Dr. R.

Venkatesh, Department of Ocean

Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
1
Multiple Riser Configurations Top-Tensioned Risers Hybrid Riser System
Risers:- A short Outlook
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
2
Conduits to transfer materials from the seafloor to production and
drilling facilities atop the water's surface
Transfer materials from the facility to the seafloor, subsea risers are
a type of pipeline developed for this type of vertical transportation.
Serving as production or import/export vehicles, risers are the
connection between the subsea field developments and production
and drilling facilities.
Similar to pipelines or flow lines, risers transport produced
hydrocarbons, as well as production materials, such as injection
fluids, control fluids and gas lift.
Insulated to withstand seafloor temperatures, risers can be either
rigid or flexible.
Risers:- A short Outlook
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
3
Attached Risers Used on Fixed Platforms, Concrete gravity Structures &
Compliant Towers.
Steel Catenary Risers Connect Seafloor facilities to production facilities
above as well as two floating production platforms.
Top Tensioned Risers Completely vertical systems that terminate directly
below the facility.
Flexible & Hybrid Risers Ideal for floating facilities as vertical &
horizontal movement take place.
Single Line Offset Risers Relatively new, consists of a vertical steel riser
section connected by a jumper to the production vessel.
Drilling Risers Connect the subsea BOP stack at the bottom to the rig at
the top, and transport the drilling fluid to surface.
Introduction to Riser Systems
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
4
Attached risers are deployed on fixed platforms, compliant towers and concrete
gravity structures. Attached risers are clamped to the side of the fixed facilities,
connecting the seabed to the production facility above. Usually fabricated in
sections, the riser section closest to the seafloor is joined with a flow line or
export pipeline, and clamped to the side of the facility. The next sections rise up
the side of the facility, until the top riser section is joined with the processing
equipment atop the facility.
Pull tube risers (used on fixed structures ) are pipelines or flow lines that are
threaded up the center of the facility. For pull tube risers, a pull tube with a
diameter wider than the riser is preinstalled on the facility. Then, a wire rope is
attached to a pipeline or flow line on the seafloor. The line is then pulled through
the pull tube to the topsides, bringing the pipe along with it.
Steel catenary risers use this curve theory, as well. Used to connect the
seafloor to production facilities above, as well as connect two floating production
platforms, steel catenary risers are common on TLPs, FPSOs and spars, as well as
fixed structures, compliant towers and gravity structures. While this curved riser
can withstand some motion, excessive movement can cause problems.
Introduction to Riser Systems
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
5
Used on TLPs and spars, top-tensioned risers are a completely vertical riser
system that terminates directly below the facility. Although moored, these
floating facilities are able to move laterally with the wind and waves. Because the
rigid risers are also fixed to the seafloor, vertical displacement occurs between
the top of the riser and its connection point on the facility. There are two
solutions for this issue. A motion compensator can be included in the top-
tensioning riser system that keeps constant tension on the riser by expanding
and contracting with the movements of the facility. Also, buoyancy cans, can be
deployed around the outside of the riser to keep it afloat. Then the top of the
rigid vertical top-tensioned riser is connected to the facility by flexible pipe, which
is better able to accommodate the movements of the facility.
Riser towers were built to lift the risers the considerable height to reach the
FPSO on the water's surface. Ideal for ultra-deep water environments, this riser
design incorporates a steel column tower that reaches almost to the surface of
the water, and this tower is topped with a massive buoyancy tank. The risers are
located inside the tower, spanning the distance from the seafloor to the top of the
tower and the buoyancy tanks. The buoyancy of the tanks keeps the risers
tensioned in place. Flexible risers are then connected to the vertical risers and
ultimately to the facility above.
Introduction to Riser Systems
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
6
A hybrid that can accommodate a number of
different situations, flexible risers can
withstand both vertical and horizontal
movement, making them ideal for use with
floating facilities. This flexible pipe was
originally used to connect production
equipment aboard a floating facility to
production and export risers, but now it is
found as a primary riser solution as well. There
are a number of configurations for flexible
risers, including the steep S and lazy S that
utilize anchored buoyancy modules, as well as
the steep wave and lazy wave that incorporates
buoyancy modules.
Hybrid Riser System
Introduction to Riser Systems
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
7
While production and import/export risers transfer hydrocarbons and production
materials during the production phase of development; drilling risers transfer
mud to the surface during drilling activities. Connected to the subsea BOP stack
at the bottom and the rig at the top, drilling risers temporarily connect the
wellbore to the surface to ensure drilling fluids to not leak into the water.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
8
Impart an understanding in the function, technology, design of riser
systems.
Introduce tools and methodologies required for global riser analysis.
Review basic pipe mechanics and summarize standard fatigue
analysis methods.
Describe ocean environment, wave models, and vessel motions.
Provide understanding of riser response and vortex induced vibration.
Objectives
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
9
Design Requirements and Considerations
Riser configuration design shall be performed according to the production
requirement and site-specified. Static analysis shall be carried out to determine
the configuration. The following basis can be taken into account while
determining the riser configuration:

