Firsttermsolarsystemgrade 7

Grade 7 Notes
THE SOLAR SYSTEM

1
Objectives: (1) Define the term Solar System (2) Name the Planets of the Solar System in
order of their distance from the Sun.
he Solar System refers to the Sun! the "lanets! their moons! asteroids and comets #hich
revolve around the Sun. he "lanets can be divided into $O %rou"s (a) &' (NN')
P*+N'S (b) &' O,') P*+N'S. he inner "lanets are: -').,)/! 0'N,S!
'+)& and -+)S.
he outer "lanets are: 1,P(')! S+),)N! ,)+N,S! N'P,N' and P*,O.
&o#ever! it is im"ortant to 2no# the order of "lanets in relation of their distance from the
Sun3 -').,)/! 0'N,S! '+)&! -+)S! 1,P(')! S+,)N! ,)+N,S! N'P,N'
and P*,O.
+ sim"le method to recall "lanets in relation to their distance from the Sun is -/ 0')/
'D,.+'D -O&') 1,S S')0'D ,S N(N' P(44+S.
here are some difference and similarities amon% the "lanets. Some differences in "lanets
are as follo#s: (1) they are different distances from the Sun (2) they are different si5es (6)
they have different tem"eratures. (7) hey do not rotate at the same s"eed (8) hey have
different numbers of moons and (9) hey are different colours. Some of the similarities
bet#een the "lanets are: (1) each "lanet turns on an +:(S #hich is an ima%inary line
throu%h the "lanet;s center connectin% the "oles. his turnin% is called )O+(ON. (2)
'ach "lanet travels in O)<(! around the Sun. One com"lete turn around the Sun is called
a )'0O*,(ON.
Planets and stars are also different from each other. + "lanet is a body that DO'S NO
=(0' O>> *(=& O> (S O$N! ( )'>*'.S &' *(=& O> &' S,N. S+)S
2
P)OD,.' +ND =(0' O>> &'() O$N &'+ +ND *(=&. &' S,N (S + S+)
>)O- $&(.& $' =' O,) &'+ +ND *(=&.
he Sun is the center of the Solar System and the "lanets revolve around it. 'ach "lanet
move around the Sun in its o#n "ath called an O)<(. Other than the Sun! the "lanets are
the bi%%est bodies in the Solar System. he "lanets do not orbit the Sun in "erfect circles
rather! their orbits are '**(P(.+* (this means that sometimes a "lanet is closer to the
Sun than at other times).
-ercury
his is a small "lanet! it is closest to the Sun. -ercury has no atmos"here! and the "lanet
is too small to hold one. -ercury is a ball of roc2 that has craters! hills! "lains and
mountains. he days and ni%hts on -ercury are lon%. (t is the s"eed "lanet of the Solar
System because it ta2es ?? days to revolve around the Sun
0enus
0enus is the second "lanet from the Sun. (t is sometimes called the -O)N(N= or
'0'N(N= star. (n fact! it is the bri%htest "lanet in the s2y. 0enus is a hostile "lace. he
clouds are usually yello# because they contain dro"s of S,*>,)(. +.(D. he
atmos"here is com"osed mainly of carbon dio@ide. 0'N,S DO'S NO &+0' +
-OON.
'arth
3
he "lanet #e live on is called earth and it is the third "lanet from the Sun. he 'arth is
about 18A million 2ilometers (B6.2 million -iles) a#ay from the Sun. he 'arth is a
"lanet of intelli%ent life! a ball of roc2! metal #ith a blan2et of air. -uch of the 'arth;s
surface is covered #ith #ater (about CAD). 'arth is the only "lanet in the Solar System
2no#n to harbour life. he 'arth;s atmos"here acts as a shield by day to filter out
dan%erous rays and a blan2et at ni%ht. herefore! the 'arth;s atmos"here is desirable for
life and made u" of a combination of %ases #e can breathe mainly N()O='N and
O:/='N. (t rotates on its a@is every t#enty3four (27 hours) and )'0O*0'S around the
Sun once every 698 E days. here is evidence that the 'arth is s"herical in sha"e. (1) he
curved sha"e of the hori5on #hen one loo2s out to sea (2) #hen a shi" a""roaches the
harbour one can see the mast first (6) +stronauts have ta2en "ictures of the 'arth from
s"ace sho#in% its s"herical sha"e (7) sailors have circumnavi%ated the #orld startin% at
one and returnin% the same "lace.
-ars
-ars is the fourth "lanet from the Sun and is commonly referred to as the red "lanet. (t is
a small roc2y "lanet about half the si5e of the 'arth. (t ta2es si@ hundred and ei%hty3seven.
-ars has >O,) moons. P&O<OS and D'(-OS are t#o of its moons. -ars is a very dry
"lanet #ith %iant volcanoes. (ts atmos"here is com"osed mainly of .+)<ON D(O:(D'!
but it contains small amounts of o@y%en and nitro%en.
1u"iter
1u"iter is the fifth "lanet from the Sun and the *+)='S one in the solar system. (t ta2es
about ten hours to s"in on its a@is and $'*0' 'arth years to orbit the Sun once. 1u"iter
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is best 2no#n for its beautiful colours and =reat )ed S"ot. he =reat )ed S"ot is a %iant!
reddish! football3sha"ed mass believed to be a %reat storm similar to a hurricane.
Saturn
Saturn is the si@th "lanet from the Sun and is the second lar%est in the solar system. Saturn
is visibly flattened at the "oles! a result of the very fast rotation of the "lanet on its a@is. (ts
day is ten hours! and thirty 3 nine minutes lon% and it ta2es 2B F 'arth Days to revolve
around the Sun. (t is best 2no#n for its beautiful system of rin%s that circle the "lanet.
,ranus
,ranus is the seventh "lanet from the Sun and the third lar%est in the solar system. (t is 6
F times the si5e of the 'arth. (t has nine fat rin%s. ,ranus lies on its side unli2e other
"lanets. + day on ,ranus #ould last 1A hours and 78 minutes. (t ta2es ?7 years to revolve
around the Sun.
