Mechanical Properties: Physical properties:

Stress Strain Relations (Stress Strain Curves p.40) Mass properties

Stress Strain Stress strain Curves Density Specific Gravity
Stress is the internal resistance Change in length per unit length of It is preferential to report the Mass per unit volume (gm/cm3), Construct an upper Ratio of the mass of a particular body to the mass of an equal
of the body in terms of force per the body when it is subjected to a stress-strain relations of a denture from a low density material, and a lower volume of water at the same temperature (Units: none), Since
unit area, Types: (Tension {A stress, Deformation resulting from a material rather than the force- denture from a higher density material (to enhance the density of water is 1 q/cm3, density and specific gravity
body is subjected to two sets of tensile or pulling force is an deformation characteristics, the stability of complete dentures). may be numerically equal, although they are not the same.
forces that are directed away elongation of a body in the direction Studied by measuring the load Thermal Properties Adhesion
from each other in the same of applied force, whereas a and deformation, and then Thermal Expansion Specific Heat Definition Adhesion Types
straight line}, Compression {A compressive or pushing force causes calculating the corresponding Linear coefficient of thermal expansion: Quantity of heat The force that binds two Mechanical adhesion
body is subjected to two sets of compression or shortening of the stress and strain, Relationship (change in length per unit length of the needed to raise dissimilar materials is through the
forces in the same straight line body, between stress and strain is material for 1°C change in temperature), the temperature together when they are roughness and
and directed towards each other}, Strain(E)=Deformation/original often used to characterize the Rate at which a material expands upon of one gram of brought into intimate irregularities of the
Shear {Result of two sets of length mechanical properties of heating or contracts upon cooling is the substance contact by the attraction adherend's surface,
forces directed parallel to each =(L-Lo)/ Lo =∆L/L materials, (Such data are dependent upon the coefficient of thermal 1°C, Units are of atoms or molecules at Chemical adhesion
other}). generally obtained using a expansion, Absolute coefficients of cal.gm-1. °C-1 , surfaces (cohesion is the theory, which includes
mechanical testing machine thermal expansion of materials are of Symbol used is attraction between atoms all kinds of chemical
which enables strain to be small importance for clinical practice; their Cp, How rapidly or molecules within one bonds between the
measured as a function of stress relative values, however, are extremely the temperature substance), An adhesive and the
and recorded automatically). important, For restorative materials the increases intermediate layer, adherend, including
Proportional Limit Elastic Limit coefficient of thermal expansion should be depends upon called an adhesive, has to primary (ionic and
The greatest stress that a material will sustain without a Maximum stress that a material will withstand the same or close to the tooth structure, the specific heat be placed between 2 covalent bonding) and
deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain, without permanent deformation, Region of the (For example, when hot or cold beverages of the material. materials, Surfaces or secondary valence
(Below the proportional limit, no permanent deformation stress-strain curve below the proportional limit is are taken, there is expansion of both the substrates that are forces (hydrogen,
occurs in a structure, When stress is removed, the called the elastic region, or reversible strain will tooth structure and restorative materials, If adhered to, are termed dipole interaction, and
structure will return to its original dimensions), occur, Region of the stress-strain curve beyond they do not contract or expand at the same the Adherend. Vander Waals forces),
Application of a stress greater than the proportional the proportional limit is called the plastic region, time, the difference results in cracks Combination of both
limit results in a permanent or irreversible strain in the Both the proportional and elastic limits are quite between the restoration and tooth types of adhesion.
sample. different in values for different materials. structure, This results in failure of the
Yield Strength ( Stress) γS Ultimate Strength (Stress) UTS Fracture Strength restoration).
