++y e8"a+ to 4eo1
A+t%o"g% -ey i0$e/e#t, t%i, 0et%o! gi-e, ,o0e $e#i,e in/o0ation on t%e %yt%0 o/
$%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e at t%e beginning o/ +i/e, w%en aging i, a$i!1 B"t in t%e /ina+ $eio! o/
0at"ity, w%en aging i, ,+ow, it be#o0e, 8"ite in,"//i#ient1 By t%e -aiation, o/ t%e
gowt% in!e. t%e +i/e o/ a !og #an be !i-i!e! into ten "nit, o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e1 T%e
!"ation o/ t%i, ani0a+ 0ay o"g%+y be e.$e,,e! in t%e,e "nit, in,tea! o/ in yea,1 T%",,
it %a, be#o0e $o,,ib+e to #o0$ae $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e wit% ,o+a ti0e1 An! t%ei %yt%0,
a$$ea to be -ey !i//eent1 T%e #"-e ,%owing t%e !e#ea,e o/ t%e in!e. -a+"e in /"n#tion
o/ #%ono+ogi#a+ age /a++, ,%a$+y !"ing t%e /i,t yea1 @"ing t%e ,e#on! an! t%i! yea,,
it, ,+o$e be#o0e, +e,, an! +e,, $ono"n#e!1 T%e ,eg0ent o/ t%e #"-e #oe,$on!ing to
t%e 0at"e yea, %a, a ten!en#y to be#o0e a ,taig%t +ine1 An! t%e $otion e$e,enting
o+! age !oe, not !e-iate /o0 t%e %oi4onta+1 Ob-io",+y, aging $oge,,e, 0"#% 0oe
a$i!+y at t%e beginning t%an at t%e en! o/ +i/e1 W%en in/an#y an! o+! age ae e.$e,,e! in
,o+a yea,, in/an#y a$$ea, to be -ey ,%ot an! o+! age -ey +ong1 On t%e #ontay,
0ea,"e! in "nit, o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e, in/an#y i, -ey +ong an! o+! age -ey ,%ot1
3
We %a-e 0entione! t%at $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e i, 8"ite !i//eent /o0 $%y,i#a+ ti0e1 I/ a++
t%e #+o#3, a##e+eate! o eta!e! t%ei 0otion, an! i/ t%e eat% #oe,$on!ing+y 0o!i/ie!
t%e %yt%0 o/ it, otation, o" !"ation wo"+! e0ain "n#%ange!1 B"t it wo"+! ,ee0 to
!e#ea,e o to in#ea,e1 In t%i, 0anne, t%e a+teation "n!egone by ,o+a ti0e wo"+!
be#o0e a$$aent1 W%i+e we ae ,we$t onwa! "$on t%e ,tea0 o/ $%y,i#a+ ti0e, we 0o-e
at t%e %yt%0 o/ t%e inne $o#e,,e, #on,tit"ting $%y,io+ogi#a+ !"ation1 In!ee!, we ae
not 0ee gain, o/ !",t /+oating on a i-e1 B"t a+,o !o$, o/ oi+ ,$ea!ing o"t o-e t%e
,"/a#e o/ t%e wate wit% a 0otion o/ t%ei own, w%i+e being bone a+ong by t%e #"ent1
P%y,i#a+ ti0e i, /oeign to ",, w%eea, inne ti0e i, o",e+/1 O" $e,ent !oe, not !o$
into not%ingne,, a, !oe, t%e $e,ent o/ a $en!"+"01 It i, e#o!e! ,i0"+taneo",+y in
0in!, ti,,"e,, an! b+oo!1 We 3ee$ wit%in o",e+-e, t%e ogani#, %"0oa+, an!
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ 0a3, o/ a++ t%e e-ent, o/ o" +i/e1 Li3e a nation, +i3e an o+! #o"nty, +i3e
t%e #itie,, t%e /a#toie,, t%e /a0,, t%e #"+ti-ate! /ie+!,, t%e >ot%i# #at%e!a+,, 6t%e /e"!a+
#a,t+e,, t%e Ro0an 0on"0ent, o/ E"o$e, we ae t%e e,"+t o/ a %i,toy1 O" $e,ona+ity
i, eni#%e! by ea#% new e.$eien#e o/ o" ogan,, %"0o,, an! #on,#io",ne,,1 Ea#%
t%o"g%t, ea#% a#tion, ea#% i++ne,,, %a, !e/initi-e #on,e8"en#e,, ina,0"#% a, we ne-e
,e$aate o",e+-e, /o0 o" $a,t1 We 0ay #o0$+ete+y e#o-e /o0 a !i,ea,e, o /o0 a
wong !ee!1 B"t we bea /oe-e t%e ,#a o/ t%o,e e-ent,1
So+a ti0e /+ow, at a "ni/o0 ate1 It #on,i,t, o/ e8"a+ inte-a+,1 It, $a#e ne-e #%ange,1
On t%e #ontay, $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e !i//e, /o0 one 0an to anot%e1 In t%e a#e,
en7oying +ong +i/e, it i, ,+owe, an! 0oe a$i! in t%o,e w%o,e +i/e i, ,%ot1 It a+,o -aie,
wit%in a ,ing+e in!i-i!"a+ at t%e !i//eent $eio!, o/ %i, +i/e1 A yea i, i#%e in
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ e-ent, !"ing in/an#y t%an !"ing o+! age1 T%e %yt%0 o/ t%e,e
e-ent, !e#ea,e, a$i!+y at /i,t, an! +ate on 0"#% 0oe ,+ow+y1 T%e n"0be o/ "nit, o/
$%y,i#a+ ti0e #oe,$on!ing to a "nit o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e be#o0e, $oge,,i-e+y
geate1 In ,%ot, t%e bo!y i, an en,e0b+e o/ ogani# 0o-e0ent,, w%o,e %yt%0 i, -ey
/a,t !"ing in/an#y, 0"#% +e,, a$i! !"ing yo"t%, an! -ey ,+ow in 0at"ity an! o+! age1
It i, w%en o" $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie, begin to wea3en t%at o" 0in! attain, t%e ,"00it
o/ it, !e-e+o$0ent1
P%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e i, /a /o0 %a-ing t%e $e#i,ion o/ a #+o#31 Ogani# $o#e,,e,
"n!ego #etain /+"#t"ation,1 T%ei %yt%0 i, not #on,tant1 T%ei ,+a#3ening in t%e #o",e
o/ +i/e i, e.$e,,e! by an ieg"+a #"-e1 T%e,e ieg"+aitie, ae !"e to a##i!ent, in t%e
#on#atenation o/ t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ $%eno0ena #on,tit"ting o" !"ation1 At ,o0e
0o0ent,, t%e $oge,, o/ age ,ee0, to #ea,e1 At ot%e $eio!,, it a##e+eate,1 T%ee ae
a+,o $%a,e, in w%i#% $e,ona+ity #on#entate, an! gow,, an! $%a,e, in w%i#% it
!i,,i$ate,1 A, ,tate! abo-e, inne ti0e an! it, ogani# an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ,"b,tat"0 !o
not $o,,e,, t%e eg"+aity o/ ,o+a ti0e1 A ,ot o/ e7"-enation 0ay be bo"g%t abo"t by a
%a$$y e-ent, o a bette e8"i+ibi"0 o/ t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ /"n#tion,1
Po,,ib+y, #etain ,tate, o/ 0enta+ an! bo!i+y we++5being ae a##o0$anie! by
0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e %"0o, #%aa#tei,ti# o/ a t"e e7"-enation1 Moa+ ,"//eing,
b",ine,, woie,, in/e#tio", an! !egeneati-e !i,ea,e, a##e+eate ogani# !e#ay1 T%e
a$$eaan#e o/ ,ene,#en#e 0ay be in!"#e! in a !og by in7e#tion, o/ ,tei+e $",1 T%e
ani0a+ gow, t%in, be#o0e, tie! an! !e$e,,e!1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, %i, b+oo! an! ti,,"e,
!i,$+ay $%y,io+ogi#a+ ea#tion, ana+ogo", to t%o,e o/ o+! age1 B"t t%o,e ea#tion, ae
e-e,ib+e an!, +ate, t%e ogani# /"n#tion, ee,tab+i,% t%ei no0a+ %yt%01 An o+! 0an;,
a,$e#t #%ange, b"t ,+ig%t+y /o0 one yea to anot%e1 In t%e ab,en#e o/ !i,ea,e,
,ene,#en#e i, a -ey ,+ow $o#e,,1 W%en it be#o0e, a$i!, t%e inte-ention o/ /a#to,
ot%e t%an $%y,io+ogi#a+ one, ae to be ,",$e#te!1 In genea+, ,"#% a $%eno0enon 0ay be
a##o"nte! /o by an.iety an! ,oow, by ,"b,tan#e, !ei-ing /o0 ba#teia+ in/e#tion,, by
a !egeneating ogan, o by #an#e1 T%e ,$ee!ing "$ o/ ,ene,#en#e a+way, e.$e,,e, t%e
$e,en#e o/ an ogani# o 0oa+ +e,ion in t%e aging bo!y1
Li3e $%y,i#a+ ti0e, $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e i, ie-e,ib+e1 In /a#t, it i, a, ie-e,ib+e a, t%e
$o#e,,e, e,$on,ib+e /o it, e.i,ten#e1 In t%e %ig%e ani0a+,, !"ation ne-e #%ange, it,
!ie#tion1 Howe-e, in %ibenating 0a00a+,, it be#o0e, $at+y ,",$en!e!1 In a !ie!
oti/e, it, /+ow #o0e, to a #o0$+ete ,tan!,ti++1 T%e ogani# %yt%0 o/ #o+!5b+oo!e!
ani0a+, a##e+eate, w%en t%ei en-ion0ent be#o0e, wa0e1 T%e /+ie, 3e$t by ?a#8"e,
Loeb at an abno0a++y %ig% te0$eat"e age! 0"#% 0oe a$i!+y an! !ie! ,oone1
Li3ewi,e, t%e -a+"e o/ t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e o/ an a++igato #%ange, i/ t%e ,"o"n!ing
te0$eat"e goe, "$ /o0 EDN to GDN C1 In t%i, in,tan#e, t%e in!e. o/ #i#ati4ation o/ a
,"$e/i#ia+ wo"n! i,e, an! /a++, wit% t%e te0$eat"e1 B"t, in ",ing ,"#% ,i0$+e
$o#e!"e,, it i, not $o,,ib+e to in!"#e in 0en any $o/o"n! #%ange o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 T%e
%yt%0 o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e i, not 0o!i/iab+e e.#e$t by inte/een#e wit% #etain
/"n!a0enta+ $o#e,,e, an! t%ei 0o!e o/ a,,o#iation1 We #annot eta! ,ene,#en#e, o
e-e,e it, !ie#tion, "n+e,, we 3now t%e nat"e o/ t%e 0e#%ani,0, w%i#% ae t%e
,"b,tat"0 o/ !"ation1
4
P%y,io+ogi#a+ !"ation owe, it, e.i,ten#e an! it, #%aa#tei,ti#, to a #etain ty$e o/
ogani4ation o/ ani0ate 0atte1 It a$$ea, a, ,oon a, a $otion o/ ,$a#e #ontaining +i-ing
#e++, be#o0e, e+ati-e+y i,o+ate! /o0 t%e #o,0i# wo+!1 At a++ +e-e+, o/ ogani4ation, in
t%e bo!y o/ a #e++ o in t%at o/ a 0an, $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e !e$en!, on 0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e
0e!i"0 $o!"#e! by n"tition, an! on t%e e,$on,e o/ t%e #e++, to t%o,e 0o!i/i#ation,1 A
#e++ #o+ony begin, to e#o! ti0e a, ,oon a, it, wa,te $o!"#t, ae a++owe! to ,tagnate,
an! t%", to a+te it, ,"o"n!ing,1 T%e ,i0$+e,t ,y,te0, w%ee t%e $%eno0enon o/
,ene,#en#e i, ob,e-e!, #on,i,t, o/ a go"$ o/ ti,,"e #e++, #"+ti-ate! in a ,0a++ -o+"0e o/
n"titi-e 0e!i"01 In ,"#% a ,y,te0, t%e 0e!i"0 i, $oge,,i-e+y 0o!i/ie! by t%e
$o!"#t, o/ n"tition an!, in it, t"n, 0o!i/ie, t%e #e++,1 T%en a$$ea ,ene,#en#e an!
!eat%1 T%e %yt%0 o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e !e$en!, on t%e e+ation, between t%e ti,,"e, an!
t%ei 0e!i"01 It -aie, a##o!ing to t%e -o+"0e, t%e 0etabo+i# a#ti-ity, t%e nat"e o/ t%e
#e++ #o+ony, an! t%e 8"antity an! t%e #%e0i#a+ #o0$o,ition o/ t%e /+"i! an! ga,eo",
0e!ia1 T%e te#%ni8"e ",e! in t%e $e$aation o/ a #"+t"e a##o"nt, /o t%e %yt%0 o/ +i/e
o/ ,"#% #"+t"e1 2o e.a0$+e, a /ag0ent o/ %eat /e! wit% a ,ing+e !o$ o/ $+a,0a in t%e
#on/ine! at0o,$%ee o/ a %o++ow ,+i!e, an! anot%e one i00e,e! in a /+a,3 #ontaining a
+age -o+"0e o/ n"titi-e /+"i!, an! ga,e,, %a-e 8"ite !i//eent /ate,1 T%e ate o/
a##"0"+ation o/ t%e wa,te $o!"#t, in t%e 0e!i"0, an! t%e nat"e o/ t%e,e $o!"#t,,
!ete0ine t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e !"ation o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 W%en t%e #o0$o,ition o/ t%e
0e!i"0 i, 0aintaine! #on,tant, t%e #e++ #o+onie, e0ain in!e/inite+y in t%e ,a0e ,tate o/
a#ti-ity1 T%ey e#o! ti0e by 8"antitati-e, an! not by 8"a+itati-e, #%ange,1 I/, by an
a$$o$iate te#%ni8"e, t%ei -o+"0e i, $e-ente! /o0 in#ea,ing, t%ey ne-e gow o+!1
Co+onie, obtaine! /o0 a %eat /ag0ent e0o-e! in ?an"ay, &'&E, /o0 a #%i#3 e0byo,
ae gowing a, a#ti-e+y to!ay a, twenty5t%ee yea, ago1 In /a#t, t%ey ae i00ota+1
Wit%in t%e bo!y, t%e e+ation, o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! o/ t%ei 0e!i"0 ae in#o0$aab+y
0oe #o0$+e. t%an in t%e ati/i#ia+ ,y,te0 e$e,ente! by a #"+t"e o/ #e++,1 A+t%o"g% t%e
+y0$% an! t%e b+oo!, w%i#% #on,tit"te t%e ogani# 0e!i"0, ae #ontin"a++y 0o!i/ie! by
t%e wa,te $o!"#t, o/ #e++ n"tition, t%ei #o0$o,ition i, 0aintaine! #on,tant by t%e
+"ng,, 3i!ney,, +i-e, et#1 Howe-e, in ,$ite o/ t%e,e eg"+atoy 0e#%ani,0,, -ey ,+ow
#%ange, !o ta3e $+a#e in %"0o, an! ti,,"e,1 T%ey ae !ete#te! by -aiation, in t%e
gowt% in!e. o/ $+a,0a, an! in t%e #on,tant t%at e.$e,,e, t%e egeneati-e a#ti-ity o/
,3in1 T%ey #oe,$on! to ,"##e,,i-e ,tate, in t%e #%e0i#a+ #o0$o,ition o/ t%e %"0o,1
T%e $otein, o/ b+oo! ,e"0 be#o0e 0oe ab"n!ant an! t%ei #%aa#te, ae 0o!i/ie!1 It
i, #%ie/+y t%e /at, w%i#% gi-e to ,e"0 t%e $o$ety o/ a#ting "$on #etain #e++ ty$e, an!
o/ !i0ini,%ing t%e a$i!ity o/ t%ei 0"+ti$+i#ation1 T%e,e /at, in#ea,e in 8"antity an!
#%ange in nat"e !"ing +i/e1 T%e 0o!i/i#ation, o/ ,e"0 ae not t%e e,"+t o/ a
$oge,,i-e a##"0"+ation, o/ a ,ot o/ etention o/ /at, an! $otein, in t%e ogani#
0e!i"01 It i, 8"ite ea,y to e0o-e /o0 a !og t%e geate $at o/ it, b+oo!, to ,e$aate t%e
$+a,0a /o0 t%e #o$",#+e,, an! to e$+a#e it by a ,a+ine ,o+"tion1 T%e b+oo! #e++,, t%",
/ee! /o0 t%e $otein, an! /atty ,"b,tan#e, o/ $+a,0a, ae ein7e#te! into t%e ani0a+1 In
+e,, t%an a /otnig%t, $+a,0a i, ob,e-e! to be egeneate! by t%e ti,,"e,, wit%o"t any
#%ange in it, #o0$o,ition1 It, ,tate i,, t%ee/oe, !"e to t%e #on!ition o/ t%e ti,,"e,, an!
not to an a##"0"+ation o/ %a0/"+ ,"b,tan#e,1 An! t%i, ,tate i, ,$e#i/i# o/ ea#% age1 E-en
i/ b+oo! ,e"0 i, e0o-e! ,e-ea+ ti0e,, it a+way, egeneate, wit% t%e #%aa#tei,ti#,
#oe,$on!ing to t%e age o/ t%e ani0a+1 T%e ,tate o/ t%e %"0o, !"ing ,ene,#en#e t%",
a$$ea, to be !ete0ine! by ,"b,tan#e, #ontaine! in t%e ogan, a, in a+0o,t ine.%a",tib+e
e,e-oi,1
In t%e #o",e o/ +i/e, t%e ti,,"e, "n!ego i0$otant a+teation,1 T%ey +o,e 0"#% wate1
T%ey ae en#"0bee! wit% non+i-ing e+e0ent, an! #onne#ti-e /ibe,, w%i#% ae neit%e
e+a,ti# no e.ten,ib+e1 T%e ogan, a#8"ie 0oe igi!ity1 Ateie, be#o0e %a!1
Ci#"+ation i, +e,, a#ti-e1 Po/o"n! 0o!i/i#ation, ta3e $+a#e in t%e ,t"#t"e o/ t%e g+an!,1
E$it%e+ia+ #e++, +o,e t%ei 8"a+itie, +itt+e by +itt+e1 T%ey egeneate 0oe ,+ow+y, o not at
a++1 T%ei ,e#etion, ae +e,, i#%1 S"#% #%ange, o##" at -aio", ate,, a##o!ing to t%e
ogan,1 Cetain ogan, gow o+! 0oe a$i!+y t%an ot%e,1 B"t we !o not 3now a, yet t%e
ea,on /o t%i, $%eno0enon1 S"#% egiona+ ,ene,#en#e 0ay atta#3 t%e ateie,, t%e %eat,
t%e bain, t%e 3i!ney,, o any ot%e ogan1 T%e aging o/ a ,ing+e ,y,te0 o/ ti,,"e, i,
!angeo",1 Longe-ity i, 0"#% geate w%en t%e e+e0ent, o/ t%e bo!y gow o+! in a
"ni/o0 way1 I/ t%e ,3e+eta+ 0",#+e, e0ain a#ti-e w%en t%e %eat an! t%e -e,,e+, ae
a+ea!y won o"t, t%ey be#o0e a !ange to t%e entie bo!y1 Abno0a++y -igoo", ogan,
in a ,eni+e ogani,0 ae a+0o,t a, %a0/"+ a, ,eni+e ogan, in a yo"ng ogani,01 T%e
yo"t%/"+ /"n#tioning o/ any anato0i#a+ ,y,te0, eit%e ,e."a+ g+an!,, !ige,ti-e a$$aat",,
o 0",#+e,, i, -ey !angeo", /o o+! 0en1 Ob-io",+y, t%e -a+"e o/ ti0e i, not t%e ,a0e
/o a++ ti,,"e,1 T%i, %eteo#%oni,0 ,%oten, t%e !"ation o/ +i/e1 I/ e.#e,,i-e wo3 i,
i0$o,e! on any $at o/ t%e bo!y, e-en in in!i-i!"a+, w%o,e ti,,"e, ae i,o#%oni#, aging
i, a+,o a##e+eate!1 An ogan w%i#% i, ,"b0itte! to o-ea#ti-ity, to.i# in/+"en#e,, an!
abno0a+ ,ti0"+ation,, wea, o"t 0oe 8"i#3+y t%an t%e ot%e,1 An! it, $e0at"e ,eni+ity
bing, on t%e !eat% o/ t%e ogani,01
We 3now t%at $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e, +i3e $%y,i#a+ ti0e, i, not an entity1 P%y,i#a+ ti0e
!e$en!, on t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e #+o#3, an! o/ t%e ,o+a ,y,te01 P%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e, on
t%at o/ ti,,"e, an! %"0o,, an! on t%ei e#i$o#a+ e+ation,1 T%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/
!"ation ae t%o,e o/ t%e ,t"#t"a+ an! /"n#tiona+ $o#e,,e, ,$e#i/i# o/ a #etain ty$e o/
ogani4ation1 T%e +engt% o/ +i/e i, #on!itione! by t%e -ey 0e#%ani,0, t%at 0a3e 0an
in!e$en!ent o/ t%e #o,0i# en-ion0ent an! gi-e %i0 %i, ,$atia+ 0obi+ity1 By t%e ,0a++
-o+"0e o/ t%e b+oo!1 By t%e a#ti-ity o/ t%e ,y,te0, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e $"i/i#ation o/ t%e
%"0o,1 T%e,e ,y,te0, !o not ,"##ee! in $e-enting #etain $oge,,i-e 0o!i/i#ation, o/
t%e ,e"0 an! t%e ti,,"e, /o0 o##"ing1 Pe%a$, t%e ti,,"e, ae not #o0$+ete+y /ee! o/
wa,te $o!"#t, by t%e b+oo! ,tea01 Pe%a$, t%ey ae in,"//i#ient+y /e!1 I/ t%e -o+"0e o/
t%e ogani# 0e!i"0 wee 0"#% geate, an! t%e e+i0ination o/ wa,te $o!"#t, 0oe
#o0$+ete, %"0an +i/e 0ig%t +a,t +onge1 B"t o" bo!y wo"+! be /a +age, ,o/te, +e,,
#o0$a#t1 It wo"+! e,e0b+e t%e giganti# $e%i,toi# ani0a+,1 We #etain+y wo"+! be
!e$i-e! o/ t%e agi+ity, t%e ,$ee!, an! t%e ,3i++ t%at we now $o,,e,,1
Li3e $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e, $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ti0e i, on+y an a,$e#t o/ o",e+-e,1 It, nat"e, a,
t%at o/ 0e0oy, i, "n3nown1 Me0oy i, e,$on,ib+e /o o" awaene,, o/ t%e $a,,age o/
ti0e1 Howe-e, $,y#%o+ogi#a+ !"ation i, #o0$o,e! o/ ot%e e+e0ent,1 Pe,ona+ity i,
$at+y 0a!e "$ o/ e#o++e#tion,1 B"t it a+,o #o0e, /o0 t%e i0$e,,ion +e/t "$on a++ o"
ogan, by e-ey $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, o $,y#%o+ogi#a+ e-ent o/ o" +i/e1 We
ob,#"e+y /ee+ t%e $a,,ing o/ !"ation1 We ae #a$ab+e o/ e,ti0ating ,"#% !"ation, in a
go,,+y a$$o.i0ati-e 0anne, in te0, o/ $%y,i#a+ ti0e1 We $e#ei-e it, /+". a,,
$e%a$,, !o 0",#"+a o ne-o", e+e0ent,1 Ea#% #e++ ty$e e#o!, $%y,i#a+ ti0e in it, own
way1 T%e -a+"e o/ ti0e /o ne-e, an! 0",#+e, i, e.$e,,e!, a, a+ea!y 0entione!, in
#%ona.ie,1 A++ anato0i#a+ e+e0ent, ae /a /o0 %a-ing t%e ,a0e #%ona.y1 T%e
i,o#%oni,0 an! %eteo#%oni,0 o/ #e++, $+ay a #a$ita+ $at in t%ei wo31 T%i, e,ti0ation
o/ ti0e by t%e ti,,"e, 0ay $o,,ib+y ea#% t%e t%e,%o+! o/ #on,#io",ne,,, an! be
e,$on,ib+e /o t%e in!e/inab+e /ee+ing in t%e !e$t%, o/ o" ,e+/ o/ ,i+ent+y /+owing wate,,
on w%i#% /+oat o" ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,,, +i3e t%e ,$ot, o/ a ,ea#%+ig%t on t%e !a3
,"/a#e o/ an i00en,e i-e1 We ea+i4e t%at we #%ange, t%at we ae not i!enti#a+ wit% o"
/o0e ,e+/1 B"t t%at we ae t%e ,a0e being1 T%e !i,tan#e /o0 w%i#% we +oo3 ba#3 "$on
t%e ,0a++ #%i+!, w%o wa, o",e+/, i, $e#i,e+y t%e !i0en,ion o/ o" ogani,0 an! o/ o"
#on,#io",ne,, w%i#% we #o0$ae to a ,$atia+ !i0en,ion1 O/ t%i, a,$e#t o/ inwa! ti0e
we 3now not%ing, e.#e$t t%at it i, bot% !e$en!ent an! in!e$en!ent o/ t%e %yt%0 o/
ogani# +i/e, an! 0o-e, 0oe an! 0oe a$i!+y a, we gow o+!e1

T%e geate,t !e,ie o/ 0en i, /o etena+ yo"t%1 2o0 Me+in !own to Cag+io,to,
Bown5Se8"a!, an! Aoono//, #%a+atan, an! ,#ienti,t, %a-e $","e! t%e ,a0e !ea0
an! ,"//ee! t%e ,a0e !e/eat1 No one %a, !i,#o-ee! t%e ,"$e0e ,e#et1 Meanw%i+e, o"
nee! o/ it i, be#o0ing 0oe an! 0oe "gent1 S#ienti/i# #i-i+i4ation %a, !e,toye! t%e
wo+! o/ t%e ,o"+1 B"t t%e ea+0 o/ 0atte i, wi!e+y o$ene! to 0an1 He 0",t, t%en, 3ee$
inta#t t%e -igo o/ %i, bo!y an! o/ %i, inte++igen#e1 On+y t%e ,tengt% o/ yo"t% gi-e, %i0
t%e $owe to ,ati,/y %i, $%y,io+ogi#a+ a$$etite, an! to #on8"e t%e o"te wo+!1 In ,o0e
0ea,"e, %owe-e, we %a-e ea+i4e! t%e an#e,ta+ !ea01 We en7oy yo"t%, o it,
a$$eaan#e, /o a 0"#% +onge ti0e t%an o" /at%e, !i!1 B"t we %a-e not ,"##ee!e! in
in#ea,ing t%e !"ation o/ o" e.i,ten#e1 A 0an o/ /oty5/i-e %a, no 0oe #%an#e o/ !ying
at t%e age o/ eig%ty yea, now t%an in t%e +a,t #ent"y1
T%i, /ai+"e o/ %ygiene an! 0e!i#ine i, a ,tange /a#t1 In ,$ite o/ t%e $oge,, a#%ie-e!
in t%e %eating, -enti+ation, an! +ig%ting o/ %o",e,, o/ !ietay %ygiene, bat%oo0,, an!
,$ot,, o/ $eio!i#a+ 0e!i#a+ e.a0ination,, an! in#ea,ing n"0be, o/ 0e!i#a+
,$e#ia+i,t,, not e-en one !ay %a, been a!!e! to t%e ,$an o/ %"0an +i/e1 Ae we to be+ie-e
t%at %ygieni,t,, #%e0i,t,, an! $%y,i#ian, ae 0i,ta3en in t%ei "+ing o/ t%e e.i,ten#e o/
t%e in!i-i!"a+, +i3e $o+iti#ian,, e#ono0i,t,, an! /inan#ie, in t%e ogani4ation o/ t%e +i/e
o/ t%e nation< A/te a++, it 0ay be t%at 0o!en #o0/ot an! %abit, i0$o,e! "$on t%e
!we++e, o/ t%e new #ity !o not agee wit% nat"a+ +aw,1 Howe-e, a 0a3e! #%ange %a,
ta3en $+a#e in t%e a$$eaan#e o/ 0en an! wo0en1 Owing to %ygiene, at%+eti#,, a+i0entay
e,ti#tion,, bea"ty $a+o,, an! to t%e ,"$e/i#ia+ a#ti-ity engen!ee! by te+e$%one an!
a"to0obi+e, a++ ae 0oe a+et t%an in /o0e ti0e,1 At /i/ty, wo0en ae ,ti++ yo"ng1
Mo!en $oge,,, %owe-e, %a, bo"g%t in it, tain #o"nte/eit 0oney a, we++ a, go+!1
W%en t%ei -i,age,, +i/te! an! ,0oot%e! by t%e bea"ty ,"geon, again be#o0e /+abby,
w%en 0a,,age no +onge $e-ai+, again,t in-a!ing /at, t%o,e wo0en w%o,e a$$eaan#e
%a, been gi+i,% /o ,o 0any yea, +oo3 o+!e t%an t%ei gan!0ot%e, !i! at t%e ,a0e age1
T%e $,e"!o5yo"ng 0en, w%o $+ay tenni, an! !an#e a, at twenty yea,, w%o !i,#a! t%ei
o+! wi/e an! 0ay a yo"ng wo0an, ae +iab+e to ,o/tening o/ t%e bain, an! to !i,ea,e, o/
t%e %eat an! t%e 3i!ney,, So0eti0e, t%ey !ie ,"!!en+y in t%ei be!, in t%ei o//i#e, on t%e
go+/5+in3,, at an age w%en t%ei an#e,to, wee ,ti++ ti++ing t%ei +an! o 0anaging t%ei
b",ine,, wit% a /i0 %an!1 T%e #a",e, o/ t%i, /ai+"e o/ 0o!en +i/e ae not e.a#t+y
3nown1 In!ee!, %ygieni,t, an! $%y,i#ian, #annot be %e+! e,$on,ib+e /o it1 T%e
$e0at"e weaing o"t o/ 0o!en 0en i, $obab+y !"e to woie,, +a#3 o/ e#ono0i#
,e#"ity, o-ewo3, ab,en#e o/ 0oa+ !i,#i$+ine, an! e.#e,,e, o/ a++ ,ot,1
A bette 3now+e!ge o/ t%e 0e#%ani,0, o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ !"ation #o"+! bing a ,o+"tion
o/ t%e $ob+e0 o/ +onge-ity1 B"t t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an i, ,ti++ too "!i0entay to be ",e/"+1
We 0",t, t%en, a,#etain, in a $"e+y e0$ii#a+ 0anne, w%et%e +i/e #an be 0a!e +onge1
T%e $e,en#e o/ a /ew #entenaian, in e-ey #o"nty !e0on,tate, t%e e.tent o/ o"
te0$oa+ $otentia+itie,1 No $a#ti#a+ #on#+",ion,, %owe-e, %a-e e,"+te! ,o5/a /o0 t%e
ob,e-ation o/ t%e,e #entenaian,1 Ob-io",+y, +onge-ity i, %ee!itay1 B"t it !e$en!, a+,o
on t%e #on!ition, o/ !e-e+o$0ent1 W%en !e,#en!ant, o/ /a0i+ie, w%ee +onge-ity i, ","a+
#o0e to !we++ in +age #itie,, t%ey genea++y +o,e, in one o two geneation,, t%e #a$a#ity
o/ +i-ing to be o+!1 A ,t"!y o/ ani0a+, o/ $"e ,to#3 an! o/ we++53nown an#e,ta+
#on,tit"tion wo"+! $obab+y ,%ow in w%at 0ea,"e en-ion0ent 0ay a"g0ent t%e ,$an
o/ e.i,ten#e1 In #etain a#e, o/ 0i#e, 0ate! between bot%e, an! ,i,te, o-e 0any
geneation,, t%e !"ation o/ +i/e e0ain, 8"ite #on,tant1 Howe-e, i/ one $+a#e, t%e
ani0a+, in +age $en,, in a ,tate o/ ,e0i5+ibety, in,tea! o/ 3ee$ing t%e0 in #age,, an!
a++ow, t%e0 to b"ow an! et"n to 0oe $i0iti-e #on!ition, o/ e.i,ten#e, t%ey !ie
0"#% ea+ie1 W%en #etain ,"b,tan#e, ae e0o-e! /o0 t%e !iet, +onge-ity i, a+,o /o"n!
to !e#ea,e1 On t%e #ontay, +i/e +engt%en, i/ t%e ani0a+, ae gi-en #etain /oo! o
,"b7e#te! to /a,ting !"ing #etain /i.e! $eio!, /o ,e-ea+ geneation,1 It i, e-i!ent t%at
,i0$+e #%ange, in t%e 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e ae #a$ab+e o/ in/+"en#ing t%e !"ation o/ +i/e1
Man;, +onge-ity #o"+! $obab+y be a"g0ente! by ana+ogo",, o ot%e, $o#e!"e,1
We 0",t not yie+! to t%e te0$tation to ",e b+in!+y /o t%i, $"$o,e t%e 0ean, $+a#e! at
o" !i,$o,a+ by 0e!i#ine1 Longe-ity i, on+y !e,iab+e i/ it in#ea,e, t%e !"ation o/ yo"t%,
an! not t%at o/ o+! age1 T%e +engt%ening o/ t%e ,ene,#ent $eio! wo"+! be a #a+a0ity1 T%e
aging in!i-i!"a+, w%en not #a$ab+e o/ $o-i!ing /o %i0,e+/, i, an en#"0ban#e to %i,
/a0i+y an! to t%e #o00"nity1 I/ a++ 0en +i-e! to be one %"n!e! yea, o+!1 t%e yo"nge
0e0be, o/ t%e $o$"+ation #o"+! not ,"$$ot ,"#% a %ea-y b"!en1 Be/oe atte0$ting to
$o+ong +i/e, we 0",t !i,#o-e 0et%o!, /o #on,e-ing ogani# an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie, to
t%e e-e o/ !eat%1 It i, i0$eati-e t%at t%e n"0be o/ t%e !i,ea,e!, t%e $aa+y4e!, t%e wea3,
an! t%e in,ane ,%o"+! not be a"g0ente!1 Be,i!e,, it wo"+! not be wi,e to gi-e e-eybo!y
a +ong e.i,ten#e1 T%e !ange o/ in#ea,ing t%e 8"antity o/ %"0an being, wit%o"t ega! to
t%ei 8"a+ity i, we++ 3nown1 W%y ,%o"+! 0oe yea, be a!!e! to t%e +i/e o/ $e,on, w%o
ae "n%a$$y, ,e+/i,%, ,t"$i!, an! ",e+e,,< T%e n"0be o/ #entenaian, 0",t not be
a"g0ente! "nti+ we #an $e-ent inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ !e#ay, an! a+,o t%e +ingeing
!i,ea,e, o/ o+! age1
!
It wo"+! be 0oe ",e/"+ to !i,#o-e a 0et%o! /o e7"-enating in!i-i!"a+, w%o,e
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ 8"a+itie, 7",ti/y ,"#% a 0ea,"e1 Re7"-enation #an be #on#ei-e!
a, a #o0$+ete e-e,a+ o/ inwa! ti0e1 T%e ,"b7e#t wo"+! be #aie! ba#3 to a $e-io",
,tage o/ %i, +i/e by ,o0e o$eation1 One wo"+! a0$"tate a $at o/ %i, /o"t% !i0en,ion1
Howe-e, /o $a#ti#a+ $"$o,e,, e7"-enation ,%o"+! be gi-en a 0oe e,ti#te! 0eaning
an! be #on,i!ee! a, an in#o0$+ete e-e,a+ o/ !"ation1 T%e !ie#tion o/ $,y#%o+ogi#a+
ti0e wo"+! not be #%ange!1 Me0oy wo"+! $e,i,t1 Ti,,"e, an! %"0o, wo"+! be
e7"-enate!1 Wit% t%e %e+$ o/ ogan, in $o,,e,,ion o/ t%ei yo"t%/"+ -igo, t%e ,"b7e#t
#o"+! "ti+i4e t%e e.$eien#e a#8"ie! in t%e #o",e o/ a +ong +i/e1 T%e wo! e7"-enation,
w%en ",e! in #onne#tion wit% t%e e.$ei0ent, an! o$eation, #aie! o"t by Steina#%,
Aoono//, an! ot%e,, e/e, to an i0$o-e0ent in t%e genea+ #on!ition o/ t%e $atient,, to
a /ee+ing o/ ,tengt% an! o/ ,$ig%t+ine,,, to a e-i-a+ o/ t%e ,e."a+ /"n#tion,1 B"t ,"#%
#%ange, o##"ing in an o+! 0an a/te t%e teat0ent !o not 0ean t%at e7"-enation %a,
ta3en $+a#e1 St"!ie, o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ #o0$o,ition o/ t%e b+oo! ,e"0, an! o/ it,
$%y,io+ogi#a+ ea#tion,, ae t%e on+y 0ean, o/ !ete#ting a e-e,a+ o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ age1 A
$e0anent in#ea,e in t%e gowt% in!e. o/ ,e"0 wo"+! !e0on,tate t%e ea+ity o/ e,"+t,
#+ai0e! by t%e ,"geon,1 2o e7"-enation i, e8"i-a+ent to #etain $%y,io+ogi#a+ an!
#%e0i#a+ 0o!i/i#ation, 0ea,"ab+e in b+oo! $+a,0a1 Ne-et%e+e,,, t%e ab,en#e o/ ,"#%
/in!ing, !oe, not ne#e,,ai+y 0ean t%at t%e age o/ t%e ,"b7e#t %a, not !e#ea,e!1 O"
te#%ni8"e, ae ,ti++ /a /o0 $e/e#t1 T%ey #annot e-ea+, in an o+! in!i-i!"a+, a e-e,a+ o/
$%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e o/ +e,, t%an ,e-ea+ yea,1 I/ a /o"teen5yea5o+! !og wee bo"g%t
ba#3 to t%e age o/ ten, t%e #%ange in t%e gowt% in!e. o/ %i, ,e"0 wo"+! be %a!+y
!i,#enib+e1
A0ong t%e an#ient 0e!i#a+ ,"$e,tition,, t%ee wa, a $e,i,tent be+ie/ in t%e -it"e o/
yo"ng b+oo!, in it, $owe to i0$at yo"t% to an o+! an! won5o"t bo!y1 Po$e Inno#ent
AIII %a! t%e b+oo! o/ t%ee yo"ng 0en tan,/",e! into %i, -ein,1 B"t a/te t%i, o$eation,
%e !ie!1 A, it i, 8"ite +i3e+y t%at !eat% wa, !"e to a te#%ni#a+ a##i!ent, $e%a$, t%e i!ea
!e,e-e, e#on,i!eation1 T%e into!"#tion o/ yo"ng b+oo! into an o+! ogani,0 0ig%t
bing abo"t /a-oab+e #%ange,1 It i, ,tange t%at ,"#% an o$eation %a, not been tie!
again1 T%i, o0i,,ion i, !"e, $o,,ib+y, to t%e /a#t t%at en!o#ine g+an!, %a-e gaine! t%e
/a-o o/ t%e $%y,i#ian,1 Bown5SK8"a!, a/te %a-ing in7e#te! into %i0,e+/ a /e,% e.ta#t
o/ te,ti#+e, be+ie-e! t%at %e wa, e7"-enate!1 T%i, !i,#o-ey bo"g%t %i0 -ey geat /a0e1
Howe-e, %e !ie! ,%ot+y a/tewa!,1 B"t /ait% in t%e te,ti#+e a, an agent o/ e7"-enation
,"-i-e!1 Steina#% atte0$te! to !e0on,tate t%at t%e +igat"e o/ it, !"#t ,ti0"+ate, t%e
g+an!1 He $e/o0e! t%i, o$eation on 0any o+! 0en1 B"t t%e e,"+t, wee !o"bt/"+1
Bown5SK8"a!;, i!ea wa, ta3en "$ again an! e.ten!e! by Aoono//1 T%e +atte, in,tea!
o/ ,i0$+y in7e#ting te,ti#"+a e.ta#t,, ga/te! in o+! 0en, o 0en $e0at"e+y age!,
te,ti#+e, /o0 #%i0$an4ee,1 It i, in#onte,tab+e t%at t%e o$eation wa, /o++owe! by an
i0$o-e0ent in t%e genea+ #on!ition an! t%e ,e."a+ /"n#tion, o/ t%e $atient,1 B"t t%e
te,ti#+e o/ a #%i0$an4ee !oe, not +i-e +ong in a 0an1 @"ing t%e $o#e,, o/ !egeneation,
it 0ay ,et /ee #etain ,e#etoy $o!"#t,, an! t%e,e ,"b,tan#e,, $a,,ing into t%e
#i#"+ating b+oo!, $obab+y a#ti-ate t%e ,e."a+ an! ot%e en!o#ine g+an!, o/ t%e ,"b7e#t1
S"#% o$eation, !o not gi-e +a,ting e,"+t,1 O+! age, a, we 3now, i, !"e to $o/o"n!
0o!i/i#ation, o/ a++ t%e ti,,"e, an! %"0o,, an! not to t%e !e/i#ien#y o/ a ,ing+e g+an!1
T%e +o,, o/ a#ti-ity o/ t%e ,e."a+ g+an!, i, not t%e #a",e o/ ,ene,#en#e, b"t one o/ it,
#on,e8"en#e,1 It i, $obab+e t%at neit%e Steina#% no Aoono// %a, e-e ob,e-e! t"e
e7"-enation1 B"t t%ei /ai+"e !oe, not by any 0ean, ,igni/y t%at e7"-enation i, /oe-e
i0$o,,ib+e to obtain1
We #an be+ie-e t%at a $atia+ e-e,a+ o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e wi++ be#o0e ea+i4ab+e1
@"ation, a, a+ea!y 0entione!, #on,i,t, o/ #etain ,t"#t"a+ an! /"n#tiona+ $o#e,,e,1
T"e age !e$en!, on $oge,,i-e #%ange, o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! %"0o,1 Ti,,"e, an! %"0o,
ae one an! t%e ,a0e ,y,te01 I/ an o+! 0an wee gi-en t%e g+an!, o/ a ,ti++5bon in/ant
an! t%e b+oo! o/ a yo"ng 0an, %e wo"+! $o,,ib+y be e7"-enate!1 Many te#%ni#a+
!i//i#"+tie, e0ain to be o-e#o0e be/oe ,"#% an o$eation #an be "n!eta3en1 We %a-e
no way o/ ,e+e#ting ogan, ,"itab+e to a gi-en in!i-i!"a+1 T%ee i, no $o#e!"e /o
en!eing ti,,"e, #a$ab+e o/ a!a$ting t%e0,e+-e, to t%e bo!y o/ t%ei %o,t in a !e/initi-e
0anne1 B"t t%e $oge,, o/ ,#ien#e i, ,wi/t1 Wit% t%e ai! o/ t%e 0et%o!, a+ea!y e.i,ting,
an! o/ t%o,e w%i#% wi++ be !i,#o-ee!, we 0",t $","e t%e ,ea#% /o t%e geat ,e#et1
Man wi++ ne-e tie o/ ,ee3ing i00ota+ity1 He wi++ not attain it, be#a",e %e i, bo"n! by
#etain +aw, o/ %i, ogani# #on,tit"tion1 He 0ay ,"##ee! in eta!ing, $e%a$, e-en in
e-e,ing in ,o0e 0ea,"e, t%e ine.oab+e a!-an#e o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e1 Ne-e wi++ %e
-an8"i,% !eat%1 @eat% i, t%e $i#e %e %a, to $ay /o %i, bain an! %i, $e,ona+ity1 B"t
,o0e !ay, 0e!i#ine wi++ tea#% %i0 t%at o+! age, /ee /o0 !i,ea,e, o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e
,o"+, i, not to be /eae!1 To i++ne,,, an! not to ,ene,#en#e, ae !"e 0o,t o/ o" woe,1
$
T%e %"0an ,igni/i#an#e o/ $%y,i#a+ ti0e i, bo"n! nat"a++y to t%e nat"e o/ inne ti0e1
We %a-e a+ea!y 0entione! t%at $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e i, a /+". o/ ie-e,ib+e #%ange, o/ t%e
ti,,"e, an! %"0o,1 It 0ay be a$$o.i0ate+y 0ea,"e! in ,$e#ia+ "nit,, ea#% "nit being
e8"i-a+ent to a #etain /"n#tiona+ 0o!i/i#ation o/ b+oo! ,e"01 It, #%aa#tei,ti#, !e$en!
on t%e ,t"#t"e o/ t%e ogani,0 an! on t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e, #onne#te! wit% ,"#%
,t"#t"e1 T%ey ae ,$e#i/i# o/ ea#% ,$e#ie,, o/ ea#% in!i-i!"a+, an! o/ t%e age o/ ea#%
in!i-i!"a+1
P%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e i, genea++y e/ee! to $%y,i#a+ ti0e, to t%e ti0e o/ a #+o#3,
ina,0"#% a, we ae $at o/ t%e 0ateia+ wo+!1 T%e nat"a+ $eio!, o/ o" +i/e ae
0ea,"e! in !ay, o yea,1 In/an#y, #%i+!%oo!, an! a!o+e,#en#e +a,t abo"t eig%teen yea,1
Mat"ity an! o+! age, /i/ty o ,i.ty yea,1 T%",, 0an #on,i,t, o/ a bie/ $eio! o/
!e-e+o$0ent an! o/ a +ong $eio! o/ #o0$+etion an! !e#ay1 On t%e #ontay, $%y,i#a+
ti0e 0ay be e/ee! to $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e, an! t%e ti0e o/ a #+o#3 e.$e,,e! in te0, o/
%"0an !"ation1 T%en, a ,tange $%eno0enon o##",1 P%y,i#a+ ti0e +o,e, t%e "ni/o0ity
o/ it, -a+"e1 T%e #ontent o/ a yea in "nit, o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e be#o0e, -aiab+e1 It i,
!i//eent /o ea#% in!i-i!"a+, an! /o ea#% $eio! o/ an in!i-i!"a+;, +i/e1
One $e#ei-e,, 0oe o +e,, #+ea+y, t%e #%ange, in t%e -a+"e o/ $%y,i#a+ ti0e, w%i#%
o##" in t%e #o",e o/ one;, +i/e1 T%e !ay, o/ o" #%i+!%oo! ,ee0e! -ey ,+ow, an! t%o,e
o/ o" 0at"ity ae !i,#on#eting+y a$i!1 Po,,ib+y we e.$eien#e t%i, /ee+ing be#a",e we
"n#on,#io",+y $+a#e $%y,i#a+ ti0e in t%e /a0e o/ o" !"ation1 An!, nat"a++y, $%y,i#a+
ti0e ,ee0, to -ay in-e,e+y to it1 T%e %yt%0 o/ o" !"ation ,+ow, !own $oge,,i-e+y1
P%y,i#a+ ti0e g+i!e, a+ong at a "ni/o0 ate1 It i, +i3e a +age i-e /+owing t%o"g% a
$+ain1 At t%e !awn o/ %i, +i/e, 0an bi,3+y "n, a+ong t%e ban31 An! %e goe, /a,te t%an
t%e ,tea01 Towa! 0i!!ay, %i, $a#e ,+a#3en,1 T%e wate, now g+i!e a, ,$ee!i+y a, %e
wa+3,1 W%en nig%t /a++,, 0an i, tie!1 T%e ,tea0 a##e+eate, t%e ,wi/tne,, o/ it, /+ow1
Man !o$, /a be%in!1 T%en %e ,to$,, an! +ie, !own /oe-e1 An! t%e i-e ine.oab+y
#ontin"e, on it, #o",e1 In /a#t, t%e i-e ne-e a##e+eate, it, /+ow1 On+y t%e $oge,,i-e
,+a#3ening o/ o" $a#e i, e,$on,ib+e /o t%i, i++",ion1 T%e ,ee0ing +engt% o/ t%e /i,t $at
o/ o" e.i,ten#e an! t%e be-ity o/ t%e +a,t 0ay a+,o be !"e to t%e we++53nown /a#t t%at,
/o t%e #%i+! an! /o t%e o+! 0an, a yea e$e,ent, 8"ite !i//eent $o$otion, o/ t%e $a,t1
It i, 0oe $obab+e, %owe-e, t%at o" #on,#io",ne,, -ag"e+y $e#ei-e, t%e ,+owing !own
o/ o" ti0e, t%at i,, o/ o" $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,1 An! t%at ea#% one o/ ", "n, a+ong t%e
ban3 an! +oo3, at t%e ,tea0ing wate, o/ $%y,i#a+ ti0e1
T%e -a+"e o/ t%e !ay, o/ ea+y #%i+!%oo! i, -ey geat1 E-ey 0o0ent ,%o"+! be "ti+i4e!
/o e!"#ation1 T%e wa,te o/ t%i, $eio! o/ +i/e #an ne-e be #o0$en,ate!1 In,tea! o/ being
a++owe! to gow +i3e $+ant, o +itt+e ani0a+,, #%i+!en ,%o"+! be t%e ob7e#t o/ t%e 0o,t
en+ig%tene! taining1 B"t t%i, taining #a++, /o a $o/o"n! 3now+e!ge o/ $%y,io+ogy an!
$,y#%o+ogy, w%i#% 0o!en e!"#ato, %a-e not yet been gi-en t%e o$$ot"nity o/
a#8"iing1 T%e !e#+ining yea, o/ 0at"ity an! ,ene,#en#e %a-e +itt+e $%y,io+ogi#a+ -a+"e1
T%ey ae a+0o,t e0$ty o/ ogani# an! 0enta+ #%ange,1 T%ey %a-e to be /i++e! wit%
ati/i#ia+ a#ti-itie,1 T%e aging 0an ,%o"+! neit%e ,to$ wo3ing no etie1 Ina#tion /"t%e
i0$o-ei,%e, t%e #ontent o/ ti0e1 Lei,"e i, e-en 0oe !angeo", /o t%e o+! t%an /o t%e
yo"ng1 To t%o,e w%o,e /o#e, ae !e#+ining, a$$o$iate wo3 ,%o"+! be gi-en1 B"t not
e,t1 Neit%e ,%o"+! $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e, be ,ti0"+ate! at t%i, 0o0ent1 It i, $e/eab+e
to %i!e t%ei ,+owne,, "n!e a n"0be o/ $,y#%o+ogi#a+ e-ent,1 I/ o" !ay, ae /i++e! wit%
0enta+ an! ,$iit"a+ a!-ent"e,, t%ey g+i!e 0"#% +e,, a$i!+y1 T%ey 0ay e-en e#o-e t%e
$+enit"!e o/ t%o,e o/ yo"t%1
%
@"ation i, we!!e! to 0an, +i3e t%e ,%a$e to t%e 0ab+e o/ t%e ,tat"e1 Man e/e, a++ t%e
e-ent, o/ %i, wo+! to %i0,e+/1 He ",e, %i, ,$an o/ +i/e a, a ti0e "nit in %i, e,ti0ation o/
t%e age o/ t%e eat%, o/ t%e %"0an a#e, o/ #i-i+i4ation, o/ t%e +engt% o/ %i, own
"n!eta3ing,1 Ne-et%e+e,,, an in!i-i!"a+ an! a nation #annot be $+a#e! in t%e ,a0e
te0$oa+ ,#a+e1 So#ia+ $ob+e0, ,%o"+! not be #on,i!ee! in t%e ,a0e +ig%t a, in!i-i!"a+
one,1 T%ey e-o+-e -ey ,+ow+y1 O" ob,e-ation, an! o" e.$eien#e, ae a+way, too
,%ot1 2o t%i, ea,on, t%ey %a-e +itt+e ,igni/i#an#e1 T%e e,"+t, o/ a 0o!i/i#ation in t%e
0ateia+ an! 0enta+ #on!ition, o/ t%e e.i,ten#e o/ a $o$"+ation ae+y 0ani/e,t
t%e0,e+-e, in +e,, t%an a #ent"y1 Howe-e, t%e in-e,tigation o/ t%e geat bio+ogi#a+
8"e,tion, i, #on/ine! to i,o+ate! in!i-i!"a+,1 T%ee i, no $o-i,ion /o t%e #ontin"ation o/
t%ei wo3 w%en t%ey !ie1 In a +i3e 0anne, ,#ienti/i# an! $o+iti#a+ in,tit"tion, ae
#on#ei-e! in te0, o/ in!i-i!"a+ !"ation1 T%e Ro0an Cat%o+i# C%"#% i, t%e on+y
ogani4ation to %a-e ea+i4e! t%at t%e $oge,, o/ %"0anity i, -ey ,+ow, t%at t%e $a,,ing
o/ a geneation i, an in,igni/i#ant e-ent in t%e %i,toy o/ t%e wo+!1 In t%e e-o+"tion o/
0an3in!, t%e !"ation o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ i, ina!e8"ate a, a "nit o/ te0$oa+ 0ea,"e1 T%e
a!-ent o/ ,#ienti/i# #i-i+i4ation ne#e,,itate, a /e,% !i,#",,ion o/ a++ /"n!a0enta+
,"b7e#t,1 We ae witne,,ing o" own 0oa+, inte++e#t"a+, an! ,o#ia+ /ai+"e1 We %a-e been
+i-ing "n!e t%e !e+",ion t%at !e0o#a#ie, wo"+! ,"-i-e t%o"g% t%e wea3 an! ,%ot5
,ig%te! e//ot, o/ t%e ignoant1 We begin to "n!e,tan! t%at t%ey ae !e#aying1 Pob+e0,
in-o+-ing t%e /"t"e o/ t%e geat a#e, !e0an! a ,o+"tion1 It i, now i0$eati-e to $e$ae
/o !i,tant e-ent,, to 0o+! yo"ng geneation, wit% a !i//eent i!ea+1 T%e go-en0ent o/
nation, by 0en w%o e,ti0ate ti0e in /"n#tion o/ t%ei own !"ation +ea!,, a, we we++
3now, to #on/",ion an! to /ai+"e1 We %a-e to ,tet#% o" te0$oa+ o"t+oo3 beyon!
o",e+-e,1
On t%e #ontay, in t%e ogani4ation o/ tan,itoy ,o#ia+ go"$,, ,"#% a, a #+a,, o/
#%i+!en, o a gang o/ wo30en, in!i-i!"a+ ti0e a+one 0",t be ta3en into a##o"nt1 T%e
0e0be, o/ a go"$ ae ob+ige! to wo3 at t%e ,a0e %yt%01 T%e inte++e#t"a+ a#ti-ity o/
,#%oo+ #%i+!en #o0$o,ing a #+a,, 0",t be o/ $a#ti#a++y t%e ,a0e ,tan!a!1 In /a#toie,,
ban3,, ,toe,, "ni-e,itie,, et#1, t%e wo3e, ae ,"$$o,e! to a##o0$+i,% a #etain ta,3 in a
#etain ti0e1 T%o,e w%o,e ,tengt% !e#+ine, on a##o"nt o/ age o i++ne,, i0$e!e t%e
$oge,, o/ t%e w%o+e1 So /a, %"0an being, ae #+a,,i/ie! a##o!ing to t%ei
#%ono+ogi#a+ age1 C%i+!en o/ t%e ,a0e age ae $+a#e! in t%e ,a0e #+a,,1 T%e !ate o/
etie0ent i, a+,o !ete0ine! by t%e age o/ t%e wo3e1 It i, 3nown, %owe-e, t%at t%e t"e
#on!ition o/ an in!i-i!"a+ !oe, not !e$en! on %i, #%ono+ogi#a+ age1 In #etain ty$e, o/
o##"$ation, in!i-i!"a+, ,%o"+! be go"$e! a##o!ing to $%y,io+ogi#a+ age1 P"bety %a,
been ",e! a, a way o/ #+a,,i/ying #%i+!en in ,o0e New :o3 ,#%oo+,1 B"t t%ee ae ,ti++
no 0ean, o/ a,#etaining at w%at ti0e a 0an ,%o"+! be $en,ione!1 Neit%e i, t%ee any
genea+ 0et%o! o/ 0ea,"ing t%e ate o/ t%e ogani# an! 0enta+ !e#+ine o/ a gi-en
in!i-i!"a+1 Howe-e, $%y,io+ogi#a+ te,t, %a-e been !e-e+o$e! by w%i#% t%e #on!ition o/ a
/+ye #an be a##"ate+y e,ti0ate!1 Pi+ot, ae etie! a##o!ing to t%ei $%y,io+ogi#a+, an!
not t%ei #%ono+ogi#a+, age1
:o"ng an! o+! $eo$+e, a+t%o"g% in t%e ,a0e egion o/ ,$a#e, +i-e in !i//eent te0$oa+
wo+!,1 We ae ine.oab+y ,e$aate! by age /o0 one anot%e1 A 0ot%e ne-e ,"##ee!,
in being a ,i,te to %e !a"g%te1 It i, i0$o,,ib+e /o #%i+!en to "n!e,tan! t%ei $aent,,
an! ,ti++ +e,, t%ei gan!$aent,1 Ob-io",+y, t%e in!i-i!"a+, be+onging to /o" ,"##e,,i-e
geneation, ae $o/o"n!+y %eteo#%oni#1 An o+! 0an an! %i, geat5gan!,on ae
#o0$+ete ,tange,1 T%e ,%ote t%e te0$oa+ !i,tan#e ,e$aating two geneation,, t%e
,tonge 0ay be t%e 0oa+ in/+"en#e o/ t%e o+!e o-e t%e yo"nge1 Wo0en ,%o"+! be
0ot%e, w%en t%ey ae ,ti++ -ey yo"ng1 T%",, t%ey wo"+! not be i,o+ate! /o0 t%ei
#%i+!en by a te0$oa+ ga$ too geat to be bi!ge!, e-en by +o-e1
&
2o0 t%e #on#e$t o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e !ei-e #etain "+e, o/ o" a#tion on %"0an
being,1 Ogani# an! 0enta+ !e-e+o$0ent, ae not ine.oab+e1 T%ey #an be 0o!i/ie!, in
,o0e 0ea,"e, a##o!ing to o" wi++, be#a",e we ae a 0o-e0ent, a ,"##e,,ion o/
,"$e$o,e! $atten, in t%e /a0e o/ o" i!entity1 A+t%o"g% 0an i, a #+o,e! wo+!, %i,
o"t,i!e an! in,i!e /ontie, ae o$en to 0any $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+
agent,1 An! t%o,e agent, ae #a$ab+e o/ 0o!i/ying o" ti,,"e, an! o" 0in!1 T%e
0o0ent, t%e 0o!e, an! t%e %yt%0 o/ o" inte-ention, !e$en! on t%e ,t"#t"e o/
$%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e1 O" te0$oa+ !i0en,ion e.ten!, #%ie/+y !"ing #%i+!%oo!, w%en
/"n#tiona+ $o#e,,e, ae 0o,t a#ti-e1 T%en, ogan, an! 0in! ae $+a,ti#1 T%ei /o0ation
#an e//e#ti-e+y be ai!e!1 A, ogani# e-ent, %a$$en ea#% !ay in geat n"0be,, t%ei
gowing 0a,, #an e#ei-e ,"#% ,%a$e a, it ,ee0, $o$e to i0$e,, $e0anent+y "$on t%e
in!i-i!"a+1 T%e 0o+!ing o/ t%e ogani,0 a##o!ing to a ,e+e#te! $atten 0",t ta3e into
a##o"nt t%e nat"e o/ !"ation, t%e #on,tit"tion o/ o" te0$oa+ !i0en,ion1 O"
inte-ention, %a-e to be 0a!e in t%e #a!en#e o/ inne ti0e1 Man i, +i3e a -i,#o", +i8"i!
