PHYSICS

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1
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND THERMODYNAMICS
nui +i nfa+t fu&i-a :
n=i +i nl-+ l=zi-- l--- l+--i~i (iiii~i) ~iiil- t
(a) (+ n= n t- ~li+ =i n ~i ti- t ~i (+ =ni-. i- i-i ai = ni n ti- t ~i
:-- zi ti- t l+ :-+i ~i-- =-i n= + ~i-- +i -n-i n -n ti-i t
(b) ~i~i +i nl- +i +i: l-lz-- l<zii -ti ti-i t ~i i<l-z+ nl- +- t
(c) ~i =n ii n nl- +- t ~i ~li+i zi =n n +- nl- +- t <i ~i ~i + i- ti - ini ++
+i =n t- +n ti-i t
(d) ~i~i izi +i <ii + i- ti- ini ++ i-i i-i ti-i t :=+i ~i t l+ + ++
n nl- -i = l-i- t-i t
(e) <i ++i + i- ~i~i ,ii - l+ n i +i n+- i +t- t ~i (+ ~i ,ii - +i n: :-
<ii + ni +i ni n+- i +t- t
(f) ~i~i +i nl- - - + l-ni + ~- =i ti-i t
(g) ~i~i +i nl- n +i ii -n ti-i t
nu + <i + fn4 ui
ni-i (+ n = n-i: + (+ i-i+i += n ii t: t ni-i n= n ' N' (+ =ni- ~i t l-n + +i
<ni- ' m' t - l+ =ii ~i i-i =ni- <ni- + t :=ln(
:-+ i- ti- ini ++i + +n- + n :-+ n - <n i-
t n= +i <i +n ~i~i ,ii izi +i <iii = +i- + +ii ti ti-i
t ~ tn (+ ~i l=+i n v
1
~i n + i+ x,y ~i z ~-ii ~-l<zi
+nzi v
x1
, v
y1
~i v
z1
t =i l+ l-zi n v<lzi- t
v
1
2
=
1 1 1
z
2
y
2
x
2
v v v + +
<ii BCGF = (+ ++ + i< ~i + = n n l--
= m
1
x
v
( m
1
x
v
) = 2 m
1
x
v
.
<ii BCGF ti - ini <i +nin- ++i + i- nni =n =
pky
nwjh
=
1
x
v
2
++i + +ii = n n l- - +i < =
le; x;k fy;k
ijforZu esa laosx
=

1
1
1
x
2
x
x mv
v / 2
mv 2
=
<ii BCGF N ~i~i +i ++ + +ii nn- ini +n n
F
x
=

m
mv
.. ..........
mv
mv mv
2
2
2 2
n
x
3 x 2
x
1
x
= + + + +
( )
2 2 2 2
n
x
3
x
2
x
1
x
v .... .......... v v v + + + +
=
> <
2
x
v
mN

ti > <
2
x
v = x-l<zii n n ni n . - l+ ~i l+=i l-lz-- l<zii n -ti -n- t :=ln( > <
2
x
v =
> <
2
y
v = > <
2
z
v . n l+- < v
2
> = > <
2
x
v + > <
2
y
v + > <
2
z
v > <
2
x
v =
3
v
2
> <
n +i -izi+n = liil- +- <i vi-- ti-i t
P =
> < = > < =
2 2
3 2
x
v
V 3
M
v
3
M F

<i x, y, z l<zii l-i -ti +-i
ti
3
= - - +i ~i-- = V
M = n = +i + n <ni-. <v
2
> = ~i ~i +i n ni -in P =
3
1
> <
2
v
=i PV = n RT , - n u +t + n iiai-at4 nfa ai =
2
1
M > <
2
v =
2
3
PV =
2
3
n RT
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
1i +t iiai-at4 nfa ai =
3
kT
2
(4r nu +t v+f-i s fai art +ai+)
> <
2
v =

P 3
4i v
rms
=
m
kT 3
M
RT 3

P 3
mole
= =
ti v
rms
n= +i nni nn -in t
n = ,ii --- <i P =
3
1
<v
2
> =
3
2

2
1
<v
2
> i P =
3
2
E , E =
2
3
P
~- l- (+i+ ~i-- n = +i +n -ii-i--i nl- -i ~i l++ = n= ,ii nni n <i +i
2
3
n -i
ti-i t := -i i- +t- t
4 f-<
(a) v
rms
T ~i v
rms

mole
1
M
(b) n zi- -i n= + =ii ~i~i +i nl- + i-i t
(c) --- -ini- -ii +n <i i --- -ini- +n i- (+ i--l+ n = ~i<zi n =
+i -t ti +-i t
un +i fai fa4
fai +
dv
) v ( dN
((+i + -in ~--in n ~i ~i +i = i) v + n ~ii n+=n +i l-i + +tni-i
t + = =-z +n -i zi+n =ni+n-
} }

= =
0 0
N ) v ( dN dv
dv
) v ( dN
. ,ii l<i i-i t
[aia -
dv
) v ( dN
+i i--l+ =zi JEE ia +n n -ti t ]
l-zi n <i ~nn ~nn -ii + ln l-i + <zii n t l+=i
ii -i (+ l-lz-- -in ~--in dv n ~i ~i +i = i -=
~--in n + = =-z -izi+n + i ti -i t t =i -in +
c - = (+ ~li+-n ni- -+ c-i t ~i l+ ~--- -zii =
zi- -+ i-i t := +i ziii A+ ~i= i= -in +i (+ zii
i= n ~i~i +i =i ~li+-n ti-i t
:= -in +i ~li+-n =ii -in v
p
i v
mp
+t- t
l-i + :=+ -ii (-i-i) + =i-i ~=nln- ti-i t +il+ ---n =i -in zi- ti-i t +i <=i ~i
~li+-n -in + ln +i: =ini -ti ti-i t := +i ni -in
c
+i ni-. ~li+-n =-ii -in v
p
= iii
~li+ ti-i t n ni nn -in v
rms
+i ni- ~ ii :== ~li+ ti-i t (v
rms
>
v
> v
p
).
iua (4i ir4) in :
v
=
m
kT 8
t
= 1.59 m / kT . (=i- ia +n n -ti t )
nir4 n in :
v
rms
=
> <
2
v
=
3kT
m
< > =
= 1.73
m
kT
.
fri+a uii-4 in t -in l== ~li+-n ~i nl- +- t . ~li+-n =ii -in v
p
i v
mp
+tni-i t
l-i + n t -in ziii (-i-i) + = n- ti-i t nli-i n := l--- zi- ,ii ai- l+i i-i t
dv
) v ( dN
= 0 [dN(v) +i = zi i+ (i l+ ia +n n -ti t )]
PHYSICS
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3
~- ~li+-n =-ii -in v
p
=
m
kT 2
= 1.41
m / kT
.
-i +- =ni+ii = tn i- t v
rms
>
v
> v
p
.
l--- l-ni +i l-nn- n=i + ~i nl-+ l=zi-- +i =ti-i = l+i i =+-i t
(a) i n +i l-n
(b) -i-= +i l-n
(c) ~iini< i l+--i
(d) n =i + nin +i l=i +i l-n
(e) ni- i n n = + +i l-n
(f) i-- +i ~ilzi+ <i +i l-n
(g) ~i<zi n= =ni+i i ~-ii =ni+i
ia-4 +ifa4i
l+=i nl-+ l-+i + l-il- ~i l-i= +i i = <zii- + ln l-- ---zi -i +i ~iz+-i ti-i t.
-= =i +i ---zi-i +i +il f +t- t
(A) -ii-i--i +i nt-n -i- -i--z +i li
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
2
z
2
y
2
x
mv
2
1
mv
2
1
mv
2
1
=-i t
(B) i i- +i nt-n -i- -i--z +i li |
.
|