Global behavior and geometry
Cross sectional properties
Means of support
Material
costs
Structural integrity, rigidity and continuity

The riser system must be arranged so that the external loading is kept within
acceptable limits with regard to:

Tension
Bending
Torsion
Compression
Interference
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
10
Design Requirements and Considerations - Layout
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The first step in riser design is to develop to address the pipeline approaches
towards the platform in close co-operation with the Client.
Next for each individual pipeline a routing for the riser through the jacket
bracing has to be established.
The riser must be routed close enough to the main jacket legs or bracing
members such that it can be supported at regular intervals.
Routing the riser alongside a main leg allows supports to be spaced at almost
any desired interval.
Large diameter risers sometimes only need to be supported at plan bracing
elevations.
Smaller diameter risers may have to be housed in (or outside) a caisson in
order to provide adequate support. In developing a layout all bends in the riser
should be bent at a five diameters bend radius or more, to permit pigging
operations.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
11
Design Requirements and Considerations Anchor Point
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The ideal riser design incorporated a long straight run of pipe down the
platform face, the dead weight of the pipe is hung in tension on an anchor
flange above waterline.
Above and below this anchor flange, riser supports are then designed to allow
the riser to lengthen axially due to the pressure and temperature increase
caused by the hot fluid flow.
Movement downwards form the anchor point is then restrained only by the
bending stiffness of the horizontal run at the jacket base.
A carefully planned layout can considerably reduce the bending stresses
caused by expansion and ensure that the riser is never in nett axial
compression.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
12
Design Requirements and Considerations - Protection
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The protection of the risers in the splash zone is particularly important as the
risers must be protected against possible boat impact. Either the riser must be
protected in the splash zone or routed behind a jacket structural member.
Risers should never be supported from a member susceptible to ship impact
damage.
Routing must also bear in mind that risers will be inspected annually and they
should thus not be routed too far inside the structure such that diver access
will be difficult.
Following the piper Alpha disaster it is prudent to route the risers as far away
from the living quarters as possible. This is to prevent the consequence of jet
fires.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
13
Design Requirements and Considerations Connection to Pipeline
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Exit from the jacket structure at seabed level will be dependent upon subsea
pipeline routing.
It should also be borne in mind that the riser, when pre-installed, must have
adequate clearance form the (substructure) transportation barge.
The riser termination should have sufficient clearance from the jacket and
other risers for a hyperbaric chamber, if welded to the pipeline.
There will be a limited number of suitable locations for routing the riser
through the jacket structure and it is important that the topsides layout
engineers are made aware of these restrictions.
Inspection Aspects

In order to facilitate easy riser inspection it is recommended to leave 1m
clearance between the riser and its nearest obstruction.

Intelligent Pigging

In the selection of the internal or external diameter due consideration should
be given to intelligently pigging. As a consequence it is recommended to
maintain constant internal diameter and change the external diameter in
accordance with the required wall thickness.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
14
Riser System Components
Riser joints

A riser joint is constructed of seamless pipe with mechanical connectors welded
on the ends.
Kill/choke lines are attached to the riser by extended flanges of the connector.
The riser can be run in a manner similar to drill pipes by stabbing one stalk at a
time into the string and tightening the connector.
Flexible joints

Flexible joints allow limited angular motion of the riser. In some cases, these
flexible joints may be a series of ball joints.
Pressure compensated flexible joints should be used to decrease the torque
required to deflect the joint.
The forces acting on the joint push the inner ball against the outer casing,
causing the joint to bind.
To decrease the required torque hydraulic fluid is injected to spread apart and
lubricate the moving parts. With the large area involved, relatively small
pressure are required.
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
15
Slip joints

A slip joint comprises two concentric cylinders or barrels that telescope.
The outer barrel is attached to the marine riser, and the riser is held in tension
by wire ropes from the outer barrel to the tensioner.
Riser System Components
Buoyancy modules

Buoyancy modules can be attached to the riser to decrease the tension required
at the surface.
These modules may be thin-walled air cans or fabricated syntactic foam
modules that are strapped to the riser.
These buoyancy modules require careful design and the material for their
construction needs to be selected appropriately so as to ensure that they have a
long-term resistance to water absorption.
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
16
Riser System Components (Auxiliary Components)
End Fittings

The end fittings provide the important function of ensuring that the riser loads
(in tension, bending and torsion) are satisfactorily resisted whilst ensuring that
a comprehensive sealing system is attached both radially and axially.
The adequacy of terminations must be determined through careful detailed
design, prototype as well as through in-service experience.

