In the combustion of heptane, CO2 is produced.

Assume that you want to produce 500 kg of

dry ice per hour and that 50% of the CO2 can be converted into dry ice, as shown in Fig. E1.27
How may kilograms of heptane must be burned per hour?
500 kg/hr
Diketahui
C7H16 combustion --> C7H16 direaksikan dng O2
menghasilkan CO2
pers reaksi -->
C7H16 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
stoikiometri 1 11 7 8
Ditanya
C7H16 burned per day ? kg
Jawab
Basis 1 hr
atau
500 kg dry ice
BM CO2 44
BM C7H16 100
CO2 total terproduksi
= 500 kg dry ice x 1 kg CO2
0.5 kg dry ice
= 1000 kg CO2
Mol CO2 yang dihasilkan
= 1000 kg CO2
44 kg/kmol CO2
= 22.72727 kmol CO2
Mol C7H16 yang dibutuhkan
= 22.72727 kmol CO2 x 1 kmol C7H16
7 kmol CO2
= 3.246753 kmol C7H16
Reactor
C7H16 Gas
CO2 Solid (50%)
CO2 Gas (50%)
Other Products
Massa C7H16 yang dibutuhkan
= 3.246753 kmol C7H16 x 100 kg/kmol C7H16
324.6753 kg C7H16
A liquified mixture of n-butane, n-pentane and n-hexane has the following composition
in percent.
n - C4H10 50
n - C5H12 30
n - C6H14 20
Calculate the weight fraction, mol fraction and mol percent of each component and also the
average molecular weight of the mixture.
Diketahui
Komposisi camp n-butane, n-pentane dan n-hexane
n - C4H10 50%
n - C5H12 30%
n - C6H14 20%
Ditanya
a. weight fraction fraksi berat
b. mol fraction fraksi mol
c. average MW BM rata2
Jawab BASIS 100 kg BM C 12 BM H
Kompone
n kg
weight
fraction BM mol
mol
fraction
n - C4H10 50 0.5 58 0.862069 0.570418
n - C5H12 30 0.3 72 0.416667 0.275702
n - C6H14 20 0.2 86 0.232558 0.15388
100 1 1.511294 1
avg MW = total mass = 100 kg = 66.16847
total mole 1.511294 kg/kgmol
1
Tips for Solving Problems
1. Write the Given and Find statements
2. Draw a picture of the system labeling all Inputs and Outputs for each component.
3. Assign variables to the unknowns. Use symbols to describe the known parameters and list their values.
4. Determine whether the problem is a batch process or rate process. Determine whether components are generated or consumed.
5. Write the conservation of mass for each component and for the entire system.
6. Use algebra to solve for the unknowns.
7. Check your work.
1 GIVEN:
10 gallon fish tank salt water 10
Initial concentration: 2 percent salt initial concentration 2%
Final concentration: 3.5 percent salt final concentration 3.5%
FIND:
Amount of salt to be added
2 DRAW A PICTURE
3 ASSIGN VARIABLES
4 BATCH PROCESS / RATE PROCESS
--> BATCH PROCESS
5 MASS BALANCE
Total ISW + DS = FSW
10 gal X lbm Y
r H2O 62.3 lbm/ft3
0.1337 ft3/gal
Mixer
Initial salt water
Final salt water
Dry salt
Mixer
Initial salt water (ISW)
Final salt water (FSW)
Dry salt (DS)
10 gal salt water
2% salt
98% H2O
X lbm dry salt
Y lbm dry salt
3.5% salt
96.5% H2O
83.2951 lbm + X lbm = Y
Salt Csalt.ISW + Csalt.DS = Csalt.FSW
0.02 83.2951 + 1 X = 0.035
1.665902 + 1 X = 0.035
H2O C
H2O
.ISW + C
H2O
.DS = C
H2O
.FSW
0.98 83.2951 + 0 X = 0.965
81.6292 + 0 X = 0.965
6 from eq. 3
81.6292 = 0.965 Y
Y = 84.58984 ???
from eq. 2
1.665902 + 1 X = 0.035 Y
X = 2.960644 - 1.665902
= 1.294742 ???
7 CHECK
from eq.1
83.2951 lbm + X lbm = Y
83.2951 lbm + 1.294742 lbm = 84.58984
3. Assign variables to the unknowns. Use symbols to describe the known parameters and list their values.
4. Determine whether the problem is a batch process or rate process. Determine whether components are generated or consumed.