\
|
e I + e I + e I
2
z z
2
y y
2
x x
2
1
2
1
2
1
=-i t
(C) +---i +i <i -i--z +ili ti -i t ((+ +--- +i nl- -i -ii <=i +-- +i l-il- --i)
(1) y+ sii + (=ii ~l+ n = , = He , Ar ~il<)
f = 3 (-ii-i--i)
(2) fzsii + (H
2
, N
2
, O
2
~il< n = )
f = 5 (3 -ii-i--i + 2 i ii )
l< -i < 70 K (l,nii + + ln ), - f = 3
l< -i 250 K 5000 K i- ti - f = 5
l< -i > 5000 K f = 7 [3 -ii-i--i + 2 i ii + 2 +--- ]
un +i ai ufiia +i fa4
+ ---zi-i +i +il = =-z -i =
2
1
kT ti-i t l< l+=i ~i +i ---zi-i +i +il f ti -i -= ~i
+i +n -i T k f
2
1
U =
i-af+ ai
l+=i l-+i +i ~i--l+ -i,l-+i + ~i ~i +i nl- -i l-il- -i + i n + i ti -i t :=
U = +- +- t l-+i +i ~i--l+ -i (U) :=+ n-i (T) ~i-- (V) +i +n- ti-i t ~ii- U =
f (T, V)
~i<zi n= n. ~-- ~iil+ n zi- ti- t l== :=+i l-il- -i ii zi- ti-i t ~- := l-il- n
~i--l+ -i +n nl- -i + +ii ti-i t i l+ n = + n-i l-i +-i t
~ii - U = f (T). ~i<zi n = +i ~i--l+ -i U =
2
f
nRT
Example 1. (+ t-+i -- l=n l,nii+ n= ii t. V n = nl-ni- t n= +i <=ni- M t ~i nini +i
= i n t
(i) l-+i + <ni- + -< + =i -i n= +i nl- -i +i t `
(ii) i + =i -i n = +i nl- -i +i t `
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
Solution : (i) K.E. =
2
5
nRT
(ii) i + =i -i n = +i nl- -i =< ni- + < + =i -i n = +i nl- -i + i + =i -i < ni-
+-< +i nl- -i
K.E. =
2
1
MV
2
+
2
5
nRT
Example 2 <i +-in+ - - l-+ ~i-- V
1
~i V
2
t n +nzi (+n nil
l,nil n = ii t : t l-zii- =i i n t <i -i - -i n <i
-i +nzi P
1
, T
1
P
2
, T
2
t vi-i n i- -< t l< i- +i
ii ni i -i ~l--n -i <i -i~i
Solution : n
1
=
1
1 1
RT
V P
n
2
=
2
2 2
RT
V P
n = n
1
+ n
2
(ni ni +i = i = l-i- t)
<i -i iini n ~l--n <i -i =ni- ti i ni
RT
) V V ( P
2 1
+
=
1
1 1
RT
V P
+
2
2 2
RT
V P
-i =-ii =
2
3
n
1
RT
1
+
2
5
n
2
RT
2
=
2
3
n
1
RT +
2
5
n
2
RT T =
1 2 2 2 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1
T V P 5 T V P 3
T T ) V P 5 V P 3 (
+
+
P =
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|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
V V
T V P T V P
T V P 5 T V P 3
V P 5 V P 3
u+ ii
t ~ii i <i n. -i n i ~i-- n (+ <= + =ii l-- +i
<zii -i t = -+ ~i i +tni-i t
(A) = -+ ~ii +i + l-< n= +i (+ (+n ~-ii (P, V, T) +i <zii -i t
(B) =-+ ~ii n + + (+ (+n +n <zii -i t
V
1
V
2
P
V
B(P , V )
2 2
A(P , V )
1 1 P
1
P
2
l kj
ai nfa+t
-ninl-+i n = --~i + i- -ni + ~i<i- <i- +i -ii -ni + il-zi+ +i n i li- n
i--i +i ~- t
ainfa+t fa+i4
l-lz-- =ini~i n t - ~li+ ~i ~i +i =n t l=+i +i: <i (P), ~i-- (V) -i (T) ti -i t. -ninl-+
l-+i +tni-i t -ninl-+ l-+i + it +i: ii lzi l=+ =ii -i +i ~i<i- <i- ti-i t. lzi
+tni-i t
l-+i :=+ lzi + i- ~-i- l+i + ~iii -ninl-+ l-+i +i -i- iini n ii ni t
(a) i ni fa+i4 t l-+i i l zi + =ii -i <ii <i -i +i ~i<i- <i- + =+-i
t. i ni l-+i +tni-i t
PHYSICS
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5
(b) -< fa+i4 t l-+i i l zi + =ii + n -i +i ~i<i- <i- + =+-i t <ii
+i -ti . -< l-+i +tni-i t
(c) fnfna fa+i4 t l-+i i l zi + =ii - ti -i +i ~i - ti <ii +i ~i<i- <i-
+ =+-i t. lnln- l-+i +tni-i t
ainfa+t +i zi-4i+t fa4
l< <i l-+i (B C) ~nn ~nn. l+=i -i= l-+i (A) + =ii -ni
=i- n ti -i <i-i - ii (+ <= + =ii -ni =i- n ti n
ii ut+i {y+ i<zi nu + fn4)
-ninl-+ -i (P, V, T) + n =--i +i ~-ii =ni+i +t- t n nin +i ~i<zi n= +i ~-ii =ni+i
l--- ti-i t PV = nRT,