/+owing into t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""01 He #annot in,tantaneo",+y #%ange %i, !ie#tion1 We
,%o"+! not en!ea-o to 0o!i/y %i, 0enta+ an! ,t"#t"a+ /o0 by o"g% $o#e!"e,, a,
one ,%a$e, a ,tat"e o/ 0ab+e by b+ow, o/ t%e %a00e1 S"gi#a+ o$eation, a+one $o!"#e
in ti,,"e, ,"!!en a+teation, w%i#% ae bene/i#ia+1 An! ,ti++, e#o-ey /o0 t%e 8"i#3 wo3
o/ t%e 3ni/e i, ,+ow1 No $o/o"n! #%ange, o/ t%e bo!y a, a w%o+e #an be obtaine! a$i!+y1
O" a#tion 0",t b+en! wit% t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,, ,"b,tat"0 o/ inne ti0e, by
/o++owing t%ei own %yt%01 2o in,tan#e, it i, ",e+e,, to a!0ini,te to a #%i+! a +age
8"antity o/ #o!5+i-e oi+ in a ,ing+e !o,e1 B"t a ,0a++ a0o"nt o/ t%i, e0e!y, gi-en ea#%
!ay /o ,e-ea+ 0ont%,, 0o!i/ie, t%e !i0en,ion, an! t%e /o0 o/ t%e ,3e+eton1 Li3ewi,e,
t%e 0enta+ /a#to, a#t on+y in a $oge,,i-e 0anne1 O" inte-ention, in t%e b"i+!ing "$
o/ bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,, %a-e t%ei /"++ e//e#t, on+y w%en t%ey #on/o0 to t%e +aw, o/
o" !"ation1
A #%i+! 0ay be #o0$ae! to a boo3, w%i#% /o++ow, any #%ange in it, be!1 T%e boo3
$e,i,t, in it, i!entity, in ,$ite o/ t%e !i-e,ity o/ it, /o0,1 It 0ay be#o0e a +a3e o a
toent1 Un!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ en-ion0ent, $e,ona+ity 0ay ,$ea! an! be#o0e -ey
t%in, o #on#entate an! a#8"ie geat ,tengt%1 T%e gowt% o/ $e,ona+ity in-o+-e, a
#on,tant ti00ing o/ o" ,e+/1 At t%e beginning o/ +i/e, 0an i, en!owe! wit% -a,t
$otentia+itie,1 He i, +i0ite! in %i, !e-e+o$0ent on+y by t%e e.ten,ib+e /ontie, o/ %i,
an#e,ta+ $e!i,$o,ition,1 B"t at ea#% in,tant %e %a, to 0a3e a #%oi#e1 An! ea#% #%oi#e
t%ow, into not%ingne,, one o/ %i, $otentia+itie,1 He %a, o/ ne#e,,ity to ,e+e#t one o/ t%e
,e-ea+ oa!, o$en to t%e wan!eing, o/ %i, e.i,ten#e, to t%e e.#+",ion o/ a++ ot%e,1 T%",,
%e !e$i-e, %i0,e+/ o/ ,eeing t%e #o"ntie, w%eein %e #o"+! %a-e ta-e+e! a+ong t%e
ot%e oa!,1 In o" in/an#y we #ay wit%in o",e+-e, n"0eo", -it"a+ being,, w%o !ie
one by one1 In o" o+! age, we ae ,"o"n!e! by an e,#ot o/ t%o,e we #o"+! %a-e been,
o/ a++ o" abote! $otentia+itie,1 E-ey 0an i, a /+"i! t%at be#o0e, ,o+i!, a tea,"e t%at
gow, $ooe, a %i,toy in t%e 0a3ing, a $e,ona+ity t%at i, being #eate!1 An! o"
$oge,,, o o" !i,integation, !e$en!, on $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ /a#to,,
on -i",e, an! ba#teia, on $,y#%o+ogi#a+ in/+"en#e,, an!, /ina++y, on o" own wi++1 We
ae #on,tant+y being 0a!e by o" en-ion0ent an! by o" ,e+/1 An! !"ation i, t%e -ey
0ateia+ o/ ogani# an! 0enta+ +i/e, a, it 0ean, 6in-ention, #eation o/ /o0,, #ontin"a+
e+aboation o/ t%e ab,o+"te+y new16
E

E
Beg,on, Heni, loc. cit.# &&1
C%a$te AI
A@APTIAE 2UNCTIONS


1
THERE i, a ,ti3ing #onta,t between t%e !"abi+ity o/ o" bo!y an! t%e tan,itoy
#%aa#te o/ it, e+e0ent,1 Man i, #o0$o,e! o/ a ,o/t, a+teab+e 0atte, ,",#e$tib+e o/
!i,integating in a /ew %o",1 Howe-e, %e +a,t, +onge t%an i/ 0a!e o/ ,tee+1 Not on+y
!oe, %e +a,t, b"t %e #ea,e+e,,+y o-e#o0e, t%e !i//i#"+tie, an! !ange, o/ t%e o"t,i!e
wo+!1 He a##o00o!ate, %i0,e+/, 0"#% bette t%an t%e ot%e ani0a+, !o, to t%e #%anging
#on!ition, o/ %i, en-ion0ent1 He $e,i,t, in +i-ing, !e,$ite $%y,i#a+, e#ono0i#, an!
,o#ia+ "$%ea-a+,1 S"#% en!"an#e i, !"e to a -ey $ati#"+a 0o!e o/ a#ti-ity o/ %i,
ti,,"e, an! %"0o,1 T%e bo!y ,ee0, to 0o+! it,e+/ on e-ent,1 In,tea! o/ weaing o"t, it
#%ange,1 O" ogan, a+way, i0$o-i,e 0ean, o/ 0eeting e-ey new ,it"ation1 An! t%e,e
0ean, ae ,"#% t%at t%ey ten! to gi-e ", a 0a.i0"0 !"ation1 T%e $%y,io+ogi#a+
$o#e,,e,, w%i#% ae t%e ,"b,tat"0 o/ inne ti0e, a+way, in#+ine in t%e !ie#tion +ea!ing
to t%e +onge,t ,"-i-a+ o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%i, ,tange /"n#tion, t%i, wat#%/"+ a"to0ati,0,
0a3e, $o,,ib+e %"0an e.i,ten#e wit% it, ,$e#i/i# #%aa#te,1 It i, #a++e! a!a$tation1
A++ $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie, ae en!owe! wit% t%e $o$ety o/ being a!a$ti-e1
A!a$tation, t%ee/oe, a,,"0e, inn"0eab+e /o0,1 Howe-e, it, a,$e#t, 0ay be go"$e!
into two #ategoie,, intaogani# an! e.taogani#1 Intaogani# a!a$tation i, e,$on,ib+e
/o t%e #on,tan#y o/ t%e ogani# 0e!i"0 an! o/ t%e e+ation, o/ ti,,"e, an! %"0o,1 It
!ete0ine, t%e #oe+ation o/ t%e ogan,1 It bing, abo"t t%e a"to0ati# e$ai o/ ti,,"e,
an! t%e #"e o/ !i,ea,e,1 E.taogani# a!a$tation a!7",t, t%e in!i-i!"a+ to t%e $%y,i#a+,
$,y#%o+ogi#a+, an! e#ono0i# wo+!1 It a++ow, %i0 to ,"-i-e in ,$ite o/ t%e "n/a-oab+e
#on!ition, o/ %i, en-ion0ent1 Un!e t%e,e two a,$e#t,, t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, ae at
wo3 !"ing ea#% in,tant o/ o" w%o+e +i/e1 T%ey ae t%e in!i,$en,ab+e ba,i, o/ o"
!"ation1
2
W%ate-e o" ,"//eing,, o" 7oy,, an! t%e agitation o/ t%e wo+! 0ay be, o" ogan, !o
not 0o!i/y t%ei inwa! %yt%0 to any geat e.tent1 T%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, o/ t%e #e++,
an! t%e %"0o, #ontin"e i0$et"bab+y1 T%e b+oo! $"+,ate, in t%e ateie, an! /+ow, at an
a+0o,t #on,tant ,$ee! in t%e inn"0eab+e #a$i++aie, o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 T%ee i, an i0$e,,i-e
!i//een#e between t%e eg"+aity o/ t%e $%eno0ena ta3ing $+a#e wit%in o" bo!y an! t%e
e.te0e -aiabi+ity o/ o" en-ion0ent1 O" ogani# ,tate, ae -ey ,tea!y1 B"t t%i,
,tabi+ity i, not e8"i-a+ent to a #on!ition o/ e,t, o e8"i+ibi"01 It i, !"e, on t%e #ontay,
to t%e "n#ea,ing a#ti-ity o/ t%e entie ogani,01 To 0aintain t%e #on,tan#y o/ t%e b+oo!;,
#o0$o,ition an! t%e eg"+aity o/ it, #i#"+ation, an i00en,e n"0be o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+
$o#e,,e, ae e8"ie!1 T%e tan8"i++ity o/ t%e ti,,"e, i, a,,"e! by t%e #on-eging e//ot,
o/ a++ t%e /"n#tiona+ ,y,te0,1 An! t%e 0oe ieg"+a an! -io+ent o" +i/e, t%e geate ae
t%e,e e//ot,1 2o t%e b"ta+ity o/ o" e+ation, wit% t%e #o,0i# wo+! 0",t ne-e to"b+e
t%e $ea#e o/ t%e #e++, an! %"0o, o/ o" inne wo+!1
T%e b+oo! i, not ,"b7e#te! to +age -aiation, o/ $e,,"e an! -o+"0e1 Howe-e, it
e#ei-e, an! +o,e, a geat !ea+ o/ wate in an ieg"+a 0anne1 A/te ea#% 0ea+, it ta3e,
in t%e /+"i!, ab,obe! by t%e inte,tina+ 0"#o,a /o0 t%e /oo! an! t%e !ige,ti-e 7"i#e,1 At
ot%e 0o0ent, it, -o+"0e ten!, to !e#ea,e1 In t%e #o",e o/ !ige,tion, it +o,e, ,e-ea+
+ite, o/ wate, w%i#% ae ",e! by t%e ,to0a#%, inte,tine,, +i-e, an! $an#ea, /o
0an"/a#t"ing t%ei ,e#etion,1 An ana+ogo", $%eno0enon o##", !"ing -io+ent
0",#"+a e.e#i,e, a bo.ing50at#% /o e.a0$+e, i/ t%e $e,$iation g+an!, wo3 a#ti-e+y1
B+oo! a+,o !i0ini,%e, in -o+"0e in t%e #o",e o/ #etain !i,ea,e,, ,"#% a, !y,entey o
#%o+ea, w%en a geat !ea+ o/ +i8"i! $a,,e, /o0 t%e #a$i++ay -e,,e+, into t%e +"0en o/
t%e inte,tine1 T%e a!0ini,tation o/ a $"gati-e i, /o++owe! by a ,i0i+a wa,te o/ wate1
T%e gain, an! +o,,e, ae e.a#t+y #o"nteba+an#e! by 0e#%ani,0, eg"+ating t%e b+oo!
-o+"0e1
T%e,e 0e#%ani,0, e.ten! o-e t%e w%o+e bo!y1 T%ey 0aintain #on,tant bot% t%e
$e,,"e an! t%e -o+"0e o/ t%e b+oo!1 T%e $e,,"e !oe, not !e$en! on t%e ab,o+"te
a0o"nt o/ t%e b+oo!, b"t on t%e e+ation o/ t%i, a0o"nt to t%e #a$a#ity o/ t%e #i#"+atoy
a$$aat",1 T%i, a$$aat",, %owe-e, i, not #o0$aab+e to a ,y,te0 o/ $i$e, /e! by a
$"0$1 It %a, no ana+ogy wit% t%e 0a#%ine, #on,t"#te! by 0an1 Ateie, an! -ein,
a"to0ati#a++y 0o!i/y t%ei #a+ibe1 T%ey #onta#t o !i+ate "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e
ne-e, o/ t%ei 0",#"+a en-e+o$e1 In a!!ition, t%e wa++, o/ t%e #a$i++aie, ae $e0eab+e1
T%e wate o/ t%e b+oo! i, t%", /ee to ente o to +ea-e t%e #i#"+atoy a$$aat",1 It a+,o
e,#a$e, /o0 t%e bo!y t%o"g% t%e 3i!ney,, t%e $oe, o/ t%e ,3in, t%e inte,tina+ 0"#o,a,
an! e-a$oate, in t%e +"ng,1 T%e %eat ea+i4e, t%e 0ia#+e o/ 0aintaining #on,tant t%e
$e,,"e o/ t%e b+oo! in a ,y,te0 o/ -e,,e+, w%o,e #a$a#ity an! $e0eabi+ity #ea,e+e,,+y
-ay1 W%en b+oo! ten!, to a##"0"+ate in too +age a 8"antity in t%e ig%t %eat, a e/+e.,
,tating /o0 t%e ig%t a"i#+e, in#ea,e, t%e ate o/ #a!ia# $"+,ation,, an! b+oo! e,#a$e,
0oe a$i!+y /o0 t%e %eat into t%e -e,,e+,1 Moeo-e, ,e"0 ta-e,e, t%e wa++ o/ t%e
#a$i++aie, an! in"n!ate, #onne#ti-e ti,,"e an! 0",#+e,1 In t%i, 0anne, t%e #i#"+atoy
,y,te0 a"to0ati#a++y e7e#t, a++ e.#e,, o/ /+"i!1 I/, on t%e #ontay, t%e -o+"0e an! t%e
$e,,"e o/ t%e b+oo! !i0ini,%, t%e #%ange i, e#o!e! by ne-e en!ing, %i!!en in t%e
wa++ o/ t%e ,in", o/ t%e #aoti! atey1 T%i, e/+e. !ete0ine, a #onta#tion o/ t%e -e,,e+,
an! a e!"#tion in t%e #a$a#ity o/ t%e #i#"+atoy a$$aat",1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e /+"i!,
o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! t%o,e #ontaine! in t%e ,to0a#% $a,, into t%e -a,#"+a ,y,te0 by
/i+teing t%o"g% t%e wa++ o/ t%e #a$i++aie,1 S"#% ae t%e 0e#%ani,0, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e
nea+y $e/e#t #on,tan#y o/ t%e a0o"nt an! t%e ten,ion o/ t%e b+oo!1
T%e #o0$o,ition o/ t%e b+oo! i, a+,o -ey ,tab+e1 Un!e no0a+ #on!ition,, t%e 8"antity
o/ e! #e++,, $+a,0a, ,a+t,, $otein,, /at,, an! ,"ga, -aie, on+y in a ,0a++ 0ea,"e1 It
a+way, e0ain, %ig%e t%an i, ea++y ne#e,,ay /o t%e ","a+ e8"ie0ent, o/ t%e ti,,"e,1
Con,e8"ent+y, "n/oe,een e-ent,, ,"#% a, $i-ation o/ /oo!, %e0o%age,, o inten,e an!
$o+onge! 0",#"+a e//ot, !o not 0o!i/y in a !angeo", 0anne t%e ,tate o/ t%e ogani#
/+"i!,1 T%e ti,,"e, #ontain ab"n!ant e,e-e, o/ wate, ,a+t,, /at,, $otein,, an! ,"ga1
O.ygen, %owe-e, i, not ,toe! anyw%ee1 It 0",t be "n#ea,ing+y ,"$$+ie! to t%e b+oo!
by t%e +"ng,1 T%e ogani,0 nee!, -aiab+e 8"antitie, o/ t%i, ga,, a##o!ing to t%e a#ti-ity
o/ it, #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e it $o!"#e, 0oe o +e,, #abon !io.i!e1
Howe-e, t%e ten,ion o/ t%e,e ga,e, in t%e b+oo! e0ain, #on,tant1 T%i, $%eno0enon i,
!"e to a 0e#%ani,0 bot% $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ an! $%y,io+ogi#a+1 A $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+
e8"i+ibi"0 !ete0ine, t%e a0o"nt o/ o.ygen ta3en "$ by t%e e! #o$",#+e, !"ing t%ei
$a,,age t%o"g% t%e +"ng,, an! #aie! by t%o,e #o$",#+e, to t%e ti,,"e,1 @"ing it,
7o"ney t%o"g% t%e $ei$%ea+ #a$i++ay -e,,e+,, t%e b+oo! ab,ob, t%e #abon !io.i!e ,et
/ee by t%e ti,,"e,1 T%i, a#i! !e#ea,e, t%e a//inity o/ %e0og+obin /o o.ygen1 It $o0ote,
t%e $a,,ing o/ t%e ga, /o0 t%e e! #o$",#+e, to t%e #e++, o/ t%e ogan,1 T%e e.#%ange o/
o.ygen an! #abon !io.i!e between ti,,"e, an! b+oo! i, !"e e.#+",i-e+y to t%e #%e0i#a+
$o$etie, o/ t%e %e0og+obin, t%e $otein,, an! t%e ,a+t, o/ b+oo! $+a,0a1
A $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,, i, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e 8"antity o/ o.ygen #aie! by t%e b+oo!
to t%e ti,,"e,1 T%e a#ti-ity o/ t%e e,$iatoy 0",#+e,, w%i#% gi-e a 0oe o +e,, a$i!
0otion to t%e t%oa. an! #onto+ t%e $enetation o/ ai into t%e +"ng,, !e$en!, on ne-o",
#e++, ,it"ate! in t%e "$$e $at o/ t%e ,$ina+ #o!1 T%e a#ti-ity o/ t%i, #ente i, eg"+ate!
by t%e ten,ion o/ #abon !io.i!e in t%e b+oo!1 An! a+,o by t%e te0$eat"e o/ t%e bo!y
an! by t%e e.#e,, o in,"//i#ien#y o/ o.ygen in t%e #i#"+ation1 A ,i0i+a 0e#%ani,0,
bot% $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ an! $%y,io+ogi#a+, eg"+ate, t%e ioni# a+3a+inity o/ b+oo! $+a,0a1
T%e intaogani# 0e!i"0 ne-e be#o0e, a#i!1 T%i, /a#t i, a++ t%e 0oe ,"$i,ing a,
ti,,"e, "n#ea,ing+y $o!"#e +age 8"antitie, o/ #aboni#, +a#ti#, ,"+$%"i# a#i!,, et#1,
w%i#% ae ,et /ee into t%e +y0$%1 T%e,e a#i!, !o not 0o!i/y t%e ea#tion o/ b+oo!
$+a,0a, be#a",e t%ey ae ne"ta+i4e!, o at%e b"//ee!, by t%e $e,en#e o/ bi#abonate,
an! $%o,$%ate,1 A+t%o"g% b+oo! $+a,0a #an a##e$t a +age 8"antity o/ a#i!, wit%o"t
in#ea,ing it, a#t"a+ a#i!ity, it 0",t, ne-et%e+e,,, get i! o/ t%e01 Cabon !io.i!e
e,#a$e, /o0 t%e bo!y by t%e +"ng,1 Non5-o+ati+e a#i!, ae e+i0inate! t%o"g% t%e
3i!ney,1 T%e !i,#%age o/ #abon !io.i!e by t%e $"+0onay 0"#o,a i, a 0ee
$%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ $%eno0enon, w%i+e t%e ,e#etion o/ "ine an! t%e 0otion o/ t%e t%oa.
an! t%e +"ng, e8"ie t%e inte-ention o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,1 T%e $%y,i#o5#%e0i#a+
e8"i+ibia, w%i#% a,,"e t%e #on,tan#y o/ t%e ogani# 0e!i"0, "+ti0ate+y !e$en! on t%e
a"to0ati# inte-ention o/ t%e ne-o", ,y,te01
3
T%e ogan, ae #oe+ate! by t%e ogani# /+"i!, an! t%e ne-o", ,y,te01 Ea#% e+e0ent
o/ t%e bo!y a!7",t, it,e+/ to t%e ot%e,, an! t%e ot%e, to it1 T%i, 0o!e o/ a!a$tation i,
e,,entia++y te+eo+ogi#a+1 I/ we attib"te to ti,,"e, an inte++igen#e o/ t%e ,a0e 3in! o/ o",,
a, 0e#%ani,t, an! -ita+i,e, !o, t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e, a$$ea to a,,o#iate toget%e in
-iew o/ t%e en! to be attaine!1 T%e e.i,ten#e o/ /ina+ity wit%in t%e ogani,0 i,
"n!eniab+e1 Ea#% $at ,ee0, to 3now t%e $e,ent an! /"t"e nee!, o/ t%e w%o+e, an! a#t,
a##o!ing+y1 T%e ,igni/i#an#e o/ ti0e an! ,$a#e i, not t%e ,a0e /o o" ti,,"e, a, /o o"
0in!1 T%e bo!y $e#ei-e, t%e e0ote a, we++ a, t%e nea, t%e /"t"e a, we++ a, t%e $e,ent1
W%en $egnan#y i, nea+y #o0$+ete!, t%e ti,,"e, o/ t%e -"+-a an! -agina ae in-a!e! by
/+"i!,1 T%ey be#o0e ,o/t an! e.ten,ib+e1 S"#% a #%ange in t%ei #on,i,ten#y en!e, t%e
$a,,age o/ t%e /et", $o,,ib+e a /ew !ay, +ate1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e 0a00ay g+an!,
0"+ti$+y t%ei #e++,1 Be/oe #on/ine0ent, t%ey begin to /"n#tion1 T%ey ae ea!y an!
waiting to /ee! t%e #%i+!1 A++ t%e,e $o#e,,e, ae ob-io",+y a $e$aation /o a /"t"e
e-ent1
W%en one %a+/ o/ t%e t%yoi! g+an! i, e0o-e!, t%e e0aining %a+/ in#ea,e, in -o+"0e1
>enea++y, it e-en in#ea,e, 0oe t%an i, ne#e,,ay1 T%e ogani,0, a, Me+t4e %a, ,%own,
i, ab"n!ant+y $o-i!e! wit% /a#to, o/ ,a/ety1 In t%e ,a0e way, t%e e.ti$ation o/ a 3i!ney
i, /o++owe! by t%e en+age0ent o/ t%e ot%e one, a+t%o"g% t%e ,e#etion o/ "ine i, a0$+y
a,,"e! by a ,ing+e no0a+ 3i!ney1 I/ at any ti0e t%e ogani,0 #a++, "$on t%e t%yoi! o
t%e 3i!ney /o an e.#e$tiona+ e//ot, t%e,e ogan, wi++ be #a$ab+e o/ ,ati,/ying t%e
"n/oe,een !e0an!1
@"ing t%e entie %i,toy o/ t%e e0byo t%e ti,,"e, ,ee0 to $e$ae /o t%e /"t"e1
Ogani# #oe+ation, ta3e $+a#e a, ea,i+y between !i//eent $eio!, o/ ti0e a, between
!i//eent egion, o/ ,$a#e1 T%e,e /a#t, ae a $i0ay !at"0 o/ ob,e-ation1 B"t t%ey
#annot be inte$ete! wit% t%e %e+$ o/ o" nai-e 0e#%ani,ti# an! -ita+i,ti# #on#e$t,1 T%e
te+eo+ogi#a+ #oe+ation o/ ogani# $o#e,,e, i, e-i!ent in t%e egeneation o/ b+oo! a/te a
%e0o%age1 2i,t, a++ t%e -e,,e+, #onta#t1 T%e e+ati-e -o+"0e o/ t%e e0aining b+oo!
a"to0ati#a++y in#ea,e,1 T%",, ateia+ $e,,"e i, ,"//i#ient+y e,toe! /o b+oo!
#i#"+ation to #ontin"e1 T%e /+"i!, o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! t%e 0",#+e, $a,, t%o"g% t%e wa++ o/
t%e #a$i++ay -e,,e+, an! in-a!e t%e #i#"+atoy ,y,te01 T%e $atient /ee+, inten,e t%i,t1
T%e b+oo! i00e!iate+y ab,ob, t%e /+"i!, t%at ente t%e ,to0a#% an! ee,tab+i,%e, it,
no0a+ -o+"0e1 T%e e,e-e, o/ e! #e++, e,#a$e /o0 t%e ogan, w%ee t%ey wee ,toe!1
2ina++y, t%e bone 0aow begin, 0an"/a#t"ing e! #o$",#+e,, w%i#% wi++ #o0$+ete t%e
egeneation o/ t%e b+oo!1 In ,"0, a++ $at, o/ t%e bo!y #ontib"te a #on#atenation o/
$%y,io+ogi#a+, $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+, an! ,t"#t"a+ $%eno0ena1 T%e,e $%eno0ena #on,tit"te
t%e a!a$tion o/ t%e w%o+e to %e0o%age1
T%e #o0$onent $at, o/ an ogan, o/ t%e eye, /o e.a0$+e, a$$ea to a,,o#iate /o a
!e/inite, a+t%o"g% /"t"e, $"$o,e1 T%e ,3in #o-eing t%e yo"ng etina be#o0e,
tan,$aent, a, a+ea!y 0entione!, an! 0eta0o$%o,e, into #onea an! +en,1 T%i,
tan,/o0ation i, #on,i!ee! a, !"e to ,"b,tan#e, ,et /ee by t%e #eeba+ $at o/ t%e eye,
t%e o$ti# -e,i#+e1 B"t t%e ,o+"tion o/ t%e $ob+e0 i, not gi-en by t%i, e.$+anation1 How
!oe, it %a$$en t%at t%e o$ti# -e,i#+e ,e#ete, a ,"b,tan#e en!owe! wit% t%e $o$ety o/
en!eing t%e ,3in tan,+"#i!< By w%at 0ean, !oe, t%e /"t"e etina in!"#e t%e ,3in to
0an"/a#t"e a +en, #a$ab+e o/ $o7e#ting "$on it, ne-e en!ing, t%e i0age o/ t%e o"te
wo+!< In /ont o/ t%e +en,, t%e ii, ,%a$e, it,e+/ into a !ia$%ag01 T%i, !ia$%ag0 !i+ate,
o #onta#t, a##o!ing to t%e inten,ity o/ t%e +ig%t1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e ,en,iti-ity o/ t%e
etina in#ea,e, o !e#ea,e,1 In a!!ition, t%e /o0 o/ t%e +en, a"to0ati#a++y a!7",t, it,e+/
to nea o !i,tant -i,ion1 T%e,e #oe+ation, ae ob-io", /a#t,1 B"t, a, yet, t%ey #annot be
e.$+aine!1 Po,,ib+y t%ey ae not w%at t%ey ,ee0 to be1 T%e $%eno0ena 0ay be
/"n!a0enta++y ,i0$+e1 We 0ay 0i,, t%ei onene,,1 In /a#t, we !i-i!e a w%o+e into $at,1
An! we ae a,toni,%e! t%at t%e $at,, t%", ,e$aate!, e.a#t+y /it ea#% ot%e w%en t%ey ae
$"t toget%e again by o" 0in!1 We $obab+y gi-e to t%ing, an ati/i#ia+ in!i-i!"a+ity1
Pe%a$, t%e /ontie, o/ t%e ogan, an! o/ t%e bo!y ae not w%ee we be+ie-e t%e0 to be
+o#ate!1 Neit%e !o we "n!e,tan! t%e #oe+ation, between !i//eent in!i-i!"a+,, /o
e.a0$+e, t%e #oe,$on!ing e.i,ten#e o/ t%e $eni, an! t%e -agina1 No t%e #oo$eation o/
two in!i-i!"a+, in t%e ,a0e $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,, ,"#% a, t%e /e#"n!ation o/ t%e egg by
t%e ,$e0ato4oon1 T%o,e $%eno0ena ae not inte++igib+e by t%e +ig%t o/ o" $e,ent
#on#e$t, o/ in!i-i!"a+ity, ogani4ation, ,$a#e, an! ti0e1
4
W%en ,3in, 0",#+e,, b+oo! -e,,e+,, o bone, ae in7"e! by a b+ow, a /+a0e, o a
$o7e#ti+e, t%e ogani,0 i00e!iate+y a!a$t, it,e+/ to ,"#% a new ,it"ation1 E-eyt%ing
%a$$en, a, i/ a ,eie, o/ 0ea,"e,, ,o0e i00e!iate, ,o0e !e+aye!, wee ta3en by t%e
bo!y in o!e to e$ai t%e +e,ion, o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 A, in b+oo! egeneation, %eteogeneo",
an! #on-eging 0e#%ani,0, #o0e into $+ay1 T%ey a++ t"n towa! t%e en! to be attaine!,
t%e e#on,t"#tion o/ t%e !e,toye! ,t"#t"e,1 An atey i, #"t1 B+oo! g",%e, in
ab"n!an#e1 Ateia+ $e,,"e i, +owee!1 T%e $atient %a, a ,yn#o$e1 T%e %e0o%age
!e#ea,e,1 A #+ot /o0, in t%e wo"n!1 2ibin o##+"!e, t%e o$ening o/ t%e -e,,e+1 T%en t%e
%e0o%age !e/inite+y ,to$,1 @"ing t%e /o++owing !ay,, +e"#o#yte, an! ti,,"e, #e++,
in-a!e t%e #+ot o/ /ibin an! $oge,,i-e+y egeneate t%e wa++ o/ t%e atey1 Li3ewi,e, t%e
ogani,0 0ay %ea+ a ,0a++ wo"n! o/ t%e inte,tine, by it, own 0ean,1 T%e wo"n!e! +oo$
/i,t be#o0e, i00obi+e1 It i, te0$oai+y $aa+y4e!, an! /e#a+ 0atte i, t%", $e-ente!
/o0 "nning into t%e ab!o0en1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, ,o0e ot%e inte,tina+ +oo$, o t%e
,"/a#e o/ t%e o0ent"0, a$$oa#%e, t%e wo"n! an!, owing to a 3nown $o$ety o/
$eitone"0, a!%ee, to it1 Wit%in /o" o /i-e %o", t%e o$ening i, o##+"!e!1 E-en i/ t%e
,"geon;, nee!+e %a, !awn t%e e!ge, o/ t%e wo"n! toget%e, %ea+ing i, !"e to
,$ontaneo", a!%e,ion o/ t%e $eitonea+ ,"/a#e,1
W%en a +i0b i, bo3en by a b+ow, t%e ,%a$ en!, o/ t%e /a#t"e! bone, tea 0",#+e,
an! b+oo! -e,,e+,1 T%ey ae ,oon ,"o"n!e! by a b+oo!y #+ot o/ /ibin, an! by o,,eo",
an! 0",#"+a !ebi,1 T%en, #i#"+ation be#o0e, 0oe a#ti-e1 T%e +i0b ,we++,1 T%e
n"titi-e ,"b,tan#e, ne#e,,ay /o t%e egeneation o/ t%e ti,,"e, ae bo"g%t into t%e
wo"n!e! aea by t%e b+oo!1 At t%e ,eat o/ t%e /a#t"e an! ao"n! it, a++ ,t"#t"a+ an!
/"n#tiona+ $o#e,,e, ae !ie#te! towa! e$ai1 Ti,,"e, be#o0e w%at t%ey %a-e to be in
o!e to a##o0$+i,% t%e #o00on ta,31 2o e.a0$+e, a ,%e! o/ 0",#+e #+o,e to t%e /o#",
o/ /a#t"e 0eta0o$%o,e, into #ati+age1 Cati+age, a, i, we++ 3nown, i, t%e /oe"nne o/
bone in t%e ,o/t 0a,, te0$oai+y "niting t%e bo3en en!,1 Late, #ati+age tan,/o0, into
o,,eo", ti,,"e1 T%e ,3e+eton i, t%", egeneate! by a ,"b,tan#e o/ e.a#t+y t%e ,a0e nat"e
a, it, own1 @"ing t%e /ew wee3, ne#e,,ay /o t%e #o0$+etion o/ e$ai, an i00en,e
n"0be o/ #%e0i#a+, ne-o",, #i#"+atoy, an! ,t"#t"a+ $%eno0ena ta3e $+a#e1 T%ey ae
a++ #on#atenate!1 T%e b+oo! /+owing /o0 t%e -e,,e+, at t%e ti0e o/ t%e a##i!ent, an! t%e
7"i#e, /o0 t%e bone 0aow an! +a#eate! 0",#+e,, ,et in 0otion t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+
$o#e,,e, o/ egeneation1 Ea#% $%eno0enon e,"+t, /o0 t%e $e#e!ing one1 To t%e
$%y,i#o5#%e0i#a+ #on!ition, an! to t%e #%e0i#a+ #o0$o,ition o/ t%e /+"i!, ,et /ee in t%e
ti,,"e, 0",t be attib"te! t%e a#t"a+i4ation wit%in t%e #e++, o/ #etain $otentia+ $o$etie,1
An! t%e,e $otentia+ $o$etie, gi-e to anato0i#a+ ,t"#t"e, t%e $owe to egeneate1 Ea#%
ti,,"e i, #a$ab+e o/ e,$on!ing, at any 0o0ent o/ t%e "n$e!i#tab+e /"t"e, to a++
$%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ o #%e0i#a+ #%ange, o/ t%e intaogani# 0e!i"0 in a 0anne #on,i,tent
wit% t%e intee,t, o/ t%e w%o+e bo!y1
T%e a!a$ti-e a,$e#t o/ #i#ati4ation i, e-i!ent in ,"$e/i#ia+ wo"n!,1 T%e,e wo"n!, ae
e.a#t+y 0ea,"ab+e1 T%ei ate o/ %ea+ing #an be #a+#"+ate! by Le#o0te !" NoMy;,
/o0"+a,1 An! t%e $o#e,, o/ #i#ati4ation t%", ana+y4e!1 2i,t, we ob,e-e t%at a wo"n!
on+y #i#ati4e, i/ #i#ati4ation i, a!-antageo", to t%e bo!y1 W%en t%e ti,,"e, "n#o-ee!
by t%e e.ti$ation o/ t%e ,3in ae #o0$+ete+y $ote#te! again,t 0i#obe,, ai, an! ot%e
#a",e, o/ iitation, egeneation !oe, not ta3e $+a#e1 In /a#t, "n!e ,"#% #on!ition, it i,
",e+e,,1 T%e wo"n!, t%ee/oe, !oe, not %ea+ an! e0ain, in it, initia+ ,tate1 S"#% a ,tate i,
0aintaine! a, +ong a, t%e ti,,"e, ae g"a!e! again,t t%e atta#3, o/ t%e o"te wo+! a,
$e/e#t+y a, t%ey wo"+! be by t%e egeneate! ,3in1 A, ,oon a, ,o0e b+oo!, a /ew
0i#obe,, o an o!inay !e,,ing i, a++owe! to #o0e in #onta#t wit% t%e !a0age! ,"/a#e
an! to iitate it, t%e $o#e,, o/ %ea+ing ,tat, an! #ontin"e, ie,i,tib+y "nti+ #i#ati4ation
i, #o0$+ete1
S3in, a, we 3now, #on,i,t, o/ ,"$e$o,e! ,%eet, o/ /+at #e++,, t%e e$it%e+ia+ #e++,1 T%e,e
#e++, +ie on t%e !e0i,55t%at i,, on a ,o/t an! e+a,ti# +aye o/ #onne#ti-e ti,,"e #ontaining
0any ,0a++ b+oo! -e,,e+,1 W%en a $ie#e o/ ,3in i, e0o-e!, t%e botto0 o/ t%e wo"n! i,
,een to #on,i,t o/ /atty ti,,"e an! 0",#+e,1 A/te t%ee o /o" !ay, it, ,"/a#e be#o0e,
,0oot%, g+i,tening, an! e!1 T%en it ab"$t+y begin, to !e#ea,e wit% geat a$i!ity1 T%i,
$%eno0enon i, !"e to a ,ot o/ #onta#tion o/ t%e new ti,,"e #o-eing t%e wo"n!1 At t%e
,a0e ti0e, t%e ,3in #e++, #o00en#e to g+i!e o-e t%e e! ,"/a#e a, a w%ite e!ge1 2ina++y,
t%ey #o-e it, entie aea1 A !e/initi-e ,#a i, /o0e!1 T%i, ,#a i, !"e to t%e #o++aboation
o/ two ty$e, o/ ti,,"e, t%e #onne#ti-e ti,,"e /i++ing t%e wo"n!, an! t%e e$it%e+ia+ #e++,,
w%i#% a!-an#e o-e it, ,"/a#e /o0 t%e bo!e,1 Conne#ti-e ti,,"e i, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e
#onta#tion o/ t%e wo"n!1 E$it%e+ia+ ti,,"e, /o t%e 0e0bane t%at "+ti0ate+y #o-e, it1
T%e $oge,,i-e !e#ea,e o/ t%e wo"n!e! aea in t%e #o",e o/ e$ai i, e.$e,,e! by an
e.$onentia+ #"-e1 Howe-e, i/ one $e-ent, eit%e t%e e$it%e+ia+ ti,,"e o t%e #onne#ti-e
ti,,"e /o0 a##o0$+i,%ing it, e,$e#ti-e ta,3,, t%e #"-e !oe, not #%ange1 It !oe, not
#%ange be#a",e t%e !e/i#ien#y o/ one o/ t%e /a#to, o/ e$ai i, #o0$en,ate! by t%e
a##e+eation o/ t%e ot%e1 Ob-io",+y, t%e $oge,, o/ t%e $%eno0enon !e$en!, on t%e en!
to be attaine!1 I/ one o/ t%e egeneating 0e#%ani,0, /ai+,, it i, e$+a#e! by t%e ot%e1 T%e
e,"+t a+one i, in-aiab+e1 An! not t%e $o#e!"e1 In a +i3e 0anne, a/te a %e0o%age,
ateia+ $e,,"e an! b+oo! -o+"0e ae ee,tab+i,%e! by two #on-eging 0e#%ani,0,1 On
one ,i!e, by #onta#tion o/ t%e b+oo! -e,,e+, an! by !i0in"tion o/ t%ei #a$a#ity1 On t%e
ot%e ,i!e, by t%e binging o/ a 8"antity o/ +i8"i! /o0 t%e ti,,"e, an! t%e !ige,ti-e
a$$aat",1 B"t ea#% o/ t%e,e 0e#%ani,0, i, #a$ab+e o/ #o0$en,ating t%e /ai+"e o/ t%e
ot%e1

T%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e $o#e,,e, o/ %ea+ing %a, bo"g%t 0o!en ,"gey into being1
S"geon, wo"+! not be ab+e to teat wo"n!, i/ a!a$tation !i! not e.i,t1 T%ey %a-e no
in/+"en#e on t%e %ea+ing 0e#%ani,0,1 T%ey #ontent t%e0,e+-e, wit% g"i!ing t%e
,$ontaneo", a#ti-ity o/ t%o,e 0e#%ani,0,1 2o e.a0$+e, t%ey 0anage to bing t%e e!ge,
o/ a wo"n!, o t%e en!, o/ a bo3en bone, into ,"#% a $o,ition t%at egeneation ta3e,
$+a#e wit%o"t !e/e#ti-e ,#a an! !e/o0ity1 In o!e to o$en a !ee$ ab,#e,,, teat an
in/e#te! /a#t"e, $e/o0 a Ce,aean o$eation, e.ti$ate a "te",, a $otion o/ t%e
,to0a#% o o/ t%e inte,tine,, o ai,e t%e oo/ o/ t%e ,3"++ an! e0o-e a t"0o /o0 t%e
bain, t%ey %a-e to 0a3e +ong in#i,ion, an! e.ten,i-e wo"n!,1 T%e 0o,t a##"ate ,"t"e,
wo"+! not ,"//i#e !e/inite+y to #+o,e ,"#% o$ening, i/ t%e ogani,0 wee not #a$ab+e o/
0a3ing it, own e$ai,1 S"gey i, ba,e! on t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%i, $%eno0enon1 It %a,
+eane! to t"n a!a$tation to a##o"nt1 Owing to t%e e.te0e ingenio",5ne,, an! a"!a#ity
o/ it, 0et%o!,, it %a, ,"$a,,e! t%e 0o,t a0bitio", %o$e, o/ 0e!i#ine o/ /o0e ti0e,1 It,
attain0ent, ae t%e $"e,t ti"0$% o/ bio+ogy1 He w%o %a, #o0$+ete+y 0a,tee! it,
te#%ni8"e,, w%o "n!e,tan!, it, ,$iit, w%o %a, a#8"ie! t%e 3now+e!ge o/ %"0an being,
an! t%e ,#ien#e o/ t%ei !i,ea,e,, t"+y be#o0e, +i3e >o!1 He $o,,e,,e, t%e $owe to o$en
t%e bo!y, e.$+oe t%e ogan,, an! e$ai t%ei +e,ion,, a+0o,t wit%o"t i,3 to t%e $atient1
To 0any $eo$+e %e e,toe, ,tengt%, %ea+t%, an! t%e 7oy o/ +i-ing1 E-en to t%o,e tot"e!
by in#"ab+e !i,ea,e,, %e i, a+way, #a$ab+e o/ binging ,o0e e+ie/1 Men o/ ,"#% ty$e ae
ae1 B"t t%ei n"0be #o"+! ea,i+y be in#ea,e! by a bette te#%ni#a+, 0oa+, an!
,#ienti/i# e!"#ation1
T%e ea,on be%in! ,"#% ,"##e,, i, ,i0$+e1 S"gey %a, 0ee+y +eane! t%at t%e no0a+
$o#e,,e, o/ %ea+ing 0",t not be %in!ee!1 It %a, ,"##ee!e! in $e-enting 0i#obe, /o0
getting into wo"n!,1 O$eation,, be/oe t%e !i,#o-eie, o/ Pa,te" an! Li,te, wee
a+way, /o++owe! by in-a,ion o/ ba#teia1 S"#% atta#3, #a",e! ,"$$"ation, ga,eo",
gangene, an! in/e#tion o/ t%e w%o+e bo!y1 T%ey o/ten en!e! in !eat%1 Mo!en
te#%ni8"e, %a-e $a#ti#a++y e+i0inate! 0i#obe, /o0 o$eati-e wo"n!,1 In t%i, 0anne
t%ey ,a-e t%e +i/e o/ t%e $atient an! +ea! %i0 to a a$i! e#o-ey1 2o 0i#obe, %a-e t%e
$owe to ob,t"#t o !e+ay a!a$ti-e $o#e,,e, an! e$ai1 A, ,oon a, wo"n!, wee
$ote#te! again,t ba#teia ,"gey began to gow1 It, 0et%o!, a$i!+y !e-e+o$e! in t%e
%an!, o/ Oi+ie, Bi++ot%, Ko#%e, an! t%ei #onte0$oaie,1 In a 8"ate o/ a #ent"y o/
,t"$en!o", $oge,, t%ey b+o,,o0e! into t%e 0ig%ty at o/ Ha+,te!, T"//ie, Ha-ey
C",%ing, t%e Mayo,, an! o/ a++ t%e geat 0o!e0 ,"geon,1
T%i, ,"##e,, #a0e /o0 t%e #+ea "n!e,tan!ing o/ #etain a!a$ti-e $%eno0ena1 It i,
in!i,$en,ab+e, not on+y to $e,e-e t%e wo"n!, /o0 in/e#tion, b"t a+,o to e,$e#t, in t%e
#o",e o/ o$eati-e %an!+ing, t%ei ,t"#t"a+ an! /"n#tiona+ #on!ition,1 Ti,,"e, ae
en!angee! by 0o,t anti,e$ti# ,"b,tan#e,1 T%ey 0",t not be #",%e! by /o#e$,,
#o0$e,,e! by a$$aat",e,, o $"++e! abo"t by t%e /inge, o/ a b"ta+ o$eato1 Ha+,te!
an! t%e ,"geon, o/ %i, ,#%oo+ %a-e ,%own %ow !e+i#ate+y wo"n!, 0",t be teate! i/ t%ey
ae to 3ee$ inta#t t%ei egeneati-e $owe1 T%e e,"+t o/ an o$eation !e$en!, bot% on t%e
,tate o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! on t%at o/ t%e $atient1 Mo!en te#%ni8"e, ta3e into #on,i!eation
e-ey /a#to #a$ab+e o/ 0o!i/ying $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1 T%e $atient i,
$ote#te! again,t t%e !ange, o/ /ea, #o+!, an! ane,t%e,ia, a, we++ a, again,t in/e#tion,
ne-o", ,%o#3, an! %e0o%age,1 An! i/, t%o"g% ,o0e 0i,ta3e, in/e#tion ,et, in, it #an
be e//e#ti-e+y !ea+t wit%1 So0e !ay, $e%a$,, w%en t%e nat"e o/ %ea+ing $o#e,,e, i,
bette 3nown, it wi++ be#o0e $o,,ib+e to in#ea,e t%ei a$i!ity1 T%e ate o/ e$ai, a, we
3now, -aie, a##o!ing to !e/inite 8"a+itie, o/ t%e %"0o,, an! e,$e#ia++y to t%ei
yo"t%/"+ne,,1 I/ ,"#% 8"a+itie, #o"+! te0$oai+y be gi-en to t%e b+oo! an! t%e ti,,"e, o/
t%e $atient, e#o-ey /o0 ,"gi#a+ o$eation, wo"+! be 0a!e 0"#% ea,ie1 Cetain
#%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, ae 3nown to a##e+eate #e++ 0"+ti$+i#ation1 Po,,ib+y, t%ey wi++ be
"ti+i4e! /o t%i, $"$o,e1 Ea#% ,te$ /owa! in t%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e 0e#%ani,0, o/
egeneation wi++ bing abo"t a #oe,$on!ing $oge,, in ,"gey1 B"t in t%e be,t
%o,$ita+, a, in t%e !e,et o t%e $i0iti-e /oe,t, t%e %ea+ing o/ wo"n!, !e$en!,, abo-e a++,
on t%e e//i#ien#y o/ t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion,1
!
A++ ogani# /"n#tion, ae 0o!i/ie!, a, ,oon a, 0i#obe, o -i",e, #o,, t%e /ontie, o/
t%e bo!y an! in-a!e t%e ti,,"e,1 I++ne,, ,et, in1 It, #%aa#tei,ti#, !e$en! on t%e 0o!e o/
a!7",t0ent o/ t%e ti,,"e, to t%e $at%o+ogi#a+ #%ange, o/ t%ei 0e!i"01 2o in,tan#e, /e-e
i, t%e e$+y o/ t%e bo!y to t%e $e,en#e o/ ba#teia an! -i",e,1 Ot%e a!a$ti-e ea#tion,
ae !ete0ine! by t%e $o!"#tion o/ $oi,on, by t%e ogani,0 it,e+/, t%e +a#3 o/ #etain
,"b,tan#e, in!i,$en,ab+e to n"tition, an! t%e !i,t"ban#e, in t%e a#ti-itie, o/ -aio",
g+an!,1 T%e ,y0$to0, o/ Big%t;, !i,ea,e, o/ ,#"-y, o/ e.o$%t%a+0i# goite, e.$e,, t%e
a##o00o!ation o/ t%e ogani,0 to ,"b,tan#e, w%i#% !i,ea,e! 3i!ney, ae no +onge ab+e
to e+i0inate, to t%e ab,en#e o/ a -ita0ine, to t%e ,e#etion o/ to.i# $o!"#t, by t%e t%yoi!
g+an!1 T%e a##o00o!ation to $at%ogeni# agent, a,,"0e, two !i//eent a,$e#t,1 On one
,i!e, it o$$o,e, t%ei in-a,ion o/ t%e bo!y an! ten!, to bing abo"t t%ei !e,t"#tion1 On
t%e ot%e, it e$ai, t%e +e,ion, t%e ogani,0 %a, ,"//ee!, an! #a",e, t%e $oi,on,
geneate! by t%e ba#teia o by t%e ti,,"e, t%e0,e+-e, to !i,a$$ea1 @i,ea,e i, not%ing b"t
t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e,e $o#e,,e,1 It i, e8"i-a+ent to t%e ,t"gg+e o/ t%e bo!y again,t a
!i,t"bing agent an! to it, e//ot to $e,i,t in ti0e1 B"t it 0ay be, a, in #an#e o in,anity,
t%e e.$e,,ion o/ t%e $a,,i-e !e#ay o/ an ogan, o o/ #on,#io",ne,,1
Mi#obe, an! -i",e, ae to be /o"n! e-eyw%ee, in t%e ai, in wate, in o" /oo!1 T%ey
ae a+way, $e,ent at t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e ,3in, an! o/ t%e !ige,ti-e an! e,$iatoy
0"#o,a,1 Ne-et%e+e,,, in 0any $eo$+e t%ey e0ain ino//en,i-e1 A0ong %"0an being,,
,o0e ae ,"b7e#t to !i,ea,e,, an! ot%e, ae i00"ne1 S"#% a ,tate o/ e,i,tan#e i, !"e to
t%e in!i-i!"a+ #on,tit"tion o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! t%e %"0o,, w%i#% o$$o,e t%e $enetation o/
$at%ogeni# agent, o !e,toy t%e0 w%en t%ey %a-e in-a!e! o" bo!y1 T%i, i, nat"a+
i00"nity1 T%i, /o0 o/ i00"nity 0ay $e,e-e #etain in!i-i!"a+, /o0 a+0o,t any
!i,ea,e1 It i, one o/ t%e 0o,t $e#io", 8"a+itie, /o w%i#% 0an #o"+! wi,%1 We ae ,ti++
ignoant o/ it, nat"e1 It a$$ea, to !e$en! on ,o0e $o$etie, o/ an#e,ta+ oigin, a, we++
a, on ot%e, a#8"ie! in t%e #o",e o/ !e-e+o$0ent1 Cetain /a0i+ie, ae ob,e-e! to be
,",#e$tib+e to t"be#"+o,i,, a$$en!i#iti,, #an#e, o 0enta+ !i,o!e,1 Ot%e, e,i,t a++
!i,ea,e, e.#e$t t%e !egeneati-e one, o##"ing !"ing o+! age1 B"t nat"a+ i00"nity
!oe, not e.#+",i-e+y !ei-e /o0 o" an#e,ta+ #on,tit"tion1 It 0ay #o0e a+,o /o0 t%e
0o!e o/ +i/e an! a+i0entation, a, Rei! H"nt ,%owe! +ong ago1 So0e !iet, wee /o"n! to
in#ea,e t%e ,",#e$tibi+ity o/ 0i#e to e.$ei0enta+ ty$%oi! /e-e1 T%e /e8"en#y o/
$ne"0onia 0ay a+,o be 0o!i/ie! by /oo!1 T%e 0i#e be+onging to one o/ t%e ,tain, 3e$t
in t%e 0o",ey o/ t%e Ro#3e/e++e In,tit"te !ie! o/ $ne"0onia in t%e $o$otion o/ /i/ty5
two $e #ent w%i+e ,"b7e#te! to t%e ,tan!a! !iet1 Se-ea+ go"$, o/ t%e,e ani0a+, wee
gi-en !i//eent !iet,1 T%e 0ota+ity /o0 $ne"0onia /e++ to t%ity5two $e #ent, /o"teen
$e #ent, an! e-en 4eo, a##o!ing to t%e /oo!1 We ,%o"+! a,#etain w%et%e nat"a+
e,i,tan#e to in/e#tion, #o"+! be #on/ee! on 0an by !e/inite #on!ition, o/ +i/e1
In7e#tion, o/ ,$e#i/i# -a##ine o ,e"0 /o ea#% !i,ea,e, e$eate! 0e!i#a+ e.a0ination,
o/ t%e w%o+e $o$"+ation, #on,t"#tion o/ giganti# %o,$ita+,, ae e.$en,i-e an! not -ey
e//e#ti-e 0ean, o/ $e-enting !i,ea,e, an! o/ !e-e+o$ing a nation;, %ea+t%1 >oo! %ea+t%
,%o"+! be nat"a+1 S"#% innate e,i,tan#e gi-e, t%e in!i-i!"a+ a ,tengt%, a bo+!ne,,,
w%i#% %e !oe, not $o,,e,, w%en %i, ,"-i-a+ !e$en!, on $%y,i#ian,1
In a!!ition to an in%eent e,i,tan#e to 0a+a!ie,, t%ee i, a+,o an a#8"ie! e,i,tan#e1
T%e +atte 0ay be ,$ontaneo", o ati/i#ia+1 T%e ogani,0 i, 3nown to a!a$t it,e+/ to
ba#teia an! -i",e, by t%e $o!"#tion o/ ,"b,tan#e, #a$ab+e o/ !ie#t+y o in!ie#t+y
!e,toying t%e in-a!e,1 T%",, !i$%t%eia, ty$%oi! /e-e, ,0a++$o., 0ea,+e,, et#1, en!e
t%ei -i#ti0, i00"ne to a ,e#on! atta#3 o/ t%e !i,ea,e, at +ea,t /o ,o0e ti0e1 T%i,
,$ontaneo", i00"nity e.$e,,e, t%e a!a$tation o/ t%e ogani,0 to a new ,it"ation1 I/ a
/ow+ i, in7e#te! wit% t%e ,e"0 o/ a abbit, t%e ,e"0 o/ t%e /ow+ a#8"ie,, a/te a /ew
!ay,, t%e $o$ety o/ binging abo"t an ab"n!ant $e#i$itate in t%e ,e"0 o/ t%e abbit1 In
t%i, way t%e /ow+ %a, been en!ee! i00"ne to t%e a+b"0in, o/ t%e abbit1 Li3ewi,e,
w%en ba#teia+ to.in, ae in7e#te! into an ani0a+, t%i, ani0a+ $o!"#e, antito.in,1 T%e
$%eno0enon be#o0e, 0oe #o0$+e. i/ t%e ba#teia t%e0,e+-e, ae in7e#te!1 T%e,e
ba#teia #o0$e+ t%e ani0a+ to 0an"/a#t"e ,"b,tan#e, by w%i#% t%ey ae agg+"tinate! an!