Ne"tune
Ne"tune is the ei%hth "lanet from the Sun. Ne"tune is the outermost "lanet of the %as
%iants. (t ta2es 197 years to revolve.
5
Pluto
Pluto is the ninth "lanet from the Sun. (t is the smallest in the solar system. Pluto has only
one moon! #hich is nearly Pluto;s si5e. (t is an icy "lanet and ta2es 27? years to revolve
around the Sun.
Position of the sun overhead in the sky
Objectives: <y the end of this lesson! students should be able to state the "osition of the
sun overhead in the s2y at "articular times of the year for e@am"le -arch 26
rd
! Se"tember
26
rd
.
6
-arch 21
st
+t the 'Guator (AH)
1une 21
st
ro"ic of .ancer (26 F HN)
Se"tember 26
rd
+t the 'Guator (AH)
December 22
nd
ro"ic of .a"ricorn (26
1I2HS)
he sun and its nine "lanets ma2e u" the solar system.
1. hese are lines of latitude and therefore! affects the season #hen the sun is in the
res"ective latitude.
2. On 1une 21
st
the North Pole is tilted TOWARS the sun.
6. he South Pole is tilted AWAY from the sun.
7. his is summer in the Northern &emis"here.
8. !une "#
st
is the lon%est day and shortest ni%ht of the year in the Northern
&emis"here. he lon%est and shortest days of the year are called SOLST$%ES.
+ll "laces in the +rctic .ircle (99 1I2 N). )eceive 27 hours of sunli%ht. he +ntarctic
.ircle receives 27 hours of dar2ness.
e&e'(er "" ) Sun is at the Tro*i& of %a*ri&orn "+ , - S.
his is summer in the Southern &emis"here and #inter in the Northern &emis"here. Days
are lon%er and ni%hts are shorter. -arch21st and Se"tember 26
rd
. Sun is vertically
overhead at the 'Guator. +t the 'Guator day and ni%ht are 12 hours lon% and are called
E/0$NO1ES.
7
.lass $or2 3 (nstructions: $rite TR0E or 2ALSE after EA%H statement
1. he seasons are as a result of the earth;s orbit around the sun JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
2. he sun and its nine "lanets ma2e u" the Solar system JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
6. he sun moves around the 'arth JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
7. he 'arth is tilted at an an%le of 29 F H a#ay from the sun JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
8. he 'arth;s rotation causes ni%ht and day JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
9. 'Guino@es mean days and ni%hts are eGual JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C. *ines of *on%itude run '+S to $'S JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
?. he sun is at the ro"ic of .ancer on 1une 21
st
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
B. he sun is at the ro"ic of .ancer on December 21
st
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1A. *ines of *atitude run NORTH to SO0TH JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
8
Move'ent of the Earth
Objectives: <y the end of this lesson! students should be able to do the follo#in%:
(a) State the direction in #hich the 'arth rotates
(b) Name the t#o movements made by the earth
1. he 'arth is divided in half by an ima%inary line called the E/0ATOR.
2. here are t#o "oles the NORTH POLE AN THE SO0TH POLE.
6. he earth is a "lanet sha"ed s"here! but flattened at the "oles.
7. he 'arth rotates from WEST to EAST.
8. he 'arth ma2es TWO movements. hey are ROTAT$ON and RE3OL0T$ON.
9. (t rotates or s"ins on its a@is (an ima%inary line lin2in% the North and South Poles)
ON%E in 27 hours from WEST to EAST. +s the 'arth )otates! one side faces the Sun.
his side is then day4i5ht #hile the other side is darkness. Rotation of the Earth then
5ives us AY and N$GHT. he 'arth is tilted at an an%le of "+ , 6 and this causes the
different len%ths of day and Ni%ht as the 'arth com"letes an orbit around the sun each
year.
C. +t the same time the 'arth is rotatin%! it is movin% in a "ath around the Sun. TH$S $S
%ALLE RE3OL0T$ON.
(t ta2es the 'arth +78 9 days to revolve around the sun. Revo4ution of the Earth
&han5es the 4en5th of day and ni5ht and a4so 5ives us the seasons.
The 4on5est and shortest day of the year is kno:n as SOLST$%ES. E;ua4 day and
ni5ht is kno:n as E/0$NO1.
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E&4i*se
$hat is an ecli"seK
Sometimes durin% their orbits! the moon and he 'arth forms a line #ith the sun. &ence!
an ecli"se occurs #hen one object %ets in front of another! bloc2in% our vie# of the farther
object. +n ecli"se ha""ens #hen li%ht from a star is cut off by a "lanet.
here are TWO 2inds of ecli"se L L0NAR and SOLAR. (n a Solar 'cli"se! the moon
moves bet#een he 'arth and the sun. $hen this ha""ens! "art of the sun;s li%ht is
bloc2ed. Durin% a Solar ecli"se! it %ets dimmer outside as more of the sun is covered by
the moon. $hen the -oon and sun are in a "erfect line! it is called a total ecli"se. + solar
ecli"se #ill only occur durin% a ne: 'oon.
Durin% a total ecli"se the sun is covered for a fe# minutes and it becomes very dar2
outside as #ill is the tem"erature outside also dro"s. + solar ecli"se is very rare! most
"eo"le #ill only see one in their lifetime. he last solar ecli"se occurred on +u%ust 1!
2AA?. + total Solar ecli"se ha""ens about every 69A years.
$hat is a solar ecli"seK
Solar 'cli"ses are harder to observe and reGuire s"ecial eGui"ment andIor eye "rotection
to #atch and must be observed at the ri%ht "lace at the ri%ht time.