nu zii f+4i n4i +i4

ni-i P V (+ n= + <i ~i-- t l< l-- +i -izi+n Ati -i n=
,ii l-- nnii ni n F = P A. ni-i n = + =i + <i i- l--
ii i <i
dx -+ l-iil- ti -i t := l-ii- dx n +i
dW = F dx = PA dx
- l+A dx = dV, n = + ~i-- n lz t
~- dW = P dV
i W =
} }
= dV P dW
P-V + = lii t~i -izi+n +n + <ii- l+ n +i + i ti-i t
ffi-a s+i + s+
(a) uaist s+
T = l--. PV = l-- (i n +i l-n nin )
l-+i lzi + n -ni +i ~i<i- <i- ti-i t l-+i +i t- ii ii =il- i =il- l+i i-i
-ilt( -il+ -i +i l-- i- + ln( i-ii = -ni + ~i<i- <i- + ln i -- =n lnn =+
PV + +i cin
PV = l-- = C
dP P
dV V
=
uaist s+ f+4i n4i +i4
W = [ P
i
V
i
or P
f
V
f
or n R T ] n
i
f
V
V
(

< =
> + =
i f
i f
V V ) ( W
V V ) ( W
fn ;
fn ;
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
W = (

i
f
10
V
V
log T R n 303 . 2
i-af+ ai
U = f (T) AU = 0
(b) u i4afa+ s+
V = l--, dV = 0 ~ii - ~i-- n l-- zi - t
. const
T
P
= l-- (n n = + +i l-n)
ui4afa+ f+4i n4i +i4 -l+ ~i-- n l-- zi- t ~- dW = PdV = 0 t
ui4afa+ v+ + u+ fi
=n~i-l-+ v+n n ~il--+ -i n l- - AU = n R
2
f
AT
=n~i-l-+ v+n n <i ni -ni AQ = AU = n R
2
f
AT
(c) u<it s+ =n<ii v+n n <i l-- t-i t
P = l--
T
V
= l-- ,
u<it v+ + u+ fi
f+4i n4i +i4 = AW = P [V
f
V
i
] = nR(T
~l--n
T
vil-i+
)
i-af+ ai sfaa AU = n C
V
AT
ai AQ = AU + W AQ = n R
2
f
AT + P [V
f
V
i
] = n R
2
f
AT + nR AT
-i+- =ni+i = - ti-i t l+ -i AT = ci- + ln ~iz+ -ni +i nizii. =n~i--i +n +i -n-i
n =n<ii +n n ~li+ ti-i t
(d) +t4 s+
-+i v+n n vil-i+ ~l--n ~-ii =ni- ti-i t ~- il-i+ ~-ii = ~l--n ~-ii
l+i ni +i = P-V = -+ ~i i n -< -+ +i -i zi+n
~i--l+ -i n l- - AU = 0 AQ = AU + W ~ii - AQ = W
l< P-V + +n <l-iii- l<zii n t -i +n +i i-in+ ti-i t -ii ini- l<zii n +iin+ ti-i t
:=i +i -i- l<i ni ni+ - +-i t l+ l+i ni +i + +iin+ i i-in+ ti ni
PHYSICS
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7
() d k; Z
V
P
(+) d k; Z
V
P
(-) d k; Z
Example 3.
l-zi n l<ii( n n- +i <ii -in+ t -ii i-ii +i -i T t vi-i n
l-- =-- n- n t n- n n ni n n= t ~ l-- +i i +i+ ,ii ii
ii li=+ii i-i t l== n- +i ~i-- vi-i + ~i-- +i < n -i ti i-i
t n, R, T + <i n i +i+ ,ii l+i ni +i -i~i
Solution :
vi ffri :
i +i+ ,ii l+i ni +i i-in+ t +i l+ F
ext
~i l-ii- (+ ti l<zii
n t - l+
<ii -in+ t :=ln( -i l-- tni
n= +i <i P t -i =--n- +i zi- nni-
PA + F
ext
= P
atm
A
F
ext
= P
atm
A PA
W
ext
=
}
d
0
ext
dx F
=
}
d
0
atm
Adx P
}
d
0
dx PA
= P
atm
A
}
d
0
dx

dV
V
nRT
V 2
V
}
= P
atm
Ad nRT ln2 = P
atm
. V
0
nRTln2 = nRT (1 ln2)
fzat4 ffri
l-- +i -i vn nni-
W
all
= AK.E
AK.E = 0 (l<i ni t )
W
gas
+ W
atm
+ W
ext
= 0
nRT ln
i
f
V
V
nRT + W
ext
= 0
W
ext
= nRT (1 ln2)
Example 4.
(+ +-in+ l-- l=+i <ni- m ~i ~-v-i +i -izi+n At +i l-zii-=i
+ -in+ n- ii ni t -i . l-v n l-- i+. l-- +i --i : +nzi T, K, h t
vi-i n l-v n --i lt- t -ii l-- lin n t ai- +i
(i) nini +i =i
(ii) n= +i iiii nn +- t -i l-- +i d < i -+ l-iil- ti -
n n= ,ii l+i ni +i
(iii) ~l--n -i
Ans. (i) PV = nRT