gallon
lbm
lbm eq (1)
Y
Y eq (2)
Y
Y eq (3)
lbm
lbm
Diketahui
massa CO2 padat yang dihasilkan 500 kg/hr
prosentase CO2 padaat/CO2 semua 50%
pers reaksi
C7H16 + O2 --> CO2 +
1 11 7
Ditanya
massa C7H16 yang dibutuhkan
Jawab Basis 1 jam
1 mol CO2 padat yang dihasilkan
= 500 = 11.36364 mol
44
2 mol CO2 keseluruhan yang dihasilkan
= 11.36364 = 22.72727 mol
50%
3 mol C7H16 yang dibutuhkan --> berdasar persamaan stoikiometri
C7H16 + O2 --> CO2 +
stoikiometri 1 11 7
mol 3.246753 35.71429 22.72727
4 massa C7H16 yang dibutuhkan
= 3.246753 x 100
H2O
8
H2O
8
25.97403
Tips for Solving Problems
1. Write the Given and Find statements
2. Draw a picture of the system labeling all Inputs and Outputs for each component.
3. Assign variables to the unknowns. Use symbols to describe the known parameters and list their values.
4. Determine whether the problem is a batch process or rate process. Determine whether components are generated or consumed.
5. Write the conservation of mass for each component and for the entire system.
6. Use algebra to solve for the unknowns.
7. Check your work.
1,2,3 Given
FIND Hitunglah massa distilat per kg limbah!
4 BATCH PROCESS
5 MASS BALANCE
TOTAL
F = D + W
1 = D + W
ETHANOL Xf . F = Xd . D + Xw . W
0.35 = 0.85 D + 0.05 w
H2O (1-Xf) . F = (1-Xd) . D + (1-Xw ). W
0.65 = 0.15 D + 0.95 w
6 SOLUTIONS
1 kg Feed (F):
35% Etanol
65% H
2
O
Distilat (D):
85% Etanol
15% H
2
O
Waste(W):
5% Etanol
95% H
2
O
(EQ2 & EQ3)
A 0.85 0.05 B 0.35
0.15 0.95 0.65
A
-1
1.1875 -0.0625
-0.1875 1.0625
X 0.375 D
0.625 W
7 CHECK
F = D + w
0.35 0.31875 0.03125
0.65 0.05625 0.59375
1 0.375 0.625
3. Assign variables to the unknowns. Use symbols to describe the known parameters and list their values.
4. Determine whether the problem is a batch process or rate process. Determine whether components are generated or consumed.
EQ1
EQ2
EQ3
Distilat (D):
85% Etanol
15% H
2
O
Waste(W):
5% Etanol
95% H
2
O
A 2 3 B 8 0.25
4 -3 -2 0.35
0.4
A
-1
0.166667 0.166667 0.166667 0.166667
0.222222 -0.11111 0.222222 -0.11111 -3.4
2.85
X = A
-1
.B 1 1.55
2
0.6
0.35
0.05
A 0.8 0 0 -1 B 1.2 X
1.6 0 -1 0 0
0 0.21 -0.5 -1 4.9
0.2 0.79 0 0 93.9
0.6049 0.30245 -0.6049 0.160796
-0.15314 -0.07657 0.153139 1.225115
0.967841 -0.51608 -0.96784 0.257274
-0.51608 0.24196 -0.48392 0.128637
12.86064
115.6049 NG EA W DI FG
20.57703 12.86064 115.6049 20.57703 9.088515 100
9.088515
C 10.28851 0 0 -9.08851 1.2
H2 20.57703 0 -20.577 0 3.55E-15
O2 0 24.27703 -10.2885 -9.08851 4.9
N2 2.572129 91.32787 0 0 93.9
100
CO2 teradsorb 88.34%
kebutuhan O2 20.57703
ekses air 3.7
17.98%
0.35 0.55 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3
0.45 0.05 0.6 0.4
4.6 0.6
-4.15 1.85
0.55 -1.45
NG
EA
W
DI
A natural gas analyzes CH4, 80.0 percent and N2, 20.0 percent. It is burned under a boiler
and most of the CO2 is scrubbed out of the flue gas for the production of dry ice. The exit
gas from the scrubber analyzes CO2, 1.2 percent; O2, 4.9 percent; and N2, 93.9 percent.
Calculate the
(a) Percentage of the CO2 absorbed.
(b) Percent excess air used.
1,2,3 GIVEN
CO2
CH4 80% CO2 1.2%
N2 20% O2 4.9%
N2 93.9%
O2
N2
FIND
% CO2 ABSORBED
% EXCES AIR
4 BATCH PROCESS
5 BASIS 100 kgmol FG
NM TOTAL NG A - W - DI = FG
NM.KOMP C 0.80 0 0 -1 1.2
H 3.20 0 -2 0 0
O 0 0.42 -1 -2 12.2
N 0.40 1.58 0 0 187.8
6 INVERSE A 0.6049 0.151225 -0.30245 0.080398
A^-1 -0.15314 -0.03828 0.07657 0.612557
0.967841 -0.25804 -0.48392 0.128637
-0.51608 0.12098 -0.24196 0.064319
MULT 12.13476 NG CEK
115.7887 A NM TOTAL
19.41562 W NG+A=W+DI+FG
8.50781 DI 127.9234
127.9234
7 CH4 IN NATURAL GAS CO2 IN DRY ICE
9.71 kgmol 8.50781 kgmol
CO2 ABSORBED 8.51 kgmol
87.63882 %
REACTION CH4 + 2 O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O
O2 REQUIRED
= 2 * 9.71 kgmol
= 19.42 kgmol
O2 IN AIR (A)
= 48.63124 kgmol
EXCESS O2 = 29.22 kgmol
= 150.4748 %
BURNER
Natural Gas (NG)
Flue Gas (FG)
Dry Ice (DI)
Air (A)