Bending stiffener

This is normally located at the bottom and top connections. The purpose is to
provide additional resistance to over-bending of the riser at critical points (such
as the ends of the riser, where the stiffness is increased to infinity).
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
17
Design Codes
API 16Q for drilling riser
API 2RD for production riser attached to floating systems
API 17B for flexible pipes
ISO 13628-5 for steel tube umbilical
API 17A: Design and operation of subsea production systems
API 17B: Flexible pipe
API 17C: Through flow line systems
API 17D: Subsea wellhead and Christmas tree equipment
API 17E: Subsea production control umbilical
API 17G: Design and operation of completion/work over riser systems
API 17I: Installation of subsea umbilical
API 17J: Un-bonded flexible pipe
API 17K: Bonded flexible pipe

RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
18
Petroleum and natural gas industries ISO 13628
(Design and operation of subsea production systems)
Part 1:General requirements and recommendations
Part 2: Un-bonded flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications
Part 3: Through flow line (TFL) systems
Part 4: Subsea wellhead and tree equipment
Part 5: Subsea umbilical
Part 6: Subsea production control systems
Part 7: Completion/work over riser systems
Part 8: Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) interfaces on subsea production
systems
Part 9: Remotely Operated Tool (ROT) intervention systems
Part 10: Specification for bonded flexible pipe
Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications

ISO 14723 - (Pipeline transportation systems)
Subsea pipeline valves

ISO 13624 - (Drilling and production equipment)
Part 1: Design and operation of marine drilling riser equipment
References:
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
19
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Loadings:
A comprehensive analysis of risers and attachments require the structural checking
for many different loading conditions. These conditions can be categorized as
follows
Functional loads (risers)
Transportation and installation loads
Environmental loads
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
20
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Loadings: Functional Loads on Riser
Weights - For riser assessment the consequences of the following weights will
have to be determined: self weight, contents (water), buoyancy and marine
growth corrosion protection, flanges and supports.
Internal pressure - The internal design pressure should be equal to the
pressure specified in IP6** of 1.5 times the maximum working pressure. The
maximum working pressure is to be used when combined with the extreme
environmental condition. It should be noted that hydrostatic testing in the
fabrication yard with the riser filled with water can be the limiting equivalent
static stress check for the riser.
External hydrostatic pressure - The external pressure will only be of
importance for thin-walled, empty risers (or gas-risers) in deeper water.
Thermal expansion - Through proper layout (see prev. slides) the effects of
temperature differentials between the internal riser contents and exterior can
be minimized.
Subsea Movements - The loads imposed by the pipeline on the bottom end of
the riser due to pipeline expansion or pipeline scour or permanent platform
displacement are to be incorporated.
Topsides interaction - The relative displacement of the piping system on the
deck may have an effect on the riser.
Slug Loading - This condition will occur when pigging the pipeline.
** Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe Practice, Part 6 Pipeline Safety Code
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
21
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Loadings: Transportation & Installation Loads
Transportation
Roll, heave, pitch, yaw and sway accelerations during transportation can be
predicted by linear motion theory. Predicted accelerations need to be resolved
from space-centered axes into body-centered axes. Beam seas, head seas,
and quartering seas should be considered although seas will generally produce
the highest accelerations.
Maximum resolved body forces are unlikely to exceed 0.75g. Parts of the
structure (e.g. bottle sections, buoyancy tubes) may enter the water during
transportation. Here it should be noted that linear theory will over predict
accelerations but that model test data will give more realistic predictions.
Furthermore risers and attachments may be subjected to wave slam which
should be properly addressed.

Launch and Upending
Launch of a jacket off a barge can cause slam of the order of 5-10m/s as the
top of the jacket enters the water. The maximum loading on an attachment will
depend on the direction of impact.
Maximum hydrodynamic loads should also be considered. Upending of self-
floating tower structure may include 45 roll (as Magnus) which will cause
significant slam loadings over the full height of the structure.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
22
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Loadings: Transportation & Installation Loads (Cont..)
Pile Driving Vibrations

In the past there have been various occurrences of damage to a platform as a
result of pile driving. This damage could be on pile sleeves, anodes, grout ports
etc. It should be recognized that high capacity piles require some 5000 blows
per pile and that local acceleration due to driving can be as high as 100g. The
trend to apply vertical piles will remedy the severity of these accelerations. The
subject of fatigue of anode supports due to pile driving has to be addressed.