(Stress) Thermal Conductivity Thermal Diffusivity Adhesion Principals
Stress at which a material exhibits a Maximum stress that a material can Stress at which a Rate of transfer of heat Transfer of heat from a hot to a Surface Energy Surface Tension
specified limiting deviation from withstand before failure in tension, whereas material fractures, (calories or joules) by cold source is dependent on both The free energy at the Since the liquid
proportionality of stress to strain, A the ultimate compressive strength or A material does conduction, through a unit the thermal conductivity surface of a liquid or solid is surface atoms are
property used to describe the stress at stress (UCS) is the maximum stress a not necessarily thickness (1 cm), across a (regulating the rate at which the greater than in its interior, not attracted
which the material begins to function in material can withstand in compression, An fracture at the unit area (1 cm/). Per unit heat enters and passes through the {In the interior of the liquid equally in all
a plastic manner, Amount of permanent alloy that has been stressed to near the point at which the time (1 sec), for a unit material) and the specific heat (or solid), atom A is directions, a
strain may be referred to as the percent ultimate strength will be permanently maximum stress difference of temperature (determining the rate at which the surrounded by its normal stronger attraction
offset, (Many specifications use 0.2% as deformed. occurs, For the (1°C), Thermal temperature will rise as heat complement of 'near results between the
a convention, Offset Yield Strength), specific cases of insulation base is used enters the material), This is neighbours', In contrast, surface atoms
Determined by selecting the desired many dental alloys under a large metallic presented by the thermal atom B at the surface is only themselves,
offset and drawing a line parallel to the subjected to restoration (e.g. amalgam) diffusivity, D, such that D=K/ bonded to a few other atoms, causing tightness
linear region of the stress-strain curve, tension, the to protect the pulp from (Cpρ) where (K=thermal Thus, there is a great of atoms at the
(The point at which the parallel line ultimate and temperature changes, conductivity, Cp=heat capacity, tendency for atom B to surface, much like
intersects the curve is the yield stress). fracture strengths Law: {Q=KA((θ1-θ2)/d)} ρ=material density), The thermal satisfy its bonding a tough skin, The
are the same. where (K=Constant, diffusivity gives a clear requirements (high surface force tending to
Elongation Elastic Modulus (Young's modulus) Flexibility termed material thermal indication of the rate of rise of energy) by bonding with produce this skin
The deformation that results from the Represents the stiffness of a material Describes the conductivity, d=material temperature at one point due to other substances more to effect is called
application of a tensile force, Total within the elastic range, It can be amount of strain bar length, A=cross heat source of another point, and itself}. surface tension.
percent elongation includes both the determined from a stress-strain curve by up to the elastic sectional area, may be considered the most
elastic elongation and the plastic calculating the ratio of stress to strain, or limit, Thus θ1,θ2=difference between relevant in dental application, In Wetting
elongation, (Such a material, as many the slope of the lineal- region of the curve flexibility is the 2 ends temp, Q=heat many circumstances a low value Describes the liquid's tendency to spread out over
dental gold alloys, has a high value for & is reported in Mpa or Gpa, Elastic total amount of quantity passing per of diffusivity is preferred, A the solid surface, (↑ solid surface energy + ↓ liquid
plastic or permanent elongation and, in Modulus=Stress/Strain or E=δ/Є, The elastic strain second), Units: watts per denture base material, ideally, surface tension = ↑ wetting), In order to produce
general, is a ductile type of alloy, stronger the basic attraction forces, the (deformation) in a meter per degree Kelvin. should have a high value of adhesions, the liquid film must flow easily over the
whereas a material with only 1 % greater the values of the elastic modulus material. thermal diffusivity in order that entire surface and adhere to the solid. In other
elongation would possess little and the more rigid the material will be. the patient retains words, complete (or total) wetting must occur,
permanent elongation and would be A The degree of spreading of a liquid on a solid, or the wetting tendency, is expressed by the
considered brittle),, An alloy that has a satisfactory quantity called the contact angle or the angle of contact between the liquid and solid surfaces,
high value for total elongation can be bent response to (the lower the contact angle, the greater the wetting tendency will be), Surface tension of liquids
permanently without danger of fracture, hot and cold generally decreases with increased temperature, (This is also true for molten metals, This is the
(Clasps can be adjusted, orthodontic stimuli in the reason why an increased pouring or casting temperature for a cast crown will aid in producing
appliances can be prepared, and crowns or mouth. sharp mold details, Requirements for Formation of Strong Adhesive Joint: (Cleanliness,
inlays can be burnished if they are Penetration and wetting rough surface, Formation of strong chemical or mechanical bond,
prepared from alloys With high values for Minimizing thermal stresses, High surface energy of solid and low contact angle of adhesive), It
elongation). is best to use low surface energy materials for the restoration, and to adequately polish margins of
Ductility & Malleability Resilience & Toughness restorations to lower-surface energies.