!e,toye!1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e +e"#o#yte, o/ b+oo! an! ti,,"e, a#8"ie t%e $owe o/
!e-o"ing t%e0, a, wa, !i,#o-ee! by Met#%ni3o//1 In!e$en!ent $%eno0ena, w%o,e
e//e#t, ae #on-eging, ta3e $+a#e "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e $at%ogeni# agent an! bing
abo"t t%e !e,t"#tion o/ t%e in-a!ing 0i#obe,1 T%e,e $o#e,,e, ae en!owe! wit% t%e
,a0e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ ,i0$+i#ity, #o0$+e.ity, an! /ina+ity a, ot%e $%y,io+ogi#a+
$o#e,,e,1
T%e a!a$ti-e e,$on,e, o/ t%e ogani,0 ae !"e to !e/inite #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e,1 Cetain
$o+y,a##%ai!,, $e,ent in t%e bo!ie, o/ ba#teia, !ete0ine ,$e#i/i# ea#tion, o/ t%e #e++,
an! t%e %"0o, w%en t%ey ae "nite! wit% a $otein1 In,tea! o/ t%e $o+y,a##%ai!, o/ t%e
ba#teia, t%e ti,,"e, o/ o" bo!y 0an"/a#t"e ,o0e #abo%y!ate, an! +i$oi!,, w%i#%
$o,,e,, ,i0i+a $o$etie,1 T%e,e ,"b,tan#e, gi-e to t%e ogani,0 t%e $owe to atta#3
/oeign $otein, o /oeign #e++,1 In t%e ,a0e way a, t%e 0i#obe,, t%e #e++, o/ an ani0a+
!ete0ine in t%e ogani,0 o/ anot%e ani0a+ t%e a$$eaan#e o/ antibo!ie,1 An! t%o,e
#e++, ae /ina++y !e,toye! by t%ei antibo!ie,1 2o t%i, ea,on, t%e tan,$+antation into a
0an o/ a #%i0$an4ee;, te,ti#+e, i, not ,"##e,,/"+1 T%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%e,e a!a$ti-e
ea#tion, %a, +e! to -a##ination an! to t%e ",e o/ t%ea$e"ti# ,e"0,1 U+ti0ate+y, to
ati/i#ia+ i00"nity1 A geat 8"antity o/ antibo!ie, !e-e+o$, in t%e b+oo! o/ an ani0a+
in7e#te! wit% !ea! o atten"ate! 0i#obe,, -i",e,, o ba#teia+ $oi,on,1 T%e ,e"0 o/ t%e
ani0a+ en!ee! i00"ne to a !i,ea,e 0ay ,o0eti0e, #"e $atient, ,"//eing /o0 t%e
!i,ea,e in 8"e,tion1 It ,"$$+ie, t%ei b+oo! wit% t%e antito.i# antiba#teia+ ,"b,tan#e,
w%i#% ae +a#3ing1 T%",, it gi-e, t%e0 t%e $owe, w%i#% 0o,t in!i-i!"a+, !o not $o,,e,,,
to o-e#o0e t%e in/e#tion1
$
Eit%e a+one o wit% t%e ai! o/ ,$e#i/i# ,e"0, an! o/ non,$e#i/i# #%e0i#a+ an! $%y,i#a+
0e!i#ation,, t%e $atient /ig%t, again,t t%e in-a!ing 0i#obe,1 Meanw%i+e, +y0$% an!
b+oo! ae 0o!i/ie! by $oi,on, ,et /ee by t%e ba#teia an! by t%e wa,te $o!"#t, o/ t%e
!i,ea,e! ogani,01 Po/o"n! a+teation, ta3e $+a#e in t%e w%o+e bo!y1 2e-e, !e+ii"0,
an! a##e+eation o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, o##"1 In !angeo", in/e#tion,, in ty$%oi!
/e-e, $ne"0onia, an! ,e$ti#e0ia,, /o in,tan#e, +e,ion, !e-e+o$ in -aio", ogan,, ,"#%
a, %eat, +"ng,, an! +i-e1 T%e #e++, t%en a#t"a+i4e #etain $o$etie, w%i#%, in o!inay
+i/e, e0ain $otentia+1 T%ey ten! to en!e t%e %"0o, !e+eteio", to ba#teia, an! to
,ti0"+ate a++ ogani# a#ti-itie,1 T%e +e"#o#yte, 0"+ti$+y, ,e#ete new ,"b,tan#e,, "n!ego
$e#i,e+y ,"#% 0eta0o$%o,e, a, ae nee!e! by t%e ti,,"e,, a!a$t t%e0,e+-e, to t%e
"n/oe,een #on!ition, #eate! by t%e $at%ogeni# /a#to,, t%e !e/e#tion o/ ogan,, t%e
-i"+en#e o/ ba#teia, an! t%ei +o#a+ a##"0"+ation1 T%ey /o0 ab,#e,,e, in t%e in/e#te!
egion,, an! t%e /e0ent, #ontaine! in t%e $", o/ t%e ab,#e,,e, !ige,t t%e 0i#obe,1 T%e,e
/e0ent, a+,o $o,,e,, t%e $owe o/ !i,,o+-ing +i-ing ti,,"e,1 T%ey t%", o$en a way /o t%e
ab,#e,,, eit%e towa! t%e ,3in o ,o0e %o++ow ogan1 In t%i, 0anne, $", i, e+i0inate!
/o0 t%e bo!y1 T%e ,y0$to0, o/ ba#teia+ !i,ea,e, e.$e,, t%e e//ot 0a!e by ti,,"e, an!
%"0o, to a!a$t t%e0,e+-e, to t%e new #on!ition,, to e,i,t t%e0, an! to et"n to a
no0a+ ,tate1
In !egeneati-e !i,ea,e,, ,"#% a, ateio,#+eo,i,, 0yo#a!iti,, ne$%iti,, !iabete,, an!
#an#e, an! t%o,e !"e to a+i0entay !e/i#ien#ie,, t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, +i3ewi,e ente
into $+ay1 T%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e, be#o0e 0o!i/ie! in t%e 0anne be,t ,"ite! to t%e
,"-i-a+ o/ t%e ogani,01 I/ t%e ,e#etion o/ a g+an! i, in,"//i#ient, ,o0e ot%e g+an!,
a"g0ent t%ei a#ti-ity an! -o+"0e in o!e to ,"$$+e0ent it, wo31 W%en t%e -a+-e
$ote#ting t%e oi/i#e o/ #o00"ni#ation o/ t%e +e/t a"i#+e an! -enti#+e a++ow, t%e b+oo!
to /+ow ba#3, t%e %eat in#ea,e, in ,i4e an! ,tengt%1 T%",, it ,"##ee!, in $"0$ing into
t%e aota an a+0o,t no0a+ 8"antity o/ b+oo!1 T%i, a!a$ti-e $%eno0enon enab+e, t%e
$atient to #ontin"e to +ea! a no0a+ e.i,ten#e /o ,e-ea+ yea,1 W%en t%e 3i!ney, ae
i0$aie!, t%e ateia+ $e,,"e i,e, in o!e t%at a +age -o+"0e o/ b+oo! 0ay $a,,
t%o"g% t%e !e/e#ti-e /i+te1 @"ing t%e /i,t ,tage o/ !iabete,, t%e ogani,0 en!ea-o, to
#o0$en,ate t%e !e#ea,e in t%e 8"antity o/ in,"+in ,e#ete! by t%e $an#ea,1 T%e,e
!i,ea,e, genea++y e$e,ent an atte0$t 0a!e by t%e bo!y to a!a$t it,e+/ to a !e/e#ti-e
/"n#tion1
T%ee ae $at%ogeni# agent, again,t w%i#% t%e ti,,"e, !o not ea#t, w%i#% !o not e+i#it
any e,$on,e /o0 t%e a!a$ti-e 0e#%ani,0,1 S"#% i,, /o in,tan#e, Te$one0a $a++i!"0,
t%e agent o/ ,y$%i+i,1 On#e Te$one0a %a, $enetate! t%e bo!y, it ne-e ,$ontaneo",+y
+ea-e, it, -i#ti01 It ta3e, "$ it, abo!e in t%e ,3in, t%e b+oo! -e,,e+,, t%e bain, o t%e
bone,1 Neit%e t%e #e++, no t%e %"0o, ae ab+e to !e,toy it1 Sy$%i+i, yie+!, on+y to
$o+onge! teat0ent1 Li3ewi,e, #an#e 0eet, wit% no o$$o,ition /o0 t%e ogani,01
T"0o,, w%et%e benign o 0a+ignant, ae ,o 0"#% +i3e no0a+ ti,,"e, t%at t%e bo!y i,
not awae o/ t%ei $e,en#e1 T%ey o/ten !e-e+o$ in in!i-i!"a+, w%o /o a +ong ti0e ,%ow
no e-i!en#e o/ being a//e#te!1 T%e ,y0$to0,, w%en t%ey a$$ea, ae not t%e e.$e,,ion
o/ a ea#tion o/ t%e ogani,01 T%ey ae t%e !ie#t e,"+t o/ t%e 0i,!oing, o/ t%e t"0o, o/
it, to.i# $o!"#t,, o/ t%e !e,t"#tion o/ an e,,entia+ ogan, o o/ t%e #o0$e,,ion o/ a
ne-e1 T%e $oge,, o/ #an#e i, ine.oab+e, be#a",e ti,,"e, an! %"0o, !o not ea#t
again,t t%e in-a,ion o/ t%e !i,ea,e! #e++,1
In t%e #o",e o/ an i++ne,,, t%e bo!y 0eet, wit% ,it"ation, ne-e $e-io",+y en#o"ntee!1
It ten!,, ne-et%e+e,,, to a!a$t it,e+/ to t%e,e new #on!ition, by e+i0inating t%e
$at%ogeni# agent, an! e$aiing t%e +e,ion, t%ey %a-e #a",e!1 In t%e ab,en#e o/ ,"#%
a!a$ti-e $owe, +i-ing being, #o"+! not en!"e, be#a",e t%ey ae #ea,e+e,,+y e.$o,e! to
t%e atta#3, o/ -i",e, o ba#teia, an! to t%e ,t"#t"a+ /ai+"e o/ inn"0eab+e e+e0ent, o/
t%e ogani# ,y,te0,1 An in!i-i!"a+;, ,"-i-a+ wa, /o0e+y w%o++y !"e to %i, a!a$ti-e
#a$a#ity1 Mo!en #i-i+i4ation, wit% t%e %e+$ o/ %ygiene, #o0/ot, goo! /oo!, ,o/t +i-ing,
%o,$ita+,, $%y,i#ian,, an! n",e,, %a, 3e$t a+i-e 0any %"0an being, o/ $oo 8"a+ity1
T%e,e wea3+ing, an! t%ei !e,#en!ant, #ontib"te, in a +age 0ea,"e, to t%e
en/eeb+e0ent o/ t%e w%ite a#e,1 We ,%o"+! $e%a$, eno"n#e t%i, ati/i#ia+ /o0 o/
%ea+t% an! e.#+",i-e+y $","e nat"a+ %ea+t%, w%i#% e,"+t, /o0 t%e e.#e++en#e o/ t%e
a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, an! /o0 t%e in%eent e,i,tan#e to !i,ea,e1
%
E.taogani# a!a$tion #on,i,t, in t%e a!7",t0ent o/ t%e inne ,tate o/ t%e bo!y to t%e
-aiation, o/ t%e en-ion0ent1 T%i, a!7",t0ent i, bo"g%t abo"t by t%e 0e#%ani,0,
e,$on,ib+e /o ,tabi+i4ing $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,, an! /o gi-ing t%e bo!y it,
"nity1 To ea#% #%ange o/ t%e ,"o"n!ing, t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, /"ni,% an a$$o$iate
e$+y, Man #an, t%ee/oe, ,tan! t%e 0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e o"t,i!e wo+!1 T%e at0o,$%ee
i, a+way, eit%e wanne o #o+!e t%an t%e ,3in1 Ne-et%e+e,,, t%e te0$eat"e o/ t%e
%"0o, bat%ing t%e ti,,"e,, an! o/ t%e b+oo! #i#"+ating in t%e -e,,e+,, e0ain,
"n#%ange!1 S"#% a $%eno0enon !e$en!, on t%e #ontin"o", wo3 o/ t%e entie ogani,01
O" te0$eat"e %a, a ten!en#y to i,e wit% t%at o/ t%e at0o,$%ee, o w%en o" #%e0i#a+
e.#%ange, be#o0e 0oe a#ti-e, a,, /o in,tan#e, in /e-e1 P"+0onay #i#"+ation an!
e,$iatoy 0o-e0ent, t%en a##e+eate1 A +age 8"antity o/ wate i, e-a$oate! /o0 t%e
$"+0onay a+-eo+i1 Con,e8"ent+y, t%e te0$eat"e o/ t%e b+oo! in t%e +"ng, i, +owee!1 At
t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e ,"b#"taneo", -e,,e+, !i+ate an! t%e ,3in be#o0e, e!1 T%e b+oo!
",%e, to t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e bo!y an! #oo+, by #onta#t wit% at0o,$%ei# ai1 I/ t%e ai i,
too wa0, t%e ,3in be#o0e, #o-ee! by t%in ,tea0, o/ $e,$iation $o!"#e! by t%e
,weat g+an!,1 T%i, $e,$iation, in e-a$oating, bing, abo"t a /a++ in t%e te0$eat"e1
T%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0 an! t%e ,y0$at%eti# ne-e, #o0e into $+ay1 T%ey in#ea,e t%e
a$i!ity o/ #a!ia# $"+,ation,, !i+ate b+oo! -e,,e+,, bing on t%e ,en,ation o/ t%i,t, et#1
On t%e #ontay, w%en t%e o"te te0$eat"e /a++,, t%e -e,,e+, o/ t%e ,3in #onta#t, an! t%e
,3in it,e+/ be#o0e, w%ite1 T%e b+oo! #i#"+ate, ,+"ggi,%+y in t%e #a$i++aie,1 It ta3e,
e/"ge in t%e inne ogan,, w%o,e #i#"+ation an! #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange, ae a##e+eate!1
T%",, we /ig%t e.tena+ #o+!, a, we /ig%t %eat, by ne-o",, #i#"+atoy, an! n"titi-e
#%ange, o/ o" w%o+e bo!y1 A++ t%e ogan,, a, we++ a, t%e ,3in, ae 0aintaine! in #on,tant
a#ti-ity by e.$o,"e to %eat, #o+!, win!, ,"n, an! ain1 W%en we ,$en! o" +i/e ,%e+tee!
/o0 t%e in#+e0en#ie, o/ t%e weat%e, t%e $o#e,,e, eg"+ating t%e te0$eat"e o/ t%e
b+oo!, it, -o+"0e, it, a+3a+inity, et#1, ae en!ee! ",e+e,,1
We be#o0e a!a$te! to e.#itation, e0anating /o0 t%e o"te wo+!, e-en w%en t%ei
-io+en#e o t%ei wea3ne,, 0o!i/ie,, in an e.aggeate! o in,"//i#ient 0anne, t%e ne-e
en!ing, o/ t%e ,en,e ogan,1 E.#e,,i-e +ig%t i, !angeo",1 In $i0iti-e ,"o"n!ing, 0en
in,tin#ti-e+y %i!e /o0 it1 T%ee i, a +age n"0be o/ 0e#%ani,0, #a$ab+e o/ $ote#ting
t%e ogani,0 /o0 ,"n ay,1 T%e eye i, !e/en!e! by t%e eye+i!, an! t%e !ia$%ag0 o/ t%e
ii, again,t any in#ea,e in +ig%t inten,ity1 Si0"+taneo",+y, t%e etina be#o0e, +e,,
,en,ib+e1 T%e ,3in o$$o,e, t%e $enetation o/ ,o+a a!iation, by 0an"/a#t"ing $ig0ent1
W%en t%e,e nat"a+ !e/en,e, ae in,"//i#ient, +e,ion, o/ t%e etina o o/ t%e ,3in o##",
an! a+,o #etain !i,o!e, o/ t%e -i,#ea an! t%e ne-o", ,y,te01 It i, $o,,ib+e t%at
+e,,ene! ea#ti-ity o/ t%e ne-o", ,y,te0 an! o/ t%e inte++igen#e 0ay e-ent"a++y e,"+t
/o0 too ,tong a +ig%t1 We 0",t not /oget t%at t%e 0o,t %ig%+y #i-i+i4e! a#e,55t%e
S#an!ina-ian,, /o e.a0$+e55ae w%ite, an! %a-e +i-e! /o 0any geneation, in a #o"nty
w%ee t%e at0o,$%ei# +"0ino,ity i, wea3 !"ing a geat $at o/ t%e yea1 In 2an#e, t%e
$o$"+ation, o/ t%e not% ae /a ,"$eio to t%o,e o/ t%e Me!iteanean ,%oe,1 T%e +owe
a#e, genea++y in%abit #o"ntie, w%ee +ig%t i, -io+ent an! te0$eat"e e8"a+ an! wa01
It ,ee0, t%at t%e a!a$tation o/ w%ite 0en to +ig%t an! to %eat ta3e, $+a#e at t%e e.$en,e o/
t%ei ne-o", an! 0enta+ !e-e+o$0ent1
In a!!ition to +ig%t ay,, t%e ne-o", ,y,te0 e#ei-e, /o0 t%e #o,0i# wo+! -aio",
e.#itation,1 T%e,e ,ti0"+i ae ,o0eti0e, ,tong, ,o0eti0e, wea31 Man 0ay be #o0$ae!
to a $%otoga$%i# $+ate, w%i#% 0",t e#o! !i//eent inten,itie, o/ +ig%t in t%e ,a0e way1
T%e e//e#t o/ +ig%t on t%e $+ate i, eg"+ate! by a !ia$%ag0 an! a $o$e !"ation o/
e.$o,"e1 T%e ogani,0 ",e, anot%e 0et%o!1 It, a!a$tation to t%e "ne8"a+ inten,ity o/
t%e e.#itation, i, obtaine! by an in#ea,e o a !e#ea,e o/ it, e#e$ti-ity1 It i, we++ 3nown
t%at t%e etina be#o0e, 0"#% +e,, ,en,iti-e w%en e.$o,e! to inten,e +ig%t1 Li3ewi,e, t%e
0"#o,a o/ t%e no,e, a/te a ,%ot ti0e, no +onge $e#ei-e, a ba! o!o1 An inten,e noi,e,
i/ $o!"#e! #ontin"o",+y o at a "ni/o0 %yt%0, #a",e, +itt+e in#on-enien#e1 T%e oaing
o/ t%e o#ean a, it $o"n!, t%e o#3,, o t%e "0b+ing o/ a tain, !oe, not !i,t"b o" ,+ee$1
We #%ie/+y noti#e -aiation, in t%e inten,ity o/ t%e e.#itation,1 Webe t%o"g%t t%at, w%en
,ti0"+", in#ea,e, in geo0eti#a+ $oge,,ion, ,en,ation in#ea,e, on+y in ait%0eti#a+
$oge,,ion1 T%e inten,ity o/ ,en,ation a"g0ent,, t%ee/oe, 0"#% 0oe ,+ow+y t%an t%at
o/ e.#itation1 Sin#e we ae a//e#te!, not by t%e ab,o+"te inten,ity o/ a ,ti0"+",, b"t by t%e
!i//een#e in inten,ity o/ two ,"##e,,i-e e.#itation,, ,"#% 0e#%ani,0 e//e#ti-e+y $ote#t,
o" ne-o", ,y,te01 Webe;, +aw, a+t%o"g% not e.a#t, a$$o.i0ate+y e.$e,,e, w%at ta3e,
$+a#e1 Howe-e, t%e a!a$ti-e 0e#%ani,0, o/ o" ne-o", ,y,te0, ae not a, !e-e+o$e! a,
t%o,e o/ t%e ot%e ogani# a$$aat",e,1 Ci-i+i4ation %a, #eate! new ,ti0"+i again,t w%i#%
we %a-e no !e/en,e1 O" ogani,0 tie, in -ain to a!a$t it,e+/ to t%e noi,e, o/ t%e +age
#itie, an! /a#toie,, to t%e agitation o/ 0o!en +i/e, t%e woie, an! t%e #ow!ing o/ o"
!ay,1 We !o not get ",e! to +a#3 o/ ,+ee$1 We ae in#a$ab+e o/ e,i,ting %y$noti# $oi,on,,
,"#% a, o$i"0 o #o#aine1 Stange to ,ay, we a!7",t o",e+-e, wit%o"t ,"//eing to 0o,t
o/ t%e,e #on!ition,1 B"t ,"#% a!7",t0ent i, /a /o0 being a -i#toio", a!a$tation1 It
bing, abo"t ogani# an! 0enta+ #%ange,, w%i#% ae e8"i-a+ent to a !ega!ation o/
#i-i+i4e! 0an1
&
Pe0anent 0o!i/i#ation, o/ bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,, 0ay be $o!"#e! by a!a$tation1 In
t%i, 0anne, en-ion0ent ,ta0$, %"0an being, wit% it, 0a31 W%en yo"ng $eo$+e ae
,"b7e#te! to it, in/+"en#e o-e +engt%y $eio!,, t%ey 0ay be in!e+ib+y 0o!i/ie! by it1
T%",, new ,t"#t"a+ an! 0enta+ a,$e#t, a$$ea in t%e in!i-i!"a+ an! a+,o in t%e a#e1 It
,ee0, t%at en-ion0ent ga!"a++y a//e#t, t%e #e++, o/ t%e ,e."a+ g+an!,1 S"#%
0o!i/i#ation, ae nat"a++y %ee!itay1 In!ee!, t%e in!i-i!"a+ !oe, not tan,0it %i,
a#8"ie! #%aa#tei,ti#, to %i, !e,#en!ant,1 B"t w%en in t%e #o",e o/ +i/e %i, %"0o, ae
0o!i/ie! by t%e en-ion0ent, %i, ,e."a+ ti,,"e, 0ay a!a$t t%e0,e+-e,, by #oe,$on!ing
,t"#t"a+ #%ange,, to t%e ,tate o/ t%ei %"0oa+ 0e!i"01 2o in,tan#e, t%e $+ant,, tee,,
ani0a+,, an! 0en o/ No0an!y !i//e geat+y /o0 t%o,e o/ Bittany1 T%ey bea t%e
,$e#i/i# 0a3 o/ t%e ,oi+1 In /o0e ti0e,, w%en t%e /oo! o/ t%e in%abitant, o/ a -i++age
#on,i,te! e.#+",i-e+y o/ +o#a+ $o!"#t,, t%e a,$e#t o/ t%e $o$"+ation ,%owe! ,ti++ geate
!i//een#e, /o0 one $o-in#e to anot%e1
A!a$tation o/ ani0a+, to t%i,t an! to %"nge i, ea,i+y noti#eab+e1 T%e #att+e o/ t%e
Ai4ona !e,et, #an go t%ee o /o" !ay, wit%o"t wate1 A !og 0ay e0ain /at an! in
$e/e#t %ea+t%, a+t%o"g% eating on+y twi#e a wee31 Ani0a+, "nab+e to 8"en#% t%ei t%i,t
e.#e$t at ae inte-a+, +ean to !in3 ab"n!ant+y1 T%ey a!a$t t%ei ti,,"e, to ,toe +age
8"antitie, o/ wate o-e +engt%y $eio!,1 Li3ewi,e, t%o,e ,"b7e#te! to /a,ting be#o0e
a##",to0e! to ab,obing in one o two !ay, eno"g% /oo! /o t%e e,t o/ t%e wee31 It i, t%e
,a0e wit% ,+ee$1 We #an tain o",e+-e, to !o wit%o"t ,+ee$, o to ,+ee$ -ey +itt+e !"ing
,o0e $eio!,, an! a geat !ea+ !"ing ot%e,1 We in!"+ge 8"ite ea,i+y in an e.#e,, o/
no"i,%0ent an! o/ !in31 I/ a #%i+! i, gi-en a, 0"#% /oo! a, %e #an ab,ob, %e a$i!+y
get, ",e! to eating e.aggeate! 8"antitie,1 Late on, %e /in!, it -ey !i//i#"+t to bea3
%i0,e+/ o/ t%e %abit1 A++ t%e ogani# an! 0enta+ #on,e8"en#e, o/ a+i0entay e.#e,,e, ae
not yet e.a#t+y "n!e,too!1 T%ey ,ee0 to be 0ani/e,te! by an in#ea,e in t%e -o+"0e an!
t%e %eig%t o/ t%e bo!y, an! by a !e#ea,e in it, genea+ a#ti-ity1 A ,i0i+a $%eno0enon
o##", in wi+! abbit, w%en t%ey be#o0e tan,/o0e! into !o0e,ti# abbit,1 It i, not
#etain t%at t%e ,tan!a!i4e! %abit, o/ 0o!en +i/e +ea! to t%e o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent o/
%"0an being,1 T%e $e,ent way, o/ +i-ing %a-e been a!o$te! be#a",e t%ey ae ea,y an!
$+ea,ant1 In!ee!, t%ey !i//e $o/o"n!+y /o0 t%o,e o/ o" an#e,to, an! o/ t%e %"0an
go"$, w%i#% %a-e ,o /a e,i,te! in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation1 We !o not 3now, a, yet, w%et%e
t%ey ae bette o wo,e1
Man be#o0e, a##+i0ati4e! to %ig% a+tit"!e, t%o"g% #etain 0o!i/i#ation, o/ %i, b+oo!
an! o/ %i, #i#"+atoy, e,$iatoy, ,3e+eta+, an! 0",#"+a ,y,te0,1 T%e e! #o$",#+e,
e,$on! to t%e +oweing o/ t%e bao0eti# $e,,"e by 0"+ti$+ying1 A!a$tation a$i!+y
ta3e, $+a#e1 In a /ew wee3,, ,o+!ie, tan,$ote! to t%e ,"00it, o/ t%e A+$, wa+3, #+i0b,
an! "n a, a#ti-e+y a, at +owe a+tit"!e,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e ,3in $o!"#e, a geat !ea+
o/ $ig0ent a, a $ote#tion again,t t%e g+ae o/ t%e ,now1 T%e t%oa. an! t%e 0",#+e, o/
t%e #%e,t !e-e+o$ 0a3e!+y1 A/te ,o0e 0ont%, in t%e %ig% 0o"ntain,, t%e 0",#"+a
,y,te0 i, in"e! to t%e geate e//ot, e8"ie! /o a#ti-e +i/e1 T%e ,%a$e an! t%e $o,t"e
o/ t%e bo!y be#o0e 0o!i/ie!1 T%e #i#"+atoy a$$aat", an! t%e %eat a##",to0
t%e0,e+-e, to t%e #ea,e+e,, wo3 t%ey ae #a++e! "$on to !o1 T%e $o#e,,e, t%at eg"+ate
t%e te0$eat"e o/ t%e b+oo! i0$o-e1 T%e ogani,0 +ean, to e,i,t #o+! an! to ,"$$ot
ea,i+y a++ in+e0en#ie, o/ t%e weat%e1 W%en 0o"ntainee, !e,#en! to t%e $+ain,, t%e
n"0be o/ t%ei b+oo! #o$",#+e, be#o0e, no0a+1 B"t t%e a!a$tation o/ t%e t%oa.,
+"ng,, %eat, an! -e,,e+, to a ae/ie! at0o,$%ee, to t%e e//e#t, o/ #o+!, to t%e e.etion,
0a!e in t%e !ai+y a,#en,ion o/ 0o"ntain,, +ea-e, it, 0a3 /oe-e on t%e bo!y1 Inten,e
0",#"+a a#ti-ity a+,o bing, abo"t $e0anent #%ange,1 2o e.a0$+e, on t%e We,ten
an#%e,, t%e #ow$"n#%e, a#8"ie ,tengt%, e,i,tan#e, an! +it%ene,, ,"#% a, no at%+ete
e-e attain, in t%e #o0/ot o/ a 0o!en "ni-e,ity1 It i, t%e ,a0e wit% inte++e#t"a+ wo31
Man i, in!e+ib+y 0a3e! by $o+onge! an! inten,e 0enta+ ,t"gg+e1 T%i, ty$e o/ a#ti-ity
i, a+0o,t i0$o,,ib+e in t%e ,tate o/ 0e#%ani4ation ea#%e! by e!"#ation1 It #an on+y ta3e
$+a#e in ,0a++ go"$,, ,"#% a, t%at o/ t%e /i,t !i,#i$+e, o/ Pa,te", in,$ie! by an a!ent
i!ea+, by t%e wi++ to 3now1 T%e yo"ng 0en w%o gat%ee! ao"n! We+#%, at t%e beginning
o/ %i, #aee at t%e ?o%n, Ho$3in, Uni-e,ity, %a-e been ,tengt%ene! !"ing t%ei w%o+e
+i-e, an! 0a!e geate by t%e inte++e#t"a+ !i,#i$+ine into w%i#% t%ey wee initiate! "n!e
%i, g"i!an#e1
T%ee i, a+,o a 0oe ,"bt+e, +e,, 3nown a,$e#t o/ t%e a!a$tation o/ ogani# an! 0enta+
a#ti-itie, to en-ion0ent1 It #on,i,t, o/ t%e e,$on,e o/ t%e bo!y to t%e #%e0i#a+
,"b,tan#e, #ontaine! in t%e /oo!1 We 3now t%at in #o"ntie, w%ee wate i, i#% in
#a+#i"0, t%e ,3e+eton be#o0e, %ea-ie t%an it !oe, in egion, w%ee t%e wate i, 8"ite
$"e1 We a+,o 3now t%at in!i-i!"a+, /e! on 0i+3, egg,, -egetab+e,, an! #eea+, !i//e /o0
t%o,e /e! 0o,t+y on 0eat, t%at 0any ,"b,tan#e, 0ay in/+"en#e t%e ,%a$e o/ t%e bo!y an!
#on,#io",ne,,1 B"t we ignoe t%e 0e#%ani,0 o/ t%i, a!a$tation1 En!o#ine g+an!, an!
ne-o", ,y,te0 $obab+y be#o0e 0o!i/ie! a##o!ing to t%e /o0, o/ a+i0entation1
Menta+ a#ti-itie, ,ee0 to -ay wit% t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 It i, not wi,e to /o++ow
b+in!+y t%e !o#tine, o/ $%y,i#ian, an! %ygieni,t,, w%o,e %oi4on i, +i0ite! to t%ei
,$e#ia+ty55t%at i,, to one a,$e#t o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%e $oge,, o/ 0an #etain+y wi++ not
#o0e /o0 an in#ea,e in weig%t, o in +onge-ity1
It ,ee0, t%at t%e wo3 o/ t%e a!a$ti-e 0e#%ani,0, ,ti0"+ate, a++ ogani# /"n#tion,1 A
te0$oay #%ange o/ #+i0ate i, o/ bene/it to !ebi+itate! in!i-i!"a+, an! to #on-a+e,#ent,1
So0e -aiation, in t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e, in /oo!, ,+ee$, an! %abitat, ae ",e/"+1 T%e
a##o0o!ation to new #on!ition, o/ e.i,ten#e 0o0entai+y in#ea,e, t%e a#ti-ity o/
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ $o#e,,e,1 T%e ate o/ a!a$tation to any /a#to !e$en!, on t%e
%yt%0 o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e1 C%i+!en e,$on! i00e!iate+y to a #%ange o/ #+i0ate1
A!"+t,, 0"#% 0oe ,+ow+y1 In o!e to $o!"#e +a,ting e,"+t,, t%e a#tion o/ t%e
en-ion0ent 0",t be $o+onge!1 @"ing yo"t%, a new #o"nty an! new %abit, ae ab+e to
!ete0ine $e0anent a!a$ti-e #%ange,1 2o t%i, ea,on, #on,#i$tion geat+y %e+$, t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e bo!y by i0$o,ing on ea#% in!i-i!"a+ a new ty$e o/ +i/e, #etain
e.e#i,e,, an! a #etain !i,#i$+ine1 Ro"g%e #on!ition, o/ e.i,ten#e an! 0oe
e,$on,ibi+ity wo"+! e,toe 0oa+ enegy an! a"!a#ity to t%e 0a7oity o/ t%o,e w%o %a-e
+o,t t%e01 Moe -ii+e %abit, ,%o"+! be ,"b,tit"te! /o t%e "ni/o0ity an! ,o/tne,, o/ +i/e
in ,#%oo+, an! "ni-e,itie,1 T%e a!a$tation o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ to a $%y,io+ogi#a+,
inte++e#t"a+, an! 0oa+ !i,#i$+ine !ete0ine, !e/inite #%ange, in t%e ne-o", ,y,te0, t%e
en!o#ine g+an!,, an! t%e 0in!1 T%e ogani,0 a#8"ie,, in t%i, way, a bette integation,
geate -igo, an! 0oe abi+ity to o-e#o0e t%e !i//i#"+tie, an! !ange, o/ e.i,ten#e1
1'
Man a!a$t, %i0,e+/ to ,o#ia+ en-ion0ent a, to $%y,i#a+ en-ion0ent1 Menta+ a#ti-itie,,
+i3e $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,, ten! to be#o0e 0o!i/ie! in t%e way be,t ,"ite! to t%e
,"-i-a+ o/ t%e bo!y1 T%ey !ete0ine o" a!7",t0ent to o" ,"o"n!ing,1 T%e in!i-i!"a+
!oe, not genea++y get wit%o"t e//ot t%e $o,ition %e #o-et, in t%e go"$ o/ w%i#% %e i, a
0e0be1 He want, wea+t%, 3now+e!ge, $owe, $+ea,"e,1 He i, !i-en by %i, gee!, %i,
a0bition, %i, #"io,ity, %i, ,e."a+ a$$etite1 B"t %e /in!, %i0,e+/ in an en-ion0ent
a+way, in!i//eent, ,o0eti0e, %o,ti+e1 He 8"i#3+y ea+i4e, t%at %e 0",t /ig%t /o w%at %e
want,1 Hi, 0o!e o/ ea#tion to %i, ,o#ia+ ,"o"n!ing, !e$en!, on %i, ,$e#i/i#
#on,tit"tion1 So0e $eo$+e be#o0e a##o00o!ate! to t%e wo+! by #on8"eing it1 Ot%e,
by e,#a$ing /o0 it1 Sti++ ot%e, e/",e to a##e$t it, "+e,1 T%e nat"a+ attit"!e o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+ towa! %i, /e++ow 0en i, one o/ ,ti/e1 Con,#io",ne,, e,$on!, to t%e en0ity
o/ t%e en-ion0ent by an e//ot !ie#te! again,t it1 Inte++igen#e an! #"nning t%en !e-e+o$,
a, we++ a, t%e !e,ie to +ean, t%e wi++ to wo3, to $o,,e,,, an! to !o0inate1 T%e $a,,ion
/o #on8"e,t a,,"0e, !i-e,e a,$e#t, a##o!ing to in!i-i!"a+, an! #i#"0,tan#e,1 It
in,$ie, a++ geat a!-ent"e,1 S"#% $a,,ion +e! Pa,te" to t%e eno-ation o/ 0e!i#ine,
M",,o+ini to t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ a geat nation, Ein,tein to t%e #eation o/ a "ni-e,e1 T%e
,a0e ,$iit !i-e, t%e 0o!en %"0an being to obbey, to 0"!e, an! to t%e geat
/inan#ia+ an! e#ono0i# ente$i,e, #%aa#tei4ing o" #i-i+i4ation1 B"t it, i0$"+,e a+,o
b"i+!, %o,$ita+,, +aboatoie,, "ni-e,itie,, an! #%"#%e,1 It i0$e+, 0en to /ot"ne an! to
!eat%, to %eoi,0 an! to #i0e1 B"t ne-e to %a$$ine,,1
T%e ,e#on! 0o!e o/ a!a$tation i, /+ig%t1 So0e aban!on t%e ,t"gg+e an! !e,#en! to a
,o#ia+ +e-e+ w%ee #o0$etition i, no +onge ne#e,,ay1 T%ey be#o0e /a#toy wo3e,,
$o+etaian,1 Ot%e, ta3e e/"ge wit%in t%ei own ,e+/1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e t%ey #an a!a$t
t%e0,e+-e,, in ,o0e 0ea,"e, to t%e ,o#ia+ go"$, an! e-en #on8"e it t%o"g% t%e
,"$eioity o/ t%ei inte++igen#e1 B"t t%ey !o not /ig%t1 T%ey ae 0e0be, o/ t%e
#o00"nity on+y in a$$eaan#e1 In /a#t, t%ey +i-e in an inne wo+! o/ t%ei own1 Sti++
ot%e, /oget t%ei ,"o"n!ing, in #ea,e+e,, toi+1 T%o,e w%o ae ob+ige! to wo3
"ninte"$te!+y a##o00o!ate t%e0,e+-e, to a++ e-ent,1 A wo0an w%o,e #%i+! !ie,, an!
w%o %a, to +oo3 a/te ,e-ea+ ot%e #%i+!en, %a, no ti0e to boo! o-e %e gie/1 Wo3 i,
0oe e//e#ti-e t%an a+#o%o+ an! 0o$%ine in %e+$ing $eo$+e to bea a!-e,e #on!ition,1
Cetain in!i-i!"a+, ,$en! t%ei +i-e, in !ea0ing, in %o$ing /o /ot"ne, %ea+t%, an!
%a$$ine,,1 I++",ion, an! %o$e ae a+,o a $owe/"+ 0ean, o/ a!a$tation1 Ho$e geneate,
a#tion1 It i, ig%t+y +oo3e! "$on by C%i,tian 0oa+, a, a geat -it"e1 It #ontib"te, in a
$owe/"+ 0anne to t%e a!7",t0ent o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ to "n/a-oab+e #i#"0,tan#e,1 Habit
i, anot%e a,$e#t o/ a!a$tation1 Soow, ae 0oe 8"i#3+y /ogotten t%an 7oy,1 B"t
ina#tion a"g0ent, a++ ,"//eing,1
Many $eo$+e ne-e a!7",t t%e0,e+-e, to t%e ,o#ia+ go"$1 A0ong t%o,e "na!a$te! ae
t%e /eeb+e50in!e!1 E.#e$t in ,$e#ia+ in,tit"tion,, t%ey %a-e no $+a#e in 0o!en ,o#iety1 A
n"0be o/ no0a+ #%i+!en ae bon in t%e /a0i+ie, o/ !egeneate, an! #i0ina+,1 In ,"#%
a 0o+! t%ey ,%a$e t%ei bo!y an! t%ei #on,#io",ne,,1 T%ey be#o0e "na!a$tab+e to
no0a+ +i/e1 T%ey ,"$$+y t%e $i,on, wit% 0o,t o/ t%ei in0ate,1 T%ey a+,o #on,tit"te t%e
/a +age $o$"+ation t%at e0ain, /ee to +i-e by b"g+ay an! 0"!e1 T%e,e %"0an
being, ae t%e /ata+ e,"+t o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0oa+ !ega!ation bo"g%t abo"t by
in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation1 T%ey ae ie,$on,ib+e1 Ie,$on,ib+e, a+,o, i, t%e yo"t% bo"g%t "$
in 0o!en ,#%oo+, by tea#%e, ignoant o/ t%e ne#e,,ity /o e//ot, /o inte++e#t"a+
#on#entation, /o 0oa+ !i,#i$+ine1 Late on in +i/e, w%en t%e,e yo"ng 0en an! wo0en
en#o"nte t%e in!i//een#e o/ t%e wo+!, t%e 0ateia+ an! 0enta+ !i//i#"+tie, o/ e.i,ten#e,
t%ey ae in#a$ab+e o/ a!a$tation, ,a-e by a,3ing /o e+ie/, /o $ote#tion, /o !o+e,, an!, i/
e+ie/ #annot t%", be obtaine!, by #i0e1 A+t%o"g% %a-ing ,tong 0",#+e,, t%ey ae
!e$i-e! o/ ne-o", an! 0oa+ e,i,tan#e1 T%ey ,%in3 /o0 e//ot an! $i-ation1 In
$eio!, o/ ,te,, t%ey !e0an! /oo! an! ,%e+te /o0 t%ei $aent, o /o0 t%e #o00"nity1
Li3e t%e o//,$ing o/ t%e wet#%e! an! t%e #i0ina+,, t%ey ae "n/it to %a-e a $+a#e in t%e
new #ity1
Cetain /o0, o/ 0o!e0 +i/e +ea! !ie#t+y to !egeneation1 T%ee ae ,o#ia+ #on!ition,
a, /ata+ to w%ite 0en a, ae wa0 an! %"0i! #+i0ate,1 We ea#t to $o-ety, an.ietie,, an!
,oow, by wo3ing an! ,t"gg+ing1 We #an ,tan! tyanny, e-o+"tion, an! wa1 B"t we
ae not ab+e to /ig%t ,"##e,,/"++y again,t 0i,ey o $o,$eity1 T%e in!i-i!"a+ an! t%e a#e
ae wea3ene! by e.te0e $o-ety1 Wea+t% i, 7",t a, !angeo",1 Ne-et%e+e,,, t%ee ae
,ti++ /a0i+ie, w%i#%, in ,$ite o/ %a-ing %a! 0oney an! $owe /o #ent"ie,, %a-e 3e$t t%ei
,tengt%1 B"t, in /o0e ti0e,, $owe an! 0oney !ei-e! /o0 t%e owne,%i$ o/ +an!1 To
%o+! t%e +an! e8"ie! ,t"gg+e, a!0ini,tati-e abi+ity, an! +ea!e,%i$1 T%i, in!i,$en,ab+e
e//ot $e-ente! !egeneation1 To!ay, wea+t% !oe, not bing in it, tain any e,$on,ibi+ity
towa! t%e #o00"nity1 Ie,$on,ibi+ity, e-en in t%e ab,en#e o/ wea+t%, i, %a0/"+1 In t%e
$oo, a, we++ a, in t%e i#%, +ei,"e engen!e, !egeneation1 Cine0a,, #on#et,, a!io,,
a"to0obi+e,, an! at%+eti#, ae no ,"b,tit"te, /o inte++igent wo31 We ae /a /o0 %a-ing
,o+-e! t%i, 0o0ento", $ob+e0 o/ i!+ene,, #eate! by $o,$eity, 0o!en 0a#%iney, o
"ne0$+oy0ent1 By i0$o,ing +ei,"e "$on 0an, ,#ienti/i# #i-i+i4ation %a, bo"g%t %i0
geat 0i,/ot"ne1 We ae a, in#a$ab+e o/ /ig%ting t%e #on,e8"en#e, o/ in!o+en#e an!
ie,$on,ibi+ity a, #an#e an! 0enta+ !i,ea,e,1
11
A!a$ti-e /"n#tion, a,,"0e a, 0any !i//eent a,$e#t, a, ti,,"e, an! %"0o, en#o"nte
new ,it"ation,1 T%ey ae not t%e $ati#"+a e.$e,,ion o/ any ogani# ,y,te01 T%ey ae
!e/inab+e on+y by t%ei en!1 T%ei 0ean, -ay1 B"t t%ei en! a+way, e0ain, t%e ,a0e1
S"#% an en! i, t%e ,"-i-a+ o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 A!a$tation, #on,i!ee! in it, -aio",
0ani/e,tation, an! it, onene,,, a$$ea, a, an agent o/ ,tabi+i4ation an! ogani# e$ai, a,
t%e #a",e o/ t%e 0o+!ing o/ ogan, by /"n#tion, a, t%e +in3 t%at integate, ti,,"e, an!
%"0o, in a w%o+e en!"ing in ,$ite o/ t%e atta#3, o/ t%e o"te wo+!1 T%",, it a$$ea, a,
an entity1 T%i, ab,ta#tion i, #on-enient /o !e,#ibing it, #%aa#tei,ti#,1 In /a#t,
a!a$tation i, an a,$e#t o/ a++ $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e, an! o/ t%ei $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+
#o0$onent,1
W%en a ,y,te0 i, in e8"i+ibi"0, an! a /a#to ten!, to 0o!i/y t%e e8"i+ibi"0, t%ee
o##", a ea#tion t%at o$$o,e, t%i, /a#to1 I/ ,"ga i, !i,,o+-e! in wate, t%e te0$eat"e
/a++,, an! t%e +oweing o/ t%e te0$eat"e !i0ini,%e, t%e ,o+"bi+ity o/ ,"ga1 S"#% i, t%e
$in#i$+e o/ Le C%ate+ie1 W%en -io+ent 0",#"+a e.e#i,e geat+y in#ea,e, t%e 8"antity
o/ -eno", b+oo! /+owing into t%e %eat, t%e #enta+ ne-o", ,y,te0 i, in/o0e! o/ t%i,
e-ent by t%e ne-e, o/ t%e ig%t a"i#+e1 At on#e it !ete0ine, an a##e+eation o/ t%e
#a!ia# $"+,ation,1 T%e e.#e,, o/ -eno", b+oo! i, t%", #aie! away1 T%ee i, on+y a
,"$e/i#ia+ ana+ogy between t%e $in#i$+e o/ Le C%ate+ie an! ,"#% $%y,io+ogi#a+
a!a$tation1 In t%e /i,t #a,e, an e8"i+ibi"0 i, 0aintaine! by $%y,i#a+ 0ean,1 In t%e
,e#on! #a,e, a ,tea!y ,tate, an! not an e8"i+ibi"0, $e,i,t, wit% t%e %e+$ o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+
$o#e,,e,1 I/, in,tea! o/ b+oo!, a ti,,"e 0o!i/ie, it, ,tate, a ,i0i+a $%eno0enon o##",1
T%e e.ti$ation o/ a /ag0ent o/ ,3in ,et, in 0otion a #o0$+e. ea#tion w%i#%, t%o"g%
#on-eging 0e#%ani,0,, bing, abo"t t%e e$ai o/ t%e +e,ion1 In bot% in,tan#e,, t%e
e.#e,, o/ -eno", b+oo! an! t%e wo"n! ae t%e /a#to, ten!ing to 0o!i/y t%e ,tate o/ t%e
ogani,01 T%e,e /a#to, ae o$$o,e! by a #on#atenation o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,
+ea!ing, in t%e /i,t #a,e, to a##e+eation o/ t%e %eat an!, in t%e ,e#on! #a,e, to
#i#ati4ation1
T%e 0oe a 0",#+e wo3,, t%e 0oe it !e-e+o$,1 A#ti-ity ,tengt%en, it, in,tea! o/
weaing it o"t1 An ogan ato$%ie, w%en not ",e!1 It i, a $i0ay !at"0 o/ ob,e-ation
t%at $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ /"n#tion, ae i0$o-e! by wo31 A+,o, t%at e//ot i,
in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 Li3e 0",#+e, an! ogan,,
inte++igen#e an! 0oa+ ,en,e be#o0e ato$%ie! /o want o/ e.e#i,e1 T%e +aw o/ e//ot i,
,ti++ 0oe i0$otant t%an t%e +aw o/ t%e #on,tan#y o/ t%e ogani# ,tate,1 Stea!ine,, o/ t%e
inne 0e!i"0 i,, wit%o"t any !o"bt, in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e ,"-i-a+ o/ t%e ogani,01 B"t
t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ $oge,, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ !e$en!, on %i, /"n#tiona+ a#ti-ity
an! on %i, e//ot,1 We be#o0e a!a$te! to t%e +a#3 o/ ",e o/ o" ogani# an! 0enta+
,y,te0, by !egeneating1
A!a$tation e0$+oy, 0"+ti$+e $o#e,,e, to attain it, en!1 It ne-e +o#a+i4e, in one egion
o one ogan1 It 0obi+i4e, t%e entie bo!y1 2o e.a0$+e, ange $o/o"n!+y 0o!i/ie, a++ t%e
ogani# a$$aat",e,1 T%e 0",#+e, #onta#t1 T%e ,y0$at%eti# ne-e, an! t%e ,"$aena+
g+an!, #o0e into a#tion1 T%ei inte-ention bing, abo"t an in#ea,e o/ t%e b+oo!
$e,,"e, an a##e+eation o/ t%e %eat $"+,ation,, t%e ,etting /ee by t%e +i-e o/ g+"#o,e,
w%i#% wi++ be ",e! by t%e 0",#+e, a, /"e+1 In a +i3e 0anne, w%en t%e bo!y ,ti-e, again,t
o"t,i!e #o+!, it, #i#"+atoy, e,$iatoy, !ige,ti-e, 0",#"+a, an! ne-o", a$$aat",e, ae
/o#e! to a#t1 In ,"0, t%e ogani,0 e,$on!, to #%ange, in t%e o"te wo+! by ,etting in
0otion a++ it, a#ti-itie,1 T%e e.e#i,e o/ a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, i, a, ne#e,,ay to t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,, a, $%y,i#a+ e//ot to t%at o/ t%e 0",#+e,1
A##o00o!ation to in#+e0en#y o/ t%e weat%e, to +a#3 o/ ,+ee$, to /atig"e, an! to %"nge
,ti0"+ate, e-ey $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,1 In o!e to ea#% %i, o$ti0"0 ,tate, t%e %"0an
being 0",t a#t"a+i4e a++ %i, $otentia+itie,1
A!a$ti-e $%eno0ena a+way, ten! towa! a #etain en!1 B"t t%ey !o not a+way, attain
t%ei goa+1 T%ey !o not wo3 a##"ate+y1 T%ey o$eate wit%in #etain +i0it,1 Ea#%
in!i-i!"a+ wit%,tan!, on+y a gi-en n"0be o/ ba#teia an! a gi-en -i"+en#e o/ t%e,e
ba#teia1 Beyon! ,"#% n"0be an! -i"+en#e, t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, be#o0e in,"//i#ient
to $ote#t t%e bo!y1 @i,ea,e bea3, o"t1 It i, t%e ,a0e wit% e,i,tan#e to /atig"e, to %eat,
o to #o+!1 T%ee i, !o"bt t%at a!a$ti-e $owe, a, we++ a, ot%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,,
in#ea,e, wit% e.e#i,e1 Li3e t%e,e a#ti-itie,, it i, $e/e#tib+e1 In,tea! o/ $e-enting
!i,ea,e, on+y by $ote#ting t%e in!i-i!"a+ again,t t%ei agent,, we 0",t, by ati/i#ia++y
in#ea,ing t%e e//i#ien#y o/ %i, a!a$ti-e /"n#tion,, en!e ea#% 0an #a$ab+e o/ $ote#ting
%i0,e+/1
To ,"00ai4e1 We %a-e #on,i!ee! a!a$tation a, an e.$e,,ion o/ /"n!a0enta+
$o$etie, o/ t%e ti,,"e,, a, an a,$e#t o/ n"tition1 P%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e, ae 0o!i/ie! in
a, 0any !i//eent way, a, new an! "n/oe,een ,it"ation, o##"1 Stange to ,ay, t%ey
,%a$e t%e0,e+-e, /o t%e goa+ to be attaine!1 T%ey !o not ,ee0 to e,ti0ate ti0e an! ,$a#e
in t%e ,a0e 0anne a, o" inte++igen#e !oe,1 T%e ti,,"e, ogani4e wit% e8"a+ ea,e e+ati-e
to ,$atia+ #on/ig"ation, a+ea!y e.i,ting an! to t%o,e w%i#% !o not a, yet e.i,t1 @"ing
e0byoni# gowt%, t%e etina an! t%e +en, a,,o#iate /o t%e bene/it o/ t%e ,ti++ $otentia+
eye1 A!a$tabi+ity i, a $o$ety o/ t%e #o0$onent, o/ ti,,"e,, a, we++ a, o/ t%e ti,,"e,
t%e0,e+-e, an! o/ t%e entie ogani,01 In!i-i!"a+ #e++, a$$ea to a#t in t%e intee,t o/ t%e
w%o+e, 7",t a, bee, wo3 /o t%e goo! o/ t%e %i-e1 T%ey ,ee0 to 3now t%e /"t"e1 An!
t%ey $e$ae /o t%i, /"t"e by anti#i$ate! #%ange, o/ t%ei ,t"#t"e an! /"n#tion,1
12
We "ti+i4e o" a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, 0"#% +e,, t%an o" an#e,to, !i!1 2o a 8"ate o/ a
#ent"y, e,$e#ia++y, we %a-e a##o00o!ate! o",e+-e, to o" en-ion0ent t%o"g%
0e#%ani,0, #eate! by o" inte++igen#e, an! no +onge t%o"g% $%y,io+ogi#a+
0e#%ani,0,1 S#ien#e %a, ,"$$+ie! ", wit% 0ean, /o 3ee$ing o" intaogani#
e8"i+ibi"0, w%i#% ae 0oe ageeab+e an! +e,, +aboio", t%an t%e nat"a+ $o#e,,e,1 We
%a-e 0entione! %ow t%e $%y,i#a+ #on!ition, o/ o" !ai+y +i/e ae $e-ente! /o0 -aying1
How 0",#"+a e.e#i,e, /oo!, an! ,+ee$ ae ,tan!a!i4e!1 How 0o!en #i-i+i4ation %a,
!one away wit% e//ot an! 0oa+ e,$on,ibi+ity, an! tan,/o0e! t%e 0o!e, o/ a#ti-ity o/
o" 0",#"+a, ne-o",, #i#"+atoy, an! g+an!"+a ,y,te0,1
We %a-e a+,o !awn attention to t%e /a#t t%at t%e in%abitant, o/ t%e 0o!en #ity no
+onge ,"//e /o0 #%ange, o/ at0o,$%ei# te0$eat"e1 T%at t%ey ae $ote#te! by
0o!en %o",e,, #+ot%e,, an! a"to0obi+e,1 T%at !"ing t%e winte t%ey ae not ,"b7e#te!,
a, t%ei an#e,to, wee, to a+tenati-e, o/ $o+onge! #o+! an! o/ b"ta+ %eat /o0 ,to-e,
an! o$en /ie$+a#e,1 T%e ogani,0 !oe, not %a-e to /ig%t #o+! by ,etting in 0otion t%e
#%ain o/ t%e a,,o#iate! $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,, w%i#% in#ea,e t%e #%e0i#a+ e.#%ange,
an! 0o!i/y t%e #i#"+ation o/ a++ t%e ti,,"e,1 W%en an in!i-i!"a+, in,"//i#ient+y #+ot%e!,
%a, to 0aintain %i, inne te0$eat"e by -io+ent e.e#i,e, a++ %i, ogani# ,y,te0, wo3
wit% geat inten,ity1 On t%e #ontay, t%e,e ,y,te0, e0ain in a #on!ition o/ e$o,e i/
#o+! weat%e i, /o"g%t by /", an! wa0 #+ot%ing, by t%e %eating a$$aat", o/ a #+o,e!