In order to reduce damage to supports and attachments the following
recommendation are made:-

Apply larger diameter pipes and/or doubler plates for anode supports
Use welding rather than bolting
Employ half round pipes for grout distribution ring
Arrange the routing of attachments away from the pile sleeves
Check recent project design briefs on this subject
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
23
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Loadings: Environmental Loads
The design should include the following design checks.
Check against the wave loads for the design winter storm. Water particle
velocities can be extracted for wave grid runs for the structure. Because
attachments are small, drag forces should predominate.
The drag coefficient used in platform design (CD = 0.7) is significantly smaller
then measured in a laboratory environment. Its justification is that it leads to
realistic total platform leading and most platform members are governed more
by total rather than local loading. For risers, conductors and caissons this is
different and local loading is governing.
Therefore it is good engineering practice to design these components using
CD = 1.0
Increased water particle velocity allowance should be made for increased water
particle velocity due to proximity of member to which attached. As a simple
rule of thumb, twice the free stream velocity may be used at any point within
half a tubular diameter.
A more accurate relation is
v = v
o
(1 + r/a)
where r is the distance from the center and a the radius of this tubular.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
24
Checks against fatigue should apply a simple deterministic fatigue analysis in
accordance with codes; in it waves will be grouped into a limited number of
height classes, and water particle velocities calculated using the appropriate
wave theory.
For pre-installed risers and those risers early in the operational life of a
platform the fatigue analysis can be incorporated in the substructure fatigue
analysis.
In order to allow connection of attachments to structural steel it is
recommended that all primary structural members are sized to satisfy class F2
along the entire length in combination with a stress concentration factor equal
to 1.0.
Checks for slam loading where applicable, using the theory developed by
Ridley which accounts for the natural frequency of the member. It is noted that
wave slamming is only of relevance for horizontal sections of a riser in the
splash zone or for risers during transportation.
Loadings: Environmental Loads (Contd)
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
25
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Check on (riser) pipes for vortex shedding in steady
current. This is an important design consideration
because it defines the distances between (riser) pipe
supports. As a simple rule of thumb, pipe supports no
further apart than 40 diameters will generally suffice,
both for vortex shedding and static wave load.
Imposed deflections by the jacket during storm sea
condition. It is anticipated that this effect is negligible
in most cases. An exception must be made when a
platform will be installed on a soft foundation.
Loadings: Environmental Loads (Contd)
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
26
Parts of Riser:-
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
27
Parts of Riser:-
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
28
Parts of Riser:-
Risers connected to Mudmat
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
29
Parts of Riser:-
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Risers connected at intermediate level
with guide clamps
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
30
Parts of Riser:-
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Risers connected at Top with Hanger
clamps
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
31
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Design Philosophy and Considerations
The design philosophy adopted in this chapter is to apply proved technical
advances in order to conduct safe and cost-effective design of marine risers. The
design of a marine riser system will require consideration of a number of factors
in relation to its functional suitability and long term integrity.

Considerations should be given to:

Consistence with laws, acts and regulations;
Riser integrity: reliability, safety and risk;
Riser functional requirements;
Riser operational requirements;
Riser structural design criteria;
Materials;
Installation requirements;
Fabrication requirements;
Inspection and maintenance;
Costs.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
32
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Various analysis tools are available for riser design, examples of these are:

General purpose finite element programs: ABAQUS, ANSYS, etc;
Riser Analysis Tools: Flexcom, Orcaflex, Riflex, etc;
Riser VIV Analysis Tools: Shear?, VIVA, VIV ANA, CFD based programs;
Coupled motion analysis programs: HARP, etc;
Riser Installation Analysis Tools: OFFPIPE, Orcaflex, Pipelay, etc.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
33
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
34
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
GENERAL
The design of the risers shall be based on the Institute of Petroleum
Pipeline Safety Code (Latest Edition) which is Part 6 of IP Model Code
of Safe Practice, and IP6 Supplements including revisions. (Other
codes shall also be applicable as per project / client standards.
With the exception of the hoop stress check, all calculations are to be
based on nominal wall thickness.
The hoop stress is to be checked using minimum thickness defined as
12% less than nominal thickness for diameters less than or equal to
18" and 5% less than nominal for diameters greater than or equal to
20".
All stress criteria are to be satisfied for all points on the riser.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
35
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Riser analysis tools are special purpose programs for analyses of flexible
risers, catenary risers, top tensioned risers and other slender structures,
such as mooring lines and pipelines.

The most important features for the finite element modeling are listed
below:
Beam or bar element based on small strain theory.
Description of non-linear material properties.
Unlimited rotation and translation in 3D space.
Stiffness contribution from material properties as well as
geometric stiffness.
Allowing varying cross-sectional properties.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
36
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Typical analyses are for instance:
Strength analysis;
Fatigue Analysis;
VIV Analysis;
Interference Analysis.

The results from the finite element analysis are listed below:
Nodal point co-ordinates;
Curvature at nodal points;
Axial forces, bending moment, shear forces and torsion.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
37
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis

The purpose of the analysis is to determine the influence of
support vessel motion and direct wave induced loads on the
system.
The results from the frequency domain analysis are the systems
Eigen frequencies and eigenvectors.
The results from the time-domain analysis are time series of a
selected limited response parameters, such as stress, strain and
bending moment.

Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
38
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
The results from the above analyses are stored in separate files for
subsequent post processing, such as plots or calculation. Some of the
more interesting output is listed below:

Plots
System geometry;
Force variation along lines;
Pipe wall forces;
Geometry during variation of parameters;
Response time series;
Vessel motion transfer function;
Animation of the dynamic behavior of the complete system
including support vessel and exciting waves.
Tables
Support forces;
Pipe wall forces;
Velocities and accelerations from wave and vessel motion time series;
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
39
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Hoop Stress
The maximum hoop stress (
h
) (IP-6 Section 4.2.2) should not exceed
60% of the specified minimum yield stress (
y
), and is calculated by:

0.60

Where

P = Design Pressure
r
o
= Outside Radius
t
min
= Minimum Wall Thickness
The minimum wall thickness is equal to the nominal thickness minus the
thickness tolerance and the thickness corrosion. The hoop stress may be
increased to 0.90
y
for the hydrostatic pressure condition.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
40
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Expansion Stress
The expansion stresses (
e
) due to pressure and temperature (IP-6
Section 4.2.5.7) are calculated according to the formula below and
should not exceed 72% of specified minimum yield stress:

.
2
+

.
2
+

2
1 0.072

Where

M
A
= Torque
M
B
= In-plane Bending Moment
M
C
= Out of plane Bending Moment
i
i
= In-plane intensification factor
i
o
= Out of plane intensification factor
Z = Section Modulus
All moments are due to the pressure and temperature expansion of the riser. The
displacements and forces at the riser to spool piece flange shall be taken into
account.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
41
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Longitudinal Stress
The longitudinal stresses (
L
) due to the combined effect of weight (
w
)
and internal pressure (
p
) (IP-6 Section 4.2.5.7) should not exceed 54%
of the specified minimum yield stress and shall be calculated as follows:

=
(
2
+
2
)

Where
F
a
= Axial Force
A = Pipe metal Cross sectional Area

=
.
2
(
2

2
)

Where
r
o
= Out of plane Bending Moment
r
i
= In-plane intensification factor

0.54

1
2
3
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
42
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
STRESSES DUE TO SURGE
Contractor shall consider in his design the results of a surge analysis to
be advised by Client.
SLUG LOADINGS
Contractor shall consider the effects of slug induced loadings in the
design of the risers. Loadings and design procedures, including fatigue,
shall be agreed with Client.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
43
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Allowable Stresses
The following environmental load stress check not specified in the IP
code must also be satisfied. This is a check that the riser will not fail
under the maximum operating plus extreme environmental loads. The
intention is not to exceed the Von Mises equivalent stress criterion.
The total stress (
T
) defined below shall be considered:

0.9

Where

L
= Longitudinal Stress

S
= Max. Direct Stress due to 100yr Storm waves and currents
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
44
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE- Allowable Stress
Von Mises equivalent stress (
eq
) is calculated according to the following
formula for all points on the riser, and should not exceed 90% of
specified minimum yield stress:

2
+

2
+

2
+ 3
2
0.9

Where

h
= Pressure Hoop Stress

p
= Internal Pressure

T
= Total Longitudinal Stress due to weight, pressure, temperature and wave loading
= Shear stress due to torque in the riser
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
45
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
It is noted that the allowable Von Mises stresses in the DNV pipeline &
riser code are somewhat different; a full set allowable stresses is given
in the table below.
STRESS/YIELD STRESS HYDRO TEST OPERATING SURVIVAL
Hoop Stress 0.90 0.60 0.60
Longitudinal Stress ~NA~ 0.54 ~NA~
Tensile Stress ~NA~ 0.90 0.90
Von Mises (DNV) 0.90 0.60 0.80
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
46
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Fatigue Design
The ability of the risers to withstand cyclic loading shall be considered.
The Department of Energy F2 curve / DNV / API and Miner's rule shall
be applied to assess the cumulative damage, including from the
following sources:

Service cycles of internal pressure and temperature
Wave loading
Vortex induced vibrations
Slug induced loadings
In addition a stress concentration factor (SCF) for single sided closure
welds of 1.4 may have to be considered. The fatigue life thus calculated
shall at all points be in excess of three times the design life of the
jacket. It is common practice to carry out the detailed fatigue analysis
on pre-installed risers or those risers which are installed at the
beginning of the platform life as part of the substructure fatigue
analysis.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
47
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Fatigue Design
Service Cycles

Fifty shutdown and start-up cycles each year shall be assumed when
assessing the fatigue due to cyclic internal pressure and temperature
loading. Note that pressure hoop stress may exhibit the largest direct
stress range over most of the riser, rather than longitudinal stresses.

Wave Loading

A deterministic analysis shall be used to assess fatigue. The stress may
either be drawn from a dynamic analysis or a static analysis combined
with dynamic amplification factors.