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$hat is a *unar ecli"seK + *unar ecli"se #ill be observed durin% a fu44 Moon and is
caused by the moon "assin% into the total shado# of the 'arth! the N0M<RA.
he N0M<RA is the smaller! dar2er shado# cast by the moon. he PEN0M<RA is the
lar%er shado# cast by the moon. (n other #ords! a *unar ecli"se ha""ens #hen the 'arth
moves bet#een the sun and the moon.
Durin% a lunar ecli"se! you #ill see the 'arth;s shado# on the moon. here are about t#o
to three lunar ecli"ses that occur every eleven and a half months. 'ach of them visible
from about half of the #orld.
*unar ecli"se -arch 6! 2AAC
11
Worksheet
1. + Solar 'cli"se ha""ens #hen the sun casts a shado# on the 'arth. ),' >+*S'
2. +n ecli"se ha""ens #hen li%ht from a JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ is cut off by a "lanet.
6. +n ecli"se ha""ens #hen the 'arth! sun and moon are all com"letely ali%ned. ),'
>+*S'
7. + lunar ecli"se #ill not be observed durin% a full moon. ),' >+*S'
8. Durin% a solar ecli"se! the moon is ca"able of bloc2in% the sun;s rays and castin% a
shado# on the 'arth. ),' >+*S'
9. + lunar ecli"se ha""ens #hen the 'arth comes bet#een the sun and the moon. ),'
>+*S'
C. heJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ is the lar%er shado# cast by the moon durin% a solar ecli"se.
?. he JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ is the smaller! dar2er shado# cast by the moon durin% a
total solar ecli"se.
B. $hat is the an%le of tilt of the 'arthK
1A. he JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ is located at 26 F H S.
E=*4orin5 Ma*s > G4o(es
12

+ ma" is a flat re"resentation of the round earth or some "art of it! desi%ned to sho#
certain features
such as "hysical or "olitical features. (n other #ords! ma"s are "ictures of the 'arth. +ll
ma"s have certain features that must a""ear on them. he features that a""ear on ma"s
are: (1) itle (2) Scale (6) .om"ass )ose (North arro#) (7) MeyI*e%end (8) <order
The Tit4e
he title of the ma" tells #hat the ma" is about. (t can also tell #hat re%ion or "lace the
ma" re"resents.
The S&a4e
he scale hel"s to chan%e distances on the ma" to actual distances on the 'arth. + small
measurement such as an inch is used to re"resent a much lar%er distance. >or e@am"le!
one inch on the ma" may re"resent one mile on the 'arth;s surface.
?@@@@@@@@?@@@@@@@@@?@@@@@@@@@@?@@@@@@@@@?
A #AA "AA +AA BAA
# in&h C "AA 'i4es
%o'*ass rose DNorth arro:E
+ com"ass rose or north arro# is used to %ive the "osition of one "lace more accurately in
relation to another. >or e@am"le! #e #ould say that he <ahamas lies south3east of
>lorida in the ,.S.+. South3east is an e@am"le of a com"ass direction. here are four
13
main com"ass "oints 2no#n as .+)D(N+* PO(NS they are NO)&! SO,&! '+S
and $'S. .om"ass "oints such as Northeast! Southeast and North#est are called
(N')-'D(+' PO(NS.
FeyGLe5end
+ ma" is much smaller than the actual "lace it sho#s. (n order for the ma" to sho#
information! symbols are used to re"resent certain features. >or e@am"le! #ater is al#ays
colored blue or the letters N.&O used for church. o hel" the "erson readin% the ma"! all
symbols used on the ma" are *ut into the key or 4e5end a4on5 :ith the 'eanin5 of ea&h
sy'(o4. So'eti'es $NSETS are used on 'a*s.
An $NSET is a (o= used to dis*4ay infor'ation that you are una(4e to see on the
'ain 'a*.
<order
14
he border of the ma" hel"s to define the ed%es of the ma" and hel"s to 2ee" thin%s
loo2in% neat. (t is im"ortant to note that the "erson #ho dra#s ma"s is called a
.+)O=)+P&'). herefore! the study of ma" ma2in% is called .+)O=)+P&/.
The G4o(e
+ %lobe is a round (s"herical) sha"e of the 'arth. (t re"resents the 'arth more accurately
ho#ever! it is far less convenient to carry around and use. herefore! #e %enerally study
the #orld ma" usin% atlases.
he 'arth is divided into lar%e land areas called .ON(N'NS. here are seven
continents they are:
North +merica! South +merica! +ntarctica! +sia! +ustralia! 'uro"e and +frica. +bout
seventy "ercent (CAD) of the 'arth is covered #ith #ater.
The si=teen *oint &o'*ass
%4ass :ork
15
(nstructions: +ns#er +** of the follo#in% Guestions usin% .O-P*'' sentences! "ro"er
%rammar! s"ellin% and sentence structure.
1. $hat does the com"ass on a ma" hel" to locateK
2. $hat is the name %iven to the four main com"ass "ointsK
6. $hat direction lies half#ay bet#een south and #estK
7. $hat section of the ma" tells #hat the ma" is aboutK
8. $hich of the follo#in% is a cardinal "oint of the com"assK
+. 'ast <. North3north east
.. South3east D. $est north3#est
9. $hy are symbols used on a ma"K
C. $hich of the follo#in% is NO an intermediate directionK
+. North3north east <. North east
.. South east D. South #est
?. $hat is the name of the "erson #ho dra#s ma"sK
B. $hat do ma" ma2ers use to sho# the relationshi" bet#een the actual si5e of a "lace and
its reduced si5e on a ma"K

Ty*es of Ma*s
16
Objectives: <y the end of this lesson! students should be able to do the follo#in%: (a)
Differentiate bet#een ty"es of ma"s for e@am"le "hysical! "olitical! road! ve%etation and
climate ma". (b) State the "ur"ose of each ty"e of ma".
-a"s are "ictures of the 'arth. (t is im"ossible for every ma" to sho# all of the
information that is "resent on the surface of the 'arth. herefore! certain ty"es of
information are selected to be "laced on ma"s. he more common 2inds of ma"s used are:
"olitical ma"s! "hysical ma"s and contour or to"o%ra"hic ma"s.