Tips for Solving Problems
1. Write the Given and Find statements
2. Draw a picture of the system labeling all Inputs and Outputs for each component.
3. Assign variables to the unknowns. Use symbols to describe the known parameters and list their values.
4. Determine whether the problem is a batch process or rate process. Determine whether components are generated or consumed.
5. Write the conservation of mass for each component and for the entire system.
6. Use algebra to solve for the unknowns.
7. Check your work.
3. Assign variables to the unknowns. Use symbols to describe the known parameters and list their values.
4. Determine whether the problem is a batch process or rate process. Determine whether components are generated or consumed.
A synthesis gas analyzing CO2, 4.5 percent; CO, 26 percent; H2, 13 percent; CH4, 0.5
percent; and N2, 56 percent, is burned in a furnace with 10 percent excess air. Calculate
the Orsat analysis of the flue gas
1,2,3 GIVEN
H2O
CO2 4.5% n CO2 ?
CO 26% n O2 ?
H2 13% n N2 ?
CH4 0.5% 10% EXCESS AIR
N2 56% O2 21%
N2 79%
FIND
ORSAT ANALYSIS OF FLUE GAS
4 BATCH PROCESS / STEADY STATE
5 BASIS 100 kgmol SG
6 O2 REQUIRED
CO + 0.5 O2 --> 1 CO2
26 13 26
CH4 + 2 O2 --> 1 CO2 + 2 H2O
0.5 1 0.5 1
H2 + 0.5 O2 --> 1 H2O
13 6.5 13
TOTAL 20.5 kgmol
O2 EXCESS 2.05 kgmol
O2 ENTER 22.55 kgmol
N2 ENTER 22.55 * 79% = 84.83095 kgmol
21%
EXCESS AIR (A) = 22.55 + 84.83095 = 107.381 kgmol
NM TOTAL IN OUT GEN CONS ACC OUT ORSAT ANALYSIS
NM. KOMP CO2 4.5 - n CO2 + 26.5 - 0 = 0 31 17.83 %
CO 26 - n CO + 0 - 26 = 0 0 -
H2 13 - n H2 + 0 - 13 = 0 0 -
CH4 0.5 - n CH4 + 0 - 0.5 = 0 0 -
N2 140.831 - n N2 + 0 - 0 = 0 140.831 80.99 %
H2O 0 - n H2O + 14 - 0 = 0 14 -
O2 22.55 - n O2 + 0 - 20.5 = 0 2.05 1.18 %
187.881 100.00 %
kgmol
7 CHECK IN OUT
NM ELEMEN C 4.5 + 26 + 0.5 = 31 31
H 26 + 2 = 28 28
O 9 + 26 + 45.1 = 80.1 80.1
N 281.6619 = 281.6619 281.6619
BURNER
Syn Gas (SG)
Flue Gas (FG)
Water (W)
Air (A)
1,2,3 GIVEN
C3H6 15% C3H3N ?
NH3 7% H2O ?
O2 78% N2 ?
N2 O2 ?
FIND
1 LR
2 EXCESS REACTANT
3 RATIO C3H3N/NH3, JIKA KONVERSI = 30%
4 COMPOSITION PRODUCT
4 BASIS FEED 100 kgmol
5 FEED MOL
C3H6 42 15
NH3 17 7
O2 32 78
N2 14 0
C3H6 1 NH3 1.5 O2 1 C3H3N
M 15 7 78
R 7 7 10.5 7
SR 8 0 67.5 -7
LR NH3
EXCESS
C3H6 114.2857
O2 642.8571
KONVERSI 30%
C3H6 1 NH3 1.5 O2 1 C3H3N
M 15 7 78
R 2.1 2.1 3.15 2.1
SR 12.9 4.9 74.85 2.1
RATIO MOL C3H3N/NH3
= 2.1 X 100 = 30 %
7
Reactor
Feed Product
4 BASIS FEED 100 kg
5 FEED MASSA mol
C3H6 42 15 0.357143
NH3 17 7 0.411765
O2 32 78 2.4375
N2 14 0 0
3 H2O C3H6 1 NH3
M 0.357143 0.411765
21 R 0.357143 0.357143
-21 SR 0 0.054622
LR C3H6
EXCESS
NH3 15.29412
O2 355
3 H2O
6.3
6.3
1.5 O2 1 C3H3N 3 H2O
2.4375
0.535714 0.357143 1.071429
1.901786 -0.35714 -1.07143