Vortex Induced Vibrations

Based on DnV

Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
48
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ANODE SUPPORTS
Anode supports near the pile guides need to be designed against the
consequences of environmental loading and pile driving vibrations. The
first subject of environmental loading is addressed in Slides 23~25 . It is
anticipated, however, that even when full marine growth and velocity
enhancement together with a Cd=1.0 are used that this loading will not
be governing for the anode supports.
For a design of the anode support against fatigue attention should be
given to accelerations, dynamic amplification, number of blows,
attenuation, SCF and SN-curve which will subsequently be addressed.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
49
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ANODE SUPPORTS
ACCELERATIONS AS A RESULT OF DRIVING
As indicated in slide 24, the accelerations due to pile driving can be as
high as 100g. It is anticipated, however, that this high value is to be
associated with the driving of inclined piles.
Basic accelerations due to the driving of vertical piles can be taken as:
Zone 1: Pile sleeves 50g
Zone 2: Parts of structure adjacent to pile sleeves 25g
Zone 3: All other areas of a pile cluster 10g
Zone 4: Bottle leg/leg up to next plan level above 10g
Zone 5: Remainder of the structure 0
DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION
Dynamic amplification can only be assessed accurately if the
acceleration versus time history is specified or calculated using a time-
domain analysis of the pile driving process. In the absence of a detailed
analysis a uniform dynamic amplification factor (DAF) should be applied
of:
1.5 < DAF < 2.0.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
50
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ANODE SUPPORTS
NUMBER OF BLOWS
The number of blows is to be taken from the pile drivability report; it will
be of the order of 5000. In using this number in a simple and straight
forward manner an additional conservatism will be incorporated because
it assumes that target pile penetration will be reached using continuous
heavy driving.
ATTENUATION
Each blow will lead to vibrations of the anode the amplitude of which will
be reduced in time due to damping.
Using a damping coefficient ksi = 0.02 the amplitude reduction for each
full cycle will be reflected in a factor r given by:
r = exp(-2 ksi) = 0.88
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
51
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ANODE SUPPORTS
STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR AND SN CURVE
Since the thickness of the anode attachment is small in comparison with
the thickness of the component to which it is attached it is common
practice to adopt
SCF = 1.0
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
52
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
53
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Design Methods

Clamps should be designed generally to the methods outlined in this
Specification. Adequate elastic analysis should be performed to show that
permissible stresses in bolts, clamp components, and jacket supporting members
are not exceeded. Where ultimate criteria is adopted the load factors
recommended in this specification should be used.
Load Combinations

The following load combinations should be checked so that permissible stresses
or allowable load capacities are not exceeded under any of the following load
combinations:
a) Xp (Xp = Design Pre-tensioning Load)
b) Xp+XF (XF = Functional loads such as dead loads, temperature loads)
c) Xp+XF+XE (XE = Extreme environmental loads)
NOTE:
i) The load factors recommended in Section 2.0 (2), (3), (4) should be applied to the
above combinations.
ii) The stub and support should be designed using normal elastic design. A factor of 0.75
load combination (c) can be used for design of these components.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
54
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Slippage
Friction clamps should be designed to have adequate safety factors
against slippage. Safety factors recommended in Section 2.0 of this
specification should be used.
Fatigue
The maximum permissible stress range in the stud bolts should be
calculated and the fatigue life determined.
The reference life method of fatigue analysis enables the relatively simple calculation of fatigue life given
that certain parameters pertaining to the Bass Strait wave envelopes are known and do not vary.
An arbitrary stress range is input into the formula which has a unique reference fatigue life. A stress range
of 690 MPa has been chosen as the reference.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
55
DESIGN PARAMETERS
The following design parameters should be used for a standardized
design of long bolted clamps.
1) Ultimate coefficient of friction (steel to steel/inorganic zinc silicate
coating) = 0.25
2) Ultimate load safety factor on frictional resistance = 1.5
3) Ultimate load factor for punching of stub on top plate = 1.5
4) Load factor for checking and destressing of bolts= 1.1 to 1.21*

* Recommended actual "induced pretension" should include a 10% increase on the design
bolt pretension to allow for inaccuracies in bolt tensioning equipment and a further 10%
increase for bolt relaxation if bolts are tightened one at a time. The recommended "induced
bolt pretension" should not exceed 0.72Fy (396 MPa).
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
56
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Elastic Design of clamp components
Under the load combinations given in 1.2.2 with design to working
stress methods in accordance with AS 3990, API RP2A or special
provisions of this specification, whichever is appropriate.
Stud bolts shall be grade ASTM A193 Grade B7M
(UTS = 690 MPa, Fy = 550 MPa).
Design bolt pretension is not to exceed 0.6Fy (330 MPa)
The clamp components may be fabricated using either mild or high
strength steel. The use of high strength steel will allow significant
weight reduction to be achieved over mild steel however the
susceptibility to fatigue will be increased.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
57
CHOOSING THE MOST SUITABLE CLAMP CONFIGURATIONS
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
58
DESIGN LOADINGS
Types of Forces on Clamps