|
.
|

\
|
+
A
mg
P
atm Ah = nRTT
n =
RT
Ah
A
mg
P
atm
|
.
|

\
|
+
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
(ii) vi ffri :
l-- -- +i l-n nni-
mg + P
atm
A + Kx = P
gas
A
W
gas
=
}
d
0
gas
dx A P
=
}
d
0
(mg + P
atm
A + Kx) dx
. W
gas
= mgd + P
atm
dA +
2
1
Kd
2
fzat4 ffri
l-- +i -i vn nni-
W
=ii
= AKE
+il+ l-- iiii -n-i t :=ln( AKE = 0
W
n
+ W
n=
+ W
inn
+ W
+ni-i
= 0
mgd + W
n=
+ (P
inn
Ad) + [(
2
1
Kd
2
0)] = 0
W
n=
= mgd + P
inn
dA +
2
1
Kd
2
Example 5.
l< n n i+ n l+i ni +i ai- +i = n- T-V + -ii P-T ii ii -i
Solution :
- l+ P-V+ n -+ + -i- +i -i zi+n l+ n +i + i ti -i t
:=ln( n= ,ii l+i ni P
0
V
0
t
A B CD =n~i-l-+ ii( t ii( BC DA =n<ii ii( t
T-V + P-T + l-zi n l<ii( n t
Example 6.
(+ -+i v+n +i T-V + -i- l<iii ni t n= + nini +i =i n t
-+ + <ii- l+i ni +i ai- +i
Solution :
- l+ i AB~i CD =n~i-l-+ t :=ln( AB CD+ <ii- l+i ni zi- t
v+n BC DA =n-ii t :=ln(
W
BC
= nR2T
0
ln
B
C
V
V
= 2nRT
0
ln 2 W
DA
= nRT
0
ln
D
A
V
V
= nRT
0
ln 2
+ n l+i ni +i = W
BC
+ W
DA
= 2nRT
0
ln 2 nRT
0
ln 2 = nRT
0
ln 2
Example 7.
-+i v+n +i P-T + l<iii ni t l< n v+n n n= ,ii l+i ni +i
ai- +i l< n= + nini +i =i n t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
Solution :
- l+ i AB~i CD=n~i-l-+ t :=ln( AB CD + <i i- l+i ni zi - t
v+n BC DA =n<ii t
~- W
BC
= nRAT = nR(T
3
T
2
)
W
DA
= nR(T
1
T
4
)
+n l+i ni +i = W
BC
+ W
DA
= nR(T
1
+ T
3
T
4
T
2
)
Example 8.
l-zi n 2.0 nin ~i<zi n= + -n- + ln( -+i v+n ABCAl<iii ni t
A B -i +nzi 300 K 500 K t v+n n -n - = 1200 J -ni ni n:
t iin BCn n= ,ii l+i ni +i ai- +i R= 8.3 J/molK nil(
Solution :
-+i v+n + <i i- ~i--l+ -i n l-- zi - t :=ln( n = +i <i n: -ni :=+ ,ii l+ n +i i
tini :=ln(
W
AB
+ W
BC
+ W
CA
= 1200 J. .......(i)
AB v+n + <ii- l+i ni +i
W
AB
= P
A
(V
B
V
A
)
= nR(T
B
T
A
)
= (2.0 mol) (8.3 J/molK) (200 K)
= 3320 J
-l+ CA v+n + <ii- ~i-- l-- t :=ln( CA v+n + <ii- l+i ni +i zi- t :=ln( (i) =
3320 J + W
BC
= 1200 J
i W
BC
= 4520 J
= 4520 J.
ainfa+t +i s i fa4 (First law of Thermodynamics)
-ninl-+i +i in l-n . -i =-ii +i l-n t :=+ ~-=i l< (+ l-+i dQ -ni ~zii li- +-i
t l=+ +n- l-+i +i ~i--l+ -i dU = ll- - ti i-i t ~i l-+i dW +i +-i t
- dQ = dU + W.
l+-- W = P dV l== dQ = dU + P dV
i l+ -ninl-+i + in l-n +i nli-i +i- t
l-+i ,ii ni ni -ni. l-+i ,ii l+i ni +i ~i ~i--l+ -i n lz +i i-in+ lni i-i t l-+i
,ii <i n: -ni. l-+i l+i ni +i ~i ~i--l+ -i n +ni +i +iin+ lni i-i t
Example 9.
1 gmi-i i 100C t +i (+ i nni <i nn ++ 100C+i ii -ii i-i t i-i +i ~i--l+ -i
n l- - ai- +i l<i t 100
0
C 1 n in i-i +i ~i-- = 1 = nic
3
, 100C 1 n in i +i ~i-- = 1671
=nic
3
, i- +i n-- -ni = 540 cal/g (-ni +i ilzi+ --i+ J = 4.2J/cal.)
Solution :
-ni nl-+i + vin l-n = AQ= AU + W
AQ = mL = 1 540 cal. = 540 cal.
W = PAV =
2 . 4
10 ) 1 1671 ( 10
6 5