#a, o by t%e wa++, o/ a ,tea05%eate! oo01 T%e ,3in o/ 0o!en 0an i, ne-e w%i$$e! by
t%e win!1 It ne-e %a, to !e/en! it,e+/ /o +ong an! tiing %o", again,t ,now, ain, o ,"n1
In /o0e ti0e, t%e 0e#%ani,0, e,$on,ib+e /o eg"+ating t%e te0$eat"e o/ b+oo! an!
%"0o, wee 0aintaine! in #on,tant a#ti-ity by t%e ,t"gg+e again,t t%e igo, o/ t%e
weat%e1 To!ay t%ey ae in a ,tate o/ $e$et"a+ e,t1 Howe-e, t%ei wo3 i, $obab+y
in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e 0in!1 We 0",t ea+i4e
t%at t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, !o not #oe,$on! to a $ati#"+a ,t"#t"e w%i#%, w%en not
nee!e!, #o"+! be !i,$en,e! wit%1 T%ey ae, on t%e #ontay, t%e e.$e,,ion o/ t%e w%o+e
bo!y1
M",#"+a e//ot %a, not been #o0$+ete+y e+i0inate! /o0 0o!en +i/e, b"t it i, not
/e8"ent1 It %a, been e$+a#e! in o" !ai+y e.i,ten#e by t%at o/ 0a#%ine,1 M",#+e, ae
now ",e! on+y in at%+eti# ga0e,1 T%ei 0o!e o/ a#ting i, ,tan!a!i4e! an! ,"b7e#te! to
abitay "+e,1 It i, !o"bt/"+ w%et%e t%e,e ati/i#ia+ e.e#i,e, #o0$+ete+y e$+a#e t%e
%a!,%i$, o/ a 0oe $i0iti-e #on!ition o/ +i/e1 2o wo0en, !an#ing an! $+aying tenni,
/o a /ew %o", e-ey wee3 ae not t%e e8"i-a+ent o/ t%e e//ot e8"ie! to #+i0b "$ an!
!own ,tai,, to #ay o"t t%ei !o0e,ti# !"tie, wit%o"t t%e %e+$ o/ 0a#%ine,, to wa+3
a+ong t%e ,teet,1 Nowa!ay,, t%ey +i-e in %o",e, $o-i!e! wit% an e+e-ato, wa+3 wit%
!i//i#"+ty on %ig% %ee+,, an! a+0o,t #on,tant+y ",e an a"to0obi+e o a to++ey #a1 It i, t%e
,a0e wit% 0en1 >o+/ on Sat"!ay, an! S"n!ay, !oe, not #o0$en,ate /o t%e #o0$+ete
ina#tion o/ t%e e,t o/ t%e wee31 By !oing away wit% 0",#"+a e//ot in !ai+y +i/e, we
%a-e ,"$$e,,e!, wit%o"t being awae o/ it, t%e #ea,e+e,, e.e#i,e e8"ie! /o0 o"
ogani# ,y,te0, in o!e t%at t%e #on,tan#y o/ t%e inne 0e!i"0 be 0aintaine!1 A, i,
we++ 3nown, 0",#+e,, w%en t%ey wo3, #on,"0e ,"ga an! o.ygen, $o!"#e %eat, an!
$o" +a#ti# a#i! into t%e #i#"+ating b+oo!1 To a!a$t it,e+/ to t%e,e #%ange,, t%e ogani,0,
0",t ,et in a#tion t%e %eat, t%e e,$iatoy a$$aat",, t%e +i-e, t%e $an#ea,, t%e 3i!ney,,
t%e ,weat g+an!,, an! t%e #eebo,$ina+ an! ,y0$at%eti# ,y,te0,1 In ,"0, t%e inte0ittent
e.e#i,e, o/ 0o!en 0an, ,"#% a, go+/ an! tenni,, ae not e8"i-a+ent to t%e #ontin"o",
0",#"+a a#ti-ity e8"ie! by t%e e.i,ten#e o/ o" an#e,to,1 To!ay, $%y,i#a+ e//ot on+y
ta3e, $+a#e at #etain 0o0ent, an! on #etain !ay,1 T%e #",to0ay ,tate o/ t%e ogani#
,y,te0,, o/ b+oo! -e,,e+,, o/ ,weat an! en!o#ine g+an!,, i, t%at o/ e$o,e1
T%e ",age o/ t%e !ige,ti-e /"n#tion, %a, a+,o been 0o!i/ie!1 Ha! /oo!,, ,"#% a, ,ta+e
bea! o to"g% 0eat, ae no +onge $e0itte! in o" !iet1 Li3ewi,e, $%y,i#ian, %a-e
/ogotten t%at 7aw, ae 0a!e to gin! e,i,tant 0atte, an! t%at t%e ,to0a#% i, #on,t"#te!
to !ige,t nat"a+ $o!"#t,1 A, $e-io",+y 0entione!, #%i+!en ae /e! #%ie/+y on ,o/t,
0a,%e!, $"+$e! /oo!, an! 0i+31 T%ei 7aw,, t%ei teet%, an! t%e 0",#+e, o/ t%ei /a#e ae
not ,"b7e#te! to ,"//i#ient+y %a! wo31 It i, t%e ,a0e wit% t%e 0",#+e, an! g+an!, o/ t%ei
!ige,ti-e a$$aat",1 T%e /e8"en#y, t%e eg"+aity, an! t%e ab"n!an#e o/ 0ea+, en!e
",e+e,, an a!a$ti-e /"n#tion t%at %a, $+aye! an i0$otant $at in t%e ,"-i-a+ o/ %"0an
a#e,, t%e a!a$tation to +a#3 o/ /oo!1 In $i0iti-e +i/e 0en wee ,"b7e#te! to +ong $eio!,
o/ /a,ting1 W%en want !i! not #o0$e+ t%e0 to ,ta-e, t%ey -o+"ntai+y !e$i-e!
t%e0,e+-e, o/ /oo!1 A++ e+igion, %a-e in,i,te! "$on t%e ne#e,,ity o/ /a,ting1 Pi-ation o/
/oo! at /i,t bing, abo"t a ,en,ation o/ %"nge, o##a,iona++y ,o0e ne-o", ,ti0"+ation,
an! +ate a /ee+ing o/ wea3ne,,1 B"t it a+,o !ete0ine, #etain %i!!en $%eno0ena w%i#%
ae /a 0oe i0$otant1 T%e ,"ga o/ t%e +i-e, t%e /at o/ t%e ,"b#"taneo", !e$o,it,, ae
0obi+i4e!, an! a+,o t%e $otein, o/ t%e 0",#+e, an! t%e g+an!,1 A++ t%e ogan, ,a#i/i#e
t%ei own ,"b,tan#e, in o!e to 0aintain b+oo!, %eat, an! bain in a no0a+ #on!ition1
2a,ting $"i/ie, an! $o/o"n!+y 0o!i/ie, o" ti,,"e,1
Mo!en 0an ,+ee$, too 0"#% o not eno"g%1 He !oe, not ea,i+y a!a$t %i0,e+/ to too
0"#% ,+ee$1 He /ae, ,ti++ wo,e i/ %e ,+ee$, too +itt+e !"ing $o+onge! $eio!,1 It i,,
%owe-e, ",e/"+ to a##",to0 one,e+/ to e0ain awa3e w%en one want, to ,+ee$1 T%e
,t"gg+e again,t ,+ee$ ,et, in 0otion ogani# a$$aat",e, w%o,e ,tengt% !e-e+o$, by
e.e#i,e1 It a+,o #a++, /o an e//ot o/ t%e wi++1 T%i, e//ot, toget%e wit% 0any ot%e,, %a,
been ,"$$e,,e! by 0o!e0 %abit,1 In ,$ite o/ t%e e,t+e,,ne,, o/ e.i,ten#e, t%e /a+,e
a#ti-ity o/ ,$ot, an! a$i! tan,$otation, t%e geat ogani# ,y,te0, e,$on,ib+e /o o"
a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, e0ain i!+e1 In ,%ot, t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e #eate! by ,#ienti/i# #i-i+i4ation
%a, en!ee! ",e+e,, a n"0be o/ 0e#%ani,0, w%o,e a#ti-itie, %a! ne-e #ea,e! !"ing
t%e 0i++enni"0, o/ t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%e %"0an a#e1
13
T%e e.e#i,e o/ t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, a$$ea, to be in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e o$ti0"0
!e-e+o$0ent o/ 0an1 O" bo!y i, $+a#e! in a $%y,i#a+ 0e!i"0 w%o,e #on!ition, ae
-aiab+e1 T%e #on,tan#y o/ o" inne ,tate, i, 0aintaine! t%o"g% #ea,e+e,, ogani#
a#ti-ity1 S"#% a#ti-ity i, not +o#a+i4e! in a ,ing+e ,y,te01 It e.ten!, to t%e entie bo!y1 A++
o" anato0i#a+ a$$aat",e, ea#t again,t t%e o"t,i!e wo+! in t%e ,en,e 0o,t /a-oab+e to
o" ,"-i-a+1 I, it $o,,ib+e t%at ,"#% a /"n!a0enta+ $o$ety 0ay e0ain -it"a+ wit%o"t
in#on-enien#e to o" bo!y< Ae we not ogani4e! to +i-e "n!e #%anging an! ieg"+a
#on!ition,< Man attain, %i, %ig%e,t !e-e+o$0ent w%en %e i, e.$o,e! to t%e igo, o/ t%e
,ea,on,, w%en %e ,o0eti0e, goe, wit%o"t ,+ee$ an! ,o0eti0e, ,+ee$, /o +ong %o",,
w%en %i, 0ea+, ae ,o0eti0e, ab"n!ant an! ,o0eti0e, ,#anty, w%en %e #on8"e, /oo!
an! ,%e+te at t%e $i#e o/ ,ten"o", e//ot,1 He %a, a+,o to tain %i, 0",#+e,, to tie
%i0,e+/ an! e,t, to /ig%t, ,"//e, an! be %a$$y, to +o-e an! to %ate1 Hi, wi++ nee!,
a+tenate+y to ,tain an! to e+a.1 He 0",t ,ti-e again,t %i, /e++ow 0en o again,t %i0,e+/1
He i, 0a!e /o ,"#% an e.i,ten#e, 7",t a, t%e ,to0a#% i, 0a!e /o !ige,ting /oo!1 W%en
%i, a!a$ti-e $o#e,,e, wo3 0o,t inten,e+y, %e !e-e+o$, %i, -ii+ity to t%e /"++e,t e.tent1 It
i, a $i0ay !at"0 o/ ob,e-ation t%at %a!,%i$, 0a3e /o ne-o", e,i,tan#e an! %ea+t%1
We 3now %ow ,tong $%y,i#a++y an! 0oa++y ae t%o,e w%o, ,in#e #%i+!%oo!, %a-e been
,"b0itte! to inte++igent !i,#i$+ine, w%o %a-e en!"e! ,o0e $i-ation, an! a!a$te!
t%e0,e+-e, to a!-e,e #on!ition,1
Howe-e, we ob,e-e %"0an being, w%o !e-e+o$ /"++y e-en t%o"g% t%ey ae not
ob+ige! by $o-ety to /ig%t again,t t%ei en-ion0ent1 B"t t%e,e in!i-i!"a+, ae a+,o
0o+!e! by a!a$tation, a+t%o"g% in a !i//eent way1 >enea++y, t%ey %a-e i0$o,e! "$on
t%e0,e+-e,, o %a-e a##e$te! /o0 ot%e,, a !i,#i$+ine, a ,ot o/ a,#eti#i,0, w%i#% %a,
$ote#te! t%e0 again,t t%e !e+eteio", e//e#t, o/ wea+t% an! +ei,"e1 T%e ,on, o/ /e"!a+
+o!, wee ,"b7e#te! to a %a! $%y,i#a+ an! 0oa+ taining1 One o/ Bittany;, %eoe,,
Betan! !" >"e,#+in, #o0$e++e! %i0,e+/ e-ey !ay to /a#e t%e in#+e0en#ie, o/ t%e
weat%e an! to /ig%t wit% #%i+!en o/ %i, own age1 A+t%o"g% ,0a++ an! i++5/o0e!, %e
a#8"ie! ,"#% en!"an#e an! ,tengt% a, ae ,ti++ +egen!ay1 @"ing t%e ea+y $eio! o/ t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e Unite! State,, t%e 0en w%o b"i+t t%e ai+oa!,, +ai! t%e /o"n!ation, o/
t%e +age in!",tie,, an! o$ene! t%e We,t to #i-i+i4ation, ti"0$%e! o-e a++ ob,ta#+e, by
t%ei wi++ an! t%ei a"!a#ity1 To!ay 0o,t o/ t%e ,on, o/ t%e,e geat 0en $o,,e,, wea+t%,
wit%o"t %a-ing %a! to ean it1 T%ey %a-e ne-e ,t"gg+e! again,t t%ei en-ion0ent1
>enea++y, t%ey +a#3 t%e an#e,ta+ ,tengt%1 A ,i0i+a $%eno0enon o##"e! in E"o$e
a0ong t%e !e,#en!ant, o/ t%e /e"!a+ ai,to#a#y an! o/ t%e geat /inan#ie, an!
0an"/a#t"e, o/ t%e nineteent% #ent"y1
T%e e//e#t o/ t%e !e/i#ien#ie, o/ a!a$tation "$on t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ 0an i, not a, yet
#o0$+ete+y 3nown1 In t%e +age #itie,, t%ee ae 0any in!i-i!"a+, w%o,e a!a$ti-e
a#ti-itie, ae $e0anent+y at e,t1 So0eti0e, t%e #on,e8"en#e, o/ t%i, $%eno0enon
be#o0e ob-io",1 T%ey 0ani/e,t t%e0,e+-e, e,$e#ia++y in t%e #%i+!en o/ i#% /a0i+ie,1
An!, +i3ewi,e, in t%o,e w%o ae bo"g%t "$ in t%e ,a0e way a, t%e i#%1 2o0 t%ei bit%,
t%e,e #%i+!en +i-e "n!e #on!ition, t%at bing abo"t t%e ato$%y o/ t%ei a!a$ti-e
,y,te0,1 T%ey ae 3e$t in wa0 oo0, an!, w%en t%ey go o"t, !e,,e! +i3e +itt+e E,3i0o,1
T%ey ae #a00e! wit% /oo!, t%ey ,+ee$ a, 0"#% a, t%ey +i3e, %a-e no e,$on,ibi+ity,
ne-e 0a3e an inte++e#t"a+ o 0oa+ e//ot, +ean on+y w%at a0",e, t%e0, an! ,t"gg+e
again,t not%ing1 T%e e,"+t i, we++ 3nown1 T%ey genea++y be#o0e $+ea,ant an!
%an!,o0e, o/ten ,tong, ea,i+y tie!, e.te0e+y ,e+/i,%, wit%o"t inte++e#t"a+ a#"tene,,,
0oa+ ,en,e, an! ne-o", e,i,tan#e1 T%e,e !e/e#t, ae not o/ an#e,ta+ oigin1 T%ey ae
ob,e-e! in t%e !e,#en!ant, o/ t%e 0en w%o b"i+t "$ A0ei#an in!",tie,, a, we++ a, in
t%o,e o/ t%e new#o0e,1 Ob-io",+y, a /"n#tion a, i0$otant a, a!a$tation #annot be +e/t
in !i,",e wit% i0$"nity1 T%e +aw o/ t%e ,t"gg+e /o +i/e 0",t, abo-e a++, be obeye!1
@egeneation o/ bo!y an! ,o"+ i, t%e $i#e $ai! by t%e in!i-i!"a+, an! t%e a#e, w%o %a-e
/ogotten t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%i, +aw1
A, o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent e8"ie, t%e a#ti-ity o/ a++ ogani# ,y,te0,, a !e#ea,e in t%e
-a+"e o/ 0an ne#e,,ai+y /o++ow, t%e !e#ay o/ t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion,1 In t%e $o#e,, o/
e!"#ation, t%e,e /"n#tion, 0",t be 3e$t #on,tant+y at wo31 Ea#% one o/ t%e0 i, e8"a++y
",e/"+1 M",#+e, ae no 0oe i0$otant t%an bain,1 T%ey on+y #ontib"te ,tengt% an!
%a0ony to t%e bo!y1 In,tea! o/ taining at%+ete,, we %a-e to #on,t"#t 0o!en 0en1 An!
0o!en 0en nee! 0oe ne-o", e,i,tan#e, inte++igen#e, an! 0oa+ enegy t%an 0",#"+a
$owe1 T%e a#8"i,ition o/ t%e,e 8"a+itie, #a++, /o e//ot, ,t"gg+e, an! !i,#i$+ine1 It a+,o
!e0an!, t%at %"0an being, ,%o"+! not be e.$o,e! to #on!ition, o/ e.i,ten#e to w%i#%
t%ey ae "na!a$tab+e1 A$$aent+y, t%ee i, no a!a$tation $o,,ib+e to #ea,e+e,, agitation,
inte++e#t"a+ !i,$e,ion, a+#o%o+i,0, $e#o#io", ,e."a+ e.#e,,e,, noi,e, $o++"te! ai, an!
a!"+teate! /oo!,1 I/ ,"#% i, t%e #a,e, we 0",t 0o!i/y o" 0o!e o/ +i/e an! o"
en-ion0ent, e-en at t%e #o,t o/ a !e,t"#ti-e e-o+"tion1 A/te a++, t%e $"$o,e o/
#i-i+i4ation i, not t%e $oge,, o/ ,#ien#e an! 0a#%ine,, b"t t%e $oge,, o/ 0an1
14
In #on#+",ion1 A!a$tation i, a 0o!e o/ being o/ a++ ogani# an! 0enta+ $o#e,,e,1 It i,
not an entity1 It i, e8"i-a+ent to t%e a"to0ati# go"$ing o/ o" a#ti-itie, in ,"#% a 0anne
a, to a,,"e t%e ,"-i-a+ o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 It i, e,,entia++y te+eo5+ogi#a+1 Owing to t%e
a!a$ti-e a#ti-itie,, t%e ogani# 0e!i"0 e0ain, #on,tant, t%e bo!y #on,e-e, it, "nity
an! e#o-e, /o0 !i,ea,e,1 It i, /o t%e ,a0e ea,on t%at we en!"e, in ,$ite o/ t%e
/agi+ity an! t%e tan,itoy #%aa#te o/ o" ti,,"e,1 A!a$tation i, a, in!i,$en,ab+e a,
n"tition1 In /a#t, it i, on+y an a,$e#t o/ n"tition1 Howe-e, in t%e ogani4ation o/ 0o!e0
+i/e no a##o"nt %a, e-e been ta3en o/ ,"#% an i0$otant /"n#tion1 It, ",e %a, been a+0o,t
#o0$+ete+y gi-en "$1 An! t%i, neg+e#t %a, bo"g%t abo"t a !eteioation o/ t%e bo!y an!
o/ t%e 0in!1
T%i, 0o!e o/ a#ti-ity i, ne#e,,ay to t%e #o0$+ete !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e %"0an being1 It,
!e/i#ien#y !ete0ine, t%e ato$%y o/ t%e n"titi-e an! 0enta+ /"n#tion, /o0 w%i#% it i,
not !i,tin#t1 A!a$tation #a",e, t%e ogani# $o#e,,e, to 0o-e ,i0"+taneo",+y a##o!ing
to t%e %yt%0, o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+ ti0e an! o/ t%e "n/oe,eeab+e -aiation, o/ t%e
en-ion0ent1 Any #%ange in t%e en-ion0ent e+i#it, a e,$on,e o/ a++ $%y,io+ogi#a+ an!
0enta+ $o#e,,e,1 T%o,e 0o-e0ent, o/ t%e /"n#tiona+ ,y,te0, e.$e,, t%e a$$e%en,ion
by 0an o/ t%e o"te ea+ity1 T%ey a#t a, a b"//e /o t%e 0ateia+ an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ ,%o#3,
w%i#% %e "n#ea,ing+y e#ei-e,1 T%ey not on+y $e0it %i0 to en!"e, b"t t%ey a+,o ae t%e
agent, o/ %i, /o0ation an! o/ %i, $oge,,1 T%ey ae en!owe! wit% a $o$ety o/ #a$ita+
i0$otan#e1 T%e $o$ety o/ being ea,i+y 0o!i/ie! by #etain #%e0i#a+, $%y,i#a+, an!
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ /a#to,, w%i#% we 3now we++ %ow to %an!+e1 We #an ",e t%e,e /a#to, a,
too+,, an! t%", ,"##e,,/"++y inte-ene in t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ %"0an a#ti-itie, In /a#t, t%e
3now+e!ge o/ t%e 0e#%ani,0, o/ a!a$tation gi-e, 0an t%e $owe o/ eno-ating an! o/
#on,t"#ting %i0,e+/1

C%a$te AII
THE IN@IAI@UAL


1
HUMAN BEIN>S ae not /o"n! anyw%ee in nat"e1 T%ee ae on+y in!i-i!"a+,1 T%e
in!i-i!"a+ !i//e, /o0 t%e %"0an being be#a",e %e i, a #on#ete e-ent1 He i, t%e one
w%o a#t,, +o-e,, ,"//e,, /ig%t,, an! !ie,1 On t%e #ontay, t%e %"0an being i, a P+atoni#
I!ea +i-ing in o" 0in!, an! in o" boo3,1 He #on,i,t, o/ t%e ab,ta#tion, ,t"!ie! by
$%y,io+ogi,t,, $,y#%o+ogi,t,, an! ,o#io+ogi,t,1 Hi, #%aa#tei,ti#, ae e.$e,,e! by
Uni-e,a+,1 To!ay we ae again /a#ing a $ob+e0 w%i#% engo,,e! t%e $%i+o,o$%i#a+
0in!, o/ t%e Mi!!+e Age,, t%e $ob+e0 o/ t%e ea+ity o/ genea+ i!ea,1 In !e/en,e o/ t%e
Uni-e,a+,, An,e+0 ,",taine! again,t Abe+a! an %i,toi#a+ /ig%t, w%o,e e#%oe, ae ,ti++
%ea! a/te eig%t %"n!e! yea,1 Abe+a! wa, !e/eate!1 Howe-e, An,e+0 an! Abe+a!,
t%e ea+i,t, w%o be+ie-e! in t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%e Uni-e,a+, an! t%e no0ina+i,t, w%o !i!
not be+ie-e in it, wee e8"a++y ig%t1
In!ee!, we nee! bot% t%e genea+ an! t%e $ati#"+a, t%e %"0an being an! t%e
in!i-i!"a+1 T%e ea+ity o/ t%e genea+55 t%at i,, o/ t%e Uni-e,a+,55i, in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e
#on,t"#tion o/ ,#ien#e, be#a",e o" 0in! ea!i+y 0o-e, on+y a0ong ab,ta#tion,1 2o
0o!en ,#ienti,t,, a, /o P+ato, I!ea, ae t%e ,o+e ea+ity1 T%i, ab,ta#t ea+ity +ea!, o"
0in! to t%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e #on#ete1 T%e genea+ %e+$, ", to ga,$ t%e $ati#"+a1
Owing to t%e ab,ta#tion, #eate! by t%e ,#ien#e, o/ t%e %"0an being, ea#% in!i-i!"a+ #an
be #+ot%e! in #on-enient ,#%e0ata1 A+t%o"g% not 0a!e to %i, 0ea,"e, t%e,e ,#%e0ata
a$$o.i0ate+y /it %i01 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, t%e e0$ii#a+ #on,i!eation o/ t%e #on#ete /a#t,
!ete0ine, t%e e-o+"tion an! t%e $oge,, o/ t%e ,#%e0a,, o/ t%e I!ea,, o/ t%e Uni-e,a+,1
It #ontin"a++y eni#%e, t%e,e ab,ta#tion,1 T%e ,t"!y o/ a 0"+tit"!e o/ in!i-i!"a+,
!e-e+o$, a 0oe an! 0oe #o0$+ete ,#ien#e o/ t%e %"0an being1 T%e I!ea,, in,tea! o/
being i00"tab+e in t%ei bea"ty, a, P+ato t%o"g%t, 0o-e an! e.$an! a, ,oon a, o" 0in!
be#o0e, i00e,e! in t%e e-e5/+owing wate, o/ e0$ii#a+ ea+ity1
We +i-e in two !i//eent wo+!,55t%e wo+! o/ /a#t, an! t%at o/ t%ei ,y0bo+,1 In o!e to
a#8"ie 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e,, we "ti+i4e bot% ob,e-ation an! ,#ienti/i# ab,ta#tion,1
B"t t%e ab,ta#t 0ay be 0i,ta3en /o t%e #on#ete1 In ,"#% an in,tan#e, /a#t, ae teate! a,
,y0bo+, an! t%e in!i-i!"a+ i, +i3ene! to t%e %"0an being1 Mo,t o/ t%e eo, 0a!e by
e!"#ato,, $%y,i#ian,, an! ,o#io+ogi,t, #o0e /o0 ,"#% #on/",ion1 S#ienti,t, a##",to0e!
to t%e te#%ni8"e, o/ 0e#%ani#,, #%e0i,ty, $%y,i#,, an! $%y,io+ogy, an! "n/a0i+ia wit%
$%i+o,o$%y an! inte++e#t"a+ #"+t"e, ae +iab+e to 0ing+e t%e #on#e$t, o/ t%e !i//eent
!i,#i$+ine, an! not to !i,ting"i,% #+ea+y t%e genea+ /o0 t%e $ati#"+a1 Howe-e, in t%e
#on#e$t o/ 0an, it i, i0$otant to !e/ine e.a#t+y t%e $at o/ t%e %"0an being an! t%at o/
t%e in!i-i!"a+1 E!"#ation, 0e!i#ine, an! ,o#io+ogy ae #on#ene! wit% t%e in!i-i!"a+1
T%ey ae g"i+ty o/ a !i,a,to", eo w%en t%ey +oo3 "$on %i0 on+y a, a ,y0bo+, a, a
%"0an being1 In!ee!, in!i-i!"a+ity i, /"n!a0enta+ in 0an1 It i, not 0ee+y a #etain
a,$e#t o/ t%e ogani,01 B"t it $e0eate, o" entie being1 It 0a3e, t%e ,e+/ a "ni8"e e-ent
in t%e %i,toy o/ t%e wo+!1 It ,ta0$, it, 0a3 on t%e w%o+e o/ bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,,,
an!, a+t%o"g% e0aining in!i-i,ib+e, on ea#% #o0$onent o/ t%i, w%o+e1 2o t%e ,a3e o/
#on-enien#e we wi++ #on,i!e ,e$aate+y t%e ogani#, %"0oa+, an! 0enta+ a,$e#t, o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+, in,tea! o/ a$$e%en!ing %i0 in %i, onene,,1
2
In!i-i!"a+, ae ea,i+y !i,ting"i,%e! /o0 one anot%e by t%e +inea0ent, o/ t%ei -i,age,,
t%ei ge,t"e,, t%ei way o/ wa+3ing, t%ei inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ #%aa#te,1 Ti0e #a",e,
0any #%ange, in t%ei a$$eaan#e1 @e,$ite t%e,e #%ange,, ea#% in!i-i!"a+ #an a+way, be
i!enti/ie!, a, Beti++on %a, ,%own +ong ,in#e, by t%e !i0en,ion, o/ #etain $at, o/ %i,
,3e+eton1 T%e +ine, o/ t%e /inge ti$, ae a+,o in!e+ib+e #%aa#tei,ti#,1 2inge$int, ae t%e
gen"ine ,ignat"e o/ 0an1 Howe-e, t%e #on/ig"ation o/ t%e ,3in i, on+y one o/ t%e
a,$e#t, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ity o/ ti,,"e,1 In genea+, t%e +atte i, not e-i!en#e! by any
0o$%o+ogi#a+ $e#"+iaity1 T%e #e++, o/ t%e t%yoi! g+an!, t%e +i-e, t%e ,3in, et#1, o/ one
in!i-i!"a+ a$$ea to be i!enti#a+ wit% t%o,e o/ anot%e in!i-i!"a+1 In e-ey one t%e
$"+,ation, o/ t%e %eat ae nea+y, a+t%o"g% not 8"ite, t%e ,a0e1 T%e ,t"#t"e an!
/"n#tion, o/ ogan, !o not ,ee0 to be 0a3e! by in!i-i!"a+ $o$etie,1 Howe-e, t%ei
,$e#i/i#ity wo"+! !o"bt+e,, be e-i!en#e! by 0oe ,"bt+e 0et%o!, o/ e.a0ination1 Cetain
!og, ae en!owe! wit% ,"#% a ,%a$ o+/a#toy ,en,e t%at t%ey e#ogni4e t%e ,$e#i/i# ,0e++
o/ t%ei 0a,te a0ong a #ow! o/ ot%e 0en1 Li3ewi,e, t%e ti,,"e, o/ one in!i-i!"a+ ae
#a$ab+e o/ $e#ei-ing t%e ,$e#i/i#ity o/ %i, %"0o, an! t%e /oeign #%aa#te o/ t%e
%"0o, o/ anot%e1
T%e in!i-i!"a+ity o/ ti,,"e, 0ay 0ani/e,t it,e+/ in t%e /o++owing way1 2ag0ent, o/
,3in, ,o0e ,"$$+ie! by t%e $atient %i0,e+/ an! ot%e, by a /ien! o a e+ati-e, ae ga/te!
on t%e ,"/a#e o/ a wo"n!1 A/te a /ew !ay, t%e ga/t, #o0ing /o0 t%e $atient ae
a!%eent to t%e wo"n! an! gow +age, w%eea, t%o,e ta3en /o0 t%e ot%e $eo$+e +oo,en
an! gow ,0a++e1 T%e /o0e ,"-i-e, an! t%e +atte !ie1 One -ey ae+y /in!, two
in!i-i!"a+, ,o #+o,e+y a+i3e t%at t%ey ae ab+e to e.#%ange t%ei ti,,"e,1 Many yea, ago,
Ci,tiani tan,$+ante! into a +itt+e gi+, w%o,e t%yoi! /"n#tion wa, !e/i#ient, a /ew
/ag0ent, o/ t%e t%yoi! g+an! o/ %e 0ot%e1 T%e #%i+! wa, #"e!1 So0e ten yea, +ate
,%e 0aie! an! be#a0e $egnant1 Not on+y wee t%e ga/t, ,ti++ a+i-e, b"t t%ey in#ea,e!
in ,i4e, a, no0a+ t%yoi! g+an!, !o in +i3e #i#"0,tan#e,1 S"#% a e,"+t i, 8"ite
e.#e$tiona+1 Howe-e, between i!enti#a+ twin,, g+an!"+a tan,$+antation wo"+! !o"bt+e,,
,"##ee!1 A, a "+e, t%e ti,,"e, o/ one in!i-i!"a+ e/",e to a##e$t t%o,e o/ anot%e
in!i-i!"a+1 W%en, by t%e ,"t"e o/ t%e -e,,e+,, b+oo! #i#"+ate, again in a tan,$+ante!
3i!ney, t%e ogan i00e!iate+y ,e#ete, "ine1 At /i,t, it be%a-e, no0a++y1 A/te a /ew
wee3,, %owe-e, a+b"0in, t%en b+oo!, a$$ea in t%e "ine1 An! a !i,ea,e ,i0i+a to
ne$%iti, a$i!+y bing, on ato$%y o/ t%e 3i!ney1 Howe-e, i/ t%e ga/te! ogan #o0e,
/o0 t%e ani0a+ it,e+/, it, /"n#tion, ae $e0anent+y ee,tab+i,%e!1 Ob-io",+y, t%e %"0o,
e#ogni4e, in /oeign ti,,"e,, #etain !i//een#e, o/ #on,tit"tion, w%i#% ae not e-ea+e!
by any ot%e te,t1 Ce++, ae ,$e#i/i# o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ to w%o0 t%ey be+ong1 T%i,
$e#"+iaity o/ o" bo!y %a, ,o /a $e-ente! t%e wi!e ",e o/ t%e tan,$+antation o/ ogan,
/o t%ea$e"ti# $"$o,e,1
T%e %"0o, $o,,e,, a ,i0i+a ,$e#i/i#ity1 T%i, ,$e#i/i#ity i, !ete#te! by a !e/inite e//e#t
o/ t%e b+oo! ,e"0 o/ one in!i-i!"a+ "$on t%e e! #o$",#+e, o/ anot%e in!i-i!"a+1 Un!e
t%e in/+"en#e o/ ,e"0 t%e #o$",#+e, o/ten agg+"tinate1 T%e a##i!ent, noti#e! a/te b+oo!
tan,/",ion ae !"e to ,"#% a $%eno0enon1 It i,, t%ee/oe, in!i,$en,ab+e t%at t%e
#o$",#+e, o/ t%e !ono ,%o"+! not be agg+"tinate! by t%e ,e"0 o/ t%e $atient1 A##o!ing
to a e0a3ab+e !i,#o-ey 0a!e by Lan!,teine, %"0an being, ae !i-i!e! into /o"
go"$,, t%e 3now+e!ge o/ w%i#% i, e,,entia+ to t%e ,"##e,, o/ tan,/",ion1 T%e ,e"0 o/
t%e 0e0be, o/ #etain go"$, agg+"tinate, t%e #o$",#+e, o/ t%e 0e0be, o/ #etain
ot%e go"$,1 One o/ t%e go"$, i, #o0$o,e! o/ "ni-e,a+ !ono,, w%o,e #e++, ae not
agg+"tinate! by t%e ,e"0 o/ any ot%e go"$1 No in#on-enien#e e,"+t, /o0 t%e
0ing+ing o/ t%ei b+oo! wit% t%at o/ any ot%e $e,on1 T%e,e #%aa#tei,ti#, $e,i,t !"ing
t%e entie +i/e1 T%ey ae tan,0itte! /o0 geneation to geneation, a##o!ing to t%e +aw,
o/ Men!e+1 In a!!ition, Lan!,teine !i,#o-ee! abo"t t%ity ,"b5go"$,, by ",ing ,$e#ia+
,eo+ogi#a+ 0et%o!,1 In tan,/",ion, t%ei in/+"en#e i, neg+igib+e1 B"t it i, in!i#ati-e o/ t%e
e.i,ten#e o/ e,e0b+an#e, an! !i//een#e, between ,0a++e go"$, o/ in!i-i!"a+,1 T%e
te,t o/ agg+"tination o/ b+oo! #o$",#+e, by ,e"0, a+t%o"g% 0o,t ",e/"+, i, ,ti++
i0$e/e#t1 It on+y bing, to +ig%t #etain e+ation, between #ategoie, o/ in!i-i!"a+,1 It
!oe, not !i,#+o,e t%e 0oe ,"bt+e #%aa#tei,ti#, t%at ,ing+e o"t ea#% in!i-i!"a+ /o0 a++
ot%e, in %i, #ategoy1
T%e $o$etie, ,$e#i/i# to ea#% ani0a+ ae e-i!en#e! by t%e e,"+t, o/ t%e
tan,$+antation o/ ogan,1 T%ee i, no 0ean, by w%i#% t%ey #an ea,i+y be !ete#te!1
Re$eate! in7e#tion, o/ one in!i-i!"a+;, ,e"0 into t%e -ein, o/ anot%e, be+onging to t%e
,a0e b+oo! go"$, bing abo"t no ea#tion, no /o0ation o/ antibo!ie, in 0ea,"ab+e
a0o"nt1 A $atient, t%ee/oe, #an be ,"b7e#te! wit%o"t !ange to ,e-ea+ #on,e#"ti-e
tan,/",ion,1 Hi, %"0o, ea#t again,t neit%e t%e #o$",#+e, no t%e ,e"0 o/ t%e !ono1
Howe-e, t%e !i//een#e, ,$e#i/i# o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, w%i#% $e#+"!e ,"##e,,/"+ e.#%ange,
o/ ogan,, wo"+! $obab+y be e-ea+e! by ,"//i#ient+y !e+i#ate te,t,1 T%e ,$e#i/i#ity o/
ti,,"e, an! %"0o, !e$en!, on $otein, an! #%e0i#a+ go"$, #a++e! %a$ten, by
Lan!,teine1 Ha$ten, ae #abo%y!ate, an! /atty ,"b,tan#e,1 T%e #o0$o"n!, e,"+ting
/o0 t%e "nion o/ a %a$ten wit% a $otein, w%en in7e#te! into an ani0a+, !ete0ine t%e
a$$eaan#e in it, ,e"0 o/ antibo!ie, ,$e#i/i#a++y o$$o,e! to t%e %a$ten1 T%e ,$e#i/i#ity
o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ !e$en!, on t%e inne ,t"#t"e o/ t%e +age 0o+e#"+e, e,"+ting /o0
%a$ten, an! $otein,1 In!i-i!"a+, o/ t%e ,a0e a#e ae 0oe ,i0i+a to ea#% ot%e t%an to
in!i-i!"a+, be+onging to ot%e a#e,1 T%e $otein an! #abo%y!ate 0o+e#"+e, ae 0a!e
"$ o/ a +age n"0be o/ go"$, o/ ato0,1 T%e $o,,ib+e $e0"tation, o/ t%e,e go"$, ae
$a#ti#a++y in/inite1 It i, $obab+e t%at, a0ong t%e giganti# #ow!, o/ %"0an being, w%o
%a-e in%abite! t%e eat%, no two in!i-i!"a+, %a-e e-e been o/ i!enti#a+ #%e0i#a+
#on,tit"tion1 T%e $e,ona+ity o/ t%e ti,,"e, i, +in3e! in a 0anne ,ti++ "n3nown wit% t%e
0o+e#"+e, enteing into t%e #on,t"#tion o/ t%e #e++, an! t%e %"0o,1 O" in!i-i!"a+ity
ta3e, it, oot, in t%e -ey !e$t%, o/ o",e+/1
In!i-i!"a+ity ,ta0$, a++ t%e #o0$onent $at, o/ t%e bo!y1 It i, $e,ent in t%e
$%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,, a, we++ a, in t%e #%e0i#a+ ,t"#t"e o/ t%e %"0o, an! #e++,1
E-eyone ea#t, in %i, own way to t%e e-ent, o/ t%e o"t,i!e wo+!55to noi,e, to !ange, to
/oo!, to #o+!, to %eat, to t%e atta#3, o/ 0i#obe, an! -i",e,1 W%en ani0a+, o/ $"e ,to#3
ae in7e#te! wit% e8"a+ 8"antitie, o/ a /oeign $otein, o o/ a ,",$en,ion o/ ba#teia, t%ey
ne-e e,$on! to t%o,e in7e#tion, in an i!enti#a+ 0anne1 A /ew !o not e,$on! at a++1
@"ing geat e$i!e0i#, %"0an being, be%a-e a##o!ing to t%ei in!i-i!"a+
#%aa#tei,ti#,1 So0e /a++ i++ an! !ie1 So0e /a++ i++, b"t e#o-e1 Ot%e, ae entie+y
i00"ne1 Sti++ ot%e, ae ,+ig%t+y a//e#te! by t%e !i,ea,e, b"t wit%o"t $e,enting any
,$e#i/i# ,y0$to0,1 Ea#% one 0ani/e,t, a !i//eent a!a$ti-ity to t%e in/e#ti-e agent1 A,
Ri#%et ,ai!, t%ee i, a %"0oa+ $e,ona+ity 7",t a, t%ee i, a 0enta+ $e,ona+ity1
P%y,io+ogi#a+ !"ation bea, a+,o t%e 0a3 o/ o" in!i-i!"a+ity1 It, -a+"e, a, we 3now,
i, not t%e ,a0e /o e-ey %"0an being1 Be,i!e,, it !oe, not e0ain #on,tant !"ing t%e
#o",e o/ o" +i/e1 A, ea#% e-ent i, e#o!e! wit%in t%e bo!y, o" ogani# an! %"0oa+
$e,ona+ity be#o0e, 0oe an! 0oe ,$e#i/i# !"ing t%e $o#e,, o/ aging1 It i, eni#%e! by
a++ t%e %a$$ening, o/ o" inne wo+!1 2o #e++, an! %"0o,, +i3e 0in!, ae en!owe! wit%
0e0oy1 T%e bo!y i, $e0anent+y 0o!i/ie! by ea#% !i,ea,e, ea#% in7e#tion o/ ,e"0 o
o/ -a##ine, ea#% in-a,ion o/ t%e ti,,"e, by ba#teia, -i",e,, o /oeign #%e0i#a+
,"b,tan#e,1 T%e,e e-ent, !ete0ine wit%in o",e+-e, a++egi# ,tate,55t%at i,, ,tate, in
w%i#% o" ea#ti-ity i, 0o!i/ie!1 In t%i, 0anne, ti,,"e, an! %"0o, a#8"ie a
$oge,,i-e+y gowing in!i-i!"a+ity1 O+! $eo$+e !i//e /o0 one anot%e /a 0oe t%an
#%i+!en !o1 E-ey 0an i, a %i,toy "n+i3e a++ ot%e,1
3
Menta+, ,t"#t"a+, an! %"0oa+ in!i-i!"a+itie, b+en! in an "n3nown 0anne1 T%ey bea
to one anot%e t%e ,a0e e+ation, a, !o $,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,, #eeba+ $o#e,,e,, an!
ogani# /"n#tion,1 T%ey gi-e ", o" "ni8"ene,,1 T%ey #a",e e-ey 0an to be %i0,e+/ an!
nobo!y e+,e1 I!enti#a+ twin, #o0ing /o0 t%e ,a0e o-"0, %a-ing t%e ,a0e geneti#a+
#on,tit"tion, ae, %owe-e, two 8"ite !i//eent $e,on,1 Menta+ #%aa#tei,ti#, ae a 0oe
!e+i#ate eagent o/ in!i-i!"a+ity t%an ogani# an! %"0oa+ #%aa#tei,ti#,1 E-eyone i,
!e/ine! ,i0"+taneo",+y by t%e n"0be, 8"a+ity, an! inten,ity o/ %i, $,y#%o+ogi#a+
a#ti-itie,1 T%ee ae no in!i-i!"a+, o/ i!enti#a+ 0enta+ity1 In!ee!, t%o,e w%o,e
#on,#io",ne,, i, "!i0entay #+o,e+y e,e0b+e ea#% ot%e1 T%e i#%e t%e $e,ona+ity, t%e
geate t%e in!i-i!"a+ !i//een#e,1 A++ t%e a#ti-itie, o/ #on,#io",ne,, ae+y !e-e+o$ at t%e
,a0e ti0e in one in!i-i!"a+1 In 0o,t 0en, ,o0e o/ t%e0 ae wea3 o +a#3ing1 T%ee i, a
0a3e! !i//een#e not on+y in t%e inten,ity o/ t%o,e /"n#tion,, b"t a+,o in t%ei 8"a+ity1
Moeo-e, t%e n"0be o/ t%ei $o,,ib+e #o0bination, i, in/inite1 No ta,3 i, 0oe !i//i#"+t
t%an to ana+y4e t%e #on,tit"tion o/ a gi-en in!i-i!"a+1 T%e #o0$+e.ity o/ 0enta+
$e,ona+ity being e.te0e, an! t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ te,t, in,"//i#ient, it i, i0$o,,ib+e to
#+a,,i/y in!i-i!"a+, a##"ate+y1 T%ey #an, %owe-e, be !i-i!e! into #ategoie, a##o!ing
to t%ei inte++e#t"a+, a//e#ti-e, 0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio", #%aa#tei,ti#,, to t%e
#o0bination, o/ t%e,e #%aa#tei,ti#,, an! to t%ei e+ation, wit% t%e -aio", ty$e, o/
$%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 T%ee ae a+,o ,o0e ob-io", e+ation, between $,y#%o+ogi#a+ an!
0o$%o+ogi#a+ ty$e,1 T%e $%y,i#a+ a,$e#t o/ an in!i-i!"a+ i, an in!i#ation o/ t%e
#on,tit"tion o/ %i, ti,,"e,, %"0o,, an! 0in!1 Between t%e 0oe !e/inite ty$e, t%ee ae
0any inte0e!iate one,1 T%e $o,,ib+e #+a,,i/i#ation, ae a+0o,t inn"0eab+e1 T%ey ae,
#on,e8"ent+y, o/ +itt+e -a+"e1
In!i-i!"a+, %a-e been ,e$aate! into inte++e#t"a+, ,en,iti-e, an! -o+"ntay ty$e,1 In ea#%
#ategoy, t%ee ae t%e %e,itating, t%e annoying, t%e i0$"+,i-e, t%e in#o%eent, t%e wea3,
t%e !i,$e,e!, t%e e,t+e,,, an! a+,o t%e e/+e#ti-e, t%e ,e+/5#onto++e!, t%e %one,t, t%e we++
ba+an#e!1 A0ong t%e inte++e#t"a+, ,e-ea+ !i,tin#t go"$, ae ob,e-e!1 T%e boa!5
0in!e!, w%o,e i!ea, ae n"0eo",, w%o a,,i0i+ate, #oo!inate, an! "nite a 0o,t -aie!
3now+e!ge1 T%e naow50in!e!, in#a$ab+e o/ ga,$ing -a,t en,e0b+e,, b"t w%o 0a,te
$e/e#t+y t%e !etai+, o/ one ,"b7e#t1 Inte++igen#e i, 0oe /e8"ent+y $e#i,e an! ana+yti#a+
t%an #a$ab+e o/ geat ,ynt%e,e,1 T%ee ae a+,o t%e go"$ o/ t%e +ogi#ian, an! t%at o/ t%e
int"iti-e,1 Mo,t o/ t%e geat 0en be+ong to t%i, +atte go"$1 T%ee ae 0any
#o0bination, o/ t%e inte++e#t"a+ an! a//e#ti-e ty$e,1 T%e inte++e#t"a+ 0ay be e0otiona+,
$a,,ionate, ente$i,ing, an! a+,o #owa!+y, ie,o+"te, an! wea31 A0ong t%e0, t%e
0y,ti#a+ ty$e i, e.#e$tiona+1 T%e ,a0e 0"+ti$+i#ity o/ #o0bination, e.i,t, in t%e go"$,
#%aa#tei4e! by 0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio", ten!en#ie,1 S"#% a #+a,,i/i#ation e-i!en#e,
t%e $o!igio", -aiety o/ t%e %"0an ty$e,1
&
T%e ,t"!y o/ $,y#%o+ogi#a+ in!i-i!"a+ity i, a,
!e#e$ti-e a, wo"+! be t%at o/ #%e0i,ty, i/ t%e n"0be o/ t%e e+e0ent, ,%o"+! be#o0e
in/inite1

&
@"0a,, >eoge,1 Trat/ de 1sycholo*ie# &'EG, t1 II, +i-e II1, #%a$ite III, $1 )F)1
Ea#% in!i-i!"a+ i, #on,#io", o/ being "ni8"e1 S"#% "ni8"ene,, i, ea+1 B"t t%ee ae
geat !i//een#e, in t%e !egee o/ in5!i-i!"a+i4ation1 Cetain $e,ona+itie, ae -ey i#%,
-ey ,tong1 Ot%e, ae wea3, ea,i+y 0o!i/ie! by en-ion0ent an! #i#"0,tan#e,1
Between ,i0$+e wea3ening o/ t%e $e,ona+ity an! $,y#%o,e,, t%ee ae 0any inte0e!iate
,tate,1 Peo$+e ,"//eing /o0 #etain ne"o,e, %a-e t%e /ee+ing t%at t%ei $e,ona+ity i,
being !i,,o+-e!1 Ot%e !i,ea,e, ea++y !e,toy $e,ona+ity1 En#e$%a+iti, +et%agi#a bing,
abo"t #eeba+ +e,ion, w%i#% 0ay $o/o"n!+y 0o!i/y t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%e ,a0e 0ay be
,ai! o/ !e0entia $ae#o. an! genea+ $aa+y,i,1 In ot%e !i,ea,e, t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+
#%ange, ae on+y te0$oay1 Hy,teia engen!e, !o"b+e $e,ona+ity1 T%e $atient ,ee0, to
be#o0e two !i//eent in!i-i!"a+,1 Ea#% o/ t%e,e ati/i#ia+ $e,on, ignoe, t%e t%o"g%t,
an! a#t, o/ t%e ot%e1 Li3ewi,e, one #an, !"ing %y$noti# ,+ee$, 0o!i/y t%e i!entity o/ t%e
,"b7e#t1 I/ anot%e $e,ona+ity i, i0$o,e! "$on %i0 by ,"gge,tion, %e ta3e, t%e attit"!e,
an! /ee+, t%e e0otion, o/ %i, ,e#on! ,e+/1 In a!!ition to t%o,e w%o t%", be#o0e two
$e,on,, t%ee ae ot%e, w%o,e $e,ona+itie, ae in#o0$+ete+y !i,a,,o#iate!1 In t%i,
#ategoy ae 0any ty$e, o/ ne"oti#,, t%o,e w%o $a#ti#e a"to0ati# witing, a n"0be o/
0e!i"0,, an! a+,o t%e 8"ee, wea3, "n,tea!y being, w%o ae ,o n"0eo", in 0o!en
,o#iety1
It i, not yet $o,,ib+e to 0a3e a #o0$+ete ,"-ey o/ $,y#%o+ogi#a+ in!i-i!"a+ity, an! to
0ea,"e it, #o0$onent $at,1 Neit%e #an we e.a#t+y !ete0ine it, nat"e, an! %ow one
in!i-i!"a+ !i//e, /o0 anot%e1 We ae not e-en #a$ab+e o/ !i,#o-eing t%e e,,entia+
#%aa#tei,ti#, o/ a gi-en 0an1 An! ,ti++ +e,, %i, $otentia+itie,1 Ea#% yo"t%, %owe-e,
,%o"+! in,et %i0,e+/ in %i, ,o#ia+ go"$ a##o!ing to %i, a$tit"!e, an! to %i, ,$e#i/i#
0enta+ an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 B"t %e #annot !o it, be#a",e %e i, ignoant o/ %i0,e+/1
Paent, an! e!"#ato, ,%ae wit% %i0 ,"#% ignoan#e1 T%ey !o not 3now %ow to !ete#t
t%e nat"e o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ity o/ #%i+!en1 An! t%ey en!ea-o to ,tan!a!i4e t%e01
Mo!en b",ine,, 0et%o!, ta3e no a##o"nt o/ t%e $e,ona+ity o/ t%e wo3e,1 T%ey ignoe
t%e /a#t t%at a++ 0en ae !i//eent1 Mo,t o/ ", ae "nawae o/ o" own a$tit"!e,1 Howe-e,
e-eybo!y #annot !o e-eyt%ing1 A##o!ing to %i, #%aa#tei,ti#,, ea#% in!i-i!"a+ a!7",t,
%i0,e+/ 0oe ea,i+y to a #etain ty$e o/ wo3 o a #etain 0o!e o/ +i-ing1 Hi, ,"##e,, an!
%a$$ine,, !e$en! on t%e a//inity between %i0,e+/ an! %i, en-ion0ent1 He ,%o"+! /it into
%i, ,o#ia+ go"$ a, a 3ey /it, into it, +o#31 Paent, an! ,#%oo+5tea#%e, ,%o"+! ,et
t%e0,e+-e, /i,t an! /oe0o,t to a#8"ie a 3now+e!ge o/ t%e in%eent 8"a+itie, an! t%e
$otentia+itie, o/ ea#% #%i+!1 Un/ot"nate+y, ,#ienti/i# $,y#%o+ogy #annot gi-e t%e0 -ey
e//e#ti-e %e+$1 T%e te,t, a$$+ie! to ,#%oo+ #%i+!en an! ,t"!ent, by ine.$eien#e!
$,y#%o+ogi,t, %a-e no geat ,igni/i#an#e1 T%ey gi-e an i++",i-e #on/i!en#e to t%o,e
"na#8"ainte! wit% $,y#%o+ogy1 In /a#t, t%ey ,%o"+! be a##o!e! +e,, i0$otan#e1
P,y#%o+ogy i, not yet a ,#ien#e1 To!ay, in!i-i!"a+ity an! it, $otentia+itie, ae not
0ea,"ab+e1 B"t a wi,e ob,e-e, taine! in t%e ,t"!y o/ %"0an being,, i, ,o0eti0e,
#a$ab+e o/ !i,#o-eing t%e /"t"e in t%e $e,ent #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ a gi-en in!i-i!"a+1
4
A !i,ea,e i, not an entity1 We ob,e-e in!i-i!"a+, ,"//eing /o0 $ne"0onia, ,y$%i+i,,
!iabete,, ty$%oi! /e-e, et#1 T%en, we #on,t"#t in o" 0in! #etain Uni-e,a+,, #etain
ab,ta#tion,, w%i#% we #a++ !i,ea,e,1 I++ne,, e.$e,,e, t%e a!a$tation o/ t%e ogani,0 to a
$at%ogeni# agent, o it, $a,,i-e !e,t"#tion by t%i, agent1 A!a$tation an! !e,t"#tion
a,,"0e t%e /o0 o/ t%e ,i#3 in!i-i!"a+ an! t%e %yt%0 o/ %i, inne ti0e1 T%e bo!y i, 0oe
a$i!+y !e,toye! by !egeneati-e !i,ea,e, !"ing yo"t% t%an !"ing o+! age1 It e$+ie, to
a++ ene0ie, in a ,$e#i/i# 0anne1 T%e /o0 i, it, e$+y !e$en!, on t%e in%eent $o$etie,
o/ t%e ti,,"e,1 Angina $e#toi,, /o e.a0$+e, anno"n#e, it, $e,en#e by a#"te ,"//eing1
T%e %eat ,ee0, to be gi$$e! in ,tee+ #+aw,1 B"t t%e inten,ity o/ t%e $ain -aie,
a##o!ing to t%e ,en,iti-ene,, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 W%en t%e $atient i, not ,en,iti-e, t%e
!i,ea,e ta3e, anot%e a,$e#t1 Wit%o"t waning, wit%o"t $ain, it 3i++, it, -i#ti01 Ty$%oi!