Design loadings on clamps are fundamentally environmental loadings
arising from wave and current forces. Other types of loadings can affect
clamp design in some applications. The following forces on clamps
should be considered:
Dead load
Environmental loads
wave
current
wind
Pipeline forces
expansion and contraction
other forms of pipeline movement
Platform movement
Impact forces from vessels
All other forces considered relevant.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
59
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR LONG BOLTED CLAMPS
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
60
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR LONG BOLTED CLAMPS- Contd.
A long bolted clamp using only four
bolts and very stiff clamping shells
has been adopted as standard and
the formulae quoted have been
developed on this basis. The stiff
shells are considered necessary to
eliminate the "pincer" effect of
clamp shells that are relatively
flexible and to ensure that the
brace being clamped is deformed
to fit the shape of the shell to
ensure good frictional contact.

The use of more than 4 bolts can
easily be accommodated as the
formulae have been presented
giving the required total clamping
force. However in the majority of
cases it is considered 4 bolts will
be sufficient to produce the
clamping force required.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
61
LOADS
The design loads shall be taken as the
worst combination.
Clamp Configuration - The most suitable
configuration of clamp and support stub
should be selected taking into
consideration:
the degree of restraint required
amount of adjustment required
ease of installation
See Figure on next slide for typical clamp
configurations.
Component Loads - for design purposes,
the loads acting on the clamp configuration
are to be resolved about the major axes of
each component. Refer to Figure (this
slide) for details of force components.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
62
TYPICAL CLAMP CONFIGURATIONS
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
63
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Max Allowable Bolt Pretension
The clamped member hoop stress is limited by two criteria:
a) The general requirement of AS 3990 that compressive hoop stresses
be limited to 0.6Fy.
b) Von Mises criteria for combined stresses assuming a 1.1 factor of
safety for yield and using the maximum axial stresses expected in the
member. Tension will be the critical axial stress.
Either a) or b) above may govern the allowable bolt tension, although b) will usually only be
critical when the clamped member is in tension exceeding 110 MPa.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
64
Required Bolt Force
Frictional Resistance, Radial Contact Pressure, and Bolt Force
The frictional resistance of a long bolted clamp is a function of the radial contact
pressure between the clamp and jacket tubular, which is a function of the bolt
pretension force. A uniform radial pressure distribution along the clamp contact
surface, resulting from bolt pre-tensioning is assumed. The relationship between
contact pressure and bolt force is given below (refer next slide)

The bolt design procedure will be divided into two basic parts:
Frictional Resistance - Bolt force required to prevent clamp sliding;
Radial Contact Pressure - Bolt force required to ensure that contact
pressure is maintained at all points along the clamp.

Design Bolt Force
The design criteria discussed above will yield two bolt forces, one to prevent
sliding and one to prevent loss of contact pressure at any location along the
clamp. The design bolt force shall be taken as the larger of the two.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
65
RADIAL CONTACT PRESSURE FROM A GIVEN BOLT FORCE
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
66
REQUIRED BOLT FORCE TO DEVELOP FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
Frictional Resistance
There can be six components of external load acting on the clamp (see
slide 61). However, only four of these components affect the required
frictional resistance. These are:
Torsion
Transverse shear (combined with torsion)
Longitudinal shear
Pull-off force
The above loads are used to calculate the bolt force required to prevent
clamp sliding. The pull-off force is included here since it causes a net
reduction in contact pressure, thus reducing the frictional resistance.
The safety factor (SF) to be used in these calculations is 1.5.
In addition to the above, axial tension in the clamped member will
reduce the member diameter thus reducing the radial contact pressure
and the frictional resistance. This effect shall be considered in the
calculation of the bolt force required to prevent clamp sliding.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
67
TORSION + TRANSVERSE SHEAR
This is a conservative formulation which does not account for the contribution
of frictional resistance from the bottom half of the clamp.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
68
LONGITUDINAL SHEAR
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
69
PULL OFF FORCE
This load will cause a net reduction in
contact pressure
along the entire length of the clamp, thus
reducing the
fictional resistance. The total bolt force
must be increased to counter-act this
load.