Gold is the most ductile and malleable metal, and silver is Resilience Toughness Optical Properties
second, Dentist manually closes the open margins by a Resistance of a material to Resistance of a Light is a form of electromagnetic radiant energy that can be detected by the human eye, (The eye is sensitive to
process called burnishing (3 distinct steps, denting, permanent deformation, material to wavelengths from approximately 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (dark red), The combinations of wavelengths present in a
bending, and adapting by flattening). Indicates the amount of fracture, beam of light determine the property usually called color).
Ductility Malleability energy necessary to deform Indication of Perception of color 3 Dimensions of color Color Measurement Metamerism
Ability of a material to Ability of a material to the material to the the amount of In order for an object Quantitatively, color is described as a One frequently used Objects that
withstand permanent withstand permanent proportional limit, energy to be visible, it must three-dimensional quantity specified by method of specifying appear to be
deformation under a tensile deformation without rupture Measured by the area necessary to either emit light or it values for three variables, hue, chroma, and colors is the Munsell color color
load without rupture, (A under compression, (as in under the elastic portion of cause fracture, must reflect or transmit value. coordinate system, (On the matched
metal which may be drawn hammering or rolling into a the stress-strain curve, The area under light incident upon it Hue Chroma Value vertical axis is plotted the under one
readily into a wire is said sheet). Units MN/m3, which the elastic and from an external Refers to the Refers to A value, The hue is type of light
to be ductile), A property represents energy per unit plastic portions source, (The latter is property the photometric represented by a circle, may appear
related to the workability volume of material, of a stress-strain the case for objects that commonly strength parameter The chroma is the distance very
of a material in the mouth, Resilience has a particular curve represents are of dental interest, associated or degree associated from the centre), different
& to burnishability of the importance in the the toughness of Light from an object with the of with total Clinically in the dental under
margins of a casting. evaluation of orthodontic a material Units which is incident on an color of an saturation reflectance lab, color matching is another light
wires in moving a tooth. of toughness are eye is focused onto the object, for a or usually done by the use of source,
the same as retina and converted whether it is particular luminance, shade guide, (An (color
resilience. into nerve Impulses, red, green, hue, The (the alternative system is to matching
Tensile Properties of Brittle Materials: (A variety of brittle restorative materials including dental amalgam, which are transmitted blue, etc, higher the brightness or express color in the should be
cements, ceramic materials, plaster and stone, and some impression materials, is important to dental practice, In to the brain, Cone- This refers chroma, darkness of L*a*b* system designated done under
many instances the material is much weaker in tension than in compression, which may contribute to failure of the shaped cells in the to the the more an object). by the Cornrnission two or more
material in service, However, brittle materials must be gripped with caution, and any stress concentrations at the retina are responsible dominant vivid is Internationale de different
grips can lead to premature fracture, An alternative method of testing brittle materials, in which the ultimate for color vision, wavelengths the color. l'Eclairage (ClE), where light sources,
tensile strength of a brittle material is determined through compressive testing, The method is described as the Reflected light is present. L* is the lightness factor one of which
diametral compression test for tension, the Brazilian test, or the indirect tensile test, In this test method, absorbed by retina and and a* and b* are should be
a disk of the brittle material is compressed diametrically in a testing machine until fracture occurs, perceived in brain as chromaticity coordinates; sunlight).