=
2 . 4
10 ) 0 167 ( 10
6 5

= 40 cal.
AU = 540 40 = 500 cal.
Example 10.
300 K (+nii+ n= + <i nin +i +-in+ -- n l-- = -< ++
ii ni t ~ n = +i <i+ -i 300 K= 400 Kc i l<i i-i t n = ,ii
l+i ni +i -i~i (R =
3
25
J/molK)
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
Solution :
AQ = AU+ W
-l+ -- +-in+ t :=ln(
AQ = 0 = AU + W W = AU = n R
2
f
AT = 2
2
3
R (400 300)
= 3
3
25
100 J = 2500 J
Example 11.
~i<zi n = + -n - +i -+i v+n abca (l-zi < li() = n ii i-i t i ab
+ <ii- t 50 J -niziili- +-i t bc + <ii- -ni +i +i: ~i<i-v<i-
-ti ~i ca + <ii- 70 J -ni l-+n-i t bc iin + <i i- n= 40 J +i
l+i i-i t (a) l< a ~i--l+ -i 1500 J ti -i b c ~i--l+ -i
-i~i (b) ca iin + <i i- n= ,ii l+ n +i +i ni-i +i
Solution :
(a) ab iin n ~i-- l-- t := v+i n = ,ii l+i ni +i zi - t n = ,ii zii li- -ni 50 J t a =
b -+ ~i--l+ -i n l, t
AU = AQ = 50J.
a ~i--l+ -i 1500 J t iin bc n n = ,ii l+i ni +i W = 40J ~i l-+i +i +i : -ni -ti
<i i-i t b = c -+ ~i--l+ -i n l,
AU = W = 40 J.
b ~i--l+ -i 1550 J t c t 1590 J ti ini
(b) c = a -+ ~i--l+ -i n l--
AU = 1500 J 1590 J = 90 J.
l-+i +i <i n: -ni
AQ = 70J. AQ = AU + W,
W
ca
= AQ AU = 70 J + 90 J = 20 J.
Example 12.
10 cm
2
+i -i zi+n + n-i+i izi n <i ni n -i: i - n = + =n lt- t := izi +i t-+ ii iti- l-- ,ii
-< l+i ni t n = +i ii ii nn +- l-- 50 cml-iil- ti -i t 200 J -ni <i i-i t . - n =
+ -i n l, ai- +i (inni <i = 100 kPa, R = 25/3 J/mol-K)
Solution : n= +i ~i--l+ -i n l--
AU = 5/2 nR (AT)
= 5/2 2R (AT) = 5R AT
n= +i <i n: -ni = 200 J
n= ,ii l+i ni +i
W = AQ AU
= 200 J 5R AT .......(i)
-l+ l-- ,ii 50 cm <i - +i n: l+i ni +i
AW = PAV = PAAx = 10
5
10 10
4
50 10
2
.......(ii)
(i) (ii) =
AT = 18/5 K = 3.6 K
Example 13.
~i<zi n = + -n - +i <i P ~i-- V~i -i T t :=+i =n-ii = v=il- ++ :=+ ~i-- +i n n ~i--
+i -i + l<i i-i t - :=+i =ni- <i =-il- ++ nn ~i-- V + l<i i-i t ~-- n n= +i
l-- ~i-- nn ++ nn -i nii i-i t (a) v+n +i V-T l-zi n l<ii: (b) v+n n n = ,ii l+i
ni +i ai- +i (l<i ni t n2 = 0.693)
Solution :
(a) v+n +i VT ~i i l-zi n l<iii ni t vil-i+ ~-ii +i l-< A = +-
l+i ni t vin < n :=+i =n-ii = 4V~i-- -+ v=il- l+i i-i
t :=+i AB= l<iii ni t ~ l-- <i n = +i =-il- ++ ~i--
V + l<i i-i t ~i<zi n = =ni+i = l-- <i V/T l-- t :=ln(
v+n +i ii BC= l<iii ni t . i n n l-< = n -i t l-< C ~i--
V t ~l--n < n n= +i l-- ~i-- nn ++ -i T + l<i i-i t
:=+i CA = l<iii ni t ~l--n ~-ii ~i vil-i+ ~-ii (+ =ni- t
PHYSICS
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11
(b) n= ,ii l+i ni +n +i W
Total
= W
AB
+ W
BC
+ W
CA
W
AB
= nRT In
V
V 4
= 2nRT In 2 = 2PV In 2.
~- P
A
V
A
= P
B
V
B
(-l+ AB =n-ii +n t)
i P
B
=
4
P
V 4
PV
V
V P
B
A A
= =
.
BC n <i l-- t-i t ~- l+i ni +i
W
BC
=
4
P
(V 4V) =
4
PV 3
.
CA n ~i-- l-- t-i t ~- l+i ni +i zi- t -l+ +n n n = ,ii l+i ni + n
+i
W = W
AB
+ W
BC
+ W
CA
= 2PV ln2
4
PV 3
+ 0
~- n = ,ii l+i ni +i 0.636 PV.
Example 14.
(+ l, nii n = +i l-- <i nn l+i i-i t l< n= +i 105 J -ni <i- +i i -i ai- +il
(a) n= +i ~i--l+ -i n l-- (b) n= ,ii l+i ni +i
Solution : ni-i l+ ~i-- V
1
= V
2
ll-- ti-i t -ii -ini- T
1
= T
2
ll-- ti-i t
<i- +i n: -ni
AQ = AU + PAV = AU + nRAT = AU +
f
U 2A
(

A
= A
2
T nfR
U
(a) ~i--l+ -i n l--
AQ = AU (

+
f
2
1
105 = AU (

+
5
2
1
, AU = 75 J
(b) n= ,ii l+i ni +i
W = AQ AU
= 105 J 75 J = 30 J.
+ +t <+iai (q) :
q = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= q
1
2
Q
Q
1
-ni :- + ln(
|
|
.
|

\
|
= q
1
2
T
T
1
+i-i -+ + ln(
Example 15.
l,nii+ n= +i n nin . -+i v+n ABCA= n-i t =i l+ l-zi n v<lzi - t
A -i T
0
t ai- +i
O
(i) C ~i-- ?
(ii) ~li+-n -i ?
(iii) n= +i <i n: +n -ni `
(iv) +i n = = -ni it l-+n-i t l< ti -i l+--i -ni it l-+n-i t
(v) <-i-i ai- +i
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
Sol. (i) AC, +n + ln( P o V
c
0
V
P 2
=
0
0
V
P
V
c
= 2V
0
(ii) -l+ v+n AB =n~i-l-+ t
A
A
T
P
=
B
B
T
P
T
B
= 2T
0
-l+ v+n BC =n<ii t
:=ln(
B
B
V
T
=
C
C
V
T
T
C
= 2T
B
= 4 T
0
T
max
=4T
0
(iii) -l+ v+n -+i t :=ln( AQ= W = -+ + -i- +i -izi+n =
2
1
P
0
V
0
.
(iv) -l+ AU ~i W , CA v+n n +iin+ t
~- AQ, CA v+n n +iin+ t ~i v+n CA n -ni l-+n-i t
AQ
CA
= W
CA
+ AU
CA
=
2
1
[P
0
+ 2P
0
] V
0

2
5
nR (T
C
TT
A
)
=
2
1
[P
0
+ 2P
0
] V
0

2
5
nR
|
.
|

\
|

nR
V P
nR
V P 4
0 0 0 0
= 9P
0
V
0
(l-n- -ni)
(v) q = -+ +i <-i-i = q =
kr fuosf'
Q
2 / V P
0 0
100
AQ
inj
= AQ
AB
+ AQ
BC
= (

) T T 2 ( nR
2
5
0 0 + (

+ ) V V 2 ( P 2 ) T 2 ( nR
2
5
0 0 0 0
=
2
19
P
0
V
0
. q =
19
100
%
ffzia ai :
l+=i <ii +i llzi -ni -=+ (+i + < ni- +i -i+n :+i: c i- + ln( ~iz+ -ni = liili- ti -i t
l< m < ni- + <ii +i AQ -ni <i i -ii :=+i -i+n AT = c i -i llzi -ni s +i l---
=ni+i = liili- l+i i =+-i t
s =
T m
Q
A
A
n= +i nin llzi -ni +i 1 nin n= +i -i+n :+i: c i- + ln( ~iz+ -ni = liili- l+i i-i
t l-i ~i-- nin llzi -ni C
V
, t :
C
v
=
ru fLFkj vk;
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
T n
Q
=
2
f
R
-ii l-i <i ni n llzi -ni C
p
t
C
P
=
fLFkj nkc
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
T n
Q
=
|
.
|