/e-e, a, we 3now, i, a##o0$anie! by %ig% te0$eat"e, %ea!a#%e, !ia%ea, genea+
!e$e,,ion1 It i, a ,eio", i++ne,, ne#e,,itating a +ong ,o7o"n in t%e %o,$ita+1 Howe-e,
#etain in!i-i!"a+,, a+t%o"g% ,"//eing /o0 t%i, 0a+a!y, #ontin"e to atten! to t%ei ","a+
o##"$ation,1 In t%e #o",e o/ e$i!e0i#, o/ in/+"en4a, !i$%t%eia, ye++ow /e-e, et#1, ,o0e
$atient, /ee+ on+y a ,+ig%t /e-e, a +itt+e !i,#o0/ot1 In ,$ite o/ t%e +a#3 o/ ,y0$to0,, t%ey
ae a//e#te! by t%e !i,ea,e1T%ei 0o!e o/ e,$on,e to t%e in/e#tion i, !"e to t%e in%eent
e,i,tan#e o/ t%ei ti,,"e,1 A, we 3now, t%e a!a$ti-e 0e#%ani,0, w%i#% $ote#t t%e bo!y
/o0 0i#obe, an! -i",e, !i//e in ea#% in!i-i!"a+1 W%en t%e ogani,0 i, in#a$ab+e o/
e,i,tan#e, a, in #an#e, it i, being !e,toye! at a %yt%0 an! in a 0anne !ete0ine! by
it, own $o$etie,1 In a yo"ng wo0an, a #an#e o/ t%e bea,t a$i!+y bing, on !eat%1 On
t%e #ontay, in e.te0e o+! age, it e-o+-e, -ey ,+ow+y, a, ,+ow+y a, t%e bo!y it,e+/1
@i,ea,e i, a $e,ona+ e-ent1 It #on,i,t, o/ tie in!i-i!"a+ %i0,e+/1 T%ee ae a, 0any
!i//eent !i,ea,e, a, $atient,1
Howe-e, it wo"+! %a-e been i0$o,,ib+e to b"i+! "$ a ,#ien#e o/ 0e!i#ine 0ee+y by
#o0$i+ing a geat n"0be o/ in!i-i!"a+ ob,e-ation,1 T%e /a#t, %a! to be #+a,,i/ie! an!
,i0$+i/ie! wit% t%e ai! o/ ab,ta#tion,1 In t%i, way !i,ea,e wa, bon1 An! 0e!i#a+
teati,e, #o"+! be witten1 A 3in! o/ ,#ien#e wa, b"i+t "$, o"g%+y !e,#i$ti-e,
"!i0entay, i0$e/e#t, b"t #on-enient, in!e/inite+y $e/e#tib+e an! ea,y to tea#%1
Un/ot"nate+y, we %a-e been #ontent wit% t%i, e,"+t1 We !i! not "n!e,tan! t%at teati,e,
!e,#ibing $at%o+ogi#a+ entitie, #ontain on+y a $at o/ t%e 3now+e!ge in!i,$en,ab+e to
t%o,e w%o atten! t%e ,i#31 Me!i#a+ 3now+e!ge ,%o"+! go beyon! t%e ,#ien#e o/ !i,ea,e,1
T%e $%y,i#ian 0",t #+ea+y !i,ting"i,% t%e ,i#3 %"0an being !e,#ibe! in %i, boo3, /o0
t%e #on#ete $atient w%o0 %e %a, to teat, w%o 0",t not on+y be ,t"!ie!, b"t, abo-e a++,
e+ie-e!, en#o"age!, an! #"e!1 Hi, o+e i, to !i,#o-e t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e ,i#3
0an;, in!i-i!"a+ity, %i, e,i,tan#e to $at%ogeni# /a#to,, %i, ,en,ibi+ity to $ain, t%e -a+"e
o/ %i, ogani# a#ti-itie,, %i, $a,t, an! %i, /"t"e1 T%e o"t#o0e o/ an i++ne,, in a gi-en
in!i-i!"a+ %a, to be $e!i#te!, not by a #a+#"+ation o/ t%e $obabi+itie,, b"t by a $e#i,e
ana+y,i, o/ t%e ogani#, %"0oa+, an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ $e,ona+ity o/ t%i, in!i-i!"a+1 In /a#t,
0e!i#ine, w%en #on/ining it,e+/ to t%e ,t"!y o/ !i,ea,e,, a0$"tate, a $at o/ it, own bo!y1
Many $%y,i#ian, ,ti++ $e,i,t in $","ing ab,ta#tion, e.#+",i-e+y1 So0e, %owe-e,
be+ie-e t%at a 3now+e!ge o/ t%e $atient i, a, i0$otant a, t%at o/ t%e !i,ea,e1 T%e /o0e
!e,ie to e0ain in t%e ea+0 o/ ,y0bo+,1 T%e +atte /ee+ t%e ne#e,,ity o/ a$$e%en!ing t%e
#on#ete1 To!ay t%e o+! 8"ae+ o/ t%e ea+i,t, an! t%e no0ina+i,t, i, being e-i-e! ao"n!
t%e ,#%oo+, o/ 0e!i#ine1 S#ienti/i# 0e!i#ine, in,ta++e! in it, $a+a#e,, !e/en!,, a, !i! t%e
#%"#% o/ t%e Mi!!+e Age,, t%e ea+ity o/ t%e Uni-e,a+,1 It anat%e0ati4e, t%e no0ina+i,t,
w%o, /o++owing t%e e.a0$+e o/ Abe+a!, #on,i!e Uni-e,a+, an! !i,ea,e a, #eation, o/
o" 0in!, an! t%e $atient a, t%e on+y ea+ity1 In /a#t, a $%y,i#ian %a, to be bot% ea+i,t an!
no0ina+i,t1 He 0",t ,t"!y t%e in!i-i!"a+ a, we++ a, t%e !i,ea,e1
T%e !i,t",t w%i#% t%e $"b+i# /ee+, towa! 0e!i#ine, t%e ine//i#ien#y, an! ,o0eti0e,
t%e i!i#"+e, o/ t%ea$e"ti#,, ae, $e%a$,, !"e to t%e #on/",ion o/ t%e ,y0bo+,
in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ 0e!i#a+ ,#ien#e, wit% t%e #on#ete $atient w%o %a, to
be teate! an! e+ie-e!1 T%e $%y,i#ian;, +a#3 o/ ,"##e,, #o0e, /o0 %i, +i-ing in an
i0aginay wo+!1 In,tea! o/ %i, $atient,, %e ,ee, t%e !i,ea,e, !e,#ibe! in t%e teati,e, o/
0e!i#ine1 He i, a -i#ti0 o/ t%e be+ie/ in t%e ea+ity o/ Uni-e,a+,1 Moeo-e, %e 0i.e, t%e
#on#e$t, o/ $in#i$+e an! 0et%o!, o/ ,#ien#e an! te#%no+ogy1 He !oe, not ea+i4e
,"//i#ient+y t%at t%e in!i-i!"a+ i, a w%o+e, t%at a!a$ti-e /"n#tion, e.ten! to a++ ogani#
,y,te0,, an! t%at anato0i#a+ !i-i,ion, ae ati/i#ia+1 T%e ,e$aation o/ t%e bo!y into $at,
%a, ,o /a been to %i, a!-antage1 B"t it i, !angeo", an! #o,t+y /o t%e $atient, an!
"+ti0ate+y /o t%e $%y,i#ian1
Me!i#ine %a, to ta3e into a##o"nt t%e nat"e o/ 0an, o/ %i, "nity, an! o/ %i, "ni8"ene,,1
It, ,o+e $"$o,e i, to e+ie-e t%e ,"//eing o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, an! to #"e %i01 In!ee!,
$%y,i#ian, 0",t ",e t%e ,$iit an! t%e 0et%o!, o/ ,#ien#e1 T%ey %a-e to be#o0e #a$ab+e
o/ e#ogni4ing an! teating !i,ea,e, an!, ,ti++ bette, o/ $e-enting t%e01 Me!i#ine i, not
a !i,#i$+ine o/ t%e 0in!1 T%ee i, no -a+i! 0oti-e /o #"+ti-ating it /o it,e+/, o /o t%e
a!-antage o/ t%o,e w%o $a#ti#e it1 T%e goa+ o/ a++ o" e//ot, ,%o"+! be e.#+",i-e+y t%e
%ea+ing o/ t%e ,i#31 B"t 0e!i#ine i, t%e 0o,t !i//i#"+t o/ a++ %"0an attain0ent,1 It ,%o"+!
not be +i3ene! to any ,#ien#e1 A $o/e,,o o/ 0e!i#ine i, not an o!inay tea#%e1 He
!i//e, $o/o"n!+y /o0 ot%e $o/e,,o,1 W%i+e t%e /ie+!, #o-ee! by %i, #o++eag"e,
,$e#ia+i4e! in t%e ,t"!y o/ anato0y, $%y,io+ogy, #%e0i,ty, $at%o+ogy, $%a0a#o+ogy,
et#1, ae +i0ite! an! #+ea+y !e/ine!, %e 0",t a#8"ie an a+0o,t "ni-e,a+ 3now+e!ge1 In
a!!ition, %e nee!, ,o"n! 7"!g0ent, geat $%y,i#a+ en!"an#e, an! #ea,e+e,, a#ti-ity1 He
,%o"+! $o,,e,, %ig%e 8"a+itie, t%an t%o,e o/ a +aboatoy wo3e1 He i, ,et a ta,3 -ey
!i//eent /o0 t%at o/ a 0an o/ ,#ien#e1 T%e +atte #an #on/ine %i0,e+/ entie+y to t%e
wo+! o/ ,y0bo+,1 P%y,i#ian,, on t%e #ontay, %a-e to /a#e bot% #on#ete ea+ity an!
,#ienti/i# ab,ta#tion,1 T%ei 0in! 0",t ,i0"+taneo",+y ga,$ t%e $%eno0ena an! t%ei
,y0bo+,, ,ea#% into ogan, an! #on,#io",ne,,, an! ente, wit% ea#% in!i-i!"a+, a
!i//eent wo+!1 T%ey ae a,3e! to ea+i4e t%e i0$o,,ib+e /eat o/ b"i+!ing "$ a ,#ien#e o/
t%e $ati#"+a1 O/ #o",e, t%ey 0ig%t ",e t%e e.$e!ient o/ in!i,#i0inate+y a$$+ying t%ei
,#ienti/i# 3now+e!ge to ea#% $atient, a,, /o in,tan#e, a ,a+e,0an tying to /it t%e ,a0e
ea!y50a!e #oat to $eo$+e o/ !i//eent ,i4e,1 B"t t%ey !o not ea++y /"+/i++ t%ei !"ty
"n+e,, t%ey !i,#o-e t%e ,$e#i/i# $e#"+iaitie, o/ ea#% $atient1 T%ei ,"##e,, !e$en!, not
on+y on t%ei 3now+e!ge, b"t a+,o on t%ei abi+ity to ga,$ t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, w%i#% 0a3e
ea#% %"0an being an in!i-i!"a+1

T%e "ni8"ene,, o/ ea#% 0an %a, a !o"b+e oigin1 It #o0e, ,i0"+taneo",+y /o0 t%e
#on,tit"tion o/ t%e o-"0, /o0 w%i#% %e oiginate,, an! /o0 %i, !e-e+o$0ent an! %i,
%i,toy1 We %a-e a+ea!y 0entione! %ow, be/oe /eti+i4ation, t%e o-"0 e.$e+, %a+/ o/ it,
n"#+e",, %a+/ o/ ea#% #%o0o,o0e55t%at i,, %a+/ t%e %ee!itay /a#to,, t%e gene,, w%i#%
ae aange! in a +inea ,eie, a+ong t%e #%o0o,o0e,1 We 3now %ow t%e %ea! o/ a
,$e0ato4oon $enetate, t%e o-"0, a/te %a-ing a+,o +o,t %a+/ o/ it, #%o0o,o0e,, %ow
t%e bo!y, wit% a++ it, #%aa#tei,ti#, an! ten!en#ie,, !ei-e, /o0 t%e "nion o/ t%e 0a+e
an! /e0a+e #%o0o,o0e, wit%in t%e n"#+e", o/ t%e /eti+i4e! egg1 At t%i, 0o0ent t%e
in!i-i!"a+ e.i,t, on+y in a $otentia+ ,tate1 He #ontain, t%e !o0inant /a#to, e,$on,ib+e
/o t%e -i,ib+e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ %i, $aent,1 An! a+,o t%e e#e,,i-e /a#to,, w%i#% %a-e
e0aine! %i!!en !"ing t%ei entie +i/e1 A##o!ing to t%ei e+ati-e $o,ition in t%e new
in!i-i!"a+;, #%o0o,o0e,, t%e e#e,,i-e /a#to, wi++ 0ani/e,t t%ei a#ti-ity o wi++ be
ne"ta+i4e! by !o0inant /a#to,1 T%e,e e+ation, ae !e,#ibe! by t%e ,#ien#e o/ geneti#,
a, t%e +aw, o/ %ee!ity1 T%ey 0ee+y e.$e,, t%e oigin o/ t%e in%eent #%aa#tei,ti#, o/
ea#% %"0an being1 B"t t%e,e #%aa#tei,ti#, ae not%ing b"t ten!en#ie, o $otentia+itie,1
A##o!ing to t%e #i#"0,tan#e, en#o"ntee! by t%e e0byo, t%e /et",, t%e #%i+!, an! t%e
a!o+e,#ent !"ing t%ei !e-e+o$0ent, t%e,e ten!en#ie, be#o0e a#t"a+ o e0ain -it"a+1
An! ea#% 0an;, %i,toy i, a, "ni8"e a, wee t%e nat"e an! t%e aange0ent o/ %i,
#on,tit"ti-e gene, w%en %e wa, an o-"01 T%",, t%e oigina+ity o/ t%e %"0an being
!e$en!, bot% on %ee!ity an! on !e-e+o$0ent1
We 3now t%at in!i-i!"a+ity ,$ing, /o0 t%e,e two ,o"#e,1 B"t not w%at $at ea#% o/
t%e0 $+ay, in o" /o0ation1 I, %ee!ity 0oe i0$otant t%an !e-e+o$0ent, o -i#e -e,a<
Wat,on an! t%e be%a-ioi,t, $o#+ai0 t%at e!"#ation an! en-ion0ent ae #a$ab+e o/
gi-ing %"0an being, any !e,ie! /o01 E!"#ation wo"+! be e-eyt%ing, an! %ee!ity
not%ing1 >eneti#i,t, be+ie-e, on t%e #ontay, t%at %ee!ity i0$o,e, it,e+/ on 0an +i3e
an#ient /ate, an! t%at t%e ,a+-ation o/ t%e a#e +ie,, not in e!"#ation, b"t in e"geni#,1 Bot%
,#%oo+, /oget t%at ,"#% a $ob+e0 #annot be ,o+-e! by ag"0ent,, b"t on+y by
ob,e-ation, an! e.$ei0ent,1
Ob,e-ation, an! e.$ei0ent, tea#% ", t%at t%e $at, o/ %ee!ity an! o/ !e-e+o$0ent
-ay in ea#% in!i-i!"a+, an! t%at genea++y t%ei e,$e#ti-e -a+"e, #annot be !ete0ine!1
Howe-e, in #%i+!en #on#ei-e! by t%e ,a0e $aent,, bo"g%t "$ toget%e an! in t%e ,a0e
0anne, t%ee ae ,ti3ing !i//een#e, in /o0, ,tat"e, ne-o", #on,tit"tion, inte++e#t"a+
a$tit"!e,, an! 0oa+ 8"a+itie,1 It i, ob-io", t%at t%e,e !i//een#e, ae o/ an#e,ta+ oigin1
Ani0a+, be%a-e in a +i3e way1 Let ", ta3e a, an e.a0$+e a +itte o/ ,%e$%e! !og,, ,ti++
being ,"#3+e! by t%ei 0ot%e1 Ea#% o/ t%e nine o ten $"$$ie, $e,ent, !i,tin#t
#%aa#tei,ti#,1 So0e ea#t to a ,"!!en noi,e, to t%e e$ot o/ a $i,to+, /o e.a0$+e, by
#o"#%ing on t%e go"n!, ,o0e by ,tan!ing "$ on t%ei +itt+e $aw,, ot%e, by a!-an#ing
towa! t%e noi,e1 So0e #on8"e t%e be,t teat,, ot%e, +et t%e0,e+-e, be $",%e! o"t o/
t%ei $+a#e1 So0e a0b+e away /o0 t%ei 0ot%e an! e.$+oe t%e neig%bo%oo! o/ t%ei
3enne+1 Ot%e, ,tay wit% %e1 So0e gow+ w%en to"#%e!1 Ot%e, e0ain ,i+ent1 W%en t%e
ani0a+, bo"g%t "$ toget%e "n!e i!enti#a+ #on!ition, %a-e gown into a!"+t,, 0o,t o/
t%ei #%aa#tei,ti#, ae /o"n! "n#%ange! by !e-e+o$0ent1 S%y an! ti0oo", !og, e0ain
,%y an! ti0oo", a++ t%ei +i-e,1 T%o,e t%at wee /ea+e,, an! a+et ,o0eti0e, +o,e t%e,e
8"a+itie, a, t%ey gow o+!e, b"t, in genea+, t%ey be#o0e ,ti++ 0oe /ea+e,, an! a#ti-e1
A0ong t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ an#e,ta+ oigin, ,o0e ae not "ti+i4e!, t%e ot%e, !e-e+o$1
Twin, oiginating in t%e ,a0e o-"0 $o,,e,, t%e ,a0e in%eent #%aa#tei,ti#,1 At /i,t,
t%ey ae 8"ite i!enti#a+1 Howe-e, i/ t%ey ae $ate! ig%t at t%e beginning o/ t%ei +i-e,
an! ae bo"g%t "$ in !i//eent way, an! in !i//eent #o"ntie,, t%ey +o,e ,"#% i!entity1
A/te eig%teen o twenty yea,, t%ey ,%ow 0a3e! !i//een#e,, an! a+,o geat
e,e0b+an#e,, e,$e#ia++y /o0 an inte++e#t"a+ $oint o/ -iew1 2o0 t%i, it a$$ea, t%at,
gi-en !i,,i0i+a ,"o"n!ing,, i!entity o/ #on,tit"tion !oe, not !ete0ine t%e /o0ation
o/ i!enti#a+ in!i-i!"a+,1 It i, a+,o e-i!ent t%at !i,$aity o/ en-ion0ent !oe, not e//a#e
i!entity o/ #on,tit"tion1 A##o!ing to t%e #on!ition, "n!e w%i#% !e-e+o$0ent ta3e,
$+a#e, ,o0e o ot%e, o/ t%e $otentia+itie, ae a#t"a+i4e!1 An! two being,, oigina++y
i!enti#a+, be#o0e !i//eent1
W%at in/+"en#e !o t%e gene,, t%o,e $ati#+e, o/ n"#+ea ,"b,tan#e oiginating /o0 o"
an#e,to,, e.et on t%e /o0ation o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, on t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ bo!y an!
#on,#io",ne,,< In w%at 0ea,"e !oe, t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ !e$en! on t%at o/
t%e egg< Many ob,e-ation, an! e.$ei0ent, %a-e ,%own t%at #etain a,$e#t, o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+ ae a+ea!y $e,ent in t%e o-"0, t%at ot%e, ae on+y $otentia+1 T%e gene,,
t%ee/oe, e.e#i,e t%ei in/+"en#e, eit%e in an ine.oab+e 0anne by i0$o,ing on t%e
in!i-i!"a+ #%aa#tei,ti#, w%i#% !e-e+o$ /ata++y, o in t%e /o0 o/ ten!en#ie, w%i#%
be#o0e, o /ai+ to be#o0e, e//e#ti-e, a##o!ing to t%e #i#"0,tan#e, o/ t%e !e-e+o$0ent1
Se. i, ine-itab+y !ete0ine! /o0 t%e ti0e o/ t%e "nion o/ t%e $atena+ an! 0atena+ #e++,1
T%e egg o/ t%e /"t"e 0a+e $o,,e,,e, one #%o0o,o0e +e,, t%an t%at o/ t%e /e0a+e, o an
ato$%ie! #%o0o,o0e1 In t%i, 0anne, a++ t%e #e++, o/ t%e bo!y o/ t%e 0an !i//e /o0
t%o,e o/ t%e bo!y o/ t%e wo0an1 Wea3ne,, o/ 0in!, in,anity, %e0o$%i+ia, !ea/0"ti,0, a,
i, 3nown, ae %ee!itay !e/e#t,1 Cetain !i,ea,e,, ,"#% a, #an#e, %y$eten,ion,
t"be#"+o,i,, et#1, ae tan,0itte! a+,o /o0 $aent, to #%i+!en, b"t a, a ten!en#y1 T%e
#on!ition, o/ !e-e+o$0ent 0ay i0$e!e o /a-o t%ei a#t"a+i4ation1 It i, t%e ,a0e wit%
,tengt%, a+etne,,, wi++ $owe, inte++igen#e, an! 7"!g0ent1 T%e -a+"e o/ ea#% in!i-i!"a+
i, !ete0ine! in a +age 0ea,"e by %i, %ee!itay $e!i,$o,ition,1 B"t a, %"0an being,
ae not o/ $"e bee!, t%e #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ t%e $o!"#t, o/ a gi-en 0aiage #annot be
$e!i#te!1 Howe-e, it i, 3nown t%at #%i+!en bon in /a0i+ie, o/ ,"$eio $eo$+e ae 0oe
+i3e+y to be a ,"$eio ty$e t%an t%o,e bon in an in/eio /a0i+y1 Owing to t%e %a4a!, o/
t%e n"#+ea "nion,, a geat 0an;, !e,#en!ant, 0ay in#+"!e 0e!io#e #%i+!en, o an
ob,#"e /a0i+y 0ay gi-e bit% to a geat 0an1 T%e ten!en#y to ,"$eioity i, by no 0ean,
ie,i,tib+e, +i3e t%at to in,anity, /o e.a0$+e1 E"geni#, ,"##ee!, in $o!"#ing ,"$eio
ty$e, on+y "n!e #etain #on!ition, o/ !e-e+o$0ent an! e!"#ation1 It %a, no 0agi#
$owe, an! i, not #a$ab+e, w%en "nai!e!, o/ geat+y i0$o-ing t%e in!i-i!"a+,1
!
T%e an#e,ta+ ten!en#ie,, tan,0itte! a##o!ing to t%e +aw, o/ Men!e+ an! ot%e +aw,,
gi-e a ,$e#ia+ a,$e#t to t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ ea#% 0an1 In o!e to 0ani/e,t t%e0,e+-e,,
t%ey nat"a++y e8"ie t%e #oo$eation o/ t%e en-ion0ent1 T%e $otentia+itie, o/ ti,,"e,
an! #on,#io",ne,, a#t"a+i4e on+y t%o"g% t%e #%e0i#a+, $%y,i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, an!
0enta+ /a#to, o/ ,"#% en-ion0ent1 One #annot !i,ting"i,%, in genea+, t%e in%eite!
/o0 t%e a#8"ie!1 In!ee!, #etain $e#"+iaitie,, ,"#% a, t%e #o+o o/ eye, an! o/ %ai,
,%ot5,ig%te!ne,,, an! /eeb+e0in!e!ne,,, ae e-i!ent+y o/ %ee!itay oigin1 B"t 0any
ot%e #%aa#tei,ti#, !e$en! on t%e in/+"en#e en-ion0ent %a, "$on bo!y an! 0in!1 T%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e ogani,0 ben!, in !i//eent !ie#tion,, in #o0$+ian#e wit% it,
,"o"n!ing,1 An! it, in%eent $o$etie, be#o0e a#t"a+ o e0ain -it"a+1 It i, #etain
t%at %ee!itay ten!en#ie, ae $o/o"n!+y 0o!i/ie! by t%e #i#"0,tan#e, o/ o"
/o0ation1 B"t we 0",t a+,o ea+i4e t%at ea#% in!i-i!"a+ !e-e+o$, a##o!ing to %i, own
"+e,, to t%e ,$e#i/i# 8"a+itie, o/ %i, ti,,"e,1 Moeo-e, t%e oigina+ inten,ity o/ o"
ten!en#ie,, t%ei #a$a#ity /o a#t"a+i4ation, -aie,1 T%e !e,tiny o/ #etain in!i-i!"a+, i,
ine.oab+y !ete0ine!1 T%at o/ ot%e, 0oe o +e,, !e$en!, on t%e #on!ition, o/ t%ei
!e-e+o$0ent1
It i, i0$o,,ib+e to $e!i#t in w%at 0ea,"e a #%i+!;, %ee!itay ten!en#ie, wi++ be
a//e#te! by %i, e!"#ation, 0o!e o/ +i/e, an! ,o#ia+ ,"o"n!ing,1 T%e geneti#a+
#on,tit"tion o/ t%e ti,,"e, o/ a %"0an being i, a+way, a 0y,tey1 We !o not 3now %ow
t%e gene, o/ %i, $aent,, gan!$aent,, an! geat5gan!$aent, ae go"$e! in t%e egg
/o0 w%i#% %e oiginate!1 Neit%e !o we 3now w%et%e #etain n"#+ea $ati#+e, o/ ,o0e
!i,tant an! /ogotten an#e,to ae not $e,ent in %i01 No w%et%e ,$ontaneo", #%ange,
in t%e gene, t%e0,e+-e, 0ay not #a",e t%e a$$eaan#e o/ ,o0e "n/oe,een #%aa#tei,ti#,1
It ,o0eti0e, %a$$en, t%at a #%i+!, w%o,e an#e,ta+ ten!en#ie, %a-e been 3nown /o
,e-ea+ geneation,, 0ani/e,t, #o0$+ete+y new an! "ne.$e#te! a,$e#t,1 Howe-e, t%e
$obab+e e,"+t, o/ a gi-en en-ion0ent "$on a gi-en in!i-i!"a+ #an be anti#i$ate! in a
#etain 0ea,"e1 A ,ea,one! ob,e-e i, ab+e to ga,$ t%e ,igni/i#an#e o/ t%e gowing
#%aa#tei,ti#, o/ a #%i+!, a, we++ a, o/ a $"$$y, -ey ea+y in it, +i/e1 @e-e+o$0enta+
#on!ition, #annot tan,/o0 a wea3, a$at%eti#, !i,$e,e!, ti0i!, ina#ti-e #%i+! into an
enegeti# 0an, a $owe/"+ an! a"!a#io", +ea!e1 Aita+ity, i0agination, bo+!ne,, ae ne-e
entie+y !"e to en-ion0ent1 Neit%e #an t%ey be e$e,,e! by it1 In!ee!, t%e
#i#"0,tan#e, o/ !e-e+o$0ent ae e//i#ient on+y wit%in t%e +i0it, o/ t%e %ee!itay
$e!i,$o,ition,, o/ t%e i00anent 8"a+itie, o/ ti,,"e, an! #on,#io",ne,,1 B"t we ne-e
3now t%e e.a#t nat"e o/ t%e,e $e!i,$o,ition,1 We 0",t, %owe-e, $e,"0e t%e0 to be
/a-oab+e, an! a#t a##o!ing+y1 It i, i0$eati-e t%at ea#% in!i-i!"a+ ,%o"+! e#ei-e an
e!"#ation #on!"#i-e to t%e gowt% o/ %i, -it"a+ 8"a+itie,, "nti+ t%e 8"a+itie, in 8"e,tion
ae $o-en not to e.i,t1
T%e #%e0i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ /a#to, o/ t%e en-ion0ent /a-o o
%in!e t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e in%eent ten!en#ie,1 In /a#t, t%e,e ten!en#ie, #an e.$e,,
t%e0,e+-e, on+y by #etain ogani# /o0,1 I/ t%e bo!y i, !e$i-e! o/ t%e #a+#i"0 an!
$%o,$%o", in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e b"i+!ing "$ o/ t%e ,3e+eton, o o/ t%e -ita0ine, an!
g+an!"+a ,e#etion, w%i#% $e0it t%e "ti+i4ation o/ t%i, 0ateia+ by #ati+age in t%e
/o0ation o/ bone,, t%e +i0b, be#o0e !e/o0e! an! t%e $e+-i, naow1 S"#% a
#o00on$+a#e a##i!ent 0ay $e-ent t%e a#t"a+i4ation o/ $otentia+itie, w%i#% !e,tine! t%i,
o t%at wo0an to be a $o+i/i# 0ot%e, $e%a$, to beget a new Lin#o+n o a new Pa,te"1
T%e +a#3 o/ a -ita0ine o an in/e#tio", !i,ea,e 0ay #a",e t%e te,ti#+e,, o any ot%e
g+an!, to ato$%y an!, in t%i, 0anne, ,to$ t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ an in!i-i!"a+ w%o, owing
to %i, an#e,ta+ 8"a+itie,, #o"+! %a-e be#o0e t%e +ea!e o/ a nation1 A++ t%e $%y,i#a+ an!
#%e0i#a+ #on!ition, o/ t%e en-ion0ent ae #a$ab+e o/ a//e#ting t%e a#t"a+i4ation o/ o"
$otentia+itie,1 To t%ei 0o+!ing in/+"en#e i, !"e, in a +age 0ea,"e, t%e ogani# an!
0enta+ a,$e#t o/ ea#% %"0an being1
P,y#%o+ogi#a+ /a#to, a#t ,ti++ 0oe e//e#ti-e+y on t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%ey gi-e to o" +i/e
it, inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ /o01 T%ey in!"#e !i,#i$+ine o !i,$e,ion1 T%ey +ea! ", to t%e
neg+e#t o t%e 0a,tey o/ o",e+-e,1 T%o"g% #i#"+atoy an! g+an!"+a #%ange,, t%ey a+,o
tan,/o0 t%e a#ti-itie, an! t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e bo!y1 T%e !i,#i$+ine o/ t%e 0in! an! o/
t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ a$$etite, %a, a !e/inite e//e#t, not on+y on t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ attit"!e o/
t%e in!i-i!"a+, b"t a+,o on %i, ogani# an! %"0oa+ ,t"#t"e1 We !o not 3now in w%at
0ea,"e t%e 0enta+ in/+"en#e, e0anating /o0 t%e en-ion0ent ae #a$ab+e o/ $o0oting
o ,ti/+ing an#e,ta+ ten!en#ie,1 Wit%o"t any !o"bt, t%ey $+ay a +ea!ing $at in t%e !e,tiny
o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%ey ,o0eti0e, anni%i+ate t%e %ig%e,t 0enta+ 8"a+itie,1 T%ey !e-e+o$
#etain in!i-i!"a+, beyon! a++ e.$e#tation,1 T%ey %e+$ t%e wea3, an! en!e t%e ,tong yet
,tonge1 :o"ng Bona$ate ea! P+"ta#% an! en!ea-oe! to t%in3 an! to +i-e a, t%e geat
0en o/ anti8"ity !i!1 It i, %ot i00ateia+ t%at a #%i+! i!o+i4e Babe R"t% o >eoge
Wa,%ington, C%a+ie C%a$+in o Lin!5beg%1 To $+ay at being a gang,te i, not t%e ,a0e
t%ing a, to $+ay at being a ,o+!ie1 W%ate-e %i, an#e,ta+ ten!en#ie, 0ay be, ea#%
in!i-i!"a+ i, ,tate! by %i, !e-e+o$0enta+ #on!ition, "$on a oa! w%i#% 0ay +ea! %i0
eit%e to t%e ,o+it"!e o/ t%e 0o"ntain,, to t%e bea"ty o/ t%e %i++,, o to t%e 0"! o/ t%e
0a,%e, w%ee 0o,t #i-i+i4e! 0en !e+ig%t in +i-ing1
T%e in/+"en#e o/ en-ion0ent "$on in!i-i!"a+i4ation -aie, a##o!ing to t%e ,tate o/
ti,,"e, an! #on,#io",ne,,1 In ot%e wo!,, t%e ,a0e /a#to, a#ting on ,e-ea+ in!i-i!"a+,,
o "$on t%e ,a0e in!i-i!"a+ at !i//eent $eio!, o/ %i, e.i,ten#e, !oe, not %a-e i!enti#a+
e//e#t,1 It i, we++ 3nown t%at t%e e,$on,e o/ a gi-en ogani,0 to en-ion0ent !e$en!, on
it, %ee!itay ten!en#ie,1 2o e.a0$+e, t%e ob,ta#+e t%at ,to$, one 0an ,ti0"+ate, anot%e
to a geate e//ot, an! !ete0ine, in %i0 t%e a#t"a+i4ation o/ $otentia+itie, w%i#% ,o /a
%a! e0aine! %i!!en1 Li3ewi,e, at ,"##e,,i-e $eio!, o/ +i/e, be/oe o a/te #etain
!i,ea,e,, t%e ogani,0 e,$on!, to a $at%ogeni# in/+"en#e in !i//eent way,1 T%e e//e#t o/
an e.#e,, o/ /oo! o ,+ee$ i, not t%e ,a0e on a yo"ng 0an a, on an o+! one1 Mea,+e, ae
an in,igni/i#ant !i,ea,e in #%i+!en an! a ,eio", one in a!"+t,1 In a!!ition, t%e ea#ti-ity
o/ a ,"b7e#t -aie, a##o!ing to %i, $%y,io+ogi#a+ age, an! a+,o to a++ %i, $e-io", %i,toy1
It !e$en!, on t%e nat"e o/ %i, in!i-i!"a+i4ation1 In ,"0, t%e $at o/ en-ion0ent in t%e
a#t"a+i4ation o/ t%e %ee!itay ten!en#ie, o/ a gi-en ,"b7e#t i, not e.a#t+y !e/inab+e1 T%e
i00anent $o$etie, o/ t%e ti,,"e, an! t%e #on!ition, o/ t%ei !e-e+o$0ent ae
ine.ti#ab+y 0ing+e! in t%e /o0ation o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e ,o"+ o/ ea#% in!i-i!"a+1
$
T%e in!i-i!"a+ i, ob-io",+y a #ente o/ ,$e#i/i# a#ti-itie,1 He a$$ea, a, !i,tin#t /o0
t%e inani0ate wo+! an! a+,o /o0 ot%e +i-ing being,1 At t%e ,a0e ti0e, %e i, +in3e! to
%i, en-ion0ent an! to %i, /e++ow 0en1 He #o"+! not e.i,t wit%o"t t%e01 He i,
#%aa#tei4e! by being in!e$en!ent o/, an! !e$en!ent on, t%e #o,0i# "ni-e,e1 B"t we !o
not 3now %ow %e i, bo"n! to ot%e being,, w%ee %i, ,$atia+ an! te0$oa+ /ontie, ae1
Pe,ona+ity i, ig%t+y be+ie-e! to e.ten! o"t,i!e t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""01 It, +i0it, ,ee0 to
be ,it"ate! beyon! t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e ,3in1 T%e !e/initene,, o/ t%e anato0i#a+ #onto", i,
$at+y an i++",ion1 Ea#% one o/ ", i, #etain+y /a +age an! 0oe !i//",e t%an %i, bo!y1
We 3now t%at o" -i,ib+e /ontie, ae, on one ,i!e, t%e ,3in an!, on t%e ot%e ,i!e, t%e
!ige,ti-e an! e,$iatoy 0"#o,a,1 O" anato0i#a+ an! /"n#tiona+ integity, a, a+,o o"
,"-i-a+, !e$en!, on t%ei in-io+abi+ity1 T%ei !e,t"#tion an! t%e in-a,ion o/ t%e ti,,"e,
by ba#teia bing on !eat% an! !i,integation o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 We a+,o 3now t%at t%ey
#an be #o,,e! by #o,0i# ay,, o.ygen /o0 t%e at0o,$%ee, +ig%t, %eat, an! ,o"n!
wa-e,, an! ,"b,tan#e, e,"+ting /o0 t%e inte,tina+ !ige,tion o/ /oo!1 T%o"g% t%e,e
,"/a#e, t%e inne wo+! o/ o" bo!y i, in #ontin"ity wit% t%e #o,0i# wo+!1 B"t t%i,
anato0i#a+ /ontie i, on+y t%at o/ one a,$e#t o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 It !oe, not en#+o,e o"
0enta+ $e,ona+ity1 Lo-e an! %ate! ae ea+itie,1 T%o"g% t%e,e /ee+ing,, 0en ae bo"n!
to one anot%e in a $o,iti-e 0anne, w%ate-e 0ay be t%e !i,tan#e between t%e01 To a
wo0an, t%e +o,, o/ %e #%i+! #a",e, geate ,"//eing t%an t%e +o,, o/ a +i0b1 T%e bea3ing
o/ an a//e#ti-e bon! 0ay e-en bing abo"t !eat%1 I/ we #o"+! -i,"a+i4e t%o,e i00ateia+
+in3,, %"0an being, wo"+! a,,"0e new an! ,tange a,$e#t,1 So0e wo"+! %a!+y e.ten!
beyon! t%ei anato0i#a+ +i0it,1 Ot%e, wo"+! ,tet#% o"t a, /a a, a ,a/e in a ban3, t%e
,e."a+ ogan, o/ anot%e in!i-i!"a+, #etain /oo!, o be-eage,, $e%a$, to a !og, a 7ewe+,
,o0e ob7e#t o/ at1 Ot%e, wo"+! a$$ea i00en,e1 T%ey wo"+! e.$an! in +ong tenta#+e,
atta#%e! to t%ei /a0i+y, to a go"$ o/ /ien!,, to an o+! %o0e,tea!, to t%e ,3y an! t%e
0o"ntain, o/ t%ei nati-e #o"nty1 Lea!e, o/ nation,, geat $%i+ant%o$i,t,, ,aint,, wo"+!
+oo3 +i3e /aiy5ta+e giant,, ,$ea!ing t%ei 0"+ti$+e a0, o-e a #o"nty, a #ontinent, t%e
entie wo+!1 T%ee i, a #+o,e e+ation between ", an! o" ,o#ia+ en-ion0ent1 Ea#%
%"0an being o##"$ie, a #etain $+a#e in %i, go"$1 He i, ,%a#3+e! to it by 0enta+ #%ain,1
Hi, $o,ition 0ay a$$ea to %i0 a, 0oe i0$otant t%an +i/e it,e+/1 I/ %e i, !e$i-e! o/ it
by /inan#ia+ +o,,e,, i++ne,,, $e,e#"tion, ,#an!a+, o #i0e, %e 0ay $e/e ,"i#i!e to ,"#% a
#%ange1 Ob-io",+y, t%e in!i-i!"a+ $o7e#t, on a++ ,i!e, beyon! %i, anato0i#a+ /ontie,1
B"t 0an !i//",e, t%o"g% ,$a#e in a ,ti++ 0oe $o,iti-e way1
E
In te+e$at%i# $%eno0ena,
%e in,tantaneo",+y ,en!, o"t a $at o/ %i0,e+/, a ,ot o/ e0anation, w%i#% 7oin, a /a5
away e+ati-e o /ien!1 He t%", e.$an!, to geat !i,tan#e,1 He 0ay #o,, o#ean, an!
#ontinent, in a ti0e too ,%ot to be e,ti0ate!1 He i, #a$ab+e o/ /in!ing in t%e 0i!,t o/ a
#ow! t%e $e,on w%o0 %e 0",t 0eet1 T%en %e #o00"ni#ate, to t%i, $e,on #etain
3now+e!ge1 He #an a+,o !i,#o-e in t%e i00en,ity an! #on/",ion o/ a 0o!en #ity t%e
%o",e, t%e oo0 o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ w%o0 %e ,ee3,, a+t%o"g% a#8"ainte! neit%e wit% %i0
no wit% %i, ,"o"n!ing,1 T%o,e en!owe! wit% t%i, /o0 o/ a#ti-ity be%a-e +i3e
e.ten,ib+e being,, a0eba, o/ a ,tange 3in!, #a$ab+e o/ ,en!ing $,e"!o$o!, to $o!igio",
!i,tan#e,1 T%e %y$noti,t an! %i, ,"b7e#t ae ,o0eti0e, ob,e-e! to be +in3e! toget%e by
an in-i,ib+e bon!1 T%i, bon! ,ee0, to e0anate /o0 t%e ,"b7e#t1 W%en #o00"ni#ation i,
e,tab+i,%e! between t%e %y$noti,t an! %i, ,"b7e#t, t%e /o0e #an, by ,"gge,tion /o0 a
!i,tan#e, #o00an! t%e +atte to $e/o0 #etain a#t,1 At t%i, 0o0ent, a te+e$at%i# e+ation
i, e,tab+i,%e! between t%e01 In ,"#% an in,tan#e, two !i,tant in!i-i!"a+, ae in #onta#t
wit% ea#% ot%e, a+t%o"g% bot% a$$ea to be #on/ine! wit%in t%ei e,$e#ti-e anato0i#a+
+i0it,1

E
T%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ /ontie, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ in ,$a#e an! ti0e ae ob-io",+y ,"$$o,ition,1 B"t
,"$$o,ition,, e-en w%en -ey ,tange, ae #on-enient an! %e+$ to go"$ toget%e /a#t, t%at ae te0$oai+y
"n5e.$+ainab+e1 T%ei $"$o,e i, 0ee+y to in,$ie new e.$ei0ent,1 T%e a"t%o ea+i4e, #+ea+y t%at %i,
#on7e#t"e, wi++ be #on,i!ee! nai-e o %eeti#a+ by t%e +ay0an, a, we++ a, by t%e ,#ienti,t T%at t%ey wi++
e8"a++y !i,$+ea,e 0ateia+i,t, an! ,$iit"a+i,t,, -ita+i,t, an! 0e#%ani#i,t,1 T%at t%e e8"i+ibi"0 o/ %i,
inte++e#t wi++ be !o"bte!1 Howe-e, one #annot neg+e#t /a#t, be#a",e t%ey ae ,tange1 On t%e #ontay, one
0",t in-e,tigate t%e01 Meta$,y#%i#, 0ay bing to ", 0oe i0$otant in/o0ation on t%e nat"e o/ 0an t%an
no0a+ $,y#%o+ogy !oe,1 T%e ,o#ietie, o/ $,y#%i#a+ e,ea#%, an! e,$e#ia++y t%e Eng+i,% So#iety, %a-e
atta#te! to #+ai-oyan#e an! te+e$at%y t%e attention o/ t%e $"b+i#1 T%e ti0e %a, #o0e to ,t"!y t%e,e
$%eno0ena a, one ,t"!ie, $%y,io+ogi#a+ $%eno0ena1 B"t 0eta$,y#%i#a+ e,ea#%e, 0",t not be "n!eta3en
by a0ate",, e-en w%en t%o,e a0ate", ae geat $%y,i#i,t,, geat $%i+o,o$%e,, o geat 0at%e0ati#ian,1
To go beyon! one;, own /ie+! an! to !abb+e in t%eo+ogy o ,$iiti,0 i, !angeo",, e-en /o 0en a,
i++",tio", a, I,aa# Newton, Wi++ia0 Coo3e,, o O+i-e Lo!ge1 E.$ei0ente, taine! in #+ini#a+ 0e!i#ine,
%a-ing a $o/o"n! 3now+e!ge o/ t%e %"0an being, o/ %i, $%y,io+ogy an! $,y#%o+ogy, o/ %i, ne"o,e,, o/
%i, a$tit"!e to +ie, o/ %i, ,",#e$tibi+ity to ,"gge,tion, o/ %i, ,3i++ at $e,ti!igitation, ae a+one 8"a+i/ie! to
in-e,tigate t%i, ,"b7e#t1 T%e a"t%o %o$e, t%at %i, ,"$$o,ition, abo"t t%e ,$atia+ an! te0$oa+ +i0it, o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+ wi++ $o,,ib+y in,$ie, in,tea! o/ ,0i+e, o /"ti+e !i,#",,ion,, e.$ei0ent, 0a!e wit% t%e
te#%ni8"e, o/ $%y,io+ogy an! $%y,i#,1

T%o"g%t ,ee0, to be tan,0itte!, +i3e e+e#to0agneti# wa-e,, /o0 one egion o/ ,$a#e
to anot%e1 We !o not 3now it, -e+o#ity1 So /a, it %a, not been $o,,ib+e to 0ea,"e t%e
,$ee! o/ te+e$at%i# #o00"ni#ation,1 Neit%e bio+ogi,t,, $%y,i#i,t,, no a,tono0e, %a-e
ta3en into a##o"nt t%e e.i,ten#e o/ 0eta$,y#%i#a+ $%eno0ena1 Te+e$at%y, %owe-e, i, a
$i0ay !at"0 o/ ob,e-ation1 I/, ,o0e !ay, t%o"g%t ,%o"+! be /o"n! to ta-e+ t%o"g%
,$a#e a, +ig%t !oe,, o" t%eoie, abo"t t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e "ni-e,e wo"+! %a-e to be
0o!i/ie!1 B"t it i, not ,"e t%at te+e$at%i# $%eno0ena ae !"e to t%e tan,0i,,ion o/ a
$%y,i#a+ agent1 Po,,ib+y t%ee i, no ,$atia+ #onta#t between in!i-i!"a+, w%o ae in
#o00"ni#ation1 In /a#t, we 3now t%at 0in! i, not entie+y !e,#ibe! wit%in t%e /o"
!i0en,ion, o/ t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""01 It i, ,it"ate! ,i0"+taneo",+y wit%in t%e 0ateia+
"ni-e,e an! e+,ew%ee1 It 0ay in,et it,e+/ into t%e #eeba+ #e++, an! ,tet#% o"t,i!e
,$a#e an! ti0e, +i3e an a+ga, w%i#% /a,ten, to a o#3 an! +et, it, ten!i+, !i/t o"t into t%e
0y,tey o/ t%e o#ean1 We ae tota++y ignoant o/ t%e ea+itie, t%at +ie o"t,i!e ,$a#e an!
ti0e1 We 0ay ,"$$o,e t%at a te+e$at%i# #o00"ni#ation i, an en#o"nte, beyon! t%e /o"
!i0en,ion, o/ o" "ni-e,e, between t%e i00ateia+ $at, o/ two 0in!,1 B"t it i, 0oe
#on-enient to #on,i!e t%e,e $%eno0ena a, being bo"g%t abo"t by t%e e.$an,ion o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+ into ,$a#e1
T%e ,$atia+ e.ten,ibi+ity o/ $e,ona+ity i, an e.#e$tiona+ /a#t1 Ne-et%e+e,,, no0a+
in!i-i!"a+, 0ay ,o0eti0e, ea! t%e t%o"g%t, o/ ot%e,, a, #+ai-oyant, !o1 In a $e%a$,
ana+ogo", 0anne ,o0e 0en %a-e t%e $owe o/ #aying away an! #on-in#ing geat
0"+tit"!e, wit% ,ee0ing+y #o00on$+a#e wo!,, o/ +ea!ing $eo$+e to %a$$ine,,, to batt+e,
to ,a#i/i#e, to !eat%1 Cae,a, Na$o+eon, M",,o+ini, a++ geat +ea!e, o/ nation,, gow
beyon! %"0an ,tat"e1 T%ey en#i#+e inn"0eab+e t%ong, o/ 0en in t%e net o/ t%ei wi++
an! t%ei i!ea,1 Between #etain in!i-i!"a+, an! nat"e t%ee ae ,"bt+e an! ob,#"e
e+ation,1 S"#% 0en ae ab+e to ,$ea! a#o,, ,$a#e an! ti0e an! to ga,$ #on#ete ea+ity1
T%ey ,ee0 to e,#a$e /o0 t%e0,e+-e,, an! a+,o /o0 t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""01 So0eti0e,
t%ey $o7e#t t%ei tenta#+e, in -ain beyon! t%e /ontie, o/ t%e 0ateia+ wo+!, an! t%ey
bing ba#3 not%ing o/ i0$otan#e1 B"t, +i3e t%e geat $o$%et, o/ ,#ien#e, at, an!
e+igion, t%ey o/ten ,"##ee! in a$$e%en!ing in t%e aby,,e, o/ t%e "n3nown, e+",i-e an!
,"b+i0e being, #a++e! 0at%e0ati#a+ ab,ta#tion,, P+atoni# I!ea,, ab,o+"te bea"ty, >o!1
%
In ti0e, a, in ,$a#e, t%e in!i-i!"a+ ,tet#%e, o"t beyon! t%e /ontie, o/ %i, bo!y1 Hi,
te0$oa+ /ontie, ae neit%e 0oe $e#i,e no 0oe /i.e! t%an %i, ,$atia+ one,1 He i,
+in3e! to t%e $a,t an! to t%e /"t"e, a+t%o"g% %i, ,e+/ !oe, not e.ten! o"t,i!e t%e $e,ent1
O" in!i-i!"a+ity, a, we 3now, #o0e, into being w%en t%e ,$e0ato4oon ente, t%e egg1
B"t be/oe t%i, 0o0ent, t%e e+e0ent, o/ t%e ,e+/ ae a+ea!y in e.i,ten#e, ,#attee! in t%e
ti,,"e, o/ o" $aent,, o/ o" $aent,; $aent,, an! o/ o" 0o,t e0ote an#e,to,1 We ae
0a!e o/ t%e #e++"+a ,"b,tan#e, o/ o" /at%e an! o" 0ot%e1 We !e$en! on t%e $a,t in an
ogani# an! in!i,,o+"b+e 0anne1 We bea wit%in o",e+-e, #o"nt+e,, /ag0ent, o/ o"
an#e,to,; bo!ie,1 O" 8"a+itie, an! !e/e#t, $o#ee! /o0 t%ei,1 In 0en, a, in a#e5
%o,e,, ,tengt% an! #o"age ae %ee!itay 8"a+itie,1 Hi,toy #annot be ,et a,i!e1 We
0",t, on t%e #ontay, 0a3e ",e o/ t%e $a,t to /oe,ee t%e /"t"e an! to $e$ae o"
!e,tiny1
It i, we++ 3nown t%at #%aa#tei,ti#, a#8"ie! by t%e in!i-i!"a+ in t%e #o",e o/ %i, +i/e
ae not tan,0itte! to %i, !e,#en!ant,1 Howe-e, ge05$+a,0 i, not i00"tab+e1 It 0ay
#%ange "n!e t%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e ogani# 0e!i"01 It #an be a+tee! by !i,ea,e, $oi,on,
/oo!, an! ,e#etion, o/ en!o#ine g+an!,1 Sy$%i+i, in $aent, 0ay #a",e $o/o"n!
!i,o!e, in t%e bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,, o/ t%ei #%i+!en1 2o t%i, ea,on, t%e !e,#ent o/
0en o/ geni", ,o0eti0e, #on,i,t, o/ in/eio being,, wea3 an! "nba+an#e!1 Tre)onema
)allidum %a, e.te0inate! 0oe geat /a0i+ie, t%an %a-e a++ t%e wa, o/ t%e wo+!1
Li3ewi,e, a+#o%o+i#,, 0o$%ino0ania#,, an! #o#aine a!!i#t, 0ay beget !e/e#ti-e,, w%o
$ay !"ing t%ei entie +i/e /o t%e -i#e, o/ t%ei /at%e,1 In!ee!, t%e #on,e8"en#e, o/ one;,
/a"+t, ae ea,i+y $a,,e! on to one;, !e,#en!ant,1 B"t it i, /a 0oe !i//i#"+t to gi-e t%e0
t%e bene/it o/ one;, -it"e,1 Ea#% in!i-i!"a+ $"t, %i, 0a3 on %i, en-ion0ent, %i, %o",e,
%i, /a0i+y, %i, /ien!,1 He +i-e, a, i/ ,"o"n!e! by %i0,e+/1 T%o"g% %i, !ee!,, %e 0ay
tan,/e %i, 8"a+itie, to %i, !e,#en!ant,1 T%e #%i+! !e$en!, on %i, $aent, /o a +ong
$eio!1 He %a, ti0e to +ean a++ t%at t%ey #an tea#% %i01 He ",e, %i, innate #a$a#ity /o
i0itation an! ten!, to be#o0e +i3e t%e01 He ta3e, on t%ei t"e -i,age, an! not t%e 0a,3
t%at t%ey wea in ,o#ia+ +i/e1 In genea+, %i, /ee+ing towa! %i, /at%e an! 0ot%e i, one o/
in!i//een#e an! o/ ,o0e #onte0$t1 B"t %e wi++ing+y i0itate, t%ei ignoan#e, -"+gaity,
,e+/i,%ne,,, an! #owa!i#e1 O/ #o",e, t%ee ae 0any ty$e, o/ $aent,1 So0e o/ t%e0
+ea-e t%ei o//,$ing a %eitage o/ inte++igen#e, goo!ne,,, e,t%eti# ,en,e, an! #o"age1
A/te t%ei !eat% t%ei $e,ona+ity goe, on +i-ing t%o"g% t%ei ,#ienti/i# !i,#o-eie,, t%ei
ati,ti# $o!"#tion, t%e $o+iti#a+, e#ono0i#, o ,o#ia+ in,tit"tion, t%ey %a-e /o"n!e!, o
0oe ,i0$+y t%o"g% t%e %o",e w%i#% t%ey %a-e b"i+t, an! t%e /ie+!, w%i#% t%ey %a-e
#"+ti-ate! wit% t%ei own %an!,1 It i, by ,"#% $eo$+e t%at o" #i-i+i4ation %a, been
#eate!1
T%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ "$on t%e /"t"e i, not e8"i-a+ent to an e.ten,ion o/ t%e
,e+/ in ti0e1 It ta3e, $+a#e by 0ean, o/ t%e /ag0ent, o/ #e++ ,"b,tan#e !ie#t+y
tan,0itte! by %i0 to %i, #%i+!en, o o/ %i, #eation, in t%e !o0ain, o/ at, e+igion,
,#ien#e, $%i+o,o$%y, et#1 So0eti0e,, %owe-e, $e,ona+ity ,ee0, ea++y to e.ten! beyon!
$%y,io+ogi#a+ !"ation1 T%ee i, in #etain in!i-i!"a+, a $,y#%i#a+ e+e0ent #a$ab+e o/
ta-e+ing in ti0e1
(
A, a+ea!y 0entione!, #+ai-oyant, $e#ei-e not on+y e-ent, ,$atia++y
e0ote, b"t a+,o $a,t an! /"t"e e-ent,1 T%ey ,ee0 to wan!e a, ea,i+y in ti0e a, in
,$a#e1 O to e,#a$e /o0 t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""0 an! #onte0$+ate t%e $a,t an! t%e /"t"e
a, a /+y #o"+! #onte0$+ate a $i#t"e i/, in,tea! o/ wa+3ing on it, ,"/a#e, it /+ew at ,o0e
!i,tan#e abo-e it1 T%e /a#t, o/ $e!i#tion o/ t%e /"t"e +ea! ", to t%e t%e,%o+! o/ an
"n3nown wo+!1 T%ey ,ee0 to $oint to t%e e.i,ten#e o/ a $,y#%i# $in#i$+e #a$ab+e o/
e-o+-ing o"t,i!e t%e +i0it, o/ o" bo!ie,1 T%e ,$e#ia+i,t, o/ ,$iiti,0 inte$et #etain o/
t%e,e $%eno0ena a, $oo/ o/ t%e ,"-i-a+ o/ #on,#io",ne,, a/te !eat%1 T%e 0e!i"0
be+ie-e, %i0,e+/ to be in%abite! by t%e ,$iit o/ t%e !e#ea,e!1 He 0ay e-ea+ to t%e
e.$ei0ente, ,o0e !etai+, 3nown on+y to t%e !ea! 0an, an! t%e e.a#tne,, o/ w%i#% i,
-ei/ie! +ate1 A##o!ing to Boa!, t%e,e /a#t, #o"+! be inte$ete! a, in!i#ating t%e
$e,i,ten#e a/te !eat%, not o/ t%e 0in!, b"t o/ a $,y#%i# /a#to #a$ab+e o/ ga/ting it,e+/
te0$oai+y "$on t%e ogani,0 o/ t%e 0e!i"01 T%i, $,y#%i# /a#to, in "niting wit% a
%"0an being, wo"+! #on,tit"te a ,ot o/ #on,#io",ne,, be+onging bot% to t%e 0e!i"0 an!
to t%e !e/"n#t1 It, e.i,ten#e wo"+! be tan,itoy1 It wo"+! $oge,,i-e+y bea3 "$ an!