(tensile stress) σx = 2P {Load}/ (πDT) {Diameter × Thickness}). "red", Individuals chromaticity includes both
Transverse Strength Impact Strength Tear Strength vary greatly in their hue and chroma),
Transverse strength of a material is Energy required to fracture a A measure of the resistance ability to distinguish Appearance of an object
obtained when a load is applied in material under an impact force, A of a material to tearing forces, colors). depends on the nature of
the middle of a simple beam, which Charpy-type impact tester is Important property of dental the light by which the
is supported at each end, Such a test polymers used in thin object is viewed, (Sunlight
usually used, (A pendulum is
is called a three-point bending test, released which swings down to sections, as flexible & florescent lamps are
and transverse strength is often impression materials in inter- common sources of light in
fracture the specimen), Energy lost
described as the modulus of proximal areas maxillofacial the dental lab).
by the pendulum during the fracture
rupture or flexure strength, Useful of the specimen can be determined materials, and soft liners for Water Sorption Solubility & Disintegration Setting Time
in comparing denture base materials by a comparison of the length of its dentures, Depends on the rate Represents the amount of water A measurement of the extent to Setting time is related to the time
in which a stress of this type is swing after the impact with its free of loading, as the viscoelastic adsorbed on the surface and which it will dissolve in a given taken for the material to reach its final
applied to the denture during swing when no impact occurs, nature of the materials tested, absorbed into the body of the fluid, for example, water or saliva, set state or develop properties which
mastication, also in long bridge Energy units are joules, More rapid loading rates material during fabrication or while A high solubility will severely limit are considered adequate for that
spans in which the biting stress may inch/pounds, In Izod impact tester, result in ↑ values of tear the restoration is in service, A the effective lifetime of the application, Associated with the
be severe, When applying load, the specimen is clamped vertically strength, Clinically, the rapid serious warpage and dimensional restoration, Degradation may reaction rates and affect the practical
specimen bends, so principal at one end instead of at the center of (or snap) removal of an change in the material are associated follow a sequence of absorption, applications of many materials in
stresses applied on upper surface are the specimen supported at both ends alginate impression is imp to with a high percentage of water disintegration, and solution, restorative dentistry, Does not
compressive & those on lower as for the Charpy. ↓ the tear strength & sorption, Polymers such as those Variables such as cement indicate the completion of the
surface are tensile, (Law p.42). permanent deformation. used in resin composites, dentures composition, thickness, molarity, reaction, One convenient and
Particularly to water absorption and Important, (It is possible for a To penetration, (Thus a material may and soft liners are susceptible & ph of the medium are commonly used method is resistance
 Hardness the loss of soluble components, It is material to be stable at near neutral be considered set when it is able to
Resistance to permanent surface indentation or penetration. desirable for the water sorption to be pH values but to disintegrate rapidly resist penetration by a probe of known
Hardness Tests as small as possible. (This ensures at extremes of either acidity or weight and tip diameter).
Brinell Hardness Test Rockwell Knoop Hardness Test Vickers Shore A that the polymer retains its alkalinity, This partially explains
Hardness Test Hardness Hardness Test characteristic properties, and that no why certain materials perform
Test components are leached out which adequately with some patients but
Depends on the Basically Developed to fulfil the The 136- Hardness might adversely influence the not with others), Standard tests of
resistance to the similar in needs of a micro- degree measurements biocompatibility of the material), solubility often involve the storage
penetration of a small principle to the indentation test method, A diamond used to The simplest method of assessing of disc specimens of materials in
steel or tungsten carbide Brinell test, load is applied to a pyramid, or determine the the water sorption of a polymer is to water for a period of time, the result
ball (typically 1.6 mm in Utilizes a cone carefully prepared Vickers hardness of monitor the weight change of a being quoted as the percentage
diameter), Penetrator or metal ball, diamond indenting tool hardness rubbers called sample when immersed in water. weight loss of the disc.
remains in contact with the depth of the with a pyramid shape, and test, is also a Shore A Biological Properties
the sample tested for a penetration is the lengths of the suitable for Durometer, Any material used in the mouth should be: (non-toxic, non-irritant, no allergic reactions, not carcinogenic).