\
|
+1
2
f
R
ti n n= + nini +i =i -ii f -i--z+i l t =ini-- < llzi -ni iil-i i llzi -ni +i vin
ni n llzi -ni + ln( +- t t =nit <i i-i t l+ nizi+ +i i- = < i+ =ti ~i l-+in n llzi
-ni +i nizi+ J/kg-K t l+ nin llzi -ni +i nizi+ J/molK t
PHYSICS
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13
R + s<i i<zi nu +t ffzia ai
(i) y+ sii+ nu (He, Ar) : f = 3
C
V
=
2
3
R , R
2
5
C
P
= -, =
67 . 1
3
5
C
C
V
P
= =
(ii) fzsii + n u (O
2
, N
2
, H
2
) : f = 5,
R
2
7
C , R
2
5
C
P V
= = ,
4 . 1
C
C
V
P
= =
(iii) fisii+ nu (SO
2
, H
2
S) :
f = 6 R 4 C , R 3 C
P V
= =
33 . 1
3
4
C
C
V
P
= = =
[CO
2
+ ln( f = 5 t li+ ti -i t ]
l< f (+ ~i +i ---zi +i +i l t - i+ n
, R 1
2
f
C , R
2
f
C
P V
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
(

+ = =
f
2
1
C
C
V
P
Example 16.
l,nii+ n = + <i ni n l-zii- =i l+=i n- n 300 K -< t l-- t-+i t <i n: -ni ai- +i l< n =
+i -i- l< -i- v+ii + ~-=i -i 400 K -+ nn l+i i-i t
(i) l-- -n- + ln( ---zi t
300 K
2 eksy
f} &i j ek. kqd
P
atm
gYd k fi LVu
(ii) l< l-- -ti -n-i t
(iii) l< l-- iii ~i -nini- t
Sol (i) -l+ <i l-- t
AQ = nC
P
AT = 2
2
7
R (400 300) = 700 R
(ii) -l+ ~i-- l-- t
W = 0 and AQ = AU (vin l-n =)
AQ = AU = nC
V
AT = 2
2
5
R (400 300) = 500 R
(iii) -l+ <i l-- t
AQ = nC
P
AT = 2
2
7
R (400 300) = 700 R
Example 17.
l,nii + n = +i P-V n iil-zi. l-zi n l<iii ni t
v+n AB ~i BC n n= +i <i n: +n -ni ai- +i
Solution :
-ni nl- + vin l-n =
AQ
ABC
= AU
ABC
+ W
ABC
W
ABC
= W
AB
+ W
BC
= 0 + nR T
B
ln
B
C
V
V
= nR T
B
ln
0
0
V
V 2
= nRT
B
ln 2 = 2P
0
V
0
ln 2
AU = nC
V
AT =
2
5
(2P
0
V
0
P
0
V
0
) AQ
ABC
=
2
5
P
0
V
0
+ 2P
0
V
0
ln 2.
Example 18.
-ni + i lzi+ - -i+ +i ni- l--- ~i +i = ai- +i l-- ~i-- ti +i llzi -ni = 170 cal/kg-K,
= C
p
/C
v
= 1.4 ~i STP ti +i i- = 1.29 kg/m
3
, n= l--i+ R = 8.3 J/mol-K
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
Solution :
pV = nRT +i vin +- STP 1 nin ti +i ~i--
p
nRT
V =
=
2 5
m / N 10 01 . 1
) K 273 ( ) K mol / J 3 . 8 ( ) mol 1 (

= 0.0224m
3
.
:=ln( 1 nin +i <ni-
(1.29 kg/m
3
) (0.0224 m
3
) = 0.029 kg.
1 kg n nini +i =i
029 . 0
1
t l-- ~i-- nin -ni iil-i t
K mol ) 029 . 0 / 1 (
cal 170
C
v

=
= 4.93 cal/mol-K.
:=ln( C
p
= C
v
= 1.4 4.93 cal/mol-K
i C
p
C
v
= 0.4 4.93 cal/mol-K = 1.97 cal/mol-K.
ii C
p
C
v
= R = 8.3 J/mol-K.
:= v+i 8.3 J = 1.97 cal.
-ni +i i lzi+ - -i +
cal 97 . 1
J 3 . 8
=4.2 J/cal.
riiai +t iua in ffzia ai
(4nin aii sfaa +i fa4) :-
+n + -i =ii ii-~i +i ~i =- nin llzi -ni =ni- ti-i t ~i :=+i
ni- nnin 3R (6 + ni i ni n
-1
+ l--
-1
) ti -i t
[t -i l=+ - ii- ~i +i C
V
l-- ti-i t t li: -ini- +tni-i t ]
4 +i ut+i :
C
P
C
V
= R (+n ~i<zi n= + ln()
=&i s+
v+n n -ni +i ~i<i-v<i- -ti ti -i t zi n v+n +tni-i t +n -i ti-i t l== -ni ll-n +i
=n ti -ti lnn i-i t l< izi +i <ii -niiii ti -i l-+i +i =ini = -ni =-l- -ti ti =+-i -ii
vl+i zi n ti-i t
~-ii =ni+i
PV

= l-- [i:= +i l-n]

T

P
1
= l--
T V
1
= l--
PV + +i cin - l+ PV

l-ii + t

V d
P d
=
|
.
|

\
|
V
P
PT + +i cin - l+ T

P
1
l-ii + t

T
P
) 1 ( T d
P d

= =
T
P
) 1 (
) (

PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
TV + +i cin
T d
V d
=
) 1 (
1
T
V
=&i s+ f+4i n4i +i4
i i f f i f
v i f
PV P V nR(T T )
W U nC (T T )
( 1) 1

A = A = = =

l-+i + ,ii l+i ni +i i-in+ ti -i t (+ve) , l< T
i
> T
f
( =i + ln()
l-+i + ,ii l+i ni +i +iin+ ti -i t (ve) l< T
i
< T
f
(= i - + ln()
Example 19.
ti +i + z nizii ( = - - n ii n: t l=+i <ii ~- -in+ t vil-i+ -i ~i ~i-- +nzi 47C(i-ii
+ -i + i) -ii 400cm
3
t l< n = +i 200cm
3
-+ =-il - l+i i -i -i l, ai- +il (a) ~- =n
n (b) <ii =n n = 1.4 nil( [2
0.4
= 1.3]
Solution :
(a) n = +i ~- =n n =-il- l+i i-i t -i v+n zin t ~-
T
2
V
2
1
= T
1
V
1
1
i
1
2
1
1 2
V
V
T T