Call this bolt force F3,

F3= SF P
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
70
CALCULATING EFFECT OF JACKET MEMBER AXIAL STRESS
Total Bolt Force to Prevent Clamp Sliding
To determine the total bolt force required to prevent clamp sliding, the individual components
calculated above shall be combined as follows:
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
71
Required Bolt Force to Prevent Loss of Contact Pressure
Radial Contact Pressure
In addition to preventing sliding failure as discussed above, another combination
of loads shall be used to ensure that positive contact pressure is maintained
locally. If contact pressure is maintained along the clamp, the initial bolt force will
not change as a result of externally applied clamp loads. This is to prevent the
continuous cycling of loads (stresses), thus enhancing the fatigue performance of
the bolts. The loads that may affect the contact pressure are:
Longitudinal moment
Transverse moment
Transverse shear
Pull-off force
Note that while the first three components cause local changes in radial contact pressure, they do not cause a net
contact pressure reduction, and thus, do not affect frictional resistance. Also note that the pull-off force affects both
the contact pressure and frictional resistance. Again, axial tension in the jacket member shall be considered.
The above load components will be factored, converted to equivalent bolt forces, and summed. Clamp sliding is a
function of load and resistance, loss of contact pressure is only a function of loads.
Clamp sliding represents "failure" whereas the consequences of loss of contact pressure near one or two bolts are
minimal. If loss of contact pressure occurs, any additional applied load would increase the bolt load(s), but failure
would not occur. As a result, a safety factor of 1.2 is used for loss of contact pressure calculations
It should also be mentioned that by using this criterion, loss of contact pressure would be a rare event and thus would
not have a significant effect on bolt fatigue.
A simple statics approach will be used to determine the required bolt force. To do this, assumptions will be made. A
four-bolt clamp is assumed.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
72
LONGITUDINAL MOMENT
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
73
TRANSVERSE MOMENT
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
74
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
75
Pull-Off
Refer Slide No: 69
Effect of Jacket Member Axial Stress
Refer Slide No: 70
Total Bolt Force to Prevent Loss of Contact Pressure

Fc = F5 + F6 + F7 + F8 + F9
Critical Bolt Forces
The critical bolt force should be the maximum of Fs and Fc
(Slide 66~74 ).
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
76
Check Jacket Tubular
The clamped jacket member stress shall be checked for the combination
of the following:
Design stresses in member prior to clamping;
Stresses caused by bolt pre-tensioning;
Stresses caused by external loads on the clamp.
Check Local Buckling of Tubular

In addition to comparing the bolt pretension
to the maximum allowable member hoop
stress, local buckling of the clamped member
shall be checked.
The section between the clamp halves shall be
checked for column buckling and the
eccentricity of the load due to the curved
section should be considered
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
77
Top Plate of the Clamp
Using a configuration of gusset plates that allow only a small clearance around
the bolts, the critical top plate size is determined by punching shear forces and
moments obtained from the connecting stub. Ultimate punching shear force if
given by:
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
78
Design of Clamp Components
The design of the clamp members themselves should comply with the
requirements of AS 3990 and/or API RP2A.

a) Gusset Plates - The limiting width to thickness ratio shall be 6.
Clearance to bolts shall be small (10mm) to allow bolt forces to be
taken in direct bearing.
b) Side Plates - Side Plates shall be designed as stocky struts. Particular
attention should be paid to the weld along the base of the side plate,
with the critical weld area immediately behind the gusset plates and
weld failure plane at 45o to axis of clamp.
c) Wrap Plate - This shall be the same thickness as the side plate, and it
is recommended that minimum thickness be 20mm.

It is recommended that all welds, except those fixing the side plates to
the shell, be full strength butt welds. (refer next slide)
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
79
Clamp Layout & Details
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
80
Clamp Strength
The strength of the clamp shells in
bending about both principal axes
should be checked. For bending about
the y-y axis of the clamp, it is assumed
that the vertical component of loading
on the tubular member follows a sine
curve.
The properties of the clamp shells
should be determined, and the bending
stresses evaluated for both across the
width of the clamp and in a
longitudinal direction.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
81
Installation Stresses during Re-tensioning
During the installation process the tubular brace will be deformed to take up
the shape of the clamp shells provided that the bolt force is sufficiently high.
Otherwise, the clamp may only achieve point contact eg. at a weld bead, and
the shell should therefore be checked for either the bolt force or the force
required to deform the member (MF), whichever is the lesser.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
82
Installation Stresses during Re-tensioning Contd
This should be less than the allowable bending moment across the width of each
shell.

NOTE
In most cases the tubular will deform at relatively low bolt loads and the critical
bending moments on the shell will be due to the full bolt load and the contact
pressure.
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
83
Typical Hinge Clamp Details
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
84
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
85
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
86
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
87
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
88
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
89
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
90
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
91
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
92
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
93
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
94
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
95
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
96
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
97
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
98
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
99
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
100
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
10
1
Example Calculations: RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
102
References :
1. Hollow Section Joints - Jaap Wardenier
2. Cojac User Manual - E.P.R.
3. Report on Design of Fortescue Repair Clamps - Wimpey Offshore
4. Sea load Computer Program Theoretical Manuals
5. Strand7 Computer Program Theoretical Manuals
6. Derivation of Fatigue Life for bolts - WGP-BC-01
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
103
RISER CLAMPS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
A TYPICAL ANCHOR CLAMP
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
104
End of Lecture