fixed time of 30 seconds, read directly diagonals of the resulting testing the Instrument Oral Mucosa Enamel & Dentine Dental Pulp Systemic Effects
Then it is removed and from a sensitive indentation in the material surface consists of a Short-term contact with Presence of a Harmful effects on the It is possible for a
the indentation diameter dial micrometer are measured, Knoop hardness of blunt-pointed impression materials: (These restoration in a tooth or pulp are very significant, dental material, or a
is carefully measured, on the hardness number (KHN) materials, indenter 0.8 materials rarely produce any of an appliance attached (Pulp is very easily component of a dental
Formula (P.45, The instrument, is the ratio of the load Indenter mm in significant harmful effect), to the tooth can lead to damaged by irritants which material, to produce
smaller the area of Initially, the applied to the area of the produces a diameter, The Medium-term contact with an increased may gain access to it from systemic toxic effects,
indentation, the harder indenter is indentation calculated square indenter is periodontal dressings: (These susceptibility of the restorative materials, The e.g. mercury used in the
the material and the placed under a from the following indentation, attached by a dressings should promote adjacent tooth substance histological changes that preparation of
larger will be the BHN small static formula: KHN=L/(l2Cp), Loads are lever to a healing after periodontal to caries, Secondary can occur range from mild amalgam, The
value, This test yields a load (minor (L) load applied, (I) length varied from scale that is surgery However, dressings decay around a hyperaemia to pulp problem of systemic
relatively large load), and the of the long diagonal of the 1 to 120 kg, graduated made of zinc oxide/eugenol, do restoration is common, necrosis), The process of effects generally only
indentation area. and as a dial is set at indentation, (Cp) constant depending from 0 to 100 cause mucosal irritation which Restorative materials cutting cavities in teeth is becomes manifest in
result, this test is good for zero, Load is relating (I) to the projected on the units, If the can be severe), Long-term can have a therapeutic itself potentially harmful to dental personnel who
determining average then increased area of the indentation, hardness of indenter contact with dentures: Denture effect by increasing the the pulp, Since all are exposed to mercury
hardness values and poor (major load) Units for KHN are also the tested completely sore-mouth, or stomatitis, is resistance to caries if restorative materials are vapour over a long
for determining localized and maintained kq/MM2, Used to examine material, penetrates the usually caused by the traumatic they are able to release potentially damaging, period of time, (Strict
values. for a certain materials that vary In area Useful in sample, a effects associated with ill- fluoride into the lining materials are mercury hygiene is
period of time, hardness, (For example, in measuring reading of 0 is fitting dentures; but there may adjacent enamel where a normally used to minimize essential).
Depth of testing the hardness of the hardness obtained, and be a hypersensitivity reaction decrease in acid the irritation to the pulp.
indentation is both enamel and dentin in of small if no involved in response to a solubility of the tooth
measured after extracted teeth, and in areas and for penetration denture component). substance results.
the load has determining the hardness very hard occurs, a Failure of Materials in Oral Environment
been decreased of metals and alloys that materials. reading of Tarnish & Corrosion
to the minor have isolated hard and soft 100 units Tarnish: (A surface discoloration on a metal, or even loss of surface finish and luster, Associated with the formation
value, phase throughout the results, Used of hard or soft deposits {mostly sulfides of metals} on the surface, It is the first step leading to corrosion in most
Although it is material), Disadvantages: to evaluate cases), Corrosion: (Destruction of a material by chemical or electro-chemical interaction with its environment, Such
not suitable for need for a highly polished soft denture a reaction starts at the surface and gradually reaches the interior of the material causing irreversible and possible
brittle and flat test sample, and liners, mouth natural tissue damage, {Chemistry of saliva, Wide range of temperatures & pH values of ingested food make the oral
materials, a the time required to protectors, environment very hostile to materials}, Corrosion can cause breakdown of the restoration itself, and its products may
large tip with a complete the test and be harmful to the oral tissues both physiologically and aesthetically).
light load may operation. maxillofacial Types of Corrosion (Dry corrosion: {Occurs in the absence of water or another fluid electrolyte, An ionized solution
be used for elastomers. that conducts electricity}, Electrochemical corrosion: {Wet corrosion, Requires the presence of water or some other
hardness testing fluid electrolyte and also requires a pathway for the transport of electrons, i.e. an electrical current}).