/ina++y !i,a$$ea1 T%e e,"+t, obtaine! by t%e ,$iiti,t,; e.$ei0ent, ae o/ geat
i0$otan#e1 B"t t%ei ,igni/i#an#e i, not $e#i,e1 2o t%e #+ai-oyant t%ee ae no ,e#et,1
At t%e $e,ent ti0e, t%ee/oe, it !oe, not ,ee0 $o,,ib+e to 0a3e a !i,tin#tion between t%e
,"-i-a+ o/ $,y#%i# $in#i$+e an! a $%eno0enon o/ 0e!i"0i,ti# #+ai-oyan#e1

(
See /ootnote OE1
&
To ,"00ai4e1 In!i-i!"a+ity i, not 0ee+y an a,$e#t o/ t%e ogani,01 It a+,o #on,tit"te,
an e,,entia+ #%aa#tei,ti# o/ ea#% #o0$onent $at o/ t%i, ogani,01 It e0ain, -it"a+ in
t%e /eti+i4e! o-"0, an! $oge,,i-e+y "n/o+!, it, #%aa#tei,ti#, a, t%e new being e.ten!,
into ti0e1 T%e an#e,ta+ ten!en#ie, o/ t%i, being ae /o#e! to a#t"a+i4e by %i, #on/+i#t
wit% t%e en-ion0ent1 T%ey in#+ine %i, a!a$ti-e a#ti-itie, in a #etain !ie#tion1 In /a#t,
t%e 0o!e o/ "ti+i4ation o/ it, ,"o"n!ing, by t%e bo!y i, !ete0ine! by it, innate
$o$etie,1 Ea#% in!i-i!"a+ e,$on!, to t%e,e ,"o"n!ing, in %i, own way1 He #%oo,e,
a0ong t%e t%ing, o/ t%e o"te wo+! t%o,e w%i#% in#ea,e %i, in!i-i!"a+i4ation1 He i, a
/o#", o/ ,$e#i/i# a#ti-itie,1 T%e,e a#ti-itie, ae !i,tin#t b"t in!i-i,ib+e1 T%e ,o"+ #annot be
,e$aate! /o0 t%e bo!y, t%e ,t"#t"e /o0 t%e /"n#tion, t%e #e++ /o0 it, 0e!i"0, t%e
0"+ti$+i#ity /o0 t%e "nity, o t%e !ete0ining /o0 t%e !ete0ine!1 We ae beginning to
ea+i4e t%at o" ,"/a#e i, not o" ea+ /ontie, t%at it 0ee+y ,et, "$ between ", an! t%e
#o,0i# "ni-e,e a $+ane o/ #+ea-age in!i,$en,ab+e to o" a#tion1 We ae #on,t"#te! +i3e
t%e #a,t+e, o/ t%e Mi!!+e Age,, w%o,e !"ngeon, wee ,"o"n!e! by ,e-ea+ +ine, o/
/oti/i#ation,1 O" inne !e/en,e, ae n"0eo", an! entang+e! one wit% anot%e1 T%e ,3in
i, t%e baie t%at o" 0i#o,#o$i# ene0ie, 0",t not ta-e,e1 B"t we e.ten! 0"#% /at%e
beyon! it1 Beyon! ,$a#e an! ti0e1 We 3now t%e in!i-i!"a+;, #ente, yet ignoe w%ee %i,
o"te +i0it, ae +o#ate!1 T%e,e +i0it,, in /a#t, ae %y$ot%eti#a+1 Pe%a$, t%ey !o not e.i,t1
Ea#% 0an i, bo"n! to t%o,e w%o $e#e!e an! /o++ow %i01 He /",e, in ,o0e 0anne into
t%e01 H"0anity !oe, not a$$ea to be #o0$o,e! o/ ,e$aate $ati#+e,, a, a ga, i, o/
0o+e#"+e,1 It e,e0b+e, an inti#ate netwo3 o/ +ong t%ea!, e.ten!ing in ,$a#e5ti0e an!
#on,i,ting o/ ,eie, o/ in!i-i!"a+,1 In!i-i!"a+ity i, !o"bt+e,, ea+1 B"t it i, 0"#% +e,,
!e/inite t%an we be+ie-e1 An! t%e in!e$en!en#e o/ ea#% in!i-i!"a+ /o0 t%e ot%e, an!
/o0 t%e #o,0o, i, an i++",ion1
O" bo!y i, 0a!e "$ o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, o/ t%e en-ion0ent1 T%e,e ,"b,tan#e,
ente it an! be#o0e 0o!i/ie! a##o!ing to it, in!i-i!"a+ity1 T%ey ae b"i+t "$ into
te0$oay e!i/i#e,, ti,,"e,, %"0o,, an! ogan,, w%i#% #ea,e+e,,+y !i,integate an! ae
e#on,t"#te! !"ing o" w%o+e +i/e1 A/te o" !eat%, t%ey et"n to t%e wo+! o/ inet
0atte1 Cetain #%e0i#a+ #o0$o"n!, a,,"0e o" a#ia+ an! in!i-i!"a+ $e#"+iaitie,1 T%ey
be#o0e t"+y o",e+-e,1 Ot%e, on+y $a,, t%o"g% t%e bo!y1 T%ey $ati#i$ate in t%e
e.i,ten#e o/ o" ti,,"e, wit%o"t ta3ing any o/ t%ei #%aa#tei,ti#,, 7",t a, wa. !oe, not
0o!i/y it, #%e0i#a+ #o0$o,ition w%en 0a!e into ,tat"e, o/ !i//eent ,%a$e,1 T%ey /+ow
t%o"g% t%e ogani,0 +i3e a +age i-e, /o0 w%i#% #e++, !aw t%e ,"b,tan#e, e8"ie! /o
t%ei gowt%, t%ei 0aintenan#e, an! t%ei e.$en!it"e o/ enegy1 A##o!ing to C%i,tian
0y,ti#,, we e#ei-e /o0 t%e o"te wo+! #etain ,$iit"a+ e+e0ent,1 T%e ga#e o/ >o!
$e0eate, ,o"+ an! bo!y, 7",t a, at0o,$%ei# o.ygen, o nitogen /o0 t%e /oo!, !i//",e,
in o" ti,,"e,1
In!i-i!"a+ ,$e#i/i#ity $e,i,t, !"ing t%e entie +i/e, a+t%o"g% ti,,"e, an! %"0o,
#ontin"a++y #%ange1 T%e ogan, an! t%ei 0e!i"0 0o-e at t%e %yt%0 o/ $%y,io+ogi#a+
ti0e, t%at i,, at t%e %yt%0 o/ ie-e,ib+e $o#e,,e,, towa!, !e/initi-e tan,/o0ation,
an! !eat%1 B"t t%ey a+way, 3ee$ t%ei in%eent 8"a+itie,1 T%ey ae not 0o!i/ie! by t%e
,tea0 o/ 0atte in w%i#% t%ey ae i00e,e!, any 0oe t%an t%e ,$"#e tee, on t%e
0o"ntain, by t%e #+o"!, $a,,ing t%o"g% t%ei ban#%e,1 Howe-e, in!i-i!"a+ity gow,
,tonge o wea3e a##o!ing to en-ion0enta+ #on!ition,1 W%en t%e,e #on!ition, ae
$ati#"+a+y "n/a-oab+e, it !i,,o+-e,1 So0eti0e,, 0enta+ $e,ona+ity i, +e,, 0a3e! t%an
ogani# $e,ona+ity1 One 0ay ig%t+y a,3 w%et%e it ,ti++ e.i,t, in 0o!e0 0en1 So0e
ob,e-e, !o"bt it, ea+ity1 T%eo!oe @ei,e #on,i!e, it a 0yt%1 It i, #etain t%at t%e
in%abitant, o/ t%e new #ity ,%ow geat "ni/o0ity in t%ei 0enta+ an! 0oa+ wea3ne,,1
Mo,t o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, be+ong to t%e ,a0e ty$e1 A 0i.t"e o/ ne-o",ne,, an! a$at%y, o/
-anity an! +a#3 o/ #on/i!en#e in t%e0,e+-e,, o/ 0",#"+a ,tengt% an! ten!en#y to
/atig"e1 O/ gene,i# i0$"+,e,, bot% ie,i,tib+e an! not ,tong, ,o0eti0e, %o0o,e."a+1
S"#% a ,tate i, !"e to $o/o"n! !i,o!e, in t%e /o0ation o/ $e,ona+ity1 It !oe, not
#on,i,t on+y in an attit"!e o/ 0ine, a /a,%ion w%i#% #o"+! ea,i+y #%ange1 It e.$e,,e,
eit%e a !egeneation o/ t%e a#e, o a !e/e#ti-e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, o bot%
t%e,e $%eno0ena1
T%i, !eba,e0ent i,, in a #etain 0ea,"e, o/ %ee!itay oigin1 T%e ,"$$e,,ion o/
nat"a+ ,e+e#tion, a, a+ea!y 0entione!, %a, #a",e! t%e ,"-i-a+ o/ #%i+!en w%o,e ti,,"e,
an! #on,#io",ne,, ae !e/e#ti-e1 T%e a#e %a, been wea3ene! by t%e $e,e-ation o/ ,"#%
e$o!"#e,1 T%e e+ati-e i0$otan#e o/ t%i, /a#to o/ !egeneation i, not yet 3nown1 A,
we %a-e a+ea!y 0entione!, t%e in/+"en#e o/ %ee!ity #annot be !i,ting"i,%e! #+ea+y
/o0 t%at o/ en-ion0ent1 2eeb+e50in!e!ne,, an! in,anity ,"e+y %a-e an an#e,ta+ #a",e1
T%e inte++e#t"a+ wea3ne,, ob,e-e! in ,#%oo+, an! "ni-e,itie,, an! in t%e $o$"+ation in
genea+, #o0e, /o0 !e-e+o$0enta+ !i,o!e,, an! not /o0 %ee!itay !e/e#t,1 W%en
t%e,e /+abby, ,i++y yo"ng $eo$+e ae e0o-e! /o0 t%ei #",to0ay en-ion0ent an!
$+a#e! in 0oe $i0iti-e #on!ition, o/ +i/e, t%ey ,o0eti0e, #%ange /o t%e bette an!
e#o-e t%ei -ii+ity1 T%e ato$%i# #%aa#te o/ t%e $o!"#t, o/ o" #i-i+i4ation, t%ee/oe,
i, not in#"ab+e1 It i, /a /o0 being a+way, t%e e.$e,,ion o/ a a#ia+ !egeneation1
A0ong t%e 0"+tit"!e o/ wea3 an! !e/e#ti-e t%ee ae, %owe-e, ,o0e #o0$+ete+y
!e-e+o$e! 0en1 T%e,e, 0en, w%en #+o,e+y ob,e-e!, a$$ea to be ,"$eio to t%e #+a,,i#a+
,#%e0ata1 In /a#t, t%e in!i-i!"a+ w%o,e $otentia+itie, ae a++ a#t"a+i4e! !oe, not e,e0b+e
t%e %"0an being $i#t"e! by t%e ,$e#ia+i,t,1 He i, not t%e /ag0ent, o/ #on,#io",ne,,
w%i#% $,y#%o+ogi,t, atte0$t to 0ea,"e1 He i, not to be /o"n! in t%e #%e0i#a+ ea#tion,,
t%e /"n#tiona+ $o#e,,e,, an! t%e ogan, w%i#% $%y,i#ian, %a-e !i-i!e! between
t%e0,e+-e,1 Neit%e i, %e t%e ab,ta#tion w%o,e #on#ete 0ani/e,tation, t%e e!"#ato, ty
to g"i!e1 He i, a+0o,t #o0$+ete+y wanting in t%e "!i0entay being 0an"/a#t"e! by
,o#ia+ wo3e,, $i,on wa!en,, e#ono0i,t,, ,o#io+ogi,t,, an! $o+iti#ian,1 In /a#t, %e ne-e
a$$ea, to a ,$e#ia+i,t "n+e,, t%i, ,$e#ia+i,t i, wi++ing to +oo3 at %i0 a, a w%o+e1 He i,
0"#% 0oe t%an t%e ,"0 o/ a++ t%e /a#t, a##"0"+ate! by t%e $ati#"+a ,#ien#e,1 We ne-e
a$$e%en! %i0 in %i, entiety1 He #ontain, -a,t, "n3nown egion,1 Hi, $otentia+itie, ae
a+0o,t ine.%a",tib+e1 Li3e t%e geat nat"a+ $%eno0ena, %e i, ,ti++ "ninte++igib+e1 W%en
one #onte0$+ate, %i0 in t%e %a0ony o/ a++ %i, ogani# an! ,$iit"a+ a#ti-itie,, one
e.$eien#e, a $o/o"n! e,t%eti# e0otion1 S"#% an in!i-i!"a+ i, t"+y t%e #eato an! t%e
#ente o/ t%e "ni-e,e1
&D
Mo!en ,o#iety ignoe, t%e in!i-i!"a+1 It on+y ta3e, a##o"nt o/ %"0an being,1 It
be+ie-e, in t%e ea+ity o/ t%e Uni-e,a+, an! teat, 0en a, ab,ta#tion,1 T%e #on/",ion o/
t%e #on#e$t, o/ in!i-i!"a+ an! o/ %"0an being %a, +e! in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation to a
/"n!a0enta+ eo, t%e ,tan!a!i4ation o/ 0en1 I/ we wee a++ i!enti#a+, we #o"+! be
eae! an! 0a!e to +i-e an! wo3 in geat %e!,, +i3e #att+e1 B"t ea#% one %a, %i, own
$e,ona+ity1 He #annot be teate! +i3e a ,y0bo+1 C%i+!en ,%o"+! not be $+a#e!, at a -ey
ea+y age, in ,#%oo+, w%ee t%ey ae e!"#ate! w%o+e,a+e1 A, i, we++ 3nown, 0o,t geat
0en %a-e been bo"g%t "$ in #o0$aati-e ,o+it"!e, o %a-e e/",e! to ente t%e 0o+! o/
t%e ,#%oo+1 O/ #o",e, ,#%oo+, ae in!i,$en,ab+e /o te#%ni#a+ ,t"!ie,1 T%ey a+,o /i++, in a
#etain 0ea,"e, t%e #%i+!;, nee! o/ #onta#t wit% ot%e #%i+!en1 B"t e!"#ation ,%o"+! be
t%e ob7e#t o/ "n/ai+ing g"i!an#e1 S"#% g"i!an#e be+ong, to t%e $aent,1 T%ey a+one, an!
0oe e,$e#ia++y t%e 0ot%e, %a-e ob,e-e!, ,in#e t%ei oigin, t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ an!
0enta+ $e#"+iaitie, w%o,e oientation i, t%e ai0 o/ e!"#ation1 Mo!en ,o#iety %a,
#o00itte! a ,eio", 0i,ta3e by entie+y ,"b,tit"ting t%e ,#%oo+ /o t%e /a0i+ia+ taining1
T%e 0ot%e, aban!on t%ei #%i+!en to t%e 3in!egaten in o!e to atten! to t%ei #aee,,
t%ei ,o#ia+ a0bition,, t%ei ,e."a+ $+ea,"e,, t%ei +iteay o ati,ti# /an#ie,, o ,i0$+y to
$+ay bi!ge, go to t%e #ine0a, an! wa,te t%ei ti0e in b",y i!+ene,,1 T%ey ae, t%",,
e,$on,ib+e /o t%e !i,a$$eaan#e o/ t%e /a0i+ia+ go"$ w%ee t%e #%i+! wa, 3e$t in
#onta#t wit% a!"+t, an! +eane! a geat !ea+ /o0 t%e01 :o"ng !og, bo"g%t "$ in
3enne+, wit% ot%e, o/ t%e ,a0e age !o not !e-e+o$ a, we++ a, $"$$ie, /ee to "n abo"t
wit% t%ei $aent,1 It i, t%e ,a0e wit% #%i+!en +i-ing in a #ow! o/ ot%e #%i+!en, an!
wit% t%o,e +i-ing in t%e #o0$any o/ inte++igent a!"+t,1 T%e #%i+! ea,i+y 0o+!, %i,
$%y,io+ogi#a+, a//e#ti-e, an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie, "$on t%o,e o/ %i, ,"o"n!ing,1 He +ean,
+itt+e /o0 #%i+!en o/ %i, own age1 W%en %e i, on+y a "nit in a ,#%oo+ %e e0ain,
in#o0$+ete1 In o!e to ea#% %i, /"++ ,tengt%, t%e in!i-i!"a+ e8"ie, t%e e+ati-e
i,o+ation an! t%e attention o/ t%e e,ti#te! ,o#ia+ go"$ #on,i,ting o/ t%e /a0i+y1
T%e neg+e#t o/ in!i-i!"a+ity by o" ,o#ia+ in,tit"tion, i,, +i3ewi,e, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e
ato$%y o/ t%e a!"+t,1 Man !oe, not ,tan!, wit%o"t !a0age, t%e 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e, an!
t%e "ni/o0 an! ,t"$i! wo3 i0$o,e! on /a#toy an! o//i#e wo3e,, on a++ t%o,e w%o
ta3e $at in 0a,, $o!"#tion1 In t%e i00en,ity o/ 0o!en #itie, %e i, i,o+ate! an! a, i/
+o,t1 He i, an e#ono0i# ab,ta#tion, a "nit o/ t%e %e!1 He gi-e, "$ %i, in!i-i!"a+ity1 He
%a, neit%e e,$on,ibi+ity no !ignity1 Abo-e t%e 0"+tit"!e ,tan! o"t t%e i#% 0en, t%e
$owe/"+ $o+iti#ian,, t%e ban!it,1 T%e ot%e, ae on+y na0e+e,, gain, o/ !",t1 On t%e
#ontay, t%e in!i-i!"a+ e0ain, a 0an w%en %e be+ong, to a ,0a++ go"$, w%en %e
in%abit, a -i++age o a ,0a++ town w%ee %i, e+ati-e i0$otan#e i, geate, w%en %e #an
%o$e to be#o0e, in %i, t"n, an in/+"entia+ #iti4en1 T%e #onte0$t /o in!i-i!"a+ity %a,
bo"g%t abo"t it, /a#t"a+ !i,a$$eaan#e1
Anot%e eo, !"e to t%e #on/",ion o/ t%e #on#e$t, o/ %"0an being an! in!i-i!"a+, i,
!e0o#ati# e8"a+ity1 T%i, !og0a i, now bea3ing !own "n!e t%e b+ow, o/ t%e
e.$eien#e o/ t%e nation,1 It i,, t%ee/oe, "nne#e,,ay to in,i,t "$on it, /a+,ene,,1 B"t it,
,"##e,, %a, been a,toni,%ing+y +ong1 How #o"+! %"0anity a##e$t ,"#% /ait% /o ,o 0any
yea,< T%e !e0o#ati# #ee! !oe, not ta3e a##o"nt o/ t%e #on,tit"tion o/ o" bo!y an! o/
o" #on,#io",ne,,1 It !oe, not a$$+y to t%e #on#ete /a#t w%i#% t%e in!i-i!"a+ i,1 In!ee!,
%"0an being, ae e8"a+1 B"t in!i-i!"a+, ae not1 T%e e8"a+ity o/ t%ei ig%t, i, an i++",ion1
T%e /eeb+e50in!e! an! t%e 0an o/ geni", ,%o"+! not be e8"a+ be/oe t%e +aw1 T%e ,t"$i!,
t%e "ninte++igent, t%o,e w%o ae !i,$e,e!, in#a$ab+e o/ attention, o/ e//ot, %a-e no ig%t
to a %ig%e e!"#ation1 It i, ab,"! to gi-e t%e0 t%e ,a0e e+e#toa+ $owe a, t%e /"++y
!e-e+o$e! in!i-i!"a+,1 Se.e, ae not e8"a+1 To !i,ega! a++ t%e,e ine8"a+itie, i, -ey
!angeo",1 T%e !e0o#ati# $in#i$+e %a, #ontib"te! to t%e #o++a$,e o/ #i-i+i4ation in
o$$o,ing t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ an e+ite1 It i, ob-io", t%at, on t%e #ontay, in!i-i!"a+
ine8"a+itie, 0",t be e,$e#te!1 In 0o!e0 ,o#iety t%e geat, t%e ,0a++, t%e a-eage, an!
t%e 0e!io#e ae nee!e!1 B"t we ,%o"+! not atte0$t to !e-e+o$ t%e %ig%e ty$e, by t%e
,a0e $o#e!"e, a, t%e +owe1 T%e ,tan!a!i4ation o/ 0en by t%e !e0o#ati# i!ea+ %a,
a+ea!y !ete0ine! t%e $e!o0inan#e o/ t%e wea31 E-eyw%ee, t%e wea3 ae $e/ee! to
t%e ,tong1 T%ey ae ai!e! an! $ote#te!, o/ten a!0ie!1 Li3e t%e in-a+i!, t%e #i0ina+,
an! t%e in,ane, t%ey atta#t t%e ,y0$at%y o/ t%e $"b+i#1 T%e 0yt% o/ e8"a+ity, t%e +o-e o/
t%e ,y0bo+, t%e #onte0$t /o t%e #on#ete /a#t, ae, in a +age 0ea,"e, g"i+ty o/ t%e
#o++a$,e o/ in!i-i!"a+ity1 A, it wa, i0$o,,ib+e to ai,e t%e in/eio ty$e,, t%e on+y 0ean,
o/ $o!"#ing !e0o#ati# e8"a+ity a0ong 0en wa, to bing a++ to t%e +owe,t +e-e+1 T%",
-ani,%e! $e,ona+ity1
Not on+y %a, t%e #on#e$t o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ been #on/",e! wit% t%at o/ t%e %"0an being,
b"t t%e +atte %a, been a!"+teate! by t%e into!"#tion o/ /oeign e+e0ent,, an! !e$i-e!
o/ #etain o/ it, own e+e0ent,1 We %a-e a$$+ie! to 0an #on#e$t, be+onging to t%e
0e#%ani#a+ wo+!1 We %a-e neg+e#te! t%o"g%t, 0oa+ ,"//eing, ,a#i/i#e, bea"ty, an!
$ea#e1 We %a-e teate! t%e in!i-i!"a+ a, a #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, a 0a#%ine, o $at o/ a
0a#%ine1 We %a-e a0$"tate! %i, 0oa+, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio", /"n#tion,1 We %a-e a+,o
ignoe! #etain a,$e#t, o/ %i, $%y,io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 We %a-e not a,3e! %ow ti,,"e, an!
#on,#io",ne,, wo"+! a##o00o!ate t%e0,e+-e, to t%e #%ange, in t%e 0o!e o/ +i/e
i0$o,e! "$on ",1 We %a-e tota++y /ogotten t%e i0$otant I&e o/ t%e a!a$ti-e /"n#tion,,
an! t%e 0o0ento", #on,e8"en#e, o/ t%ei en/o#e! e,t1 O" $e,ent wea3ne,, #o0e,
bot% /o0 o" "na$$e#iation o/ in!i-i!"a+ity an! /o0 o" ignoan#e o/ t%e #on,tit"tion
o/ t%e %"0an being1
11
Man i, t%e e,"+t o/ %ee!ity an! en-ion0ent, o/ t%e %abit, o/ +i/e an! t%o"g%t i0$o,e!
"$on %i0 by 0o!en ,o#iety1 We %a-e !e,#ibe! %ow t%e,e %abit, a//e#t %i, bo!y an! %i,
#on,#io",ne,,1 We 3now t%at %e #annot a!a$t %i0,e+/ to t%e en-ion0ent #eate! by
te#%no+ogy, t%at ,"#% en-ion0ent bing, abo"t %i, !ega!ation1 S#ien#e an! 0a#%ine,
ae not e,$on,ib+e /o %i, $e,ent ,tate1 We a+one ae g"i+ty1 We %a-e not been #a$ab+e
o/ !i,ting"i,%ing t%e $o%ibite! /o0 t%e +aw/"+1 We %a-e in/inge! nat"a+ +aw,1 We
%a-e t%", #o00itte! t%e ,"$e0e ,in, t%e ,in t%at i, a+way, $"ni,%e!1 T%e !og0a, o/
,#ienti/i# e+igion an! in!",tia+ 0oa+, %a-e /a++en "n!e t%e on,+a"g%t o/ bio+ogi#a+
ea+ity1 Li/e a+way, gi-e, an i!enti#a+ an,we w%en a,3e! to te,$a,, on /obi!!en
go"n!1 It wea3en,1 An! #i-i+i4ation, #o++a$,e1 T%e ,#ien#e, o/ inet 0atte %a-e +e! ",
into a #o"nty t%at i, not o",1 We %a-e b+in!+y a##e$te! a++ t%ei gi/t,1 T%e in!i-i!"a+ %a,
be#o0e naow, ,$e#ia+i4e!, i00oa+, "ninte++igent, in#a$ab+e o/ 0anaging %i0,e+/ an!
%i, own in,tit"tion,1 B"t at t%e ,a0e ti0e t%e bio+ogi#a+ ,#ien#e, %a-e e-ea+e! to ", t%e
0o,t $e#io", o/ a++ ,e#et,55t%e +aw, o/ t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ o" bo!y an! o/ o"
#on,#io",ne,,1 T%i, 3now+e!ge %a, bo"g%t to %"0anity t%e 0ean, o/ eno-ating it,e+/1
A, +ong a, t%e %ee!itay 8"a+itie, o/ t%e a#e e0ain $e,ent, t%e ,tengt% an! t%e
a"!a#ity o/ %i, /oe/at%e, #an be e,"e#te! in 0o!en 0an by %i, own wi++1 B"t i, %e
,ti++ #a$ab+e o/ ,"#% an e//ot<

C%a$te AIII
THE REMAKIN> O2 MAN


1
SCIENCE, w%i#% %a, tan,/o0e! t%e 0ateia+ wo+!, gi-e, 0an t%e $owe o/
tan,/o0ing %i0,e+/1 It %a, "n-ei+e! ,o0e o/ t%e ,e#et 0e#%ani,0, o/ %i, +i/e1 It %a,
,%own %i0 %ow to a+te t%ei 0otion, %ow to 0o+! %i, bo!y an! %i, ,o"+ on $atten, bon
o/ %i, wi,%e,1 2o t%e /i,t ti0e in %i,toy, %"0anity, %e+$e! by ,#ien#e, %a, be#o0e
0a,te o/ it, !e,tiny1 B"t wi++ we be #a$ab+e o/ ",ing t%i, 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e, to o"
ea+ a!-antage< To $oge,, again, 0an 0",t e0a3e %i0,e+/1 An! %e #annot e0a3e
%i0,e+/ wit%o"t ,"//eing1 2o %e i, bot% t%e 0ab+e an! t%e ,#"+$to1 In o!e to "n#o-e
%i, t"e -i,age %e 0",t ,%atte %i, own ,"b,tan#e wit% %ea-y b+ow, o/ %i, %a00e1 He
wi++ not ,"b0it to ,"#% teat0ent "n+e,, !i-en by ne#e,,ity1 W%i+e ,"o"n!e! by t%e
#o0/ot, t%e bea"ty, an! t%e 0e#%ani#a+ 0a-e+, engen!ee! by te#%no+ogy, %e !oe, not
"n!e,tan! %ow "gent i, t%i, o$eation1 He /ai+, to ea+i4e t%at %e i, !egeneating1 W%y
,%o"+! %e ,ti-e to 0o!i/y %i, way, o/ being, +i-ing, an! t%in3ing<
2ot"nate+y, an e-ent "n/oe,een by enginee,, e#ono0i,t,, an! $o+iti#ian, too3 $+a#e1
T%e ,"$eb e!i/i#e o/ A0ei#an /inan#e an! e#ono0i#, ,"!!en+y #o++a$,e!1 At /i,t, t%e
$"b+i# !i! not be+ie-e in t%e ea+ity o/ ,"#% a #ata,to$%e1 It, /ait% wa, not !i,t"be!1 T%e
e.$+anation, gi-en by t%e e#ono0i,t, wee %ea! wit% !o#i+ity1 Po,$eity wo"+! et"n1
B"t $o,$eity %a, not et"ne!1 To!ay, t%e 0oe inte++igent %ea!, o/ t%e /+o#3 ae
beginning to !o"bt1 Ae t%e #a",e, o/ t%e #i,i, "ni8"e+y e#ono0i# an! /inan#ia+< S%o"+!
we not a+,o in#i0inate t%e #o"$tion an! t%e ,t"$i!ity o/ t%e $o+iti#ian, an! t%e
/inan#ie,, t%e ignoan#e an! t%e i++",ion, o/ t%e e#ono0i,t,< Ha, not 0o!en +i/e
!e#ea,e! t%e inte++igen#e an! t%e 0oa+ity o/ t%e w%o+e nation< W%y 0",t we $ay
,e-ea+ bi++ion, o/ !o++a, ea#% yea to /ig%t #i0ina+,< W%y !o t%e gang,te, #ontin"e
-i#toio",+y to atta#3 ban3,, 3i++ $o+i#e0en, 3i!na$, an,o0, o a,,a,,inate #%i+!en, in
,$ite o/ t%e i00en,e a0o"nt o/ 0oney ,$ent in o$$o,ing t%e0< W%y ae t%ee ,o 0any
/eeb+e50in!e! an! in,ane a0ong #i-i+i4e! $eo$+e< @oe, not t%e wo+! #i,i, !e$en! on
in!i-i!"a+ an! ,o#ia+ /a#to, t%at ae 0oe i0$otant t%an t%e e#ono0i# one,< It i, to be
%o$e! t%at t%e ,$e#ta#+e o/ #i-i+i4ation at t%i, beginning o/ it, !e#+ine wi++ #o0$e+ ", to
a,#etain w%et%e t%e #a",e, o/ t%e #ata,to$%e !o not +ie wit%in o",e+-e,, a, we++ a, in
o" in,tit"tion,1 An! t%at we wi++ /"++y ea+i4e t%e i0$eati-ene,, o/ o" eno-ation1
T%en, we wi++ be /a#e! by a ,ing+e ob,ta#+e, o" inetia1 An! not by t%e in#a$a#ity o/
o" a#e to i,e again1 In /a#t, t%e e#ono0i# #i,i, #a0e be/oe t%e #o0$+ete !e,t"#tion
o/ o" an#e,ta+ 8"a+itie, by t%e i!+ene,,, #o"$tion, an! ,o/tne,, o/ +i/e1 We 3now t%at
inte++e#t"a+ a$at%y, i00oa+ity, an! #i0ina+ity ae not, in genea+, %ee!itay1 Mo,t
#%i+!en, at t%ei bit%, ae en!owe! wit% t%e ,a0e $otentia+itie, a, t%ei $aent,1 We #an
!e-e+o$ t%ei innate 8"a+itie, i/ we wi,% eane,t+y to !o ,o1 We %a-e at o" !i,$o,a+ a++
t%e 0ig%t o/ ,#ien#e1 T%ee ae ,ti++ 0any 0en #a$ab+e o/ ",ing t%i, $owe "n,e+/i,%+y1
Mo!en ,o#iety %a, not ,ti/+e! a++ t%e /o#",e, o/ inte++e#t"a+ #"+t"e, 0oa+ #o"age,
-it"e, an! a"!a#ity1 T%e /+a0e i, ,ti++ b"ning1 T%e e-i+ i, not ie$aab+e1 B"t t%e
e0a3ing o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ !e0an!, t%e tan,/o0ation o/ 0o!en +i/e1 It #annot ta3e
$+a#e wit%o"t a 0ateia+ an! 0enta+ e-o+"tion1 To "n!e,tan! t%e ne#e,,ity o/ a #%ange,
an! to $o,,e,, t%e ,#ienti/i# 0ean, o/ ea+i4ing t%i, #%ange, ae not ,"//i#ient1 T%e
,$ontaneo", #a,% o/ te#%no+ogi#a+ #i-i+i4ation 0ay %e+$ to e+ea,e t%e i0$"+,e, e8"ie!
/o t%e !e,t"#tion o/ o" $e,ent %abit, an! t%e #eation o/ new 0o!e, o/ +i/e1
@o we ,ti++ %a-e eno"g% enegy an! $e,$i#a#ity /o ,"#% a giganti# e//ot< At /i,t
,ig%t, it !oe, not ,ee0 ,o1 Man %a, ,"n3 into in!i//een#e to a+0o,t e-eyt%ing e.#e$t
0oney1 T%ee ae, %owe-e, ,o0e ea,on, /o %o$e1 A/te a++, t%e a#e, e,$on,ib+e /o
t%e #on,t"#tion o/ o" wo+! ae not e.tin#t1 T%e an#e,ta+ $otentia+itie, ,ti++ e.i,t in t%e
ge05$+a,0 o/ t%ei wea3 o//,$ing1 T%e,e $otentia+itie, #an yet be a#t"a+i4e!1 In!ee!,
t%e !e,#en!ant, o/ t%e enegeti# ,tain, ae ,0ot%ee! in t%e 0"+tit"!e o/ $o+etaian,
w%o0 in!",ty %a, b+in!+y #eate!1 T%ey ae in ,0a++ n"0be1 B"t t%ey wi++ not ,"##"0b1
2o t%ey $o,,e,, a 0a-e+o",, a+t%o"g% %i!!en, ,tengt%1 We 0",t not /oget t%e
,t"$en!o", ta,3 we %a-e a##o0$+i,%e! ,in#e t%e /a++ o/ t%e Ro0an E0$ie1 In t%e ,0a++
aea o/ t%e ,tate, o/ we,ten E"o$e, a0i! "n#ea,ing wa,, /a0ine,, an! e$i!e0i#,, we
%a-e ,"##ee!e! in 3ee$ing, t%o"g%o"t t%e Mi!!+e Age,, t%e e+i#, o/ anti8"e #"+t"e1
@"ing +ong, !a3 #ent"ie, we ,%e! o" b+oo! on a++ ,i!e, in t%e !e/en,e o/ C%i,ten!o0
again,t o" ene0ie, o/ t%e not%, t%e ea,t, an! t%e ,o"t%1 At t%e #o,t o/ i00en,e e//ot,
we ,"##ee!e! in t%",ting ba#3 t%e ,+ee$ o/ I,+a0i,01 T%en a 0ia#+e %a$$ene!1 2o0 t%e
0in! o/ 0en ,%a$ene! by ,#%o+a,ti# !i,#i$+ine, ,$ang ,#ien#e1 An!, ,tange to ,ay,
,#ien#e wa, #"+ti-ate! by t%o,e 0en o/ t%e O##i!ent /o it,e+/, /o it, t"t% an! it, bea"ty,
wit% #o0$+ete !i,intee,te!ne,,1 In,tea! o/ ,tagnating in in!i-i!"a+ egoi,0, a, it !i! in
t%e Oient an! e,$e#ia++y in C%ina, t%i, ,#ien#e, in /o" %"n!e! yea,, %a, tan,/o0e!
t%e wo+!1 O" /at%e, %a-e 0a!e a $o!igio", e//ot1 Mo,t o/ t%ei E"o$ean an!
A0ei#an !e,#en!ant, %a-e /ogotten t%e $a,t1 Hi,toy i, a+,o ignoe! by t%o,e w%o now
$o/it /o0 o" 0ateia+ #i-i+i4ation1 By t%e w%ite w%o, in t%e Mi!!+e Age,, !i! not /ig%t
be,i!e ", on t%e E"o$ean batt+e/ie+!,, by t%e ye++ow, t%e bown, an! t%e b+a#3, w%o,e
0o"nting ti!e e.aggeate!+y a+a0, S$eng+e1 W%at we a##o0$+i,%e! on#e we ae
#a$ab+e o/ a##o0$+i,%ing again1 S%o"+! o" #i-i+i4ation #o++a$,e, we wo"+! b"i+! "$
anot%e one1 B"t i, it in!i,$en,ab+e to ,"//e t%e agony o/ #%ao, be/oe ea#%ing o!e an!
$ea#e< Can we not i,e again, wit%o"t "n!egoing t%e b+oo!y egeneation o/ tota+
o-et%ow< Ae we #a$ab+e o/ eno-ating o",e+-e,, o/ a-oi!ing t%e #ata#+y,0, w%i#%
ae i00inent, an! o/ #ontin"ing o" a,#en,ion<
2
We #annot "n!eta3e t%e e,toation o/ o",e+-e, an! o/ o" en-ion0ent be/oe %a-ing
tan,/o0e! o" %abit, o/ t%o"g%t1 Mo!en ,o#iety %a, ,"//ee!, e-e ,in#e it, oigin,
/o0 an inte++e#t"a+ /a"+t55a /a"+t w%i#% %a, been #on,tant+y e$eate! ,in#e t%e
Renai,,an#e1 Te#%no+ogy %a, #on,t"#te! 0an, not a##o!ing to t%e ,$iit o/ ,#ien#e, b"t
a##o!ing to eoneo", 0eta$%y,i#a+ #on#e$tion,1 T%e ti0e %a, #o0e to aban!on t%e,e
!o#tine,1 We ,%o"+! bea3 !own t%e /en#e, w%i#% %a-e been ee#te! between t%e
$o$etie, o/ #on#ete ob7e#t,, an! between t%e !i//eent a,$e#t, o/ o",e+-e,1 T%e eo
e,$on,ib+e /o $" ,"//eing, #o0e, /o0 a wong inte$etation o/ a genia+ i!ea o/
>a+i+eo1 >a+i+eo, a, i, we++ 3nown, !i,ting"i,%e! t%e $i0ay 8"a+itie, o/ t%ing,,
!i0en,ion, an! weig%t, w%i#% ae ea,i+y 0ea,"ab+e, /o0 t%ei ,e#on!ay 8"a+itie,,
/o0, #o+o, o!o, w%i#% #annot be 0ea,"e!1 T%e 8"antitati-e wa, ,e$aate! /o0 t%e
8"a+itati-e1 T%e 8"antitati-e, e.$e,,e! in 0at%e0ati#a+ +ang"age, bo"g%t ,#ien#e to
%"0anity1 T%e 8"a+itati-e wa, neg+e#te!1 T%e ab,ta#tion o/ t%e $i0ay 8"a+itie, o/
ob7e#t, wa, +egiti0ate1 B"t t%e o-e+oo3ing o/ t%e ,e#on!ay 8"a+itie, wa, not1 T%i,
0i,ta3e %a! 0o0ento", #on,e8"en#e,1 In 0an, t%e t%ing, w%i#% ae not 0ea,"ab+e ae
0oe i0$otant t%an t%o,e w%i#% ae 0ea,"ab+e1 T%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%o"g%t i, a,
/"n!a0enta+ a,, /o in,tan#e, t%e $%y,i#o#%e0i#a+ e8"i+ibia o/ b+oo! ,e"01 T%e
,e$aation o/ t%e 8"a+itati-e /o0 t%e 8"antitati-e gew ,ti++ wi!e w%en @e,#ate, #eate!
t%e !"a+i,0 o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e ,o"+1 T%en, t%e 0ani/e,tation, o/ t%e 0in! be#a0e
ine.$+i#ab+e1 T%e 0ateia+ wa, !e/inite+y i,o+ate! /o0 t%e ,$iit"a+1 Ogani# ,t"#t"e,
an! $%y,io+ogi#a+ 0e#%ani,0, a,,"0e! a /a geate ea+ity t%an t%o"g%t, $+ea,"e,
,oow, an! bea"ty1 T%i, eo ,wit#%e! #i-i+i4ation to t%e oa! w%i#% +e! ,#ien#e to
ti"0$% an! 0an to !ega!ation1
In o!e to /in! again t%e ig%t !ie#tion we 0",t et"n in t%o"g%t to t%e 0en o/ t%e
Renai,,an#e, i0b"e o",e+-e, wit% t%ei ,$iit, t%ei $a,,ion /o e0$ii# ob,e-ation, an!
t%ei #onte0$t /o $%i+o,o$%i#a+ ,y,te0,1 A, t%ey !i!, we %a-e to !i,ting"i,% t%e $i0ay
an! ,e#on!ay 8"a+itie, o/ t%ing,1 B"t we 0",t a!i#a++y !i//e /o0 t%e0 an! attib"te to
,e#on!ay 8"a+itie, t%e ,a0e i0$otan#e a, to $i0ay 8"a+itie,1 We ,%o"+! a+,o e7e#t t%e
!"a+i,0 o/ @e,#ate,1 Min! wi++ be e$+a#e! in 0atte1 T%e ,o"+ wi++ no +onge be !i,tin#t
/o0 t%e bo!y1 Menta+ 0ani/e,tation,, a, we++ a, $%y,io+ogi#a+ $o#e,,e,, wi++ be wit%in
o" ea#%1 In!ee!, t%e 8"a+itati-e i, 0oe !i//i#"+t to ,t"!y t%an t%e 8"antitati-e1 Con#ete
/a#t, !o not ,ati,/y o" 0in!, w%i#% $e/e, t%e !e/initi-e a,$e#t o/ ab,ta#tion,1 B"t
,#ien#e 0",t not be #"+ti-ate! on+y /o it,e+/, /o t%e e+egan#e o/ it, 0et%o!,, /o it, +ig%t
an! it, bea"ty1 It, goa+ i, t%e 0ateia+ an! ,$iit"a+ bene/it o/ 0an1 A, 0"#% i0$otan#e
,%o"+! be gi-en to /ee+ing, a, to t%e0o!yna0i#,1 It i, in!i,$en,ab+e t%at o" t%o"g%t
e0ba#e, a++ a,$e#t, o/ ea+ity1 In,tea! o/ !i,#a!ing t%e e,i!"e, o/ ,#ienti/i# ab,ta#tion,
we wi++ "ti+i4e t%o,e e,i!"e, a, /"++y a, t%e ab,ta#tion,1 We wi++ not a##e$t t%e tyanny
o/ t%e 8"antitati-e, t%e ,"$eioity o/ 0e#%ani#,, $%y,i#,, o #%e0i,ty1 We wi++ eno"n#e
t%e inte++e#t"a+ attit"!e geneate! by t%e Renai,,an#e, an! it, abitay !e/inition o/ t%e
ea+1 B"t we 0",t etain a++ t%e #on8"e,t, 0a!e ,in#e >a+i+eo;, !ay1 T%e ,$iit an! t%e
te#%ni8"e, o/ ,#ien#e ae o" 0o,t $e#io", $o,,e,,ion,1
It wi++ be !i//i#"+t to get i! o/ a !o#tine w%i#%, !"ing 0oe t%an t%ee %"n!e! yea,,
%a, !o0inate! t%e inte++igen#e o/ t%e #i-i+i4e!1 T%e 0a7oity o/ 0en o/ ,#ien#e be+ie-e in
t%e ea+ity o/ t%e Uni-e,a+,, t%e e.#+",i-e ig%t to e.i,ten#e o/ t%e 8"antitati-e, t%e
,"$e0a#y o/ 0atte, t%e ,e$aation o/ t%e 0in! /o0 t%e bo!y, an! t%e ,"bo!inate!
$o,ition o/ t%e 0in!1 T%ey wi++ not ea,i+y gi-e "$ t%i, /ait%1 2o ,"#% a #%ange wo"+!
,%a3e $e!agogy, 0e!i#ine, %ygiene, $,y#%o+ogy, an! ,o#io+ogy to t%ei /o"n!ation,1 T%e
+itt+e ga!en w%i#% ea#% ,#ienti,t ea,i+y #"+ti-ate, wo"+! be t"ne! into a /oe,t, w%i#%
wo"+! %a-e to be #+eae!1 I/ ,#ienti/i# #i-i+i4ation ,%o"+! +ea-e t%e oa! t%at it %a,
/o++owe! ,in#e t%e Renai,,an#e an! et"n to t%e nai-e ob,e-ation o/ t%e #on#ete,
,tange e-ent, wo"+! i00e!iate+y ta3e $+a#e1 Matte wo"+! +o,e it, ,"$e0a#y1 Menta+
a#ti-itie, wo"+! be#o0e a, i0$otant a, $%y,io+ogi#a+ one,1 T%e ,t"!y o/ 0oa+, e,t%eti#,
an! e+igio", /"n#tion, wo"+! a$$ea a, in!i,$en,ab+e a, t%at o/ 0at%e0ati#,, $%y,i#,,
an! #%e0i,ty1 T%e $e,ent 0et%o!, o/ e!"#ation wo"+! ,ee0 ab,"!1 S#%oo+, an!
"ni-e,itie, wo"+! be ob+ige! to 0o!i/y t%ei $oga0,1 Hygieni,t, wo"+! be a,3e! w%y
t%ey #on#en t%e0,e+-e, e.#+",i-e+y wit% t%e $e-ention o/ ogani# !i,ea,e,, an! not
wit% t%at o/ 0enta+ an! ne-o", !i,t"ban#e,1 W%y t%ey $ay no attention to ,$iit"a+
%ea+t%1 W%y t%ey ,egegate $eo$+e i++ wit% in/e#tion,, an! not t%o,e w%o $o$agate
inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ 0a+a!ie,1 W%y t%e %abit, e,$on,ib+e /o ogani# !i,ea,e, ae
#on,i!ee! !angeo",, an! not t%o,e w%i#% bing on #o"$tion, #i0ina+ity, an! in,anity1
T%e $"b+i# wo"+! e/",e to be atten!e! by $%y,i#ian, 3nowing not%ing b"t a ,0a++ $at o/
t%e bo!y1 S$e#ia+i,t, wo"+! %a-e to +ean genea+ 0e!i#ine, o wo3 a, "nit, o/ a go"$
"n!e t%e !ie#tion o/ a genea+ $a#titione1 Pat%o+ogi,t, wo"+! be in!"#e! to ,t"!y t%e
+e,ion, o/ t%e %"0o, a, we++ a, t%o,e o/ t%e ogan,1 To ta3e into a##o"nt t%e in/+"en#e o/
t%e 0enta+ "$on t%e ti,,"e,, an! -i#e -e,a1 E#ono0i,t, wo"+! ea+i4e t%at %"0an being,
t%in3, /ee+, an! ,"//e, t%at t%ey ,%o"+! be gi-en ot%e t%ing, t%an wo3, /oo!, an! +ei,"e,
t%at t%ey %a-e ,$iit"a+ a, we++ a, $%y,io+ogi#a+ nee!,1 An! a+,o t%at t%e #a",e, o/
e#ono0i# an! /inan#ia+ #i,e, 0ay be 0oa+ an! inte++e#t"a+1 We ,%o"+! no +onge be
ob+ige! to a##e$t t%e babao", #on!ition, o/ +i/e in geat #itie,, t%e tyanny o/ /a#toy
an! o//i#e, t%e ,a#i/i#e o/ 0oa+ !ignity to e#ono0i# intee,t, o/ 0in! to 0oney, a,
bene/a#tion, #on/ee! "$on ", by 0o!en #i-i+i4ation1 We ,%o"+! e7e#t 0e#%ani#a+
in-ention, t%at %in!e %"0an !e-e+o$0ent1 E#ono0i#, wo"+! no +onge a$$ea a, t%e
"+ti0ate ea,on o/ e-eyt%ing1 It i, ob-io", t%at t%e +ibeation o/ 0an /o0 t%e
0ateia+i,ti# #ee! wo"+! tan,/o0 0o,t o/ t%e a,$e#t, o/ o" e.i,ten#e1 T%ee/oe,
0o!en ,o#iety wi++ o$$o,e wit% a++ it, 0ig%t t%i, $oge,, in o" #on#e$tion,1
Howe-e, we 0",t ta3e #ae t%at t%e /ai+"e o/ 0ateia+i,0 !oe, not bing abo"t a
,$iit"a+ ea#tion1 Sin#e te#%no+ogy an! wo,%i$ o/ 0atte %a-e not been a ,"##e,,, t%e
te0$tation 0ay be geat to #%oo,e t%e o$$o,ite #"+t, t%e #"+t o/ 0in!1 T%e $i0a#y o/
$,y#%o+ogy wo"+! be no +e,, !angeo", t%an t%at o/ $%y,io+ogy, $%y,i#,, an! #%e0i,ty1
2e"! %a, !one 0oe %a0 t%an t%e 0o,t e.te0e 0e#%ani#i,t,1 It wo"+! be a, !i,a,to",
to e!"#e 0an to %i, 0enta+ a,$e#t a, to %i, $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! $%y,io#%e0i#a+
0e#%ani,0,1 T%e ,t"!y o/ t%e $%y,i#a+ $o$etie, o/ b+oo! ,e"0, o/ it, ioni# e8"i+ibia,
o/ $oto$+a,0i# $e0eabi+ity, o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ #on,tit"tion o/ antigen,, et#1, i, a,
in!i,$en,ab+e a, t%at o/ !ea0,, +ibi!o, 0e!i"0i,ti# ,tate,, $,y#%o+ogi#a+ e//e#t, o/
$aye, 0e0oy o/ wo!,, et#1 S"b,tit"tion o/ t%e ,$iit"a+ /o t%e 0ateia+ wo"+! not
#oe#t t%e eo 0a!e by t%e Renai,,an#e1 T%e e.#+",ion o/ 0atte wo"+! be ,ti++ 0oe
!eti0enta+ to 0an t%an t%at o/ 0in!1 Sa+-ation wi++ be /o"n! on+y in t%e e+in8"i,%ing o/
a++ !o#tine,1 In t%e /"++ a##e$tation o/ t%e !ata o/ ob,e-ation1 In t%e ea+i4ation o/ t%e
/a#t t%at 0an i, no +e,, an! no 0oe t%an t%e,e !ata1
3
T%e,e !ata 0",t be t%e ba,i, o/ t%e #on,t"#tion o/ 0an1 O" /i,t ta,3 i, to 0a3e t%e0
"ti+i4ab+e1 E-ey yea we %ea o/ t%e $oge,, 0a!e by e"geni,t,, geneti#i,t,, ,tati,ti#ian,,
be%a-ioi,t,, $%y,io+ogi,t,, anato0i,t,, bio+ogi#a+ #%e0i,t,, $%y,i#a+ #%e0i,t,,
$,y#%o+ogi,t,, $%y,i#ian,, %ygieni,t,, en!o#ino+ogi,t,, $,y#%iati,t,, i00"no+ogi,t,,
e!"#ato,, ,o#ia+ wo3e,, #+egy0en, ,o#io+ogi,t,, e#ono0i,t,, et#1 B"t t%e $a#ti#a+
e,"+t, o/ t%e,e a##o0$+i,%0ent, ae ,"$i,ing+y ,0a++1 T%i, i00en,e a0o"nt o/
in/o0ation i, !i,,e0inate! in te#%ni#a+ e-iew,, in teati,e,, in t%e bain, o/ 0en o/
,#ien#e1 No one %a, it in %i, $o,,e,,ion1 We %a-e now to $"t toget%e it, !i,$aate
/ag0ent,, an! to 0a3e t%i, 3now+e!ge +i-e wit%in t%e 0in! o/ at +ea,t a /ew in!i-i!"a+,1
T%en, it wi++ be#o0e $o!"#ti-e1
T%ee ae geat !i//i#"+tie, in ,"#% an "n!eta3ing1 How ,%o"+! we $o#ee! to b"i+! "$
t%i, ,ynt%e,i,< Ao"n! w%at a,$e#t o/ 0an ,%o"+! t%e ot%e, be go"$e!< W%at i, %i,
0o,t i0$otant a#ti-ity< T%e e#ono0i#, t%e $o+iti#a+, t%e ,o#io+ogi#a+, t%e 0enta+, o t%e
ogani#< W%at $ati#"+a ,#ien#e ,%o"+! be #a",e! to gow an! ab,ob t%e ot%e,<
Ob-io",+y, t%e e0a3ing o/ 0an an! o/ %i, e#ono0i# an! ,o#ia+ wo+! ,%o"+! be in,$ie!
by a $e#i,e 3now+e!ge o/ %i, bo!y an! o/ %i, ,o"+ 55t%at i,, o/ $%y,io+ogy, $,y#%o+ogy,
an! $at%o+ogy1
Me!i#ine i, t%e 0o,t #o0$e%en,i-e o/ a++ t%e ,#ien#e, #on#ening 0an, /o0 anato0y
to $o+iti#a+ e#ono0y1 Howe-e, it i, /a /o0 a$$e%en!ing it, ob7e#t in it, /"++ e.tent1
P%y,i#ian, %a-e #ontente! t%e0,e+-e, wit% ,t"!ying t%e ,t"#t"e an! t%e a#ti-itie, o/ t%e
in!i-i!"a+ in %ea+t% an! in !i,ea,e, an! atte0$ting to #"e t%e ,i#31 T%ei e//ot %a, 0et,
a, we 3now, wit% 0o!e,t ,"##e,,1 T%ei in/+"en#e on 0o!en ,o#iety %a, been ,o0eti0e,
bene/i#ia+, ,o0eti0e, %a0/"+, a+way, ,e#on!ay1 E.#e$ting, %owe-e, w%en %ygiene
ai!e! in!",ty in $o0oting t%e gowt% o/ #i-i+i4e! $o$"+ation,1 Me!i#ine %a, been
$aa+y4e! by t%e naowne,, o/ it, !o#tine,1 B"t it #o"+! ea,i+y e,#a$e /o0 it, $i,on
an! %e+$ ", in a 0oe e//e#ti-e 0anne1 Nea+y t%ee %"n!e! yea, ago a $%i+o,o$%e,
w%o !ea0e! o/ #on,e#ating %i, +i/e to t%e ,e-i#e o/ 0an, #+ea+y #on#ei-e! t%e %ig%
/"n#tion, o/ w%i#% 0e!i#ine i, #a$ab+e1 6T%e 0in!,6 wote @e,#ate, in %i, "iscourse on
Method# 6,o ,tong+y !e$en!, on te0$ea0ent an! t%e !i,$o,ition o/ bo!i+y ogan,, t%at
i/ it i, $o,,ib+e to /in! ,o0e 0ean, w%i#% wi++ 0a3e 0en genea++y 0oe wi,e an! 0oe
#+e-e t%an t%ey %a-e been ti++ now, I be+ie-e t%at it i, in 0e!i#ine one ,%o"+! ,ee3 it1 It i,
t"e t%at t%e 0e!i#ine now $a#ti#e! #ontain, /ew t%ing, %a-ing ,o e0a3ab+e a
",e/"+ne,,1 B"t, wit%o"t %a-ing any intention o/ ,#oning it, I a0 #on/i!ent t%at t%ee i,
no one, e-en a0ong t%o,e w%o,e $o/e,,ion it i,, w%o !oe, not a!0it t%at e-eyt%ing
a+ea!y 3nown abo"t it i, a+0o,t not%ing in #o0$ai,on wit% w%at e0ain, to be +eane!,
an! t%at $eo$+e #o"+! be ,$ae! an in/inity o/ !i,ea,e,, bot% bo!i+y an! 0enta+, an!
