Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept.

Yazd
University University

Refraction Matrix

Refraction
T
Translation
l ti
Matrix optics
R f ti
Refraction
h1
h2

Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University

Refraction Matrix n1=1

Example
n2=1.62

Gauss’s
Gauss s formula for refraction at a single surface: R γ`=?
γ ?
n1 n 2 − n1 n n1 n2
+ = 2 β+ =
o R i o i R=+5cm
γ h
γ` ⎡1 β ⎤ ⎡n1γ ⎤ ⎡n2 γ ′⎤
h
γ = ⇒o=
h ⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎢ h ⎥ = ⎢ h ⎥
o γ o i ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
h h β=(n
β ( 2-n1))/R=(1.62-1)/(+0.05)=12.4
( )( ) m-1
γ′= ⇒i =
i γ′ ⎡1 β ⎤ ⎡n1γ ⎤ ⎡n 2 γ ′⎤ 60=0.01047
⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎢ h ⎥ = ⎢ h ⎥
n1γ n2 ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
β+ = ⎡1 12.4⎤ ⎡1(−0.01047)⎤ ⎡(1.62)γ ′⎤
⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 0.02 ⎥
⎡1 β ⎤
h h
n1γ + βh = n2 γ ′ ⎣ ⎦⎣ 0.02 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
{ 0+h = h R=⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 ⎦
Refraction
Matrix
γ`=+50
 Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University

Translation Matrix Example

• C
Consider
id a PlPlano-convex lens
l off n=1.5
15
and cente thickness 6mm.
h1 γ`
The convex surface R2=∞
h2 R1=2.5 cm
h1 h2 has radius of 2.5 cm and is facing
d d the incident light . Determine the system matrix D= 0.06 cm
Solution: n1=1.5

{− d n γ ′ + h = h
n 2 γ ′ + 0 × h1 = n 2 γ ′ S=[R2][T][R1] matrix system
∆h=h1-h
h2 = d tan γγ` = d γγ`
R1 ⎡1 β 2 ⎤⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡1 β1 ⎤
h1 − h2 = dγ ′ n2
2 1 2 T S =⎢ ⎢ d ⎥
R2 ⎣0 1 ⎦⎥ ⎢ − 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎣ n ⎦
−d h h ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ n ⎤ ⎡ n ⎤
+ 1 = 2 ⎢ d ⎥ 2 β1=(n2-n1)/R=(1.5-1)/0.025=+20 m-1
1⎥ ⎢ h ⎥ = ⎢ h ⎥
2
n2 n2γ ′ n2γ ′ ⎢−
⎣ n2 ⎦⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ β2=(1-1
(1 1.5)/∞
5)/∞ =0
0
h1 − h 2 = d γ ′
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡1 20⎤ ⎡ 1 20 ⎤
−d h1 h2 T =⎢ d ⎥ Translation
S=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0.006
−
⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
+ = − 1⎥ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎢⎣ 1.5 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣0 1 ⎦ ⎣− 0.004 0.92⎦
n2 n 2γ ′ n 2γ ′ ⎣⎢ n ⎦ Matrix

Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University

Do the system matrix is correct? Matrix of a optical system

R1 R2
• To check
T h k theh resultl off system matrix,
i calculate
l l the
h ddeterminate:
i R3 R4
T
T11 R5
• Multiplying the elements on the rightward arrow and subtracting the T2 R6
T3 T4
product of the elements on the leftwards arrow
p T5

⎡ 1 20 ⎤
S=⎢ ⎥
⎣− 0.004 0.92⎦

(1X0.92)-(20x-0.004)=0.92+0.08=1
)( ) [[S]]= [R6][T5][R5][T4][R4][T3][R3][T2][R2][T1][R1]
The result should be unity, as indeed it is
⎡1 β ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
R=⎢ ⎥ T =⎢ d ⎥
⎣0 1 ⎦ − 1⎥
⎣⎢ n ⎦
 Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University

Cardinal points Theory of cardinal points(1)

n
f E1 = − 1
a • o.s u`
n a1 u n
f E2 = 3 ⎡b a⎤ y
n`
y`
y
a V1 H1 H1 V2
⎢d c ⎥⎦
1− b
fv1
⎣ [B] 1 [M] k [B`]
V1 H 1 = n1 ( ) l1
a fE1
c −1
V 2 H 2 = n3 ( ) [N] = [B
[B`][M][B]
][M][B]
a
b bn1
f E1 = −[(− n1 ) + V1 H 1 ] f v1 = a1 = −
a a ⎡u ′ ⎤ ⎡ N11 N12 ⎤ ⎡u ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ M 11 M 12 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ u ⎤
⎢ y ′⎥ = ⎢ N =
N 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− l k′ 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ M 21 ⎥
M 22 ⎦ ⎣− (l1 ) 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦
⎢
cn
f E 2 = +[ 3 + V1 H 1 ] f v2
cn
= a2 = 3 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 21
a a

Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University

Theory
y of cardinal p
points(2)
( ) Theory of cardinal points(3)
Afocal system
front vertex focal length. (F.V.F.L.) u ′ = N 11u + N 12 y
⎡u ′ ⎤ ⎡ N11 N12 ⎤ ⎡u ⎤ y ′ = N 21u + N 22 y
⎢ y ′⎥ = ⎢ N N 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 21
If N12 = 0 u=0
u ′ = N 11u + N 12 y o.s
u`= N11u
y ′ = N 21u + N 22 y
If u`=0 → u = 0
u`=0
0
afocal system
Conditions:
u`=0
If N11 = 0
o.s
u` = N11u + N12 y= N12 y
y=0
 Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University

Theory of cardinal points(4) Theory of cardinal points(5)

• C j
Conjugated
t d points
i t • For conjugated point condition: N21=0

u ′ = N 11u + N 12 y
⎡ N 11 N 12 ⎤ ⎡ ( M 11 + M 12 l1 ) M 12 ⎤
y ′ = N 21u + N 22 y y =⎢
y
o.s y` ⎢N
⎣ 21
⎥
N 22 ⎦ ⎣− l k′ ( M 11 + M 12 l1 ) + M 21 + M 22 (−l k′ M 12 + M 22 )⎥⎦
If :
N21 = 0
y`=N22y − l k′ ( M 11 + M 12 l1 ) + M 21 + M 22 = 0
Back vertex focal
length U=0
M 22 l1 + M 21
If:
os
o.s yy`=0
=0 l k′ =
M 12 l1 + M 11 Relationship between object and
N22=0 image distance until optical
M − M 11l k′ y
system
y`=N
` N21u l1 = 21
M 12 l k′ − M 22
u=0→ y`=0

Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University

Theory of cardinal points(6) Theory of cardinal points(7)

• F principal
For i i l plans
l Mt=1,
1 so H1 H2
• When N21=0, we also have
u ′ = N 11u + N 12 y ⎡ M + M 12 l1 M 12 ⎤
N = ⎢ 11 M t = M 22 − M 12 l k′ = 1
y ′ = N 21u + N 22 y ⎣ 0 N 22 ⎥⎦
0 M 22 − 1 c −1
det N = 1 l k′ = ⇔ V2 H 2 =
-ll`k M12 +M22 M 12 a
y`= N21u + N22y 1
=
1
= M 11 + M 12 l1 ⎡b a⎤ ⎡ M 11 M 12 ⎤
1 ⇔ ⎢
= M 11 − M 12 l1 = 1 ⎢ c ⎥⎦ M 22 ⎥⎦
Mt= y`/y = N22 = -l`k M12 +M22 N 22 M t
so Mt ⎣d ⎣ M 21
⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 − M 11 1− b
N = ⎢Mt
M 12 ⎥ l1 = ⇔ V1 H 1 =
⎢ ⎥ M 12 a
⎣ 0 Mt ⎦
1
[det N = × M t − M 12 × 0 = 1
Mt
 Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd
University University
Matrix of a optical system containing
Theory of cardinal points(8) objects(1)
• FVFL
F.V.F.L N11=0
0 • Simple optical system
Inter vergence
n1 n2
M 11 + M 12 l1 = 0 ⎡1 β ⎤ ⎡n γ ⎤ ⎡n γ ′⎤
⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎢ h ⎥ = ⎢ h ⎥
1 2

M −b ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
l1 = F .V .F .L. = − 11 ⇔ n n n nγ
V= = = =
M 12 a ⎡b a⎤ ⎡M M 12 ⎤ L o h h
⇔ ⎢ 11 γ
⎢
⎣d
⎥
c⎦ ⎣ M 21 M 22 ⎥⎦ ×
1
B VFL
B.V.F.L N22=0.
0 h Matrix
V ⎤ ⎡V ′⎤
[S ]⎡⎢
1 ⎡1 β ⎤ ⎡ n γ ⎤ 1 ⎡ n γ ′ ⎤ system
1
= 2

h ⎢⎣0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ h ⎥⎦ h ⎢⎣ h ⎥⎦
− l k M 12 + M 22 = 0 ⎡ n γ ⎤ ⎡ n γ ′⎤ ⎥ =⎢1⎥
⎡1 β ⎤ ⎢ h ⎥ ⎢ h ⎥ ⎡1 β ⎤ ⎡V ⎤ ⎡V ′⎤ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1
1 1

⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎢ h ⎥ = ⎢ h ⎥ ⇔ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
c ⎣ h ⎦ ⎣ h ⎦
lk = M 22
M 12 ⇔ V V′
[S ]⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥
a ⎣1⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ Exit
vergence

Dr. G. Mirjalili Physics Dept. Yazd

University
Matrix of a optical system containing
objects(2)
• C
Complex
l optical
i l system

V
n1 V` n2
o.s
object image
o
i

V = n1/o

⎡V ⎤ ⎡V ′⎤
[S ]⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
V `= n2/i

⎣1⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