1 Teaching Aids 3 Planning 2 Application 4 Learning objectives 5 Reference functions to assist the TL process, not as substitute for teacher or learning topic effective in assisting teacher in delivering information so TL objectives can be achieved Teacher is still the main medium in class is used in TL process to attract and maintain students' attention - able to arouse interest and passion in learning Application must be academic-centered e.g the usage of internet (to browse for information and not for the students to visit their social networking sites) Before : teachers plan time, suitable activities and educational technology that are appropriate to the topic of teaching so it will be more meaningful to the students While After : students can participate and engage actively with the TL process : teacher plan enrichment and remedial activities depends on the suitability of the topic and objectives, class size and physical condition of the class e.g listening (podcast), reading (big book) maximize the use of the educational technology -used as reference throughout TL process (flashcards, charts, picture cards) materials can be displayed on notice boards in classroom as reference for students e.g wallcards to achieve learning objectives more effectively, technology and materials is used according to the stages of learning process e.g audio/ video in set induction to arouse students' interest in the topic