$e%a$, e-en t%e wea3ening o/ o+! age, i/ t%e #a",e, o/ t%o,e to"b+e, an! a++ t%e
e0e!ie, wit% w%i#% nat"e %a, $o-i!e! ", wee ,"//i#ient+y we++ 3nown16 Me!i#ine %a,
e#ei-e! /o0 anato0y, $%y,io+ogy, $,y#%o+ogy, an! $at%o+ogy t%e 0oe e,,entia+
e+e0ent, o/ t%e 3now+e!ge o/ o",e+-e,1 It #o"+! ea,i+y en+age it, /ie+!, e0ba#e, in
a!!ition to bo!y an! #on,#io",ne,,, t%ei e+ation, wit% t%e 0ateia+ an! 0enta+ wo+!,
ta3e in ,o#io+ogy an! e#ono0i#,, an! be#o0e t%e -ey ,#ien#e o/ t%e %"0an being1 It,
ai0, t%en, wo"+! be not on+y to #"e o $e-ent !i,ea,e,, b"t a+,o to g"i!e t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ a++ o" ogani#, 0enta+, an! ,o#io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,1 It wo"+! be#o0e
#a$ab+e o/ b"i+!ing t%e in!i-i!"a+ a##o!ing to nat"a+ +aw,1 An! o/ in,$iing t%o,e w%o
wi++ %a-e t%e ta,3 o/ +ea!ing %"0anity to a t"e #i-i+i4ation1 At t%e $e,ent ti0e,
e!"#ation, %ygiene, e+igion, town $+anning, an! ,o#ia+ an! e#ono0i# ogani4ation, ae
ent",te! to in!i-i!"a+, w%o 3now b"t a ,ing+e a,$e#t o/ t%e %"0an being1 No one wo"+!
e-e !ea0 o/ ,"b,tit"ting $o+iti#ian,, we++50eaning wo0en, +awye,, +iteay 0en, o
$%i+o,o$%e, /o t%e enginee, o/ t%e ,tee+5wo3, o o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ /a#toie,1 Howe-e,
,"#% $eo$+e ae gi-en t%e in#o0$aab+y %ea-ie e,$on,ibi+ity o/ t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+,
0enta+, an! ,o#io+ogi#a+ g"i!an#e o/ #i-i+i4e! 0en, an! e-en o/ t%e go-en0ent o/ geat
nation,1 Me!i#ine aggan!i4e! a##o!ing to t%e #on#e$tion o/ @e,#ate,, an! e.ten!e! in
,"#% a 0anne a, to e0ba#e t%e ot%e ,#ien#e, o/ 0an, #o"+! ,"$$+y 0o!en ,o#iety wit%
enginee, "n!e,tan!ing t%e 0e#%ani,0, o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e ,o"+ o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+, an!
o/ %i, e+ation, wit% t%e #o,0i# an! ,o#ia+ wo+!1
T%i, ,"$e,#ien#e wi++ be "ti+i4ab+e on+y i/, in,tea! o/ being b"ie! in +ibaie,, it
ani0ate, o" inte++igen#e1 B"t i, it $o,,ib+e /o a ,ing+e bain to a,,i0i+ate ,"#% a giganti#
a0o"nt o/ 3now+e!ge< Can any in!i-i!"a+ 0a,te anato0y, $%y,io+ogy, bio+ogi#a+
#%e0i,ty, $,y#%o+ogy, 0eta$,y#%i#,, $at%o+ogy, 0e!i#ine, an! a+,o %a-e a t%oo"g%
a#8"aintan#e wit% geneti#,, n"tition, !e-e+o$0ent, $e!agogy, e,t%eti#,, 0oa+,, e+igion,
,o#io+ogy, an! e#ono0i#,< It ,ee0, t%at ,"#% an a##o0$+i,%0ent i, not i0$o,,ib+e1 In
abo"t twenty5/i-e yea, o/ "ninte"$te! ,t"!y, one #o"+! +ean t%e,e ,#ien#e,1 At t%e age
o/ /i/ty, t%o,e w%o %a-e ,"b0itte! t%e0,e+-e, to t%i, !i,#i$+ine #o"+! e//e#ti-e+y !ie#t
t%e #on,t"#tion o/ t%e %"0an being an! o/ a #i-i+i4ation ba,e! on %i, t"e nat"e1 In!ee!,
t%e /ew gi/te! in!i-i!"a+, w%o !e!i#ate t%e0,e+-e, to t%i, wo3 wi++ %a-e to eno"n#e t%e
#o00on 0o!e, o/ e.i,ten#e1 T%ey wi++ not be ab+e to $+ay go+/ an! bi!ge, to go to
#ine0a,, to +i,ten to a!io,, to 0a3e ,$ee#%e, at ban8"et,, to ,e-e on #o00ittee,, to
atten! 0eeting, o/ ,#ienti/i# ,o#ietie,, $o+iti#a+ #on-ention,, an! a#a!e0ie,, o to #o,,
t%e o#ean an! ta3e $at in intenationa+ #onge,,e,1 T%ey 0",t +i-e +i3e t%e 0on3, o/ t%e
geat #onte0$+ati-e o!e,, an! not +i3e "ni-e,ity $o/e,,o,, an! ,ti++ +e,, +i3e b",ine,,
0en1 In t%e #o",e o/ t%e %i,toy o/ a++ geat nation,, 0any %a-e ,a#i/i#e! t%e0,e+-e, /o
t%e ,a+-ation o/ t%e #o00"nity1 Sa#i/i#e ,ee0, to be a ne#e,,ay #on!ition o/ $oge,,1
T%ee ae now, a, in /o0e ti0e,, 0en ea!y /o t%e ,"$e0e en"n#iation1 I/ t%e
0"+tit"!e, in%abiting t%e !e/en,e+e,, #itie, o/ t%e ,ea#oa,t wee 0ena#e! by ,%e++, an!
ga,e,, no a0y a-iato wo"+! %e,itate to t%",t %i0,e+/, %i, $+ane, an! %i, bo0b, again,t
t%e in-a!e,1 W%y ,%o"+! not ,o0e in!i-i!"a+, ,a#i/i#e t%ei +i-e, to a#8"ie t%e ,#ien#e
in!i,$en,ab+e to t%e 0a3ing o/ 0an an! o/ %i, en-ion0ent< In /a#t, t%e ta,3 i, e.te0e+y
!i//i#"+t1 B"t 0in!, #a$ab+e o/ "n!eta3ing it #an be !i,#o-ee!1 T%e wea3ne,, o/ 0any
o/ t%e ,#ienti,t, w%o0 we 0eet in "ni-e,itie, an! +aboatoie, i, !"e to t%e 0e!io#ity o/
t%ei goa+ an! to t%e naowne,, o/ t%ei +i/e1 Men gow w%en in,$ie! by a %ig% $"$o,e,
w%en #onte0$+ating -a,t %oi4on,1 T%e ,a#i/i#e o/ one,e+/ i, not -ey !i//i#"+t /o one
b"ning wit% t%e $a,,ion /o a geat a!-ent"e1 An! t%ee i, no 0oe bea"ti/"+ an!
!angeo", a!-ent"e t%an t%e eno-ation o/ 0o!en 0an1
4
T%e 0a3ing o/ 0an e8"ie, t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ in,tit"tion, w%eein bo!y an! 0in!
#an be /o0e! a##o!ing to nat"a+ +aw,, an! not to t%e $e7"!i#e, o/ t%e -aio", ,#%oo+,
o/ e!"#ato,1 It i, e,,entia+ t%at t%e in!i-i!"a+, /o0 in/an#y, be +ibeate! /o0 t%e
!og0a, o/ in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation an! t%e $in#i$+e, w%i#% ae t%e -ey ba,i, o/ 0o!e0
,o#iety1 T%e ,#ien#e o/ t%e %"0an being !oe, not nee! #o,t+y an! n"0eo", ogani4ation,
in o!e to ,tat it, #on,t"#ti-e wo31 It #an "ti+i4e t%o,e a+ea!y e.i,ting, $o-i!e! t%ey
ae e7"-enate!1 T%e ,"##e,, o/ ,"#% an ente$i,e wi++ !e$en!, in #etain #o"ntie,, on
t%e attit"!e o/ t%e go-en0ent an!, in ot%e,, on t%at o/ t%e $"b+i#1 In Ita+y, >e0any, o
R",,ia, i/ t%e !i#tato 7"!ge! it ",e/"+ to #on!ition #%i+!en a##o!ing to a !e/inite ty$e,
to 0o!i/y a!"+t, an! t%ei way, o/ +i/e in a !e/inite 0anne, a$$o$iate in,tit"tion,
wo"+! ,$ing "$ at on#e1 In !e0o#ati# #o"ntie, $oge,, %a, to #o0e /o0 $i-ate
initiati-e1 W%en t%e /ai+"e o/ 0o,t o/ o" e!"#ationa+, 0e!i#a+ e#ono0i#, an! ,o#ia+
be+ie/, be#o0e, 0oe a$$aent, t%e $"b+i# wi++ $obab+y /ee+ t%e ne#e,,ity o/ a e0e!y
/o t%i, ,it"ation1
In t%e $a,t, t%e e//ot, o/ i,o+ate! in!i-i!"a+, %a-e #a",e! t%e a,#ent o/ e+igion,
,#ien#e, an! e!"#ation1 T%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ %ygiene in t%e Unite! State, i, entie+y !"e
to t%e in,$iation o/ a /ew 0en1 2o in,tan#e, He0ann Bigg, 0a!e New :o3 one o/ t%e
0o,t %ea+t%/"+ #itie, o/ t%e wo+!1 A go"$ o/ "n3nown yo"ng 0en, "n!e t%e g"i!an#e
o/ We+#%, /o"n!e! t%e ?o%n, Ho$3in, Me!i#a+ S#%oo+, an! initiate! t%e a,toni,%ing
$oge,, o/ $at%o+ogy, ,"gey, an! %ygiene in t%e Unite! State,1 W%en ba#teio+ogy
,$ang /o0 Pa,te";, bain, t%e Pa,te" In,tit"te wa, #eate! in Pai, by nationa+
,"b,#i$tion1 T%e Ro#3e/e++e In,tit"te /o Me!i#a+ Re,ea#% wa, /o"n!e! in New :o3
by ?o%n @1 Ro#3e/e++e, be#a",e t%e ne#e,,ity /o new !i,#o-eie, in t%e !o0ain o/
0e!i#ine %a! be#o0e e-i!ent to We+#%, T%eoba+! S0it%, T1 Mit#%e++ P"!!en, Si0on
2+e.ne, C%i,tian Hete, an! a /ew ot%e ,#ienti,t,1 In 0any A0ei#an "ni-e,itie,,
e,ea#% +aboatoie,, !e,tine! to /"t%e t%e $oge,, o/ $%y,io+ogy, i00"no+ogy,
#%e0i,ty, et#1, wee e,tab+i,%e! an! en!owe! by en+ig%tene! bene/a#to,1 T%e geat
Canegie an! Ro#3e/e++e 2o"n!ation, wee in,$ie! by 0oe genea+ i!ea,1 To !e-e+o$
e!"#ation, ai,e t%e ,#ienti/i# +e-e+ o/ "ni-e,itie,, $o0ote $ea#e a0ong nation,, $e-ent
in/e#tio", !i,ea,e,, i0$o-e t%e %ea+t% an! t%e we+/ae o/ e-eybo!y wit% t%e %e+$ o/
,#ienti/i# 0et%o!,1 T%o,e 0o-e0ent, %a-e a+way, been ,tate! by t%e ea+i4ation o/ a
nee!, an! t%e e,tab+i,%0ent o/ an in,tit"tion e,$on!ing to t%at nee!1 T%e ,tate !i! not
%e+$ in t%ei beginning,1 B"t $i-ate in,tit"tion, /o#e! t%e $oge,, o/ $"b+i# in,tit"tion,1
In 2an#e, /o e.a0$+e, ba#teio+ogy wa, at /i,t ta"g%t e.#+",i-e+y at t%e Pa,te"
In,tit"te1 Late, #%ai, an! +aboatoie, o/ ba#teio+ogy wee e,tab+i,%e! in a++ ,tate
"ni-e,itie,1 T%e in,tit"tion, ne#e,,ay /o t%e eb"i+!ing o/ 0an wi++ $obab+y !e-e+o$ in
a ,i0i+a 0anne1 So0e !ay, a ,#%oo+, a #o++ege, a "ni-e,ity 0ay "n!e,tan! t%e
i0$otan#e o/ t%e ,"b7e#t1 S+ig%t e//ot, in t%e ig%t !ie#tion %a-e a+ea!y been 0a!e1
2o in,tan#e, :a+e Uni-e,ity %a, #eate! an In,tit"te /o t%e ,t"!y o/ %"0an e+ation,1
T%e Ma#y 2o"n!ation wa, e,tab+i,%e! /o t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ integati-e i!ea,
#on#ening 0an, %i, %ea+t%, an! %i, e!"#ation1 >eate a!-an#e %a, been ea+i4e! in
>enoa by Ni#o+a Pen!e in %i, In,tit"te /o t%e ,t"!y o/ t%e %"0an in!i-i!"a+1 Many
A0ei#an $%y,i#ian, begin to /ee+ t%e ne#e,,ity /o a boa!e #o0$e%en,ion o/ 0an1
Howe-e, t%i, /ee+ing %a, by no 0ean, been /o0"+ate! a, #+ea+y %ee a, in Ita+y1 T%e
a+ea!y e.i,ting ogani4ation, %a-e to "n!ego i0$otant #%ange, in o!e to be#o0e
/itte! /o t%e wo3 o/ %"0an eno-ation1 T%ey 0",t, /o in,tan#e, e+i0inate t%e e0nant,
o/ t%e naow 0e#%ani,ti#i,0 o/ t%e +a,t #ent"y, an! "n!e,tan! t%e i0$eati-ene,, o/ a
#+ai/i#ation o/ t%e #on#e$t, ",e! in bio+ogy, o/ a eintegation o/ t%e $at, into t%e w%o+e,
an! o/ t%e /o0ation o/ t"e ,#%o+a,, a, we++ a, o/ ,#ienti/i# wo3e,1 T%e !ie#tion o/ t%e
in,tit"tion, o/ +eaning, an! o/ t%o,e w%i#% a$$+y to 0an t%e e,"+t, o/ t%e ,$e#ia+
,#ien#e,, /o0 bio+ogi#a+ #%e0i,ty to $o+iti#a+ e#ono0y, ,%o"+! not be gi-en to
,$e#ia+i,t,, be#a",e ,$e#ia+i,t, ae e.aggeate!+y intee,te! in t%e $oge,, o/ t%ei own
$ati#"+a ,t"!ie,, b"t to in!i-i!"a+, #a$ab+e o/ e0ba#ing a++ ,#ien#e,1 T%e ,$e#ia+i,t,
0",t be on+y t%e too+, o/ a ,ynt%eti# 0in!1 T%ey wi++ be "ti+i4e! by %i0 in t%e ,a0e way
a, t%e $o/e,,o o/ 0e!i#ine o/ a geat "ni-e,ity "ti+i4e, t%e ,e-i#e, o/ $at%o+ogi,t,,
ba#teio+ogi,t,, $%y,io+ogi,t,, #%e0i,t,, an! $%y,i#i,t, in t%e +aboatoie, o/ %i, #+ini#1
None o/ t%e,e ,#ienti,t, i, e-e gi-en t%e !ie#tion o/ t%e teat0ent o/ t%e $atient,1 An
e#ono0i,t,, an en!o#ino+ogi,t, a ,o#ia+ wo3e, a $,y#%oana+y,t, a bio+ogi#a+ #%e0i,t,
ae e8"a++y ignoant o/ 0an1 T%ey #annot be t",te! beyon! t%e +i0it, o/ t%ei own /ie+!1
We ,%o"+! not /oget t%at o" 3now+e!ge o/ 0an i, ,ti++ "!i0entay, t%at 0o,t o/ t%e
geat $ob+e0, 0entione! at t%e beginning o/ t%i, boo3 e0ain "n,o+-e!1 Howe-e, an
an,we 0",t be gi-en to t%e 8"e,tion, w%i#% #on#en t%e /ate o/ %"n!e!, o/ 0i++ion, o/
in!i-i!"a+, an! t%e /"t"e o/ #i-i+i4ation1 S"#% an an,we #an be e+aboate! on+y in
e,ea#% in,tit"te, !e!i#ate! to t%e $o0otion o/ t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an1 O" bio+ogi#a+ an!
0e!i#a+ +aboatoie, %a-e ,o /a !e-ote! t%ei a#ti-itie, to t%e $","it o/ %ea+t%, to t%e
!i,#o-ey o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ an! $%y,io#%e0i#a+ 0e#%ani,0, "n!e+ying $%y,io+ogi#a+
$%eno0ena1 T%e Pa,te" In,tit"te %a, /o++owe! wit% geat ,"##e,, t%e oa! o$ene! by it,
/o"n!e1 Un!e t%e !ie#tion o/ @"#+a". an! o/ Ro"., it %a, ,$e#ia+i4e! in t%e
in-e,tigation o/ ba#teia an! -i",e,, in t%e 0ean, o/ $ote#ting %"0an being, /o0 t%ei
atta#3,, in t%e !i,#o-ey o/ -a##ine,, ,ea, an! #%e0i#a+, /o t%e $e-ention o t%e #"e o/
!i,ea,e,1 T%e Ro#3e/e++e In,tit"te "n!etoo3 t%e ,"-ey o/ a boa!e /ie+!1 T%e ,t"!y o/
t%e agent, e,$on,ib+e /o !i,ea,e,, an! o/ t%ei e//e#t, on ani0a+, an! 0en, wa, $","e!
,i0"+taneo",+y wit% t%at o/ t%e $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+, $%y,io#%e0i#a+, an! $%y,io+ogi#a+
a#ti-itie, 0ani/e,te! by t%e bo!y1 S"#% in-e,tigation, ,%o"+! now $oge,, /"t%e1 T%e
entie 0an %a, to be bo"g%t into t%e !o0ain o/ bio+ogi#a+ e,ea#%1 Ea#% ,$e#ia+i,t 0",t
/ee+y #ontin"e t%e e.$+oation o/ %i, own /ie+!1 B"t no i0$otant a,$e#t o/ t%e %"0an
being ,%o"+! e0ain ignoe!1 T%e 0et%o! ",e! by Si0on 2+e.ne in t%e !ie#tion o/ t%e
Ro#35/e++e In,tit"te #o"+! be $o/itab+y e.ten!e! to t%e ogani4ation o/ t%e bio+ogi#a+ o
0e!i#a+ in,tit"te, o/ to0oow1 At t%e Ro#3e/e++e In,tit"te, +i-ing 0atte i, being ,t"!ie!
in an e.%a",ti-e 0anne, /o0 t%e ,t"#t"e o/ t%e 0o+e#"+e, to t%at o/ t%e %"0an bo!y1
Howe-e, in t%e ogani4ation o/ t%i, -a,t en,e0b+e o/ e,ea#%e,, 2+e.ne !i! not i0$o,e
any $oga0 on t%e ,ta// o/ %i, In,tit"te1 He wa, #ontent wit% ,e+e#ting ,#ienti,t, w%o %a!
a nat"a+ $o$en,ity /o t%e e.$+oation o/ t%e,e !i//eent /ie+!,1 A ,i0i+a $o+i#y #o"+!
+ea! to t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ +aboatoie, /o t%e in-e,tigation o/ t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ an!
,o#io+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie,, a, we++ a, t%e #%e0i#a+ an! $%y,io+ogi#a+1
T%e bio+ogi#a+ in,tit"te, o/ t%e /"t"e, in o!e to be $o!"#ti-e, wi++ %a-e to g"a!
again,t t%e #on/",ion o/ #on#e$t,, w%i#% we %a-e 0entione! a, one o/ t%e #a",e, o/ t%e
,tei+ity o/ 0e!i#a+ e,ea#%1 T%e ,"$e0e ,#ien#e, $,y#%o+ogy, nee!, t%e 0et%o!, an!
t%e #on#e$t, o/ $%y,io+ogy, anato0y, 0e#%ani#,, #%e0i,ty, $%y,i#a+ #%e0i,ty, $%y,i#,,
an! 0at%e0ati#,55 t%at i,, o/ a++ ,#ien#e, o##"$ying a +owe an3 in t%e %iea#%y o/
3now+e!ge1 We 3now t%at t%e #on#e$t, o/ a ,#ien#e o/ %ig%e an3 #annot be e!"#e! to
t%o,e o/ a ,#ien#e o/ +owe an3, t%at +age5,#a+e $%eno0ena ae no +e,, /"n!a0enta+ t%an
,0a++5,#a+e $%eno0ena, t%at $,y#%o+ogi#a+ e-ent, ae a, ea+ a, $%y,io#%e0i#a+ one,1
Mat%e0ati#,, $%y,i#,, an! #%e0i,ty ae in!i,$en,ab+e b"t not ba,i# ,#ien#e, in t%e
e,ea#%e, #on#ening +i-ing ogani,0,1 T%ey ae a, in!i,$en,ab+e a,, b"t not 0oe ba,i#
t%an, ,$ea3ing an! witing ae, /o in,tan#e, to a %i,toian1 T%ey ae not #a$ab+e o/
#on,t"#ting t%e #on#e$t, ,$e#i/i# to t%e %"0an being1 Li3e t%e "ni-e,itie,, t%e e,ea#%
in,tit"tion, ent",te! wit% t%e ,t"!y o/ 0an in %ea+t% an! !i,ea,e ,%o"+! be +e! by
,#ienti,t, $o,,e,,ing a boa! 3now+e!ge o/ $%y,io+ogy, #%e0i,ty, 0e!i#ine, an!
$,y#%o+ogy1 T%e bio+ogi#a+ wo3e, o/ to0oow 0",t ea+i4e t%at t%ei goa+ i, t%e +i-ing
ogani,0 an! not 0ee+y ati/i#ia++y i,o+ate! ,y,te0, o 0o!e+,1 T%at genea+ $%y,io+ogy,
a, #on,i!ee! by Bay+i,,, i, a -ey ,0a++ $at o/ $%y,io+ogy1 T%at ogani,0a+ an! 0enta+
$%eno0ena #annot be !i,0i,,e!1 T%e ,t"!ie, to be "n!eta3en in t%e +aboatoie, /o
0e!i#a+ e,ea#% ,%o"+! in#+"!e a++ t%e ,"b7e#t, $etaining to t%e $%y,i#a+, #%e0i#a+,
,t"#t"a+, /"n#tiona+, an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ a#ti-itie, o/ 0an, an! to t%e e+ation, o/ t%o,e
a#ti-itie, wit% t%e #o,0i# an! ,o#ia+ en-ion0ent1
We 3now t%at t%e e-o+"tion o/ %"0anity i, -ey ,+ow, t%at t%e ,t"!y o/ it, $ob+e0,
!e0an!, t%e +i/eti0e o/ ,e-ea+ geneation, o/ ,#ienti,t,1 We nee!, t%ee/oe, an
in,tit"tion #a$ab+e o/ $o-i!ing /o t%e "ninte"$te! $","it /o at +ea,t a #ent"y o/ t%e
in-e,tigation, #on#ening 0an1 Mo!en ,o#iety ,%o"+! be gi-en an inte++e#t"a+ /o#",, an
i00ota+ bain, #a$ab+e o/ #on#ei-ing an! $+anning it, /"t"e, an! o/ $o0oting an!
$",%ing /owa! /"n!a0enta+ e,ea#%e,, in ,$ite o/ t%e !eat% o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+
e,ea#%e,, o t%e ban3"$t#y o/ t%e e,ea#% in,tit"te,1 S"#% an ogani4ation wo"+! be
t%e ,a+-ation o/ t%e w%ite a#e, in t%ei ,taggeing a!-an#e towa! #i-i+i4ation1 T%i,
t%in3ing #ente wo"+! #on,i,t, a, !oe, t%e S"$e0e Co"t o/ t%e Unite! State,, o/ a /ew
in!i-i!"a+,P t%e +atte being taine! in t%e 3now+e!ge o/ 0an by 0any yea, o/ ,t"!y1 It
,%o"+! $e$et"ate it,e+/ a"to0ati#a++y, in ,"#% a 0anne a, to a!iate e-e yo"ng i!ea,1
@e0o#ati# "+e,, a, we++ a, !i#tato,, #o"+! e#ei-e /o0 t%i, ,o"#e o/ ,#ienti/i# t"t%
t%e in/o0ation t%at t%ey nee! in o!e to !e-e+o$ a #i-i+i4ation ea++y ,"itab+e to 0an1
T%e 0e0be, o/ t%i, %ig% #o"n#i+ wo"+! be /ee /o0 e,ea#% an! tea#%ing1 T%ey
wo"+! !e+i-e no a!!e,,e,1 T%ey wo"+! !e!i#ate t%ei +i-e, to t%e #onte0$+ation o/ t%e
e#ono0i#, ,o#io+ogi#a+, $,y#%o+ogi#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, an! $at%o+ogi#a+ $%eno0ena
0ani/e,te! by t%e #i-i+i4e! nation, an! t%ei #on,tit"ti-e in!i-i!"a+,1 An! to t%at o/ t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ ,#ien#e an! o/ t%e in/+"en#e o/ it, a$$+i#ation, to o" %abit, o/ +i/e an! o/
t%o"g%t1 T%ey wo"+! en!ea-o to !i,#o-e %ow 0o!en #i-i+i4ation #o"+! 0o+! it,e+/ to
0an wit%o"t #",%ing any o/ %i, e,,entia+ 8"a+itie,1 T%ei ,i+ent 0e!itation wo"+! $ote#t
t%e in%abitant, o/ t%e new #ity /o0 t%e 0e#%ani#a+ in-ention, w%i#% ae !angeo", /o
t%ei bo!y o t%ei 0in!, /o0 t%e a!"+teation o/ t%o"g%t a, we++ a, /oo!, /o0 t%e w%i0,
o/ t%e ,$e#ia+i,t, in e!"#ation, n"tition, 0oa+,, ,o#io+ogy, et#1, /o0 a++ $oge,,
in,$ie!, not by t%e nee!, o/ t%e $"b+i#, b"t by t%e gee! o t%e i++",ion, o/ t%ei
in-ento,1 An in,tit"tion o/ t%i, ,ot wo"+! a#8"ie eno"g% 3now+e!ge to $e-ent t%e
ogani# an! 0enta+ !eteioation o/ #i-i+i4e! nation,1 It, 0e0be, ,%o"+! be gi-en a
$o,ition a, %ig%+y #on,i!ee!, a, /ee /o0 $o+iti#a+ intig"e, an! /o0 #%ea$ $"b+i#ity, a,
t%at o/ t%e 7",ti#e, o/ t%e S"$e0e Co"t1 T%ei i0$otan#e wo"+!, in t"t%, be 0"#%
geate t%an t%at o/ t%e 7"i,t, w%o wat#% o-e t%e Con,tit"tion1 2o t%ey wo"+! be t%e
!e/en!e, o/ t%e bo!y an! t%e ,o"+ o/ a geat a#e in it, tagi# ,t"gg+e again,t t%e b+in!
,#ien#e, o/ 0atte1

We 0",t e,#"e t%e in!i-i!"a+ /o0 t%e ,tate o/ inte++e#t"a+, 0oa+, an! $%y,io+ogi#a+
ato$%y bo"g%t abo"t by 0o!en #on!ition, o/ +i/e1 @e-e+o$ a++ %i, $otentia+ a#ti-itie,1
>i-e %i0 %ea+t%1 Ree,tab+i,% %i0 in %i, "nity, in t%e %a0ony o/ %i, $e,ona+ity1 In!"#e
%i0 to "ti+i4e a++ t%e %ee!itay 8"a+itie, o/ %i, ti,,"e, an! %i, #on,#io",ne,,1 Bea3 t%e
,%e++ in w%i#% e!"#ation an! ,o#iety %a-e ,"##ee!e! in en#+o,ing %i01 An! e7e#t a++
,y,te0,1 We %a-e to inte-ene in t%e /"n!a0enta+ ogani# an! 0enta+ $o#e,,e,1 T%e,e
$o#e,,e, ae 0an %i0,e+/1 B"t 0an %a, no in!e$en!ent e.i,ten#e1 He i, bo"n! to %i,
en-ion0ent1 In o!e to e0a3e %i0, we %a-e to tan,/o0 %i, wo+!1
O" ,o#ia+ /a0e, o" 0ateia+ an! 0enta+ ba#3go"n!, ,%o"+! be eb"i+t1 B"t ,o#iety i,
not $+a,ti#1 It, /o0 #annot be #%ange! in an in,tant1 Ne-et%e+e,,, t%e ente$i,e o/ o"
e,toation 0",t ,tat i00e!iate+y, in t%e $e,ent #on!ition, o/ o" e.i,ten#e1 Ea#%
in!i-i!"a+ %a, t%e $owe to 0o!i/y %i, way o/ +i/e, to #eate ao"n! %i0 an en-ion0ent
,+ig%t+y !i//eent /o0 t%at o/ t%e "nt%in3ing #ow!1 He i, #a$ab+e o/ i,o+ating %i0,e+/ in
,o0e 0ea,"e, o/ i0$o,ing "$on %i0,e+/ #etain $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ !i,#i$+ine,,
#etain wo3, #etain %abit,, o/ a#8"iing t%e 0a,tey o/ %i, bo!y an! 0in!1 B"t i/ %e
,tan!, a+one, %e #annot in!e/inite+y e,i,t %i, 0ateia+, 0enta+, an! e#ono0i#
en-ion0ent1 In o!e to #o0bat t%i, en-ion0ent -i#toio",+y, %e 0",t a,,o#iate wit%
ot%e, %a-ing t%e ,a0e $"$o,e1 Re-o+"tion, o/ten ,tat wit% ,0a++ go"$, in w%i#% t%e
new ten!en#ie, /e0ent an! gow1 @"ing t%e eig%teent% #ent"y ,"#% go"$, $e$ae!
t%e o-et%ow o/ ab,o+"te 0ona#%y in 2an#e1 T%e 2en#% Re-o+"tion wa, !"e to t%e
en#y#+o$e!i,t, /a 0oe t%an to t%e ?a#obin,1 To!ay, t%e $in#i$+e, o/ in!",tia+
#i-i+i4ation ,%o"+! be /o"g%t wit% t%e ,a0e e+ent+e,, -igo a, wa, t%e ancien r/*ime by
t%e en#y#+o$e!i,t,1 B"t t%e ,t"gg+e wi++ be %a!e be#a",e t%e 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e bo"g%t
to ", by te#%no+ogy i, a, $+ea,ant a, t%e %abit o/ ta3ing a+#o%o+, o$i"0, o #o#aine1 T%e
/ew in5
!i-i!"a+, w%o ae ani0ate! by t%e ,$iit o/ e-o+t 0ig%t ogani4e in ,e#et go"$,1 At
$e,ent, t%e $ote#tion o/ #%i+!en i, a+0o,t i0$o,,ib+e1 T%e in/+"en#e o/ t%e ,#%oo+,
$i-ate a, we++ a, $"b+i#, #annot be #o"nteba+an#e!1 T%e yo"ng w%o %a-e been /ee! by
inte++igent $aent, /o0 t%e ","a+ 0e!i#a+, $e!agogi#a+, an! ,o#ia+ ,"$e,tition,, e+a$,e
t%o"g% t%e e.a0$+e o/ t%ei #o0a!e,1 A++ ae ob+ige! to #on/o0 to t%e %abit, o/ t%e
%e!1 T%e eno-ation o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+ !e0an!, %i, a//i+iation wit% a go"$ ,"//i#ient+y
n"0eo", to ,e$aate /o0 ot%e, an! to $o,,e,, it, own ,#%oo+,1 Un!e t%e i0$"+,e o/
t%e #ente, o/ new t%o"g%t, ,o0e "ni-e,itie, 0ay $e%a$, be +e! to aban!on t%e #+a,,i#a+
/o0, o/ e!"#ation an! $e$ae yo"t% /o t%e +i/e o/ to0oow wit% t%e %e+$ o/ !i,#i$+ine,
ba,e! on t%e t"e nat"e o/ 0an1
A go"$, a+t%o"g% -ey ,0a++, i, #a$ab+e o/ e+"!ing t%e %a0/"+ in/+"en#e o/ t%e ,o#iety
o/ it, e$o#% by i0$o,ing "$on it, 0e0be, "+e, o/ #on!"#t 0o!e+e! on 0i+itay o
0ona,ti# !i,#i$+ine1 S"#% a 0et%o! i, /a /o0 being new1 H"0anity %a, a+ea!y +i-e!
t%o"g% $eio!, w%en #o00"nitie, o/ 0en o wo0en ,e$aate! /o0 ot%e, an! a!o$te!
,ti#t eg"+ation,, in o!e to attain t%ei i!ea+,1 S"#% go"$, wee e,$on,ib+e /o t%e
!e-e+o$0ent o/ o" #i-i+i4ation !"ing t%e Mi!!+e Age,1 T%ee wee t%e 0ona,ti# o!e,,
t%e o!e, o/ #%i-a+y, an! t%e #o$oation, o/ ati,an,1 A0ong t%e e+igio",
ogani4ation,, ,o0e too3 e/"ge in 0ona,teie,, w%i+e ot%e, e0aine! in t%e wo+!1 B"t
a++ ,"b0itte! to ,ti#t $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ !i,#i$+ine1 T%e 3nig%t, #o0$+ie! wit%
"+e, -aying a##o!ing to t%e ai0, o/ t%e !i//eent o!e,1 In #etain #i#"0,tan#e,, t%ey
wee ob+ige! to ,a#i/i#e t%ei +i-e,1 A, /o t%e ati,an,, t%ei e+ation, between
t%e0,e+-e, an! wit% t%e $"b+i# wee !ete0ine! by e.a#ting +egi,+ation1 Ea#% #o$oation
%a! it, #",to0,, it, #ee0onie,, an! it, e+igio", #e+ebation,1 In ,%ot, t%e 0e0be, o/
t%e,e #o00"nitie, eno"n#e! t%e o!inay /o0, o/ e.i,ten#e1 Ae we not #a$ab+e o/
e$eating, in a !i//eent /o0, t%e a##o0$+i,%0ent, o/ t%e 0on3,, t%e 3nig%t,, an! t%e
ati,an, o/ t%e Mi!!+e Age,< Two e,,entia+ #on!ition, /o t%e $oge,, o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+
ae e+ati-e i,o+ation an! !i,#i$+ine1 Ea#% in!i-i!"a+, e-en in t%e new #ity, #an ,"b0it
%i0,e+/ to t%e,e #on!ition,1 One %a, t%e $owe o/ e/",ing to go to #etain $+ay, o
#ine0a,, to ,en! one;, #%i+!en to #etain ,#%oo+,, to +i,ten to a!io $oga0,, to ea!
#etain new,$a$e,, #etain boo3,, et#1 B"t it i, #%ie/+y t%o"g% inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+
!i,#i$+ine, an! t%e e7e#tion o/ t%e %abit, o/ t%e %e!, t%at we #an e#on,t"#t o",e+-e,1
S"//i#ient+y +age go"$, #o"+! +ea! a ,ti++ 0oe $e,ona+ +i/e1 T%e @o"3%obo, o/ Cana!a
%a-e !e0on,tate! t%at t%o,e w%o,e wi++ i, ,tong #an ,e#"e #o0$+ete in!e$en!en#e,
e-en in t%e 0i!,t o/ 0o!en #i-i+i4ation1
T%e !i,,enting go"$, wo"+! not nee! to be -ey n"0eo", to bing abo"t $o/o"n!
#%ange, in 0o!en ,o#iety1 It i, a we++5e,tab+i,%e! /a#t t%at !i,#i$+ine gi-e, geat ,tengt%
to 0en1 An a,#eti# an! 0y,ti# 0inoity wo"+! a$i!+y a#8"ie an ie,i,tib+e $owe o-e
t%e !i,,o+"te an! !ega!e! 0a7oity1 S"#% a 0inoity wo"+! be in a $o,ition to i0$o,e, by
$e,"a,ion o $e%a$, by /o#e, ot%e way, o/ +i/e "$on t%e 0a7oity1 None o/ t%e !og0a,
o/ 0o!en ,o#iety ae i00"tab+e1 >iganti# /a#toie,, o//i#e b"i+!ing, i,ing to t%e ,3y,
in%"0an #itie,, in!",tia+ 0oa+,, /ait% in 0a,, $o!"#tion, ae not in!i,$en,ab+e to
#i-i+i4ation1 Ot%e 0o!e, o/ e.i,ten#e an! o/ t%o"g%t ae $o,,ib+e1 C"+t"e wit%o"t
#o0/ot, bea"ty wit%o"t +"."y, 0a#%ine, wit%o"t en,+a-ing /a#toie,, ,#ien#e wit%o"t
t%e wo,%i$ o/ 0atte, wo"+! e,toe to 0an %i, inte++igen#e, %i, 0oa+ ,en,e, %i, -ii+ity,
an! +ea! %i0 to t%e ,"00it o/ %i, !e-e+o$0ent1
!
A #%oi#e 0",t be 0a!e a0ong t%e 0"+tit"!e o/ #i-i+i4e! %"0an being,1 We %a-e
0entione! t%at nat"a+ ,e+e#tion %a, not $+aye! it, $at /o a +ong w%i+e1 T%at 0any
in/eio in!i-i!"a+, %a-e been #on,e-e! t%o"g% t%e e//ot, o/ %ygiene an! 0e!i#ine1
B"t we #annot $e-ent t%e e$o!"#tion o/ t%e wea3 w%en t%ey ae neit%e in,ane no
#i0ina+1 O !e,toy ,i#3+y o !e/e#ti-e #%i+!en a, we !o t%e wea3+ing, in a +itte o/
$"$$ie,1 T%e on+y way to ob-iate t%e !i,a,to", $e!o0inan#e o/ t%e wea3 i, to !e-e+o$
t%e ,tong1 O" e//ot, to en!e no0a+ t%e "n/it ae e-i!ent+y ",e+e,,1 We ,%o"+!, t%en,
t"n o" attention towa! $o0oting t%e o$ti0"0 gowt% o/ t%e /it1 By 0a3ing t%e ,tong
,ti++ ,tonge, we #o"+! e//e#ti-e+y %e+$ t%e wea3P 2o t%e %e! a+way, $o/it, by t%e i!ea,
an! in-ention, o/ t%e e+ite1 In,tea! o/ +e-e+ing ogani# an! 0enta+ ine8"a+itie,, we ,%o"+!
a0$+i/y t%e0 an! #on,t"#t geate 0en1
We 0",t ,ing+e o"t t%e #%i+!en w%o ae en!owe! wit% %ig% $otentia+itie,, an! !e-e+o$
t%e0 a, #o0$+ete+y a, $o,,ib+e1 An! in t%i, 0anne gi-e to t%e nation a non5%ee!itay
ai,to#a#y1 S"#% #%i+!en 0ay be /o"n! in a++ #+a,,e, o/ ,o#iety, a+t%o"g% !i,ting"i,%e!
0en a$$ea 0oe /e8"ent+y in !i,ting"i,%e! /a0i+ie, t%an in ot%e,1 T%e !e,#en!ant, o/
t%e /o"n!e, o/ A0ei#an #i-i+i4ation 0ay ,ti++ $o,,e,, t%e an#e,ta+ 8"a+itie,1 T%e,e
8"a+itie, ae genea++y %i!!en "n!e t%e #+oa3 o/ !egeneation1 B"t t%i, !egeneation i,
o/ten ,"$e/i#ia+1 It #o0e, #%ie/+y /o0 e!"#ation, i!+ene,,, +a#3 o/ e,$on,ibi+ity an!
0oa+ !i,#i$+ine1 T%e ,on, o/ -ey i#% 0en, +i3e t%o,e o/ #i0ina+,, ,%o"+! be e0o-e!
w%i+e ,ti++ in/ant, /o0 t%ei nat"a+ ,"o"n!ing,1 T%", ,e$aate! /o0 t%ei /a0i+y, t%ey
#o"+! 0ani/e,t t%ei %ee!itay ,tengt%1 In t%e ai,to#ati# /a0i+ie, o/ E"o$e t%ee ae
a+,o in!i-i!"a+, o/ geat -ita+ity1 T%e i,,"e o/ t%e C",a!e, i, by no 0ean, e.tin#t1 T%e
+aw, o/ geneti#, in!i#ate t%e $obabi+ity t%at t%e +egen!ay a"!a#ity an! +o-e o/ a!-ent"e
#an a$$ea again in t%e +ineage o/ t%e /e"!a+ +o!,1 It i, $o,,ib+e a+,o t%at t%e o//,$ing o/
t%e geat #i0ina+, w%o %a! i0agination, #o"age, an! 7"!g0ent, o/ t%e %eoe, o/ t%e
2en#% o R",,ian Re-o+"tion,, o/ t%e %ig%5%an!e! b",ine,, 0en w%o +i-e a0ong ",,
0ig%t be e.#e++ent b"i+!ing ,tone, /o an ente$i,ing 0inoity1 A, we 3now, #i0ina+ity
i, not %ee!itay i/ not "nite! wit% /eeb+e50in!e!ne,, o ot%e 0enta+ o #eeba+ !e/e#t,1
Hig% $otentia+itie, ae ae+y en#o"ntee! in t%e ,on, o/ %one,t, inte++igent, %a!5wo3ing
0en w%o %a-e %a! i++ +"#3 in t%ei #aee,, w%o %a-e /ai+e! in b",ine,, o %a-e 0"!!+e!
a+ong a++ t%ei +i-e, in in/eio $o,ition,1 O a0ong $ea,ant, +i-ing on t%e ,a0e ,$ot /o
#ent"ie,1 Howe-e, /o0 ,"#% $eo$+e ,o0eti0e, ,$ing ati,t,, $oet,, a!-ent"e,, ,aint,1
A bi++iant+y gi/te! an! we++53nown New :o3 /a0i+y #a0e /o0 $ea,ant, w%o #"+ti-ate!
t%ei /a0 in t%e ,o"t% o/ 2an#e /o0 t%e ti0e o/ C%a+e0agne to t%at o/ Na$o+eon1
Bo+!ne,, an! ,tengt% ,"!!en+y a$$ea in /a0i+ie, w%ee t%ey %a-e ne-e be/oe been
ob,e-e!1 M"tation, 0ay o##" in 0an, 7",t a, t%ey !o in ot%e ani0a+, an! in $+ant,1
Ne-et%e+e,,, one ,%o"+! not e.$e#t to /in! a0ong $ea,ant, an! $o+etaian, 0any
,"b7e#t, en!owe! wit% geat !e-e+o$0enta+ $o,,ibi+itie,1 In /a#t, t%e ,e$aation o/ t%e
$o$"+ation o/ a /ee #o"nty into !i//eent #+a,,e, i, not !"e to #%an#e o to ,o#ia+
#on-ention,1 It e,t, on a ,o+i! bio+ogi#a+ ba,i,, t%e $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ $e#"+iaitie,
o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+,1 In !e0o#ati# #o"ntie,, ,"#% a, t%e Unite! State, an! 2an#e, /o
e.a0$+e, any 0an %a! t%e $o,,ibi+ity !"ing t%e +a,t #ent"y o/ i,ing to t%e $o,ition %i,
#a$a#itie, enab+e! %i0 to %o+!1 To!ay, 0o,t o/ t%e 0e0be, o/ t%e $o+etaian #+a,, owe
t%ei ,it"ation to t%e %ee!itay wea3ne,, o/ t%ei ogan, an! t%ei 0in!1 Li3ewi,e, t%e
$ea,ant, %a-e e0aine! atta#%e! to t%e ,oi+ ,in#e t%e Mi!!+e Age,, be#a",e t%ey $o,,e,,
t%e #o"age, 7"!g0ent, $%y,i#a+ e,i,tan#e, an! +a#3 o/ i0agination an! !aing w%i#%
en!e t%e0 a$t /o t%i, ty$e o/ +i/e1 T%e,e "n3nown /a0e,, anony0o", ,o+!ie,,
$a,,ionate +o-e, o/ t%e ,oi+, t%e ba#3bone o/ t%e E"o$ean nation,, wee, !e,$ite t%ei
geat 8"a+itie,, o/ a wea3e ogani# an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ #on,tit"tion t%an t%e 0e!ie-a+
baon, w%o #on8"ee! t%e +an! an! !e/en!e! it -i#toio",+y again,t a++ in-a!e,1
Oigina++y, t%e ,e/, an! t%e #%ie/, wee ea++y bon ,e/, an! #%ie/,1 To!ay, t%e wea3
,%o"+! not be ati/i#ia++y 0aintaine! in wea+t% an! $owe1 It i, i0$eati-e t%at ,o#ia+
#+a,,e, ,%o"+! be ,ynony0o", wit% bio+ogi#a+ #+a,,e,1 Ea#% in!i-i!"a+ 0",t i,e o ,in3
to t%e +e-e+ /o w%i#% %e i, /itte! by t%e 8"a+ity o/ %i, ti,,"e, an! o/ %i, ,o"+1 T%e ,o#ia+
a,#en,ion o/ t%o,e w%o $o,,e,, t%e be,t ogan, an! t%e be,t 0in!, ,%o"+! be ai!e!1 Ea#%
one 0",t %a-e %i, nat"a+ $+a#e1 Mo!en nation, wi++ ,a-e t%e0,e+-e, by !e-e+o$ing t%e
,tong1 Not by $ote#ting t%e wea31
$
E"geni#, i, in!i,$en,ab+e /o t%e $e$et"ation o/ t%e ,tong1 A geat a#e 0",t
$o$agate it, be,t e+e0ent,1 Howe-e, in t%e 0o,t %ig%+y #i-i+i4e! nation, e$o!"#tion i,
!e#ea,ing an! yie+!, in/eio $o!"#t,1 Wo0en -o+"ntai+y !eteioate t%o"g% a+#o%o+
an! toba##o1 T%ey ,"b7e#t t%e0,e+-e, to !angeo", !ietay egi0en, in o!e to obtain a
#on-entiona+ ,+en!ene,, o/ t%ei /ig"e1 Be,i!e,, t%ey e/",e to bea #%i+!en1 S"#% a
!e/e#tion i, !"e to t%ei e!"#ation, to t%e $oge,, o/ /e0ini,0, to t%e gowt% o/ ,%ot5
,ig%te! ,e+/i,%ne,,1 It a+,o #o0e, /o0 e#ono0i# #on!ition,, ne-o", "nba+an#e,
in,tabi+ity o/ 0aiage, an! /ea o/ t%e b"!en i0$o,e! "$on $aent, by t%e wea3ne,, o
$e#o#io", #o"$tion o/ #%i+!en1 T%e wo0en be+onging to t%e o+!e,t ,to#3, w%o,e
#%i+!en wo"+!, in a++ $obabi+ity, be o/ goo! 8"a+ity, an! w%o ae in a $o,ition to bing
t%e0 "$ inte++igent+y, ae a+0o,t ,tei+e1 It i, t%e new#o0e,, $ea,ant, an! $o+etaian,
/o0 $i0iti-e E"o$ean #o"ntie,, w%o beget +age /a0i+ie,1 B"t t%ei o//,$ing ae /a
/o0 %a-ing t%e -a+"e o/ t%o,e w%o #a0e /o0 t%e /i,t ,ett+e, o/ Not% A0ei#a1 T%ee
i, no %o$e /o an in#ea,e in t%e bit% ate be/oe a e-o+"tion ta3e, $+a#e in t%e %abit, o/
t%in3ing an! +i-ing, an! a new i!ea+ i,e, abo-e t%e %oi4on1
E"geni#, 0ay e.e#i,e a geat in/+"en#e "$on t%e !e,tiny o/ t%e #i-i+i4e! a#e,1 O/
#o",e, t%e e$o!"#tion o/ %"0an being, #annot be eg"+ate! a, in ani0a+,1 T%e
$o$agation o/ t%e in,ane an! t%e /eeb+e50in!e!, ne-et%e+e,,, 0",t be $e-ente!1 A
0e!i#a+ e.a0ination ,%o"+! $e%a$, be i0$o,e! on $eo$+e abo"t to 0ay, a, /o
a!0i,,ion into t%e a0y o t%e na-y, o /o e0$+oyee, in %ote+,, %o,$ita+,, an!
!e$at0ent ,toe,1 Howe-e, t%e ,e#"ity gi-en by 0e!i#a+ e.a0ination i, not at a++
$o,iti-e1 T%e #onta!i#toy ,tate0ent, 0a!e by e.$et, be/oe t%e #o"t, o/ 7",ti#e
!e0on,tate t%at t%e,e e.a0ination, o/ten +a#3 any -a+"e1 It ,ee0, t%at e"geni#,, to be
",e/"+, ,%o"+! be -o+"ntay1 By an a$$o$iate e!"#ation, ea#% one #o"+! be 0a!e to
ea+i4e w%at wet#%e!ne,, i, in ,toe /o t%o,e w%o 0ay into /a0i+ie, #onta0inate! by
,y$%i+i,, #an#e, t"be#"+o,i,, in,anity, o /eeb+e50in!e!ne,,1 S"#% /a0i+ie, ,%o"+! be
#on,i!ee! by yo"ng $eo$+e at +ea,t a, "n!e,iab+e a, t%o,e w%i#% ae $oo1 In t"t%, t%ey
ae 0oe !angeo", t%an gang,te, an! 0"!ee,1 No #i0ina+ #a",e, ,o 0"#% 0i,ey in
a %"0an go"$ a, t%e ten!en#y to in,anity1 Ao+"ntay e"geni#, i, not i0$o,,ib+e1 In!ee!,
+o-e i, ,"$$o,e! to b+ow a, /ee+y a, t%e win!1 B"t t%e be+ie/ in t%i, $e#"+iaity o/ +o-e i,
,%a3en by t%e /a#t t%at 0any yo"ng 0en /a++ in +o-e on+y wit% i#% gi+,, an! -i#e -e,a1
I/ +o-e i, #a$ab+e o/ +i,tening to 0oney, it 0ay a+,o ,"b0it to a #on,i!eation a, $a#ti#a+
a, t%at o/ %ea+t%1 None ,%o"+! 0ay a %"0an being ,"//eing /o0 %i!!en %ee!itay
!e/e#t,1 Mo,t o/ 0an;, 0i,/ot"ne, ae !"e to %i, ogani# an! 0enta+ #on,tit"tion an!, in
a +age 0ea,"e, to %i, %ee!ity1 Ob-io",+y, t%o,e w%o ae a//+i#te! wit% a %ea-y an#e,ta+
b"!en o/ in,anity, /eeb+e0in!e!ne,,, o #an#e ,%o"+! not 0ay1 No %"0an being %a,
t%e ig%t to bing 0i,ey to anot%e %"0an being1 Sti++ +e,,, t%at o/ $o#eating #%i+!en
!e,tine! to 0i,ey1 T%",, e"geni#, a,3, /o t%e ,a#i/i#e o/ 0any in!i-i!"a+,1 T%i,
ne#e,,ity, wit% w%i#% we 0eet /o t%e ,e#on! ti0e, ,ee0, to be t%e e.$e,,ion o/ a
nat"a+ +aw1 Many +i-ing being, ae ,a#i/i#e! at e-ey in,tant by nat"e to ot%e +i-ing
being,1 We 3now t%e ,o#ia+ an! in!i-i!"a+ i0$otan#e o/ en"n#iation1 Nation, %a-e
a+way, $ai! t%e %ig%e,t %ono, to t%o,e w%o ga-e "$ t%ei +i-e, to ,a-e t%ei #o"nty1 T%e
#on#e$t o/ ,a#i/i#e, o/ it, ab,o+"te ,o#ia+ ne#e,,ity, 0",t be into!"#e! into t%e 0in! o/
0o!en 0an1
A+t%o"g% e"geni#, 0ay $e-ent t%e wea3ening o/ t%e ,tong, it i, in,"//i#ient to
!ete0ine t%ei "n+i0ite! $oge,,1 In t%e $"e,t a#e,, in!i-i!"a+, !o not i,e beyon! a
#etain +e-e+1 Howe-e, a0ong 0en, a, a0ong t%oo"g%be! %o,e,, e.#e$tiona+ being,
a$$ea /o0 ti0e to ti0e1 T%e !ete0ining /a#to, o/ geni", ae entie+y "n3nown1 We
ae in#a$ab+e o/ in!"#ing a $oge,,i-e e-o+"tion o/ ge05$+a,0, o/ binging abo"t by
a$$o$iate 0"tation, t%e a$$eaan#e o/ ,"$eio 0en1 We 0",t be #ontent wit%
/a#i+itating t%e "nion o/ t%e be,t e+e0ent, o/ t%e a#e t%o"g% e!"#ation an! #etain
e#ono0i# a!-antage,1 T%e $oge,, o/ t%e ,tong !e$en!, on t%e #on!ition, o/ t%ei
!e-e+o$0ent an! t%e $o,,ibi+ity +e/t to $aent, o/ tan,0itting to t%ei o//,$ing t%e
8"a+itie, w%i#% t%ey %a-e a#8"ie! in t%e #o",e o/ t%ei e.i,ten#e1 Mo!en ,o#iety 0",t,
t%ee/oe, a++ow to a++ a #etain ,tabi+ity o/ +i/e, a %o0e, a ga!en, ,o0e /ien!,1 C%i+!en
0",t be eae! in #onta#t wit% t%ing, w%i#% ae t%e e.$e,,ion o/ t%e 0in! o/ t%ei
$aent,1 It i, i0$eati-e to ,to$ t%e tan,/o0ation o/ t%e /a0e, t%e ati,an, t%e ati,t, t%e
$o/e,,o, an! t%e 0an o/ ,#ien#e into 0an"a+ o inte++e#t"a+ $o+etaian,, $o,,e,,ing
not%ing b"t t%ei %an!, o t%ei bain,1 T%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%i, $o+etaiat wi++ be t%e
e-e+a,ting ,%a0e o/ in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation1 It %a, #ontib"te! to t%e !i,a$$eaan#e o/ t%e
/a0i+y a, a ,o#ia+ "nit, an! to t%e wea3ening o/ inte++igen#e an! 0oa+ ,en,e1 It i,
!e,toying t%e e0ain, o/ #"+t"e1 A++ /o0, o/ t%e $o+etaiat 0",t be ,"$$e,,e!1 Ea#%
in!i-i!"a+ ,%o"+! %a-e t%e ,e#"ity an! t%e ,tabi+ity e8"ie! /o t%e /o"n!ation o/ a
/a0i+y1 Maiage 0",t #ea,e being on+y a te0$oay "nion1 T%e "nion o/ 0an an!
wo0an, +i3e t%at o/ t%e %ig%e ant%o$oi!,, o"g%t to +a,t at +ea,t "nti+ t%e yo"ng %a-e no
/"t%e nee! o/ $ote#tion1 T%e +aw, e+ating to e!"#ation, an! e,$e#ia++y to t%at o/ gi+,,
to 0aiage, an! !i-o#e ,%o"+!, abo-e a++, ta3e into a##o"nt t%e intee,t o/ #%i+!en1
Wo0en ,%o"+! e#ei-e a %ig%e e!"#ation, not in o!e to be#o0e !o#to,, +awye,, o
$o/e,,o,, b"t to ea t%ei o//,$ing to be -a+"ab+e %"0an being,1
T%e /ee $a#ti#e o/ e"geni#, #o"+! +ea! not on+y to t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ ,tonge
in!i-i!"a+,, b"t a+,o o/ ,tain, en!owe! wit% 0oe en!"an#e, inte++igen#e, an! #o"age1
T%e,e ,tain, ,%o"+! #on,tit"te an ai,to#a#y, /o0 w%i#% geat 0en wo"+! $obab+y
a$$ea1 Mo!en ,o#iety 0",t $o0ote, by a++ $o,,ib+e 0ean,, t%e /o0ation o/ bette
%"0an ,to#31 No /inan#ia+ o 0oa+ ewa!, ,%o"+! be too geat /o t%o,e w%o, t%o"g%
t%e wi,!o0 o/ t%ei 0aiage, wo"+! engen!e geni",e,1 T%e #o0$+e.ity o/ o"
#i-i+i4ation i, i00en,e1 No one #an 0a,te a++ it, 0e#%ani,0,1 Howe-e, t%e,e
0e#%ani,0, %a-e to be 0a,tee!1 T%ee i, nee! to!ay o/ 0en o/ +age 0enta+ an! 0oa+
,i4e, #a$ab+e o/ a##o0$+i,%ing ,"#% a ta,31 T%e e,tab+i,%0ent o/ a %ee!itay bio+ogi#a+
ai,to#a#y t%o"g% -o+"ntay e"geni#, wo"+! be an i0$otant ,te$ towa! t%e ,o+"tion o/
o" $e,ent $ob+e0,1
%
A+t%o"g% o" 3now+e!ge o/ 0an i, ,ti++ -ey in#o0$+ete, ne-et%e+e,, it gi-e, ", t%e
$owe to inte-ene in %i, /o0ation, an! to %e+$ %i0 "n/o+! a++ %i, $otentia+itie,1 To ,%a$e
%i0 a##o!ing to o" wi,%e,, $o-i!e! t%e,e wi,%e, #on/o0 to nat"a+ +aw,1 T%ee
!i//eent $o#e!"e, ae at o" !i,$o,a+1 T%e /i,t #o0$i,e, t%e $%y,i#a+ an! #%e0i#a+
/a#to,, w%i#% #a",e !e/inite #%ange, in t%e #on,tit"tion o/ t%e ti,,"e,, %"0o,, an! 0in!1
T%e ,e#on! ,et, in 0otion, t%o"g% $o$e 0o!i/i#ation, in t%e en-ion0ent, t%e a!a$ti-e
0e#%ani,0, eg"+ating a++ %"0an a#ti-itie,1 T%e t%i! 0a3e, ",e o/ $,y#%o+ogi#a+
/a#to,, w%i#% in/+"en#e ogani# !e-e+o$0ent o in!"#e t%e in!i-i!"a+ to b"i+! %i0,e+/ "$
by %i, own e//ot,1 T%e %an!+ing o/ t%e,e agen#ie, i, !i//i#"+t, e0$ii#a+, an! "n#etain1
We ae not a, yet we++ a#8"ainte! wit% t%e01 T%ey !o not +i0it t%ei e//e#t, to a ,ing+e
a,$e#t o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 T%ey a#t ,+ow+y, e-en !"ing #%i+!%oo! an! yo"t%1 B"t t%ey
a+way, $o!"#e $o/o"n! 0o!i/i#ation, o/ t%e bo!y an! o/ t%e 0in!1
T%e $%y,i#a+ an! #%e0i#a+ $e#"+iaitie, o/ t%e #+i0ate, t%e ,oi+, an! t%e /oo! #an be
",e! a, in,t"0ent, /o 0o!e+ing t%e in!i-i!"a+1 En!"an#e an! ,tengt% genea++y
!e-e+o$ in t%e 0o"ntain,, in t%e #o"ntie, w%ee ,ea,on, ae e.te0e, w%ee 0i,t, ae
/e8"ent an! ,"n+ig%t ae, w%ee %"i#ane, b+ow /"io",+y, w%ee t%e +an! i, $oo an!