A Po4iti&a4 Ma*
+ "olitical ma" is used to identify "olitical features. Political features include
boundaries bet#een countries! states! "rovinces and ca"ital cities. .olours are usually
used to sho# different countries! states or "rovinces. (f a "ortion of the ma" is too small or
too far a#ay to be seen "ro"erly they are dis"layed in small bo@es called $NSETS. (nsets
are often used to sho# more detail in a cro#ded area. he ma"ma2er uses a lar%er scale
for the inset so that more detail can be seen.
Physi&a4 Ma*
+ "hysical ma" is used to identify "hysical features. Physical features include
mountains! rivers and deserts. .olours are usually used on a "hysical ma" to sho# ho#
hi%h the land is above sea level andIor ho# dee" the #ater is. he main colours used to
sho# hei%ht are %reen! bro#n! "ur"le and #hite.
A %ontour Ma*
+ contour ma" is used to identify "hysical features such as those listed on "hysical ma"s.
.olours are not usually featured on a contour ma". here are certain symbols that are used
on contour ma"s to sho# ho# hi%h the land is. Some of these symbols include contour
lines! de"ressions and s"ot hei%hts.
17
Some other ty"es of ma"s that are used daily are road ma"s! "o"ulation ma"s!
%eolo%ical ma"s! mental ma"s and ve%etation ma"s. + ROA MAP sho#s roads and
#hat cities they connect. (t also hel"s in fi%urin% out the distance bet#een "laces.
POP0LAT$ON MAPS are colour coded ma"s #hich sho# ho# the "o"ulation of a "lace
is distributed. + GEOLOG$%AL MAP sho#s the structure of the 'arth;s crust! the
develo"ment of various areas of the 'arth for e@am"le! roc2! soil and fossil. + MENTAL
MAP is a ma" that #e have in our heads for e@am"le! #here #e live or ho# #e %et to
school. 3EGETAT$ON MAPS are also colour coded! they sho# ho# the ve%etation of a
"lace is distributed. +n E%ONOM$% MAP sho#s the im"ortant resources of a re%ion or
area for e@am"le! major industries or #here ranchin% activities ta2es "lace. + %L$MATE
MAP sho#s the different ty"es of climate (tem"erature and rainfall distribution) in a
"articular "lace or re%ion. + WEATHER MAP tells about the #eather conditions and
forecasts.
S*e44in5 Words
Political economic Physical ve%etation
.ontour climate Po"ulation #eather
=eolo%ical tem"erature (nsets
%4ass Work
$NSTR0%T$ONS: +ns#er ALL of the follo#in% Guestions usin% %OMPLETE
sentences! "ro"er s"ellin%! %rammar and "unctuation.
1. $hat ty"e of ma" is used to sho# boundaries bet#een different countriesK
2. $hat ty"e of ma" sho#s connections bet#een to#ns and citiesK
6. $hat ty"e of ma" sho#s the im"ortant resources of an areaK
7. $hat ty"e of ma" sho#s features such as mountains! la2es and riversK
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8. $hat ty"e of ma" sho#s the structure of the 'arth;s crustK
9. $hat is the art of ma" ma2in% calledK
+. +stronomy <. .arto%ra"hy .. =eolo%y D. Paleo%ra"hy
C. +(n) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ is used #hen a "ortion of the ma" is too small or too
far a#ay to be seen.
?. $hat is the name of the ma" that #e have in our headsK
B. $hat ty"e of ma" sho#s ho# the ve%etation of a "lace is distributedK
1A. $hat direction is o""osite of 'N'K
Parts of a Ma*
-a"s hel" you to locate a "articular "lace on the 'arth and tell you #here they are from
the "lace you live. +ll -a"s have the same "arts. 'ach "art hel"s you to read the -a" and
understand it. hese "arts are:
19
Ma* Tit4eH he -a" itle tells you #hat the ma" is and is usually found on the
to" or bottom of the ma".
Ma* S&a4eH -a" scale is the relationshi" or ratio bet#een a linear
measurement on a ma" and the corres"ondin% distance on 'arthPs surface.
%o'*ass roseH +n object that a""ears on ma"s to identify four main
directions: North! South! 'ast and $est. 2or e=a'*4eI the scale 1:1AA means
that one unit (inch or centimeter) on the ma" and re"resents 1AA similar units
on 'arthPs surface. he term small scale sometimes refers to the study of small
areas.
-ost ma"s have a distance scale some#here on it. /ou can use the distance
scale to measure the distance bet#een "laces.
ire&tionsH + ma" symbol that sho#s directions. /ou must have seen the
dra#in% sho#in% 'ast! $est! North! and South directions on a ma". his
dra#in% is called as the com"ass rose and it hel"s you to 2no# the directions.
hese four directions North! South! 'ast! and $est are called as the J%ardina4
ire&tionsJ.
Ma* FeyH he ma" 2ey is found on the bottom of the ma". he ma" 2ey tells
you #hat the symbols on the ma" stand for. Symbols are small "ictures on the
ma" used for re"resentin% real thin%s on our 'arth li2e mountains! hills! and
valleys etc. )emember! symbols donPt al#ays loo2 li2e #hat they re"resent in
the real #orld.
hese are the "arts of a ma" and #hat a ma" tells us. -a"s are very im"ortant
and hel" many "eo"le %et from "lace to "laceQ
Ma* sy'(o4s
20
+ ma" uses symbols to sho# #here thin%s are located. he meanin% of symbols is usually
sho#n in the 2ey or le%end. + symbol is a si%n that stands for somethin% real.
-ountain ran%e
*i%ht house

.hurch <uildin%s

)ail#ay Princi"al air"ort
ra: and 4a(e4 the fo44o:in5H
>oot "ath! -ountain "ea2 Pine forest! -ain road! .ontour lines! =olf course! ourist
accommodation! im"ortant settlement! mail boat "ort and &os"ital
Line of Latitude and Lon5itude
21
he 'arth is round ho#ever! it is not a "erfect s"here because it is sli%htly flattened
at the "oles. &alf#ay bet#een the North and South Pole is the most im"ortant line of
latitude called THE E/0ATOR.