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= (320 K)
4 . 0
200
400
(

= 416 K.
-i n lz = T
2
T
1
= 96 K.
(b) n = +i <ii =n n =-il - l+i i-i t -i v+n =n-ii t := v+i -i i-ii + -i 47C l--
t-i t -i n lz= 0.
Example 20.
(+ nii + n = +i n +- = -nini- l-- +- + -in+ n- n < l+i
ni t n = +i (+i(+ =-il- ++ ~i-- vil-i+ ~i-- +i 1/8 + l<i
i-i t l< vil-i+ <i -i +nzi P
0
~i T
0
t -i ~l--n -i <i -i~i
P
0
T
0
d qpky d
, d i j ek. kqd
Solution :
-l+ v+n zin t :=ln(
P
0
3
5
V
= P
final
3 / 5
8
V
|
.
|

\
|
(

= = =
3
5
2
R 3
/
2
R 5
C
C
V
P
P
final
= 32 P
0
.
-l+ v+n zin t :=ln(
T
1
V
1
1
= T
2
V
2
1
T
0
V
0
2/3
= T
~l--n
3 / 2
0
8
V
|
.
|

\
|
T = 4T
0
Example 21.
(+ n-i+i - - l=+i <ii + -in+ t . +i i ~i-- V
0
+ <i
iini n i i ni t <i -i iini + i- n -nini- + -in+ l-- ii
ni t i i -+ +i n = +i ii ii nn l+i i-i t l== <i i -+
+i ~i--
8
V
0
ti i-i t l< vil-i+ <i -i +nzi P
0
T
0
ti
-i <i -i -+ +i -i <i -i~i ti ,ii n = +i <i n: -ni ii
ai- +i (v + iin n n = + ni ni +i = i n t )
Sol. -l+ <ii -+ +i v+n zin t :=ln(
PV

= l--i+ P
0
V
0

= P
~l--n
(V
0
/ 8)

P
~l--n
= 32 P
0
T
0
V
0
1
= T
~l--n
(V
0
/8)
1
T
~l--n
=4T
0
ni-i ii -+ +i ~i-- V
1
t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
2V
0
= V
1
+
8
V
0
V
1
=
8
V 15
0
.
-l+ <ii -+ in iin n nini +i =i l-- t :=ln(
T
PV
= l--i+ <i-i -+ ~l--n <i =ni- t

0
0 0
T
V P
=
vfUre
vfUre
T
V P
1
T
~l--n
= 60 T
0
AQ = AU + W
AQ= n
2
R 5
(60T
0
T
0
) + n
2
R 3
(4T
0
T
0
)
AQ =
2
nR 5
59T
0
+
2
nR 3
3T
0
= 152 nRT
0
a sui
l< +i: l-+i = n= l< := +i =il- ti -i t l+ -ni +i ~i<i- <i- - ti ~i - ti l-+i i
l-+i ,ii +i : +i ti - =i n +- =i +tni-i t AQ = 0 , AU = 0 ~i AW = 0. n +- v=i n -i
l-- t-i t
Example 22.
(+ +-in+ n- l=+i ~i-- 2V
0
t +i - +-in+ <ii = <i iini
n i i ni t -ii lii+ n (+ i- nni t ~i t <ilt- in iin n l-i -
t -ii i in iin n (+ n= ii t l=+i <i -i +nzi P
0
T
0
t
l< i - +i iin l<i i( -i <i-i iini +i ~l--n -i <i ai- +i
P , V , T
0 0 0
V
0
fuokZr
d qpky d
t M+or
Solution
-ni nl-+i + vin l-n = AQ= AU + W
- l+ n = n +- = v=il- ti -i t :=ln( W = 0 , - l+ n = +i +i : -ni -ti <i i-i t
:=ln( AQ = 0 AU = 0 ~i -i l-- t-i t
T
~l--n
=T
0
- l+ v+n =n-ii t
:=ln( P
0
V
0
=P
~l--n
2V
0
P
~l--n
= P
0
/2
uaist =&i +i + cini +t anai
lerkih e :)ks"
dV
dP
dV
dP
>
:)ks"e
lerkih
lenkch
cgq
f}
,d
W < W < W < W < W
,d f} cg lerkih lenkch
q
= i - n -=i ~l--n ~i-- -+ | W
zi n
|> | W
=n-ii
|
=i n -=i ~l--n ~i-- -+ W
=n-ii
> W
zi n
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
ainfa+t + si fa4 +t uti4
-ni nl-+i +i in l-n -i-i t l+ -ni il-zi+ +i +i - (+ < = n <ni i =+-i t -- t
l-n l--- l-< ~i +i ii -ti + i-i
(i) t -ni + it (-ii-i--i) +i l<zii +i -ti -i-i t
(ii) t -- l-il-i +i -ti -i-i t l-+ ~--n - -ni -i il-zi+ +i n <n-i t
(iii) t := i- +i -ti -i-i t l+ +i: +n =i t ~ii -ti
f+4 nui +i fi
(a) ~i ii =
2 1
2 2 1 1
n n
M n M n
+
+
, M
1
M
2
ni n < ni- t
(b) llzi -ni C
V
=
2 1
V 2 V 1
n n
C n C n
2 1
+
+
, C
P
=
2 1
P 2 P 1
n n
C n C n
2 1
+
+
(c) lni + ln =
mix 1 2
mix 1 2
p 1 p 2 p
v 1 v 2 v
C n C n C .......
C n C n C .......
+ +
=
+ +
Problem 1. 2 x 10
2
m
3
~i-- + - - n 47 C -i 4.15 x 10
5
N/m
2
<i ti: i - ~i tilnn +i lni t
lni +i <ni- 10
2
kg t l< n lni n ti:i- tilnn +i <ni- ai- +i
Solution:
ni-i H
2
+i <ni- m
1
-ii He +i <ni- m
2
t
m
1
+ m
2
= 10
2
kg = 10 10
3
kg ....(1)
ni-i P
1
-ii P
2
. H
2
-ii He + ~ilzi+ <i t
P
1
+ P
2
= 4.15 10
5
N/m
2
lni + ln(
(P
1
+ P
2
) V =
RT
M
m
M
m
2
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
4.15 10
5
2 10
2
=
|
.
|