,own wit% o#3,1 T%e ,#%oo+, !e-ote! to t%e /o0ation o/ a %a! an! ,$iite! yo"t%
,%o"+! be e,tab+i,%e! in ,"#% #o"ntie,, an! not in ,o"t%en #+i0ate, w%ee t%e ,"n
a+way, ,%ine, an! t%e te0$eat"e i, e-en an! wa01 2+oi!a an! t%e 2en#% Ri-iea ae
,"itab+e /o wea3+ing,, in-a+i!,, an! o+! $eo$+e, o no0a+ in!i-i!"a+, in nee! o/ a ,%ot
e,t1 Moa+ enegy, ne-o", e8"i+ibi"0, an! ogani# e,i,tan#e ae in#ea,e! in #%i+!en
w%en t%ey ae taine! to wit%,tan! %eat an! #o+!, !yne,, an! %"0i!ity, b"ning ,"n an!
#%i++ing ain, b+i44a!, an! /og55in ,%ot, t%e igo, o/ t%e ,ea,on, in not%en #o"ntie,1
T%e e,o"#e/"+ne,, an! %a!i%oo! o/ t%e :an3ee wee $obab+y !"e, in a #etain
0ea,"e, to t%e %a,%ne,, o/ a #+i0ate w%ee, "n!e t%e ,"n o/ S$ain, t%ee ae
S#an!ina-ian winte,1 B"t t%e,e #+i0ati# /a#to, %a-e +o,t t%ei e//i#ien#y ,in#e #i-i+i4e!
0en ae $ote#te! /o0 in#+e0en#ie, o/ t%e weat%e by t%e #o0/ot an! t%e ,e!entaine,,
o/ t%ei +i/e1
T%e e//e#t o/ t%e #%e0i#a+ #o0$o"n!, #ontaine! in /oo! "$on $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+
a#ti-itie, i, /a /o0 being t%oo"g%+y 3nown1 Me!i#a+ o$inion on t%i, $oint i, o/ +itt+e
-a+"e, /o no e.$ei0ent, o/ ,"//i#ient !"ation %a-e been 0a!e "$on %"0an being, to
a,#etain t%e in/+"en#e o/ a gi-en !iet1 T%ee i, no !o"bt t%at #on,#io",ne,, i, a//e#te! by
t%e 8"antity an! t%e 8"a+ity o/ t%e /oo!1 T%o,e w%o %a-e to !ae, !o0inate, an! #eate
,%o"+! not be /e! +i3e 0an"a+ wo3e,, o +i3e #onte0$+ati-e 0on3, w%o, in t%e ,o+it"!e
o/ 0ona,teie,, en!ea-o to e$e,, in t%ei inne ,e+/ t%e t"0oi+ o/ t%e ,e#"+a $a,,ion,1
We %a-e to !i,#o-e w%at /oo! i, ,"itab+e /o %"0an being, -egetating in o//i#e, an!
/a#toie,1 W%at #%e0i#a+ ,"b,tan#e, #o"+! gi-e inte++igen#e, #o"age, an! a+etne,, to t%e
in%abitant, o/ t%e new #ity1 T%e a#e wi++ #etain+y not be i0$o-e! 0ee+y by ,"$$+ying
#%i+!en an! a!o+e,#ent, wit% a geat ab"n!an#e o/ 0i+3, #ea0, an! a++ 3nown -ita0ine,1
It wo"+! be 0o,t ",e/"+ to ,ea#% /o new #o0$o"n!, w%i#%, in,tea! o/ ",e+e,,+y
in#ea,ing t%e ,i4e an! weig%t o/ t%e ,3e+eton an! o/ t%e 0",#+e,, wo"+! bing abo"t
ne-o", ,tengt% an! 0enta+ agi+ity1 Pe%a$, ,o0e !ay a ,#ienti,t wi++ !i,#o-e %ow to
0an"/a#t"e geat 0en /o0 o!inay #%i+!en, in t%e ,a0e 0anne t%at bee, tan,/o0 a
#o00on +a-a into a 8"een by t%e ,$e#ia+ /oo! w%i#% t%ey 3now %ow to $e$ae1 B"t it i,
$obab+e t%at no #%e0i#a+ agent a+one i, #a$ab+e o/ geat+y i0$o-ing t%e in!i-i!"a+1 We
0",t a,,"0e t%at t%e ,"$eioity o/ any ogani# an! 0enta+ /o0 i, !"e to a #o0bination
o/ %ee!itay an! !e-e+o$0enta+ #on!ition,1 An! t%at, !"ing !e-e+o$0ent, #%e0i#a+
/a#to, ae not to be ,e$aate! /o0 $,y#%o+ogi#a+ an! /"n#tiona+ /a#to,1
&
We 3now t%at a!a$ti-e $o#e,,e, ,ti0"+ate ogan, an! /"n#tion,, t%at t%e 0oe
e//e#ti-e way o/ i0$o-ing ti,,"e, an! 0in! i, to 0aintain t%e0 in #ea,e+e,, a#ti-ity1
T%e 0e#%ani,0,, w%i#% !ete0ine in #etain ogan, a ,eie, o/ ea#tion, o!ee! towa!
an en!, #an ea,i+y be ,et in 0otion1 A, i, we++ 3nown, a 0",#"+a go"$ !e-e+o$, by
a$$o$iate !i++1 I/ we wi,% to ,tengt%en not on+y t%e 0",#+e,, b"t a+,o t%e a$$aat",e,
e,$on,ib+e /o t%ei n"tition an! t%e ogan, w%i#% enab+e t%e bo!y to ,",tain a
$o+onge! e//ot, e.e#i,e, 0oe -aie! t%an #+a,,i#a+ ,$ot, ae in!i,$en,ab+e1 T%e,e
e.e#i,e, ae t%e ,a0e a, wee $a#ti#e! !ai+y in a 0oe $i0iti-e +i/e1 S$e#ia+i4e!
at%+eti#,, a, ta"g%t in ,#%oo+, an! "ni-e,itie,, !o not gi-e ea+ en!"an#e1 T%e e//ot,
e8"iing t%e %e+$ o/ 0",#+e,, -e,,e+,, %eat, +"ng,, bain, ,$ina+ #o!, an! 0in!55t%at i,,
o/ t%e entie ogani,055ae ne#e,,ay in t%e #on,t"#tion o/ t%e in!i-i!"a+1 R"nning o-e
o"g% go"n!, #+i0bing 0o"ntain,, we,t+ing, ,wi00ing, wo3ing in t%e /oe,t, an! in
t%e /ie+!,, e.$o,"e to in#+e0en#ie,, ea+y 0oa+ e,$on,ibi+ity, an! a genea+ %a,%ne,,
o/ +i/e bing abo"t t%e %a0ony o/ t%e 0",#+e,, bone,, ogan,, an! #on,#io",ne,,1
In t%i, 0anne, t%e ogani# ,y,te0, enab+ing t%e bo!y to a!a$t it,e+/ to t%e o"t,i!e
wo+! ae taine! an! /"++y !e-e+o$e!1 T%e #+i0bing o/ tee, o o#3, ,ti0"+ate, t%e
a#ti-ity o/ t%e a$$aat",e, eg"+ating t%e #o0$o,ition o/ $+a,0a, t%e #i#"+ation o/ t%e
b+oo!, an! t%e e,$iation1 T%e ogan, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e 0an"/a#t"e o/ e! #e++, an!
%e0og+obin ae ,et in 0otion by +i/e at %ig% a+tit"!e,1 Po+onge! "nning an! t%e
ne#e,,ity o/ e+i0inating a#i! $o!"#e! by t%e 0",#+e, e+ea,e $o#e,,e, e.ten!ing o-e
t%e entie ogani,01 Un,ati,/ie! t%i,t !ain, wate /o0 t%e ti,,"e,1 2a,ting 0obi+i4e, t%e
$otein, an! /atty ,"b,tan#e, /o0 t%e ogan,1 A+tenation /o0 %eat to #o+! an! /o0
#o+! to %eat ,et, at wo3 t%e 0"+ti$+e 0e#%ani,0, eg"+ating t%e te0$eat"e1 T%e
a!a$ti-e ,y,te0, 0ay be ,ti0"+ate! in 0any ot%e way,1 T%e w%o+e bo!y i, i0$o-e!
w%en t%ey ae bo"g%t into a#tion1 Cea,e+e,, wo3 en!e, a++ integating a$$aat",e,
,tonge, 0oe a+et, an! bette /itte! to #ay o"t t%ei 0any !"tie,1
T%e %a0ony o/ o" ogani# an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+ /"n#tion, i, one o/ t%e 0o,t i0$otant
8"a+itie, t%at we 0ay $o,,e,,1 It #an be a#8"ie! by 0ean, -aying a##o!ing to t%e
,$e#i/i# #%aa#tei,ti#, o/ ea#% in!i-i!"a+1 B"t it a+way, !e0an!, a -o+"ntay e//ot1
E8"i+ibi"0 i, obtaine! in a +age 0ea,"e by inte++igen#e an! ,e+/5#onto+1 Man nat"a++y
ten!, towa! t%e ,ati,/a#tion o/ %i, $%y,io+ogi#a+ a$$etite, an! ati/i#ia+ nee!,, ,"#% a, a
#a-ing /o a+#o%o+, ,$ee!, an! #ea,e+e,, #%ange1 B"t %e !egeneate, w%en %e ,ati,/ie,
t%e,e a$$etite, #o0$+ete+y1 He 0",t, t%en, a##",to0 %i0,e+/ to !o0inate %i, %"nge, %i,
nee! o/ ,+ee$, %i, ,e."a+ i0$"+,e,, %i, +a4ine,,, %i, /on!ne,, /o 0",#"+a e.e#i,e, /o
a+#o%o+, et#1 Too 0"#% ,+ee$ an! /oo! ae a, !angeo", a, too +itt+e1 It i, /i,t by taining
an! +ate by a $oge,,i-e a!!ition o/ inte++e#t"a+ 0oti-e, to t%e %abit, gaine! by taining,
t%at in!i-i!"a+, $o,,e,,ing ,tong an! we++5ba+an#e! a#ti-itie, 0ay be !e-e+o$e!1 A
0an;, -a+"e !e$en!, on %i, #a$a#ity to /a#e a!-e,e ,it"ation, a$i!+y an! wit%o"t e//ot1
S"#% a+etne,, i, attaine! by b"i+!ing "$ 0any 3in!, o/ e/+e.e, an! in,tin#ti-e ea#tion,1
T%e yo"nge t%e in!i-i!"a+, t%e ea,ie i, t%e e,tab+i,%0ent o/ e/+e.e,1 A #%i+! #an
a##"0"+ate -a,t tea,"e, o/ "n#on,#io", 3now+e!ge1 He i, ea,i+y taine!, in#o0$aab+y
0oe ,o t%an t%e 0o,t inte++igent ,%e$%e! !og1 He #an be ta"g%t to "n wit%o"t tiing, to
/a++ +i3e a #at, to #+i0b, to ,wi0, to ,tan! an! wa+3 %a0onio",+y, to ob,e-e e-eyt%ing
e.a#t+y, to wa3e 8"i#3+y an! #o0$+ete+y, to ,$ea3 ,e-ea+ +ang"age,, to obey, to atta#3, to
!e/en! %i0,e+/, to ",e %i, %an!, !e.teo",+y in -aio", 3in!, o/ wo3, et#1 Moa+ %abit,
ae #eate! in an i!enti#a+ 0anne1 @og, t%e0,e+-e, +ean not to ,tea+1 Hone,ty, ,in#eity,
an! #o"age ae !e-e+o$e! by t%e ,a0e $o#e!"e, a, t%o,e ",e! in t%e /o0ation o/
e/+e.e,55 t%at i,, wit%o"t ag"0ent, wit%o"t !i,#",,ion, wit%o"t e.$+anation1 In a wo!,
#%i+!en 0",t be #on!itione!1
Con!itioning, a##o!ing to t%e te0ino+ogy o/ Pa-+o-, i, not%ing b"t t%e e,tab+i,%0ent
o/ a,,o#iate! e/+e.e,1 It e$eat, in a ,#ienti/i# an! 0o!en /o0 t%e $o#e!"e, e0$+oye!
/o a +ong ti0e by ani0a+ taine,1 In t%e #on,t"#tion o/ t%e,e e/+e.e,, a e+ation i,
e,tab+i,%e! between an "n$+ea,ant t%ing an! a t%ing !e,ie! by t%e ,"b7e#t1 T%e inging o/
a be++, t%e e$ot o/ a g"n, e-en t%e #a#3 o/ a w%i$ be#o0e /o a !og t%e e8"i-a+ent o/
t%e /oo! %e +i3e,1 A ,i0i+a $%eno0enon ta3e, $+a#e in 0an1 One !oe, not ,"//e /o0
being !e$i-e! o/ /oo! an! ,+ee$ in t%e #o",e o/ an e.$e!ition into an "n3nown #o"nty1
P%y,i#a+ $ain an! %a!,%i$ ae ea,i+y ,"$$ote! i/ t%ey a##o0$any t%e ,"##e,, o/ a
#%ei,%e! ente$i,e1 @eat% it,e+/ 0ay ,0i+e w%en it i, a,,o#iate! wit% ,o0e geat
a!-ent"e, wit% t%e bea"ty o/ ,a#i/i#e, o wit% t%e i++"0ination o/ t%e ,o"+ t%at be#o0e,
i00e,e! in >o!1
1'
T%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ /a#to, o/ !e-e+o$0ent %a-e a 0ig%ty in/+"en#e on t%e in!i-i!"a+, a,
i, we++ 3nown1 T%ey #an be ",e! at wi++ /o gi-ing bot% to t%e bo!y an! to t%e 0in! t%ei
"+ti0ate ,%a$e1 We %a-e 0entione! %ow, by #on,t"#ting $o$e e/+e.e, in a #%i+!, one
0ay $e$ae t%at #%i+! to /a#e #etain ,it"ation, a!-antageo",+y1 T%e in!i-i!"a+ w%o
$o,,e,,e, 0any a#8"ie!, o #on!itione!, e/+e.e, ea#t, ,"##e,,/"++y to a n"0be o/
/oe,een ,ti0"+i1 2o in,tan#e, i/ atta#3e!, %e #an in,tantaneo",+y !aw %i, $i,to+1 B"t %e
i, not $e$ae! to e,$on! $o$e+y to "n/oe,een ,ti0"+i, to "n$e!i#tab+e #i#"0,tan#e,1
T%e a$tit"!e /o i0$o-i,ing a /itting e,$on,e to a++ ,it"ation, !e$en!, on $e#i,e
8"a+itie, o/ t%e ne-o", ,y,te0, t%e ogan,, an! t%e 0in!1 T%e,e 8"a+itie, #an be
!e-e+o$e! by !e/inite $,y#%o+ogi#a+ agen#ie,1 We 3now t%at 0enta+ an! 0oa+
!i,#i$+ine,, /o in,tan#e, bing abo"t a bette e8"i+ibi"0 o/ t%e ,y0$at%eti# ,y,te0, a
0oe #o0$+ete integation o/ a++ ogani# an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1 T%e,e agen#ie, #an be
!i-i!e! into two #+a,,e,= t%o,e a#ting /o0 wit%o"t, an! t%o,e a#ting /o0 wit%in1 To t%e
/i,t #+a,, be+ong a++ e/+e.e, an! ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,, i0$o,e! on t%e ,"b7e#t by ot%e
in!i-i!"a+, o by %i, ,o#ia+ en-ion0ent1 In,e#"ity o ,e#"ity, $o-ety o wea+t%, e//ot,
,t"gg+e, i!+ene,,, e,$on,ibi+ity, #eate #etain 0enta+ ,tate, #a$ab+e o/ 0o+!ing %"0an
being, in an a+0o,t ,$e#i/i# 0anne1 T%e ,e#on! #+a,, #o0$i,e, t%e /a#to, w%i#%
0o!i/y t%e ,"b7e#t /o0 wit%in, ,"#% a, 0e!itation, #on#entation, wi++ to $owe,
a,#eti#i,0, et#1
T%e ",e o/ 0enta+ /a#to, in t%e 0a3ing o/ 0an i, !e+i#ate1 We #an, %owe-e, ea,i+y
!ie#t t%e inte++e#t"a+ ,%a$ing o/ a #%i+!1 Po$e tea#%e,, ,"itab+e boo3,, into!"#e into
%i, inne wo+! t%e i!ea, !e,tine! to in/+"en#e t%e e-o+"tion o/ %i, ti,,"e, an! %i, 0in!1
We %a-e a+ea!y 0entione! t%at t%e gowt% o/ ot%e 0enta+ a#ti-itie,, ,"#% a, 0oa+,
e,t%eti# an! e+igio", ,en,e,, i, in!e$en!ent o/ inte++igen#e an! /o0a+ tea#%ing1 T%e
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ /a#to, in,t"0enta+ in taining t%e,e a#ti-itie, ae $at, o/ t%e ,o#ia+
en-ion0ent1 T%e ,"b7e#t,, t%ee/oe, %a-e to be $+a#e! in a $o$e ,etting1 T%i, in#+"!e,
t%e ne#e,,ity o/ ,"o"n!ing t%e0 wit% a #etain 0enta+ at0o,$%ee1 It i, e.te0e+y
!i//i#"+t to!ay to gi-e #%i+!en t%e a!-antage, e,"+ting /o0 $i-ation, ,t"gg+e,
%a!,%i$, an! ea+ inte++e#t"a+ #"+t"e1 An! /o0 t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ a $otent
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ agen#y, t%e inne +i/e1 T%i, $i-ate, %i!!en, not5to5be5,%ae!, "n!e0o#ati#
t%ing a$$ea, to t%e #on,e-ati,0 o/ 0any e!"#ato, to be a !a0nab+e ,in1 Howe-e, it
e0ain, t%e ,o"#e o/ a++ oigina+ity1 O/ a++ geat a#tion,1 It $e0it, t%e in!i-i!"a+ to
etain %i, $e,ona+ity, %i, $oi,e, an! t%e ,tabi+ity o/ %i, ne-o", ,y,te0 in t%e #on/",ion
o/ t%e new #ity1
Menta+ /a#to, in/+"en#e ea#% in!i-i!"a+ in a !i//eent 0anne1 T%ey 0",t be a$$+ie!
on+y by t%o,e w%o /"++y "n!e,tan! t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ an! ogani# $e#"+iaitie, w%i#%
!i,ting"i,% %"0an being,1 T%e ,"b7e#t, w%o ae wea3 o ,tong, ,en,iti-e o in,en,iti-e,
,e+/i,% o "n,e+/i,%, inte++igent o "ninte++igent, a+et o a$at%eti#, et#1, ea#t in t%ei own
way to e-ey $,y#%o+ogi#a+ agen#y1 T%ee i, no $o,,ibi+ity o/ a w%o+e,a+e a$$+i#ation o/
t%e,e !e+i#ate $o#e!"e, /o t%e #on,t"#tion o/ t%e 0in! an! t%e bo!y1 Howe-e, t%ee
ae #etain genea+ #on!ition,, bot% ,o#ia+ an! e#ono0i#, w%i#% 0ay a#t in a bene/i#ia+,
o %a0/"+, way on ea#% in!i-i!"a+ in a gi-en #o00"nity1 So#io+ogi,t, an! e#ono0i,t,
,%o"+! ne-e $+an any #%ange in t%e #on!ition, o/ +i/e wit%o"t ta3ing into #on,i!eation
t%e 0enta+ e//e#t, o/ t%i, #%ange1 It i, a $i0ay !at"0 o/ ob,e-ation t%at 0an !oe, not
$oge,, in #o0$+ete $o-ety, in $o,$eity, in $ea#e, in too +age a #o00"nity, o in
i,o+ation1 He wo"+! $obab+y ea#% %i, o$ti0"0 !e-e+o$0ent in t%e $,y#%o+ogi#a+
at0o,$%ee #eate! by a 0o!eate a0o"nt o/ e#ono0i# ,e#"ity, +ei,"e, $i-ation, an!
,t"gg+e1 T%e e//e#t, o/ t%e,e #on!ition, !i//e a##o!ing to ea#% a#e an! to ea#%
in!i-i!"a+1 T%e e-ent, t%at #",% #etain $eo$+e wi++ !i-e ot%e, to e-o+t an! -i#toy1
We %a-e to 0o+! on 0an %i, ,o#ia+ an! e#ono0i# wo+!1 To $o-i!e %i0 wit% t%e
$,y#%o+ogi#a+ ,"o"n!ing, #a$ab+e o/ 3ee$ing %i, ogani# ,y,te0, in /"++ a#ti-ity1
T%e,e /a#to, ae, o/ #o",e, /a 0oe e//e#ti-e in #%i+!en an! a!o+e,#ent, t%an in
a!"+t,1 T%ey ,%o"+! #on,tant+y be ",e! !"ing t%i, $+a,ti# $eio!1 B"t t%ei in/+"en#e,
a+t%o"g% +e,, 0a3e!, e0ain, e,,entia+ !"ing t%e entie #o",e o/ +i/e1 At t%e e$o#% o/
0at"ity, w%en t%e -a+"e o/ ti0e !e#ea,e,, t%ei i0$otan#e be#o0e, geate1 T%ei
a#ti-ity i, 0o,t bene/i#ia+ to aging $eo$+e1 Sene,#en#e ,ee0, to be !e+aye! w%en bo!y
an! 0in! ae 3e$t wo3ing1 In 0i!!+e an! o+! age, 0an nee!, a ,ti#te !i,#i$+ine t%an in
#%i+!%oo!1 T%e ea+y !eteioation o/ n"0eo", in!i-i!"a+, i, !"e to ,e+/5in!"+gen#e1 T%e
,a0e /a#to, t%at !ete0ine t%e ,%a$ing o/ t%e yo"ng %"0an being ae ab+e to $e-ent t%e
!e/o0ation o/ t%e o+!1 A wi,e ",e o/ t%e,e $,y#%o+ogi#a+ in/+"en#e, wo"+! eta! t%e
!e#ay o/ 0any 0en, an! t%e +o,, o/ inte++e#t"a+ an! 0oa+ tea,"e,, w%i#% ,in3
$e0at"e+y into t%e aby,, o/ ,eni+e !egeneation1
11
T%ee ae, a, we 3now, two 3in!, o/ %ea+t%, nat"a+, an! ati/i#ia+1 S#ienti/i# 0e!i#ine
%a, gi-en to 0an ati/i#ia+ %ea+t%, an! $ote#tion again,t 0o,t in/e#tio", !i,ea,e,1 It i, a
0a5-e+o", gi/t1 B"t 0an i, not #ontent wit% %ea+t% t%at i, on+y +a#3 o/ 0a+a!y an!
!e$en!, on ,$e#ia+ !iet,, #%e0i#a+,, en!o#ine $o!"#t,, -ita0ine,, $eio!i#a+ 0e!i#a+
e.a0ination,, an! t%e e.$en,i-e attention o/ %o,$ita+,, !o#to,, an! n",e,1 He want,
nat"a+ %ea+t%, w%i#% #o0e, /o0 e,i,tan#e to in/e#tio", an! !egeneati-e !i,ea,e,, /o0
e8"i+ibi"0 o/ t%e ne-o", ,y,te01 He 0",t be #on,t"#te! ,o a, to +i-e wit%o"t t%in3ing
abo"t %i, %ea+t%1 Me!i#ine wi++ a#%ie-e it, geate,t ti"0$% w%en it !i,#o-e, t%e 0ean,
o/ en!eing t%e bo!y an! t%e 0in! nat"a++y i00"ne to !i,ea,e,, /atig"e, an! /ea1 In
e0a3ing 0o!en %"0an being, we 0",t en!ea-o to gi-e t%e0 t%e /ee!o0 an! t%e
%a$$ine,, engen!ee! by t%e $e/e#t ,o"n!ne,, o/ ogani# an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1
T%i, #on#e$tion o/ nat"a+ %ea+t% wi++ 0eet wit% ,tong o$$o,ition be#a",e it !i,t"b,
o" %abit, o/ t%o"g%t1 T%e $e,ent ten! o/ 0e!i#ine i, towa! ati/i#ia+ %ea+t%, towa! a
3in! o/ !ie#te! $%y,io+ogy1 It, i!ea+ i, to inte-ene in t%e wo3 o/ ti,,"e, an! ogan,
wit% t%e %e+$ o/ $"e #%e0i#a+,, to ,ti0"+ate o e$+a#e !e/i#ient /"n#tion,, to in#ea,e t%e
e,i,tan#e o/ t%e ogani,0 to in/e#tion, to a##e+eate t%e ea#tion o/ t%e %"0o, an! t%e
ogan, to $at%ogeni# agen#ie,, et#1 We ,ti++ #on,i!e a %"0an being to be a $oo+y
#on,t"#te! 0a#%ine, w%o,e $at, 0",t be #on,tant+y een/o#e! o e$aie!1 In a e#ent
a!!e,,, Heny @a+e %a, #e+ebate! wit% geat #an!o t%e ti"0$%, o/ #%e0i#a+
t%ea$e"ti#, !"ing t%e +a,t /oty yea,, t%e !i,#o-ey o/ antito.i# ,ea an! ba#teia+
$o!"#t,, %o0one,, in,"+in, a!ena+in, t%yo.in, et#1, o/ ogani# #o0$o"n!, o/ a,eni#,
-ita0ine,, ,"b,tan#e, #onto++ing ,e."a+ /"n#tion,, o/ a n"0be o/ new #o0$o"n!,
,ynt%eti4e! in t%e +aboatoy /o t%e e+ie/ o/ $ain o t%e ,ti0"+ation o/ ,o0e /+agging
nat"a+ a#ti-ity1 An! t%e a!-ent o/ t%e giganti# in!",tia+ +aboatoie, w%ee t%e,e
,"b,tan#e, ae 0an"/a#t"e!1 T%ee i, no !o"bt t%at t%o,e a#%ie-e0ent, o/ #%e0i,ty an!
$%y,io+ogy ae e.te0e+y i0$otant, t%at t%ey t%ow 0"#% +ig%t on t%e %i!!en
0e#%ani,0, o/ t%e bo!y1 B"t ,%o"+! t%ey be %ai+e! a, geat ti"0$%, o/ %"0anity in it,
,ti-ing towa! %ea+t%< T%i, i, /a /o0 being #etain1 P%y,io+ogy #annot be #o0$ae!
wit% e#ono0i#,1 Ogani#, %"0oa+, an! 0enta+ $o#e,,e, ae in/inite+y 0oe #o0$+e.
t%an e#ono0i# an! ,o#io+ogi#a+ $%eno0ena1 W%i+e !ie#te! e#ono0i#, 0ay "+ti0ate+y be
a ,"##e,,, !ie#te! $%y,io+ogy i, a /ai+"e an! wi++ $obab+y e0ain ,o1
Ati/i#ia+ %ea+t% !oe, not ,"//i#e /o %"0an %a$$ine,,1 Me!i#a+ e.a0ination,, 0e!i#a+
#ae, ae to"b+e,o0e an! o/ten ine//e#t"a+1 @"g, an! %o,$ita+, ae e.$en,i-e1 Men an!
wo0en ae #on,tant+y in nee! o/ ,0a++ e$ai,, a+t%o"g% t%ey a$$ea to be in goo! %ea+t%1
T%ey ae not we++ an! ,tong eno"g% to $+ay t%ei $at o/ %"0an being, /"++y1 T%e
gowing !i,,ati,/a#tion o/ t%e $"b+i# wit% t%e 0e!i#a+ $o/e,,ion i,, in ,o0e 0ea,"e,
!"e to t%e e.i,ten#e o/ t%i, e-i+1 Me!i#ine #annot gi-e to 0an t%e 3in! o/ %ea+t% %e nee!,
wit%o"t ta3ing into #on,i!eation %i, t"e nat"e1 We %a-e +eane! t%at ogan,, %"0o,,
an! 0in! ae one, t%at t%ey ae t%e e,"+t o/ %ee!itay ten!en#ie,, o/ t%e #on!ition, o/
!e-e+o$0ent, o/ t%e #%e0i#a+, $%y,i#a+, $%y,io+ogi#a+, an! 0enta+ /a#to, o/ t%e
en-ion0ent1 T%at %ea+t% !e$en!, on a !e/inite #%e0i#a+ an! ,t"#t"a+ #on,tit"tion o/
ea#% $at an! on #etain $o$etie, o/ t%e w%o+e1 We 0",t %e+$ t%i, w%o+e to $e/o0 it,
/"n#tion, e//i#ient+y at%e t%an inte-ene o",e+-e, in t%e wo3 o/ ea#% ogan1 So0e
in!i-i!"a+, ae i00"ne to in/e#tion, an! !egeneati-e !i,ea,e,, an! to t%e !e#ay o/
,ene,#en#e1 We %a-e to +ean t%ei ,e#et1 It i, t%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e inne 0e#%ani,0,
e,$on,ib+e /o ,"#% en!"an#e t%at we 0",t a#8"ie1 T%e $o,,e,,ion o/ nat"a+ %ea+t%
wo"+! eno0o",+y in#ea,e t%e %a$$ine,, o/ 0an1
T%e 0a-e+o", ,"##e,, o/ %ygiene in t%e /ig%t again,t in/e#tio", !i,ea,e, an! geat
e$i!e0i#, a++ow, bio+ogi#a+ e,ea#% to t"n it, attention $at+y /o0 ba#teia an! -i",e,
to $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ $o#e,,e,1 Me!i#ine, in,tea! o/ being #ontent wit% 0a,3ing
ogani# +e,ion,, 0",t en!ea-o to $e-ent t%ei o##"en#e, o to #"e t%e01 2o in,tan#e,
in,"+in bing, abo"t t%e !i,a$$eaan#e o/ t%e ,y0$to0, o/ !iabete,1 B"t it !oe, not #"e
t%e !i,ea,e1 @iabete, #an be 0a,tee! on+y by t%e !i,#o-ey o/ it, #a",e, an! o/ t%e
0ean, o/ binging abo"t t%e e$ai o t%e e$+a#e0ent o/ t%e !egeneate! $an#eati# #e++,1
It i, ob-io", t%at t%e 0ee a!0ini,tation to t%e ,i#3 o/ t%e #%e0i#a+, w%i#% t%ey nee! i,
not ,"//i#ient1 T%e ogan, 0",t be en!ee! #a$ab+e o/ no0a++y 0an"/a#t"ing t%e,e
#%e0i#a+, wit%in t%e bo!y1 B"t t%e 3now+e!ge o/ t%e 0e#%ani,0, e,$on,ib+e /o t%e
,o"n!ne,, o/ g+an!, i, /a 0oe $o/o"n! t%an t%at o/ t%e $o!"#t, o/ t%e,e g+an!,1 We
%a-e ,o /a /o++owe! t%e ea,ie,t oa!1 We now %a-e to ,wit#% to o"g% go"n! an! ente
"n#%ate! #o"ntie,1 T%e %o$e o/ %"0anity +ie, in t%e $e-ention o/ !egeneati-e an!
0enta+ !i,ea,e,, not in t%e 0ee #ae o/ t%ei ,y0$to0,1 T%e $oge,, o/ 0e!i#ine wi++
not #o0e /o0 t%e #on,t"#tion o/ +age an! bette %o,$ita+,, o/ +age an! bette
/a#toie, /o $%a0a#e"ti#a+ $o!"#t,1 It !e$en!, entie+y on i0agination, on ob,e-ation
o/ t%e ,i#3, on 0e!itation an! e.$ei0entation in t%e ,i+en#e o/ t%e +aboatoy1 An!,
/ina++y, on t%e "n-ei+ing, beyon! t%e $o,#eni"0 o/ #%e0i#a+ ,t"#t"e,, o/ t%e
ogani,0a+ an! 0enta+ 0y,teie,1
12
We now %a-e to ee,tab+i,%, in t%e /"++ne,, o/ %i, $e,ona+ity, t%e %"0an being
wea3ene! an! ,tan!a!i4e! by 0o!e0 +i/e1 Se.e, %a-e again to be #+ea+y !e/ine!1 Ea#%
in!i-i!"a+ ,%o"+! be eit%e 0a+e o /e0a+e, an! ne-e 0ani/e,t t%e ,e."a+ ten!en#ie,,
0enta+ #%aa#tei,ti#,, an! a0bition, o/ t%e o$$o,ite ,e.1 In,tea! o/ e,e0b+ing a
0a#%ine $o!"#e! in ,eie,, 0an ,%o"+!, on t%e #ontay, e0$%a,i4e %i, "ni8"ene,,1 In
o!e to e#on,t"#t $e,ona+ity, we 0",t bea3 t%e /a0e o/ t%e ,#%oo+, /a#toy, an!
o//i#e, an! e7e#t t%e -ey $in#i$+e, o/ te#%no+ogi#a+ #i-i+i4ation1
S"#% a #%ange i, by no 0ean, i0$a#ti#ab+e1 T%e eno-ation o/ e!"#ation e8"ie,
#%ie/+y a e-e,a+ o/ t%e e,$e#ti-e -a+"e, attib"te! to $aent, an! to ,#%oo+5tea#%e, in
t%e /o0ation o/ t%e #%i+!1 We 3now t%at it i, i0$o,,ib+e to bing "$ in!i-i!"a+,
w%o+e,a+e, t%at t%e ,#%oo+ #annot be #on,i!ee! a, a ,"b,tit"te /o in!i-i!"a+ e!"#ation1
Tea#%e, o/ten /"+/i++ t%ei inte++e#t"a+ /"n#tion we++1 B"t a//e#ti-e, e,t%eti#, an! e+igio",
a#ti-itie, a+,o nee! to be !e-e+o$e!1 Paent, %a-e to ea+i4e #+ea+y t%at t%ei $at i,
in!i,$en,ab+e1 T%ey 0",t be /itte! /o it1 I, it not ,tange t%at t%e e!"#ationa+ $oga0 /o
gi+, !oe, not #ontain in genea+ any !etai+e! ,t"!y o/ in/ant, an! #%i+!en, o/ t%ei
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ #%aa#tei,ti#,< He nat"a+ /"n#tion, w%i#% #on,i,t, not on+y o/
beaing, b"t a+,o o/ eaing, %e yo"ng, ,%o"+! be e,toe! to wo0an1
Li3e t%e ,#%oo+, t%e /a#toy an! t%e o//i#e ae not intangib+e in,tit"tion,1 T%ee %a-e
been, in t%e $a,t, in!",tia+ ogani4ation, w%i#% enab+e! t%e wo30en to own a %o",e an!
+an!, to wo3 at %o0e w%en an! a, t%ey wi++e!, to ",e t%ei inte++igen#e, to 0an"/a#t"e
entie ob7e#t,, to %a-e t%e 7oy o/ #eation1 At t%e $e,ent ti0e t%i, /o0 o/ in!",ty #o"+!
be e,"0e!1 E+e#ti#a+ $owe an! 0o!en 0a#%iney 0a3e it $o,,ib+e /o t%e +ig%t
in!",tie, to /ee t%e0,e+-e, /o0 t%e #",e o/ t%e /a#toy1 Co"+! not t%e %ea-y in!",tie,
a+,o be !e#enta+i4e!< O wo"+! it not be $o,,ib+e to ",e a++ t%e yo"ng 0en o/ t%e #o"nty
in t%o,e /a#toie, /o a ,%ot $eio!, 7",t a, /o 0i+itay ,e-i#e< In t%i, o anot%e way t%e
$o+etaiat #o"+! be $oge,,i-e+y abo+i,%e!1 Men wo"+! +i-e in ,0a++ #o00"nitie,
in,tea! o/ in i00en,e !o-e,1 Ea#% wo"+! $e,e-e %i, %"0an -a+"e wit%in %i, go"$1
In,tea! o/ being 0ee+y a $ie#e o/ 0a#%iney, %e wo"+! be#o0e a $e,on1 To!ay, t%e
$o,ition o/ t%e $o+etaian i, a, +ow a, wa, t%at o/ t%e /e"!a+ ,e/1 Li3e t%e ,e/, %e %a, no
%o$e o/ e,#a$ing /o0 %i, bon!age, o/ being in!e$en!ent, o/ %o+!ing a"t%oity o-e
ot%e,1 T%e ati,an, on t%e #ontay, %a, t%e +egiti0ate %o$e t%at ,o0e !ay %e 0ay
be#o0e t%e %ea! o/ %i, ,%o$1 Li3ewi,e, t%e $ea,ant owning %i, +an!, t%e /i,%e0an
owning %i, boat, a+t%o"g% ob+ige! to wo3 %a!, ae, ne-et%e+e,,, 0a,te, o/ t%e0,e+-e,
an! o/ t%ei ti0e1 Mo,t in!",tia+ wo3e, #o"+! en7oy ,i0i+a in!e$en!en#e an! !ignity1
T%e w%ite5#o++a $eo$+e +o,e t%ei $e,ona+ity 7",t a, /a#toy %an!, !o1 In /a#t, t%ey
be#o0e $o+etaian,1 It ,ee0, t%at 0o!en b",ine,, ogani4ation an! 0a,, $o!"#tion ae
in#o0$atib+e wit% t%e /"++ !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e %"0an ,e+/1 I/ ,"#% i, t%e #a,e, t%en
in!",tia+ #i-i+i4ation, an! not #i-i+i4e! 0an, 0",t go1
In e#ogni4ing $e,ona+ity, 0o!en ,o#iety %a, to a##e$t it, !i,$aatene,,1 Ea#%
in!i-i!"a+ 0",t be "ti+i4e! in a##o!an#e wit% %i, ,$e#ia+ #%aa#tei,ti#,1 In atte0$ting to
e,tab+i,% e8"a+ity a0ong 0en, we %a-e ,"$$e,,e! in!i-i!"a+ $e#"+iaitie, w%i#% wee
0o,t ",e/"+1 2o %a$$ine,, !e$en!, on one being e.a#t+y /itte! to t%e nat"e o/ one;,
wo31 An! t%ee ae 0any -aie! ta,3, in a 0o!en nation1 H"0an ty$e,, in,tea! o/ being
,tan!a!i4e!, ,%o"+! be !i-e,i/ie!, an! t%e,e #on,tit"tiona+ !i//een#e, 0aintaine! an!
e.aggeate! by t%e 0o!e o/ e!"#ation an! t%e %abit, o/ +i/e1 Ea#% ty$e wo"+! /in! it,
$+a#e1 Mo!en ,o#iety %a, e/",e! to e#ogni4e t%e !i,,i0i+aity o/ %"0an being, an! %a,
#ow!e! t%e0 into /o" #+a,,e,55t%e i#%, t%e $o+etaian, t%e /a0e, an! t%e 0i!!+e #+a,,1
T%e #+e3, t%e $o+i#e0an, t%e #+egy0an, t%e ,#ienti,t, t%e ,#%oo+5tea#%e, t%e "ni-e,ity
$o/e,,o, t%e ,%o$3ee$e, et#1, w%o #on,tit"te t%e 0i!!+e #+a,,, %a-e $a#ti#a++y t%e ,a0e
,tan!a! o/ +i-ing1 S"#% i++5a,,ote! ty$e, ae %e!e! toget%e a##o!ing to t%ei /inan#ia+
$o,ition an! not in #on/o0ity wit% t%ei in!i-i!"a+ #%aa#tei,ti#,1 Ob-io",+y, t%ey %a-e
not%ing in #o00on1 T%e be,t, t%o,e w%o #o"+! gow, w%o ty to !e-e+o$ t%ei 0enta+
$otentia+itie,, ae ato$%ie! by t%e naowne,, o/ t%ei +i/e1 In o!e to $o0ote %"0an
$oge,,, it i, not eno"g% to %ie a#%ite#t,, to b"y bi#3, an! ,tee+, an! to b"i+! ,#%oo+,,
"ni-e,itie,, +aboatoie,, +ibaie,, at in,tit"te,, an! #%"#%e,1 It wo"+! be /a 0oe
i0$otant to $o-i!e t%o,e w%o !e-ote t%e0,e+-e, to t%e t%ing, o/ t%e 0in! wit% t%e
0ean, o/ !e-e+o$ing t%ei $e,ona+ity a##o!ing to t%ei innate #on,tit"tion an! to t%ei
,$iit"a+ $"$o,e1 ?",t a,, !"ing t%e Mi!!+e Age,, t%e #%"#% #eate! a 0o!e o/ e.i,ten#e
,"itab+e to a,#eti#i,0, 0y,ti#i,0, an! $%i+o,o$%i#a+ t%in3ing1
T%e b"ta+ 0ateia+i,0 o/ o" #i-i+i4ation not on+y o$$o,e, t%e ,oaing o/ inte++igen#e,
b"t a+,o #",%e, t%e a//e#ti-e, t%e gent+e, t%e wea3, t%e +one+y, t%o,e w%o +o-e bea"ty,
w%o +oo3 /o ot%e t%ing, t%an 0oney, w%o,e ,en,ibi+ity !oe, not ,tan! t%e ,t"gg+e o/
0o!en +i/e1 In $a,t #ent"ie,, t%e 0any w%o wee too e/ine!, o too in#o0$+ete, to /ig%t
wit% t%e e,t wee a++owe! t%e /ee !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%ei $e,ona+ity1 So0e +i-e! wit%in
t%e0,e+-e,1 Ot%e, too3 e/"ge in 0ona,teie,, in #%aitab+e o #onte0$+ati-e o!e,,
w%ee t%ey /o"n! $o-ety an! %a! wo3, b"t a+,o !ignity, bea"ty, an! $ea#e1 In!i-i!"a+,
o/ t%i, ty$e ,%o"+! be gi-en, in,tea! o/ t%e ini0i#a+ #on!ition, o/ 0o!en ,o#iety, an
en-ion0ent 0oe a$$o$iate to t%e gowt% an! "ti+i4ation o/ t%ei ,$e#i/i# 8"a+itie,1
T%ee e0ain, t%e "n,o+-e! $ob+e0 o/ t%e i00en,e n"0be o/ !e/e#ti-e, an!
#i0ina+,1 T%ey ae an eno0o", b"!en /o t%e $at o/ t%e $o$"+ation t%at %a, e0aine!
no0a+1 A, a+ea!y $ointe! o"t, giganti# ,"0, ae now e8"ie! to 0aintain $i,on, an!
in,ane a,y+"0, an! $ote#t t%e $"b+i# again,t gang,te, an! +"nati#,1 W%y !o we $e,e-e
t%e,e ",e+e,, an! %a0/"+ being,< T%e abno0a+ $e-ent t%e !e-e+o$0ent o/ t%e no0a+1
T%i, /a#t 0",t be ,8"ae+y /a#e!1 W%y ,%o"+! ,o#iety not !i,$o,e o/ t%e #i0ina+, an! t%e
in,ane in a 0oe e#ono0i#a+ 0anne< We #annot go on tying to ,e$aate t%e e,$on,ib+e
/o0 t%e ie,$on,ib+e, $"ni,% t%e g"i+ty, ,$ae t%o,e w%o, a+t%o"g% %a-ing #o00itte! a
#i0e, ae t%o"g%t to be 0oa++y inno#ent1 We ae not #a$ab+e o/ 7"!ging 0en1 Howe-e,
t%e #o00"nity 0",t be $ote#te! again,t to"b+e,o0e an! !angeo", e+e0ent,1 How #an
t%i, be !one< Cetain+y not by b"i+!ing +age an! 0oe #o0/otab+e $i,on,, 7",t a, ea+
%ea+t% wi++ not be $o0ote! by +age an! 0oe ,#ienti/i# %o,$ita+,1 Ci0ina+ity an!
in,anity #an be $e-ente! on+y by a bette 3now+e!ge o/ 0an, by e"geni#,, by #%ange, in
e!"#ation an! in ,o#ia+ #on!ition,1 Meanw%i+e, #i0ina+, %a-e to be !ea+t wit%
e//e#ti-e+y1 Pe%a$, $i,on, ,%o"+! be abo+i,%e!1 T%ey #o"+! be e$+a#e! by ,0a++e an!
+e,, e.$en,i-e in,tit"tion,1 T%e #on!itioning o/ $etty #i0ina+, wit% t%e w%i$, o ,o0e
0oe ,#ienti/i# $o#e!"e, /o++owe! by a ,%ot ,tay in %o,$ita+, wo"+! $obab+y ,"//i#e to
in,"e o!e1 T%o,e w%o %a-e 0"!ee!, obbe! w%i+e a0e! wit% a"to0ati# $i,to+ o
0a#%ine g"n, 3i!na$$e! #%i+!en, !e,$oi+e! t%e $oo o/ t%ei ,a-ing,, 0i,+e! t%e $"b+i#
in i0$otant 0atte,, ,%o"+! be %"0ane+y an! e#ono0i#a++y !i,$o,e! o/ in ,0a++
e"t%ana,i# in,tit"tion, ,"$$+ie! wit% $o$e ga,e,1 A ,i0i+a teat0ent #o"+! be
a!-antageo",+y a$$+ie! to t%e in,ane, g"i+ty o/ #i0ina+ a#t,1 Mo!en ,o#iety ,%o"+! not
%e,itate to ogani4e it,e+/ wit% e/een#e to t%e no0a+ in!i-i!"a+1 P%i+o,o$%i#a+ ,y,te0,
an! ,enti0enta+ $e7"!i#e, 0",t gi-e way be/oe ,"#% a ne#e,,ity1 T%e !e-e+o$0ent o/
%"0an $e,ona+ity i, t%e "+ti0ate $"$o,e o/ #i-i+i4ation1
13
T%e e,toation o/ 0an to t%e %a0ony o/ %i, $%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ ,e+/ wi++
tan,/o0 %i, "ni-e,e1 We ,%o"+! not /oget t%at t%e "ni-e,e 0o!i/ie, it, a,$e#t,
a##o!ing to t%e #on!ition, o/ o" bo!y1 T%at it i, not%ing b"t t%e e,$on,e o/ o" ne-o",
,y,te0, o" ,en,oy ogan,, an! o" te#%ni8"e, to an "n3nown an! $obab+y "n3nowab+e
ea+ity1 T%at a++ o" ,tate, o/ #on,#io",ne,,, a++ o" !ea0,, t%o,e o/ t%e 0at%e0ati#ian,
a, we++ a, t%o,e o/ t%e +o-e,, ae e8"a++y t"e1 T%e e+e#to0agneti# wa-e,, w%i#% e.$e,,
a ,"n,et to t%e $%y,i#i,t, ae no 0oe ob7e#ti-e t%an t%e bi++iant #o+o, $e#ei-e! by t%e
$ainte1 T%e e,t%eti# /ee+ing engen!ee! by t%o,e #o+o,, an! t%e 0ea,"e0ent o/ t%e
+engt% o/ t%ei #o0$onent +ig%twa-e,, ae two a,$e#t, o/ o",e+-e, an! %a-e t%e ,a0e
ig%t to e.i,ten#e1 ?oy an! ,oow ae a, i0$otant a, $+anet, an! ,"n,1 B"t t%e wo+! o/
@ante, E0e,on, Beg,on, o >1 E1 Ha+e i, +age t%an t%at o/ M1 Babbitt1 T%e bea"ty o/
t%e "ni-e,e wi++ ne#e,,ai+y gow wit% t%e ,tengt% o/ o" ogani# an! $,y#%o+ogi#a+
a#ti-itie,1
We 0",t +ibeate 0an /o0 t%e #o,0o, #eate! by t%e geni", o/ $%y,i#i,t, an!
a,tono0e,, t%at #o,0o, in w%i#%, ,in#e t%e Renai,,an#e, %e %a, been i0$i,one!1
@e,$ite it, ,t"$en!o", i00en,ity, t%e wo+! o/ 0atte i, too naow /o %i01 Li3e M,
e#ono0i# an! ,o#ia+ en-ion0ent, it !oe, not /it %i01 We #annot a!%ee to t%e /ait% in it,
e.#+",i-e ea+ity1 We 3now t%at we ae not a+toget%e #o0$i,e! wit%in it, !i0en,ion,,
t%at we e.ten! ,o0ew%ee e+,e, o"t,i!e t%e $%y,i#a+ #ontin""01 Man i, ,i0"+taneo",+y a
0ateia+ ob7e#t, a +i-ing being, a /o#", o/ 0enta+ a#ti-itie,1 Hi, $e,en#e in t%e $o!igio",
-oi! o/ t%e inte,i!eea+ ,$a#e, i, tota++y neg+igib+e1 B"t %e i, not a ,tange in t%e ea+0
o/ inani0ate 0atte1 Wit% t%e ai! o/ 0at%e0ati#a+ ab,ta#tion, %i, 0in! a$$e%en!, t%e
e+e#ton, a, we++ a, t%e ,ta,1 He i, 0a!e on t%e ,#a+e o/ t%e tee,tia+ 0o"ntain,, o#ean,,
an! i-e,1 He a$$etain, to t%e ,"/a#e o/ t%e eat%, e.a#t+y a, tee,, $+ant,, an! ani0a+,
!o1 He /ee+, at ea,e in t%ei #o0$any1 He i, 0oe inti0ate+y bo"n! to t%e wo3, o/ at,
t%e 0on"0ent,, t%e 0e#%ani#a+ 0a-e+, o/ t%e new #ity, t%e ,0a++ go"$ o/ %i, /ien!,,
t%o,e w%o0 %e +o-e,1 B"t %e a+,o be+ong, to anot%e wo+!1 A wo+! w%i#%, a+t%o"g%
en#+o,e! wit%in %i0,e+/, ,tet#%e, beyon! ,$a#e an! ti0e1 An! o/ t%i, wo+!, i/ %i, wi++ i,
in!o0itab+e, %e 0ay ta-e+ o-e t%e in/inite #y#+e,1 T%e #y#+e o/ Bea"ty, #onte0$+ate! by
,#ienti,t,, ati,t,, an! $oet,1 T%e #y#+e o/ Lo-e, t%at in,$ie, %eoi,0 an! en"n#iation1
T%e #y#+e o/ >a#e, "+ti0ate ewa! o/ t%o,e w%o $a,,ionate+y ,ee3 t%e $in#i$+e o/ a++
t%ing,1 S"#% i, o" "ni-e,e1
14
T%e !ay %a, #o0e to begin t%e wo3 o/ o" eno-ation1 We wi++ not e,tab+i,% any
$oga01 2o a $oga0 wo"+! ,ti/+e +i-ing ea+ity in a igi! a0o1 It wo"+! $e-ent t%e
b",ting /ot% o/ t%e "n$e!i#tab+e, an! i0$i,on t%e /"t"e wit%in t%e +i0it, o/ o" 0in!1
We 0",t ai,e an! 0o-e on1 We 0",t +ibeate o",e+-e, /o0 b+in! te#%no+ogy an!
ga,$ t%e #o0$+e.ity an! t%e wea+t% o/ o" own nat"e1 T%e ,#ien#e, o/ +i/e %a-e ,%own
to %"0anity it, goa+ an! $+a#e! at it, !i,$o,a+ t%e 0ean, o/ ea#%ing it1 B"t we ae ,ti++
i00e,e! in t%e wo+! #eate! by t%e ,#ien#e, o/ inet 0atte wit%o"t any e,$e#t /o t%e
+aw, o/ o" !e-e+o$0ent1 In a wo+! t%at i, not 0a!e /o ",, be#a",e it i, bon /o0 an
eo o/ o" ea,on an! /o0 t%e ignoan#e o/ o" t"e ,e+/1 To ,"#% a wo+! we #annot
be#o0e a!a$te!1 We wi++, t%en, e-o+t again,t it1 We wi++ tan,/o0 it, -a+"e, an!
ogani4e it wit% e/een#e to o" t"e nee!,1 To!ay, t%e ,#ien#e o/ 0an gi-e, ", t%e $owe
to !e-e+o$ a++ t%e $otentia+itie, o/ o" bo!y1 We 3now t%e ,e#et 0e#%ani,0, o/ o"
$%y,io+ogi#a+ an! 0enta+ a#ti-itie, an! t%e #a",e, o/ o" wea3ne,,1 We 3now %ow we
%a-e tan,ge,,e! nat"a+ +aw,1 We 3now w%y we ae $"ni,%e!, w%y we ae +o,t in
!a3ne,,1 Ne-et%e+e,,, we /aint+y $e#ei-e t%o"g% t%e 0i,t, o/ !awn a $at% w%i#% 0ay
+ea! to o" ,a+-ation1
2o t%e /i,t ti0e in t%e %i,toy o/ %"0anity, a #"0b+ing #i-i+i4ation i, #a$ab+e o/
!i,#ening t%e #a",e, o/ it, !e#ay1 2o t%e /i,t ti0e, it %a, at it, !i,$o,a+ t%e giganti#
,tengt% o/ ,#ien#e1 Wi++ we "ti+i4e t%i, 3now+e!ge an! t%i, $owe< It i, o" on+y %o$e o/
e,#a$ing t%e /ate #o00on to a++ geat #i-i+i4ation, o/ t%e $a,t1 O" !e,tiny i, in o"
%an!,1 On t%e new oa!, we 0",t now go /owa!1