of some Electrochemical Corrosion
plastics. Most corrosion is electrochemical, A combination of a chemical reaction & the flow of an electric current, Common
situation is when a metal oxidizes, (Electrons are liberated from the metal to form positive metal ions, Liberated
Tendency of a metal to give away electrons is called its electrode potential, Voltages are tabulated, and the list is electrons are carried to another place, usually a metal surface in contact with a liquid electrolyte, where a second
called the electrode potential series, Table indicates the propensity of an element to give up electrons and go into chemical reaction can occur consumes the electrons, This second reaction is called reduction), Basis of
solution as positive ions, i.e. the element's susceptibility to corrosion, {Large positive numbers indicate nobility of electrochemical corrosion of dental alloys is the electromotive series of the metals, which classifies the metals by their
metals (e.g. gold and platinum), and large negative numbers indicate the tendencies toward corrosion}, When two equilibrium values of electrode potential, (Arranging them in the order of their dissolution tendencies in water, Metals
sheets of metal in close contact are immersed in a solution (electrolyte), the metal with lower electrode potential with more positive potential have a lower tendency to dissolve in aqueous environments, Potential of hydrogen to give
becomes the anode that gives up the electrons and corrodes, while the metal with higher electrode potential becomes up electrons is considered zero in water solution, and is used as reference,
the cathode that receives the electrons and remains intact).
slowly), Consider a liquid occupies the space instantaneous change periods of application Types of Electrochemical Corrosion
between two metal plates; the lower plate is fixed in shape, However, time at of loads Galvanic Corrosion (Dissimilar Heterogeneous Surface Composition Concentration Cell Corrosion (Stress
and the upper plate is being moved to the right with some materials, stresses below the metals) Corrosion)
then, Shear stress =F/A, Shear strain rate, or the recovery is often below their elastic limit, Most common mechanism by Energy level of the material is not A combination of corrosion and stress
rate of change of deformation = v/d. where (d) is time-dependent, elastic limits, The higher which metals corrode, Involves uniform throughout its entirety, conditions can cause failures of a metal by
the distance between the two plates and (V) is the When an Impression Occurs only the applied electron flow from one place to (Surface at a high energy level will stress corrosion, (At an anodic portion of a
velocity of the liquid, An ideal fluid demonstrates of this material is at stress (still, another, and requires a solution tend to give up electrons (becomes surface, electrolytic action can form a
a shear stress that is proportional to the strain rate, removed from the temperatures below the medium that will allow electron anodic) and corrodes, while the low minute crack, which can increase in size as
and thus the plot is a straight line, (Such behaviour mouth, several near the elastic limit), flow: such a medium is called energy surface receives the electrons a result of stress concentration, More
is called newtonian), Viscosity is measured in seconds are required softening the lower the electrolyte, (As Joining bridge (becomes cathodic) and remains corrosion can occur in the enlarged crack,
units of MPa per second (centipoise), the higher before portions point of a number of or orthodontic appliance by a intact), A metallic restoration with and so on, until eventual failure occurs),
the value, the more viscous is the material, Many distorted by removal material, so cycles is solder which differs in one polished region and one Burnishing of dental restorations induces
dental materials exhibit pseudo plastic behaviour, from undercut areas that most necessary to composition from that of the unpolished region can become a localized stress on the surface, and
(Their viscosity decreases with increasing shear return to their metallic and cause failure, castings or wires, Corrosion corrosion cell in itself, (The excessive carving may form deep and
rate until it reaches a nearly constant value), original shape, This ceramic The stress may occur at the interface unpolished area corrodes and the sharp pits or grooves on the surface; all
Liquids that show the opposite tendency are called time-dependent restorations below which between the dissimilar metals), polished area remains intact, these defects will serve as anodes, causing