South Pole is the most im"ortant line of latitude called THE E/0ATOR. he 'Guator
%oes around the middle of the 'arth li2e a belt and divides the Earth into the Northern
and Southern He'is*here. +ll other lines of latitude are dra#n *ara44e4 to the 'Guator!
and are called PARALLELS O2 LAT$T0E.
Parallel lines run in the same direction and are measured in EGREES North or South of
the 'Guator.
he earth is a circle that measures 69A R. $e measure latitude startin% at the 'Guator Dthe
e;uator is at A6 and $T $S THE ONLY L$NE O2 LAT$T0E THAT $S A GREAT
%$R%LEE.
herefore! latitude ETERM$NES THE POS$T$ON O2 A PLA%E. *atitudes are
determined by its "osition north and south of the eGuator! hence the terms north latitude
and south latitude. + "lace is therefore! north or south latitude.
he distance from the eGuator to the north "ole is E of the distance around the earth. So
the North Pole is at BAR! an eGual distance a"art at all "oints. L$NES O2 LAT$T0E
R0N EAST TO WEST ARO0N THE GLO<E.
$'*ortant 4ines of Latitude
22
23 N
0
23 S
66 S
South Pole BAR
North Pole BAR N
AR 3 the 'Guator
BAR N L the North Pole
BAR S L the South Pole
26 F R N L the ro"ic of .ancer
26 FR S L the ro"ic of .a"ricorn
99 F R N L the +rctic .ircle
99 F R S L the +ntarctic .ircle
Lines of Lon5itude
*ines of lon%itude are used to locate "laces on the 'arth. *ines of latitude and lon%itude
intersect at ri%ht an%les. he lines of lon%itude are dra#n bet#een the North Pole and
South Pole. 'ach line of lon%itude %oes half#ay around the 'arth.
o%ether #ith its o""osite it forms a circle. 'ach line of lon%itude is A GREAT %$R%LE.
,nli2e lines of latitude! lines of lon%itude ARE NOT PARALLEL TO EA%H OTHER.
Lines of 4on5itude 'eet at the North and South *o4es and are therefore &a44ed
MER$$ANS.
The 'ost i'*ortant 4ine of 4on5itude is the PR$ME MER$$AN DOR
GREENW$%H MER$$ANE. The Pri'e Meridian is 4o&ated at A6 4on5itude. *ines
runnin% east of the =reen#ich meridian are termed east lon%itude. hose to the #est are
#est lon%itude. THE GREATEST POSS$<LE LONG$T0E $S #KA6.
The 'eridian of #KA6 W 'eets the 'eridian of #KA6 E to for' the
$NTERNAT$ONAL ATEL$NE. (n %ivin% the lon%itude of a "lace! you M0ST al#ays
say #hether it is to the #est of the =reen#ich or to the east of it. L$NES O2
LONG$T0E R0N NORTH AN SO0TH.
West Lon5itude East Lon5itude
23
%4ass :ork
$NSTR0%T$ONSH Ans:er a44 of the fo44o:in5 ;uestions. 0se &o'*4ete senten&esI
*ro*er s*e44in5I 5ra''arI and *un&tuation for a44 short ans:ers ;uestions.
1. *ines of latitude run JJJJJJJJJJJJJ and JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ around the %lobe.
2. he most im"ortant line of latitude is the JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.
6. *ines of lon%itude meet at the JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.
7. $hich line of latitude is a %reat circleK
8. he meridian of 1?AR$ meets the meridian of 1?AR '! this is called the JJJJJJJJJJ.
24
9. *ines of lon%itude run JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ and JJJJJJJJJJJJJ.
C. $hat is another name for lines of latitudeK
?. $hat is another name for lines of lon%itudeK
B. he JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ is found at 26 F R N latitude.
1A.he JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ is found at 26 1I2 R S latitude.
11. he JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJis found at 991I2 de%rees S
12. he main line of lon%itude is called theJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
A&tivity
Readin5 a 5rid. $hen lines of latitude and lon%itude meet! they form a %rid. *ines of
latitude run 'ast to #est and lines of lon%itude run North to South. 'ach line has a number
that #ill hel" to read the coordinates.
,se your atlas "a%es 72376 to ans#er the Guestions.
1. $hat country is located at 9A de% $ and 12A de% NK
2.$hich island is located at 2A de%rees $3?A de%rees NK
6. $hich continent is located close to 2A de%rees ' and 12A de% SK
7. $hich country is located at 9A ' de%. +nd ?A de%.NK
8. $hich "lace is located at A de% lat and A de% lon%K
$rite the coordinates closest to the follo#in% "laces.
9. Peru C. >inland ?. <ahamas
B. -o5ambiGue 1A. (celand
25
11. On "a%e 7A371 in your atlas! ans#er the follo#in%:
Name the four continents found in the Northern &emis"here.
12. Name the four continents found in the Southern &emis"here.

MAP WORFH Dra# a ma" of your Social Studies class. (nclude a ma" 2ey! title! and
com"ass rose. $rite your name on the des2 that indicate #here you sit in the class.
Ma* s&a4es
-a" scale re"resents the relationshi" bet#een distance on the ma" and the corres"ondin%
distance on the %round. he scale on the to"o%ra"hy ma" is found at the bottom center of
the ma".
Scale is re"resented in t#o different #ays on a to"o%ra"hical ma".
he first is a ratio scale. he ratio scale on this ma" is 1:27!AAA. $hat it means is that one
inch on the ma" re"resents 27!AAA inches on the %round.
Or one centimeter on the ma" re"resents 27!AAA centimeters on the %round (or any other
unit you #ant to choose).
