APPLICATIONS OF VT in

Welds
CAUTION
NOT to be too stringent to try to find or
identify the micro defects by VT for in-
service
Put more efforts into finding out those
easily visible imperfects.
Each method has its limitation of
application
Usually VT can not find the micro defects
PT or MT of other methods can be
adopted.

APPLICATIONS OF VISUAL AND OPTICAL
TESTS IN ELECTRICAL POWER INDUSTRIES
The electrical power industries including
the nuclear industry are one of the largest
users of remote visual inspection (RVI)
systems
The use of RVI confers major benefits
when inspecting in hostile environments


JOINING PROCESSES
Metal joints are formed through the
processes
Soldering
Brazing
Oxy-fuel gas welding
Resistance welding and
arc welding
Some other processes, including diffusion
bonding and electron beam welding are
also widely used in the industry

JOINING PROCESSES
VT at all stages of welding
Before welding
During welding
After welding Soldering
6

Material examination prior to fabrication
can eliminate conditions that tend to
cause weld defects.

PRIOR TO WELDING
7
Scabs, seams, and scale
Proper edge preparation, dimensions and finish
Clearance dimensions of backing strips, backing
rings, and consumable inserts
Alignment and fit-up of work pieces
Verification of correct materials by check of
records
Verification of cleanliness requirements and
condition of tack welds
Verification of welding procedure and performance
qualification
PRIOR TO WELDING
8
Welding process and conditions
Welding variables
Filler metal
Flux and protective gases
Preheat and interpass temperatures
Distortion control
Interpass chipping, grinding or gouging
Inspection intervals (either time or
sequence)
DURING WELDING
9
Dimensional accuracy
Completion of welding
Size of legs and throat of filler welds
Contour, reinforcement, and surface finish of
welds
Degree of underfill, undercut, and overlap
Weld spatter, crater cracks, impression marking,
scratches, gouges, and strikes
Handling damage
Completion of post weld heat treatment
Nondestructive inspective and results
AFTER WELDING