dilatants, Some materials behave like a rigid body lagging of strain do not creep fatigue Due to variation in However, dental polishing is loss of margins or deep pits due to
until some minimum value of shear stress is behind stress is in the oral failure does composition of the metals on thought to be minimal enough that it corrosion, (Uneven polishing, severe
reached (Referred to as plastic), viscosity of most termed environment, not occur is the surface of a single does not effectively change the working of a material, unnecessary
liquids decreases rapidly with increasing Viscoelasticity (or An called the restoration, Electrolytic energy level on the restoration burnishing, and excessive carving should
temperature, A liquid that becomes less viscous anelasticity), exception is Endurance corrosion cause galvanic pain surface), Commercial dental alloys be avoided), In the case of a removable
and more fluid under pressure is referred to as Examples of dental limit, Most as postoperative pain usually generally contain more than three partial denture, the retentive arm of the
thixotropic, (Thixotropic nature of these materials viscoelastic amalgam metals, occurs immediately after elements and they can have complex clasp is subjected to repeated insertion and
is beneficial because the impression material does behaviour in (Under however, do insertion of a new restoration, microstructures that result in even removal (fatigue), which creates a severe
not flow out of a tray until placed over dental dentistry are the traumatic not exhibit although generally it gradually more heterogeneous surface stress concentration build up at the grain
tissues), Viscosity is measured also by use of a "elastic" impression occlusal an endurance subsides and disappears in a compositions, (Corrosion resistance boundaries, (Such stress build up occurs in
small container in the bottom of which is an orifice materials. stresses, an limit, and few days after the pulp heals, of multiphase alloys is generally less an electrolyte (e.g. saliva) and often leads
of specified dimension (A specified volume of amalgam fatigue Varnish is used to coat the than that of a single-phase solid to a corrosion classified as stress corrosion,
liquid is poured into the container, and the time filling may failure will outside of the restoration to solution), Solder joints between and with eventual fracture of the clasp),
required for the liquid to run out of the orifice is creep and occur even at isolate it from saliva, If any dental alloys also corrode because of Most common cause for concentration cell
measured, Viscosity is then computed from a thereby lose low stresses evidence of corrosion exists on differences in compositions of the corrosion is a small pit or scratch on the
standard table), During the pouring or casting of a its marginal when given the surface of the amalgam alloy and solder, Impurities in surface of the metal, (The pit on the
gold alloy crown, the viscosity of the liquid metal adaptation). enough stress restoration, it should be alloys enhance corrosion, (Mercury surface of this amalgam restoration will
or glass plays an important role (The metal must be cycling, polished, (Production of a impurities that can contaminate gold entrap debris, Because the pH and oxygen
fluid enough to fill all the parts of the mold), Ceramics, in more uniform surface will alloys have electrode potentials concentration of the debris at the bottom of
Increasing the temperature of a liquid decreases its general, do reduce the magnitude of the different from those of the bulk the pit is different from that of the saliva, a
viscosity so Increases its fluidity, Likewise, in the not exhibit current and the sensitivity). grains of the gold alloys), Pure concentration cell is created, The resulting
use of dental impression materials, the chosen fatigue metals which do not contain corrosion produces further disintegration
material must have a sufficient degree of fluidity to behaviour. significant quantities of impurities, of the amalgam, enlarging the pit and
adequately flow around the fairly complex areas of corrode at much slower rates than propagating the process, If such an area is
tooth structure and cavity preparations in a alloys. placed under masticatory stress, the
reasonable amount of time, prior to setting. combined fatigue and concentration cell
corrosion will accelerate the destruction of
the underlying metal), Certain metals
develop a protective coating which protects
them from corrosion, (The superior
resistance of aluminium and chromium to
corrosion is due to the protective film of
oxide which forms on the surface, Such
metal is said to be passive).