<elo# the ratio scale is a %ra"hic scale re"resentin% distance in miles! feet and meters.
he %ra"hic scale can be used to ma2e fast estimates of distances on the ma".
3er(a4 s&a4e
he sim"lest form of ma" scale is a 0')<+* S.+*'. + verbal scale just states #hat
distance on the ma" is eGual to #hat distance on the %round! (i.e. 1 inch S 2AAA feet from
our e@am"le above).
hou%h verbal scales are easy to understand! you usually #ill not find them "rinted on
to"o%ra"hic ma"s. (nstead our second ty"e of scale is used.
26
2ra&tiona4 s&a4e
>ractional scales are #ritten as fractions (1I928AA) or as ratios (1:928AA). ,nli2e verbal
scales! fractional scales do not have units.
(nstead it is u" to the ma" reader to "rovide hisIher o#n units. +llo#in% the reader of the
ma" to choose hisIher o#n units "rovides more fle@ibility but it also reGuires a little more
#or2.
<asically the fractional scale needs to turned in to a verbal scale to ma2e it useful.
>irst lets loo2 at #hat a fractional scale means. + fractional scale is the ratio of ma"
distance to the eGuivalent distance on the %round usin5 the sa'e units for (oth.
(t is very im"ortant to remember #hen #e start chan%in% a fractional scale to a verbal
scale that both the ma" and %round units start out the same. he smaller number of the
fractional scale is the distance on the ma"! the lar%er number in the scale is the distance on
the %round.
So if #e ta2e our e@am"le scale (1:928AA) #e can choose units #e #ant to measure
distance in. *ets chose inches. $e can re#rite our fractional scale as a verbal scale:
1 inch on the ma" S 928AA inches on the %round.
$e can do the same thin% #ith any unit of len%th. Some e@am"les of verbal scales
"roduced usin% various units from a 1:928AA fractional scale are %iven in the table:
0N$TS 3ER<AL S%ALE
in&hes 1 inch on the ma" S 928AA inches on the %round.
feet 1 foot on the ma" S 928AA feet on the %round
&' 1 cm on the ma" S 928AA cm on the %round
27
' 1 m on the ma" S 928AA m on the %round
*ets chan%e 928AA inches into the eGuivalent in feet. (f #e multi"ly 928AA inches by the
fraction (1 ft I 12 in) inches in the numerator and denominator cancel leavin% an ans#er in
feet.
)emember! since 1 ft S 12 inches! multi"lyin% by (1 ft I 12 in) is the same as multi"lyin%
by 1. he result of this multi"lication %ives:
928AA inches @ (1 ft I 12 in)S 82A?.6 ft
So #e can re#rite our verbal scale as 1 inch on the ma" S 82A?.6 feet on the %round.
his is a "erfectly valid verbal scale! but #hat if #e #anted to 2no# the distance in miles
instead of feet. $e just need to chan%e 82A?.6 feet into miles. Mno#in% that there are
82?A feet in a mile: 82A?.6 ft @ (1 miI82?A ft) S A.B?9 mi.
<ar s&a4e
+ bar scale is just a line dra#n on a ma" of 2no#n %round len%th. here are usually
distances mar2s alon% the line. <ar scales allo# for Guic2 visual estimation of distance.
(f more "recision is needed just lay the ed%e of a "iece of "a"er bet#een "oints on the
ma" that you #ant to 2no# the distance bet#een and mar2 the "oints. Shift the "a"er
ed%e to the bar scale and use the scale li2e a ruler to measure the ma" distance.
<ar scales are easy to use! but there is one caution. *oo2 at the ty"ical bar scale dra#n
belo#.
Note that the left end of the bar is not 5ero. he total len%th of this bar is >(0' miles! not
four miles.
+ common error #ith bar scales is to treat the left end of the line as 5ero and treat the
#hole bar as five miles lon%. Pay attention to #here the 5ero "oint on the bar actually is
#hen you measure #ith a bar scale.
28
(n addition to their ease of use! there is one other advanta%e of a bar scale. (f a ma" is
bein% enlar%ed or reduced! a bar scale #ill remain valid if it is enlar%ed and reduced by the
same amount. >ractional and verbal scales #ill not be valid.
Worksheet
Determine the follo#in% in >eet. (1 feet S 12 inches)
1. 27 inches
2. 9A inches
6. 1A2 inches
7. 9AA inch
8. B7? inches
%4i'ate and Weather
Te=tH Prin&i*4es of Geo5ra*hy for %1%
O(Le&tivesH <y the end of this lesson! students should be able to do the follo#in%: (a)
Define the terms N#eatherO and NclimateO (b) *ist and define the elements of #eather for
e@am"le Ntem"eratureO! NrainfallO and NhumidityO (c) (dentify the instruments used for
measurin% the #eather.
%4i'ate can be defined as the avera%e condition of the atmos"here over a lon%
"eriod of time for e@am"le! the climate of he <ahamas is sub3tro"ical. .limate includes
the avera%e #eather conditions! re%ular #eather seGuences for e@am"le! #inter! s"rin%!
summer and fall. he term :eather can be defined as the condition of the atmos"here at a
29
"articular "lace over a short "eriod of time. $eather ha""ens from minute to minute. he
#eather can chan%e a lot #ithin a short time. he science of the study of #eather is 2no#n
as METEOROLOGY and a "erson #ho studies the #eather is 2no#n as
METEOROLOG$ST.
he main elements of #eather:
em"erature3ho# cold or hot somethin% is
Preci"itation3 rain! sno#! hail or sleet! any #ater that falls to the %round in any form
$ind3 the s"eed and direction of the movin% air.
.loud3 the amount of cloud and the ty"e "resent at the time
)elative humidity3 the relative amount of moisture in the air
Sunshine3 the amount of time in any dayli%ht "eriod that the sun is shinin%
Pressure3 the atmos"heric "ressure at %round level
%4ass A&tivity
$rite climate or #eather.