\
|

3
2
3
1
10 4
m
10 2
m
8.31 320

2
m
1
+
4
m
2
=
320 31 . 8
2 15 . 4

= 0.00312 = 3.12 10
3
2m
1
+ m
2
= 12.48 10
3
kg .....(2)
=ni+i (1) (2) +i tn +-
m
1
= 2.48 10
3
kg
~
2.5 10
3
kg
-ii m
2
= 7.5 10
3
kg.
Problem 2. (+ nii+ n= +i <i ii = 4 x 10
5
N m
2
= 8x 10
5
N m
2
c-i t :=+i ~i-- 0.2
m
3
= 0.5 m
3
ti i-i t -i l--- +i ni-i +i :
(a) n = ,ii l+i ni +i (b) ~i--l+ -i n ci-i
Solution :
(a) +i l+ ti <i. ~i-- + =ii =n ii n ll- - t ~- n = ,ii l+i ni +i -
W =
}
PdV = P-V + +i -izi+n
W = P
I
(V
F
V
I
) (P
F
P
I
) (V
F
V
I
)
W = P
I
( )
I
V V
F
+
2
1
( )
I
P P
F
( )
I
V V
F
~-, W = 4 10
5
0.3 +
2
1
4 10
5
0.3
~-, W = 1.8 10
5
J
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
(b) n= +i ~i -l+ -i n l-- l--- ti ni -
AU = nC
V
AT =
) 1 (
T nR

A
=
) 1 (
) V P V P (
F F


I I
+i l+ n = (+nnil+ t = (5/3)
~-, AU =
] 1 ) 3 / 5 [(
) 2 . 0 4 5 . 0 8 ( 10
5

=
2
3
10
5
(4 0.8).
~-, AU = 4.8 10
5
J
Problem 3. <i - - t. v + n (+ ni n (+ nii+ n= t v + - - n n= +i vil-i+ ~i-- 8.3 x 10
3
m
3
-ii -i 27 C t v + - - +i i nizii n -ni <i i-i t (+ - - n l-i ~i--l+ -i n l- -
t( n= +i ~i-- < n -i ti i-i t l+ <= -- n n= +i ~i-- l-- t-i t ~ n=i +i n+-
= lnn- + ln( i l<i i-i t = +- n = l-+i +i ~l--n -i <i ai- +i
Solution :
-ninl-+i + in l-ni-=i
AQ = AU + W
~- -= - - + ln . l=+i ~i--l+ -i (~i :=ln( -i ii) l-- t-i t -
AQ
1
= W = nRT log
e
(V
F
/V
I
)
AQ
1
= 1 R 300 log
e
(2) = 0.693 300 R = 207.9 R
~i -= -- + ln. l=+i ~i-- l-- t-i t -
AQ
2
= AU = nC
V
AT [-l+ W = 0]
i.e., AQ
1
= 1(3/2)R AT
z- n l< ~-=i AQ
1
= AQ
2
i.e.,
207.9R = (3/2)RAT, ; AT = 138.6
T
F
T
I
= 138.6 , T
I
= 300 K
~-, T
F
= 300 + 138.6 = 438.6 K
~. n =i +i n +- = lnn- l<i i -
U
1
+ U
2
= U
n
1
(C
V
)
1
T
1
+ n
2
(C
V
)
2
T
2
= nC
V
T
n = n
1
+ n
2
ti n
1
= n
2
= 1
~i (C
V
)
1
= (C
V
)
2
= C
V
~- 1 300 + 1 438.6 = 2T,
T = 369.3 K
lni + ln. PV = nRT = ti V = V + 2V = 3V ~i n = n
1
+ n
2
= 2, t tn i-- +- t
P =
V 3
nRT
=
3
10 3 . 8 3
3 . 369 3 . 8 2

= 2.462 10
5
N/m
2
Problem 4. V ~i-- + l+=i - - n -< n = + lni n 1 n in ni n n = t l=+i = =
C
C
p
v
5
3
t -ii < =i n =
B t l=+i =
7
5
t lni +i -i T t n =i A B + n in ~i ii +nzi 4 32 t n = l+i -ti +-
n= lni ,in v+n n =ni+i PV
19/13
= l--i+ +i in- +-i t
(a) n =i lni n n= B + nin nini +i =i -i~i
(b) T = 300 K n =i lni n l- +i -in ai- +i
(c) l< T +i 300 K = 1K c i l<i i -i n =i lni n l- +i -in n vl-zi- l- - ai- +i
Solution :
(a) +i l+ ~i<zi n= + ln C
P
C
V
= R ~i = (C
P
/C
V
),
~- 1 =
V
C
R
i C
V
=
) 1 (
R

PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
(C
V
)
1
=
1 ) 3 / 5 (
R

=
2
3
R;
(C
V
)
2
=
R
2
5
1 ) 5 / 7 (
R
=

-ii (C
V
)
mix
=
R
6
13
1 ) 13 / 19 (
R
=

~ -i =-ii =, AU = AU
1
+ AU
2
,
(n
1
+ n
2
) (C
V
)
mix
AT = [n
1
(C
V
)
1
+ n
2
(C
V
)
2
]AT
(C
V
)
mix
=
2 1
2 V 2 1 V 1
n n
) C ( n ) C ( n
+
+
tn i-- t
R
6
13
=
n 1
R n R 1
2
5
2
3
+
+
=
) n 1 ( 2
) n 5 3 (
+
+
i, 13 + 13n = 9 + 15n,
n = 2 mole.
(b) lni +i ~iil+ ii l--- = l<i i-i t
M =
B A
B B A A
n n
M n M n
+
+
=
2 1
) 32 ( 2 ) 4 )( 1 (
+
+
M = 22.67
n = n . l- +i n l--- = l<i i-i t
v =
M
RT
~- n = + lni =
v =
3
10 67 . 22
) 300 )( 31 . 8 )( 13 / 19 (

m/s
v ~ 401 m/s
(c) v
T
or v = KT
1 / 2
......(2)

dT
dv
=
2
1
KT
1 / 2
dv = K
|
|
.
|

\
|
T 2
dT

v
dv
=
v
K
|
|
.
|

\
|
T 2
dT

v
dv
=
T
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
T 2
dT
=
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
T
dT

v
dv
100 =
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
T
dT
100 =
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
300
1
100 = 0.167 =
6
1
~- -in n l-zi- l- - 0.167% t