Corrosion Of Dental Restoration Time-Dependent Mechanical Properties
Oral Environment Dental Structures Viscosity Viscoelasticity Creep Fatigue
Variations in diet, Bacterial activity, Drugs, Smoking, Oral hygiene habits. Composition of Study of the flow of materials, (For liquids, flow Application or Slow flow Failure of a
dental alloys is measured by the viscosity, whereas for solids removal of loads causing material by
Wear Craze Fracture one considers creep and viscoelasticity), below the elastic permanent breaking or
Removal of constituents from a material's surface due to Polymer that has been under A detrimental Caused by the internal friction of a fluid, A limit was deformation fracturing
mechanical action, All materials are involved in a wear tensile load for a long period of process of measure of the consistency of a fluid and its accompanied by a of materials after
process, depending upon the nature of the material, In time, its surface is covered with creating new inability to flow, (A highly viscous fluid flows corresponding and held for long repeated
dentistry divided into three divisions: (Wear in natural cracks, Fine cracks are called surfaces within
dentition {Due to three causes: Wear resulting from craze, Microscopic examination a body, Occurs
normal masticatory functions, considered as a physiologic reveals that there are fibrous at stresses well
cause, is called attrition, [degree of attrition depends upon connections between the two below the
diet, Use of teeth for functions other than mastication, such surfaces of a craze, [Craze does elastic limit of
as tearing, cutting and holding certain materials, Wear may not show clear separation, while a materials, and is
occur due to pathological causes, such as xerostomia crack is achieved when a clear usually
[dryness of the oral cavity, which causes brittleness of the separation occurs], As in a crack, associated with
enamel, as well as absence of lubricating saliva, Followed the direction of craze usually lies cracks or
by high wear rates] and bruxism [Non-functional perpendicular to the direction of the structural flaws,
mandibular movement that is manifested by habitual pulling force, Craze occurs strictly Cause of
occlusal grinding, which results in tooth wear and in polymers, Cause of Craze: Fracture:
accelerated alveolar bone loss]}, Wear due to cutting the [Non-homogeneity of materials, [Modes of
preparation for the restoration, Wear in restorative {Occurs most commonly in thin fracture are:
materials), Wear of the dentition by tooth-brush and regions of polymeric dental tensile mode,
dentifrice, is inevitable, This type of wear is termed restorations or devices, After controlled
abrasion, Cutting and polishing are also two wear processing of the denture at 65- crack
processes, Except for dental porcelain, restorative materials 70°C, it is allowed to cool to room propagation,
are usually subjected to greater wear than natural dentition, temperature, As the denture cools, fatigue, creep
due to their surface hardness, Factors Influencing Wear: the denture base material contracts fracture, and
(Surface roughness [increases the actual contact], faster than the teeth, As such, stress
Temperature [Increases the flowability of materials tension is built into the thin resin (corrosion)
especially low-heat resistant polymers, and results in higher layer surrounding the teeth and cracking],
wear], Environment (e.g. moisture) [Provides natural craze lines occur}, Craze occurs Prevention of
lubrication that reduces wear, Soft foods reduce wear also due to surface chemical Fracture:
because they serve as cushions during mastication, attack], Prevention of Craze: [Main reason
Resulting wear debris may be washed away by saliva, or [Highly crazed regions still possess for fracture is
may be trapped between the two opposing surfaces, relatively high strength, but are the occurrence
creating the so-called three-body abrasive wear, This somewhat weaker than non-crazed of stress
phenomenon occurs when the diet is impregnated with fine, polymers, In the case of denture concentration,
solid particles, and during brushing of the teeth with an base, it is obvious that because the Minimizing
abrasive substance]), Improvement of Wear Resistance: residual stresses developed during stress
(Hardness can be altered by either using harder materials cooling are not great, craze can be concentrations
or by using softer materials that have been treated to gain eliminated by increasing the will definitely
surface hardness, For polymers there are 2 ways to improve thickness at the margin, or by reduce the
wear resistance, [To increase the molecular weight during cooling the denture at a slower rate, chance for
polymerization, & to incorporate fine particles of high to allow the residual stresses to premature
strength and hardness], Wear resistance of composite dissipate through the entire fracture, Craze
restorative materials is Improved by the addition of fine denture]. formation
quartz particles or glass beads, [Polymer matrix of induces more
composite may be worn away due to its softer nature, Such stress
resin wear may continue to such a degree that the hard concentration
structure (filler particles) no longer has any matrix to hold it and eventually
in place, Filler particles will then break off and the results in
restoration will show an even greater wear], fracture].
Therefore, the selection of the opposing material is of
paramount importance, [As porcelain teeth should not be
allowed to rub against natural dentition or composite
restorations], Polishing to attain a smooth surface is highly
advisable to reduce wear.