1. (t is the #eather condition of a re%ion over a lon% "eriod of time.
2. (t is the avera%e condition of the atmos"here at a "articular "lace over a short "eriod of
time.
6. he <ahamas has a sub3tro"ical 2ind.
7. he seasons are built into this "attern
8. (t chan%es minute by minute.
9. $rite seven elements in the #eather.
30
C. he study of the #eather is called JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
?. he "erson #ho studies the #eather is calledJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ otal "ts 17
Weather Ter'ino4o5y
Ane'o'eterH +n instrument that measures #ind s"eed.
At'os*hereH he thin layer of %ases that envelo"s the 'arth.
At'os*heri& PressureH "ressure caused by #ei%ht of the atmos"here or the #ei%ht of air
"ressin% do#n on the earth;s surface. +tmos"heric "ressure is measured in M$LL$<ARS.
<aro'eterH +n instrument for measurin% atmos"heric "ressure.
<4iMMardH + sno#storm #ith stron% #inds.
%irrusH &i%h altitude! #is"y clouds made of ice crystals.
%4i'ateH he avera%e #eather conditions in a "articular re%ion over a "eriod of at least 6A
years.
%4oudH + visible mass of #ater dro"lets and ice floatin% in the air! formed #hen #ater
condenses.
%4oud %overH Percenta%e or fraction of the s2y covered by clouds. he amount of clouds
is measured in OM+S ( a =ree2 #ord meanin% one3ei%hth). he meteorolo%ist has to
estimate ho# many ei%hths of the s2y is covered by clouds.
%ondensationH $hen #ater chan%es from a va"or to a liGuid.
%onve&tionH he u"#ard movement of a mass of #arm air! risin% throu%h cooler! denser
air.
%u'u4oni'(usH + to#erin%! dar2 mass of cumulus clouds associated #ith thunder and
li%htnin%.
%u'u4usH >luffy! lo#3altitude clouds.
31
Eva*orationH + chan%e in state from a liGuid to a %as.
2o5H + dense! lo# cloud of #ater dro"lets lyin% near the %round! #hich reduces visibility
to less than 6!9A? ft. (1!1AAm).
Hai4H &ard! icy "ellets formed in cumulonimbus clouds! #hich are solid #hen they reach
the %round.
Hu'idityH he amount of #ater va"or in the air.
Hurri&aneH + lar%e tro"ical de"ression #ith hi%h #inds and torrential rainfall. +lso called
a cyclone or a ty"hoon.
%4ass A&tivity
1. $rite the name of the instrument used to measure each element.
.loudJJJJJJJ &umidityJJJJJJJ $indJJJJJ
)ainJJJJJJJJ Sno#JJJJJJ SunshineJJJJJJJJJ
em"eratureJJJJJJJJJ PressureJJJJJJJJJJ

Write a :eather ter' to &o'*4ete ea&h definition.
2. + tro"ical de"ression #ith lots of rain and #ind.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
6. + sno# storm #ith stron% #inds.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
32
7. he #ei%ht of the air "ressin% do#n on the earth;s
surface.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
8. $hen #ater chan%es from a va"or to a liGuidJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
9. he chan%e in a state from liGuid to %asJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C. &ard ice that falls to the %roundJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
?. he amount of clouds that cover the s2y.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
B. he amount of #ater va"or in the airJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1A. + hi%h dar2 mass of cumulus clouds that is associated #ith thunder and li%htenin%
JJJJJJJJJJJJJ
11. $hat is the amount of clouds measured inK JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
12. $hat are t#o other names for hurricaneK JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
Weather Ter'ino4o5y
Hy5ro'eterH +n instrument that measures the amount of moisture in the air.
Li5htnin5H + flash of electricity in the s2y usually %enerated durin% a thunderstorm.
Meteoro4o5istH + "erson #ho studies the #eather.
Meteoro4o5yH he study of the #eather.
Pre&i*itationH $ater or ice! such as sno#! sleet or rain! #hich falls to the %round from
clouds.
SeasonH + #eather "eriod of the year that follo#s a distinct "attern. he four seasons are
$inter! S"rin% Summer >all
S4eetH + mi@ture of sno# and rain.
33
Sno:H >allin% ice crystals.
StratusH + layer of lo#! %ray clouds coverin% the s2y.
SunshineH sunshine is measured in hours and minutes "er day for #hich the sun is visible.
Te'*eratureH + measure of the amount of heat.
Ther'o'eterH +n instrument that measures the tem"erature.
ThunderH + rumblin% shoc2 #ave created #hen li%htnin% heats the air.
TornadoH + violent! s"iralin% #ind that is short3lived but destructive.
Waters*outH + tornado at sea.
WeatherH he atmos"heric conditions e@"erienced at a "articular "lace or time.
Weather sate44iteH +n orbitin% instrument that monitors atmos"heric conditions and
transmits the information bac2 to 'arth.
WindH + mass of air that moves from one "lace to another.
Wind dire&tion: the direction (#hich #ay) the air is movin%. + #ind is named after the
direction from #hich it blo#s for e@am"le! a northeast #ind is air movin% from the north
east to the south#est.
Wind for&eH ho# fast the air is movin%.
$nstru'ents 0sed for Measurin5 Weather
#. Rain 5au5e N measures the amount of rain that has fallen over a s"ecific time "eriod. (t
is sun2 into the %round so that it cannot be 2noc2ed over.
". A Ther'o'eter3 measures the air tem"erature. -ost thermometers are closed %lass
tubes containin% liGuids such as alcohol or mercury. $hen air around the tube heats the
liGuid! the liGuid e@"ands and moves u" the tube. + scale then sho#s #hat the actual
tem"erature is.
34
+. A Wind 3aneN is an instrument that determines the direction from #hich the #ind is
blo#in%.
B. An Ane'o'eterN measures #ind s"eed. he cu"s catch the #ind! turnin% a dial
attached to the instrument. he dial sho#s the #ind s"eed.
8. A Hy5ro'eterN measures the #ater va"or content of air or the humidity. One ty"e of
hy%rometer is the #et and dry bulb thermometer.
7. A <aro'eter 3 measures air "ressure. (t tells you #hether or not the "ressure is risin%
or fallin%. + risin% barometer means sunny and dry conditions! #hile a fallin% barometer
means stormy and #et conditions. +n (talian scientist named orricelli built the first
barometer in 1976.
7. Stevenson S&reenNStevenson screen is a shelter s"ecially desi%ned for "rotectin%
#eather instruments from sun rays and other natural heat radiations #hile allo#in% free
flo# of air. (t is also 2no#n as (nstrument Shelter. Stevenson screen com"rise of a #ooden
bo@ fitted into a steel frame. he #ooden frame is usually "ainted #hite and is buried 132
m above %round. + <ritish civil en%ineer homas Stevenson desi%ned the first Stevenson
screen in 1?1?.
he interior si5e of the Stevenson screen increases and decreases de"endin% on the
number of instruments that is to be installed inside. + sin%le screen measures
a""ro@imately 6A.1in @ 27in @ 26.6in! and a double screen 6A.1in @ 71.6in @ 26.6in.
K. %a'*(e44 Stroke Sunshine Re&order3 this is an instrument used to measure sunshine.
Sunshine is measured in hours and minutes "er day for #hich the sun is visible.
What deter'ines &4i'ateO
here are three main factors that determine the climate of a "lace! they are: 4atitudeI
a4titude and distan&e fro' the seaI *revai4in5 :inds.
Latitude
One of the factors determinin% your climate is latitude. *atitude divides the earth into
climatic 5ones because of the differences in tem"erature. he hi%hest tem"eratures occur
35
near the 'Guator and as it moves a#ay from the eGuator %oin% to#ards the "oles (i.e the
north and south "oles) it becomes cooler.
A4titude
em"erature distribution of the earth is not even. here are "laces in the ro"ics that are
cold for e@am"le -t. Milimanjaro! 'cuador in South +merica! these are hi%h mountainous
areas in the ro"ics. hey are cold because of the altitude or hei%ht above sea level. he
reason for this is that %oin% u"#ards it becomes cooler at an avera%e rate of about A.9R .
for every 1AAm %ained in hei%ht. em"eratures decrease #ith hei%ht. he air is less dense
and cannot hold heat as easily.
istan&e fro' the sea
he tem"erature of a "lace is also affected by ho# near or far the "lace is from the sea.
Durin% the summer the sea #arms u" more ra"idly than the land! and "laces near the sea
tend to be cooled by it. +s a result! "laces #hich are far inland tend to have %reater
e@tremes of tem"erature than do "laces #hich are near the coast.
(n some countries the sea influences summer and #inter tem"erature alon% coastal areas.
hese "laces are described as havin% a MAR$T$ME ty"e of climate. his is more
noticeable for countries in the TEMPERATE %L$MAT$% PONE.
Winds
(f #inds are #arm! they have been blo#n from a hot area 3 they #ill raise tem"eratures. (f
#inds have been blo#n from cold areas they #ill lo#er tem"eratures.
THE HYROLOG$%AL %Y%LE
O(Le&tivesH <e able to: TaU trace the "rocess of the #ater cycle. VbW name the ste"s in the
"rocess.
36
+lso 2no#n as the #ater cycle is the journey #ater ta2es as it circulate the land to the s2y
and bac2 a%ain. he &ydrolo%ic .ycle involves the continuous circulation of #ater in the
'arth3atmos"here system. Of the many "rocesses involved in the hydrolo%ic cycle! the
most im"ortant are:
eva"oration!
o trans"iration!
o condensation!
o "reci"itation! and
o runoff
he hydrolo%ic cycle consists of inflo#s! outflo#s! and stora%e. (nflo#s add #ater to the
different "arts of the hydrolo%ic system! #hile outflo#s remove #ater. Stora%e is the
retention of #ater by "arts of the system. <ecause #ater movement is cyclical! an inflo#
for one "art of the system is an outflo# for another. *oo2in% at an aGuifer as an e@am"le!
"ercolation of #ater into the %round is an inflo# to the aGuifer. Dischar%e of %round
#ater from the aGuifer.
o a stream is an outflo#X (also an inflo# for the stream). Over time! if inflo#s to the
aGuifer are %reater than its outflo#s! the amount of #ater stored in the aGuifer #ill
increase. .onversely! if the inflo#s to the aGuifer are less than the outflo#s! the amount
of #ater stored decreases. (nflo#s and outflo#s can occur naturally or result from human
activity. +n aGuifer is "orus roc2s that allo# #ater to "ass throu%h.
Eva*oration
'va"oration is the chan%e of state in a substance from a liGuid to a %as. (n meteorolo%y!
the substance #e are concerned about the most is #ater. >or eva"oration to ta2e "lace!
ener%y is reGuired. he ener%y can come from any sourceY the sun! the atmos"here! the
earth! or objects on the earth such as humans animals and "lants.
'veryone has e@"erienced eva"oration "ersonally. $hen the body heats u" due to the air
tem"erature or throu%h e@ercise! the body s#eats! secretin% #ater onto the s2in. he
"ur"ose is to cause the body to use its heat to eva"orate the liGuid! thereby removin% heat
37
and coolin% the body. (t is the same effect that can be seen #hen you ste" out of a sho#er
or s#immin% "ool. he coolness you feel is from the removin% of bodily heat to
eva"orate the #ater on your s2in.
Trans*iration
rans"iration is the eva"oration of #ater from "lants throu%h stomata. Stomata are small
o"enin%s found on the underside of leaves that are connected to vascular "lant tissues. (n
most "lants! trans"iration is a "assive "rocess lar%ely controlled by the humidity of the
atmos"here and the moisture content of the soil. Of the transpired water passing
through a plant only 1% is used in the growth process of the plant. The remaining
99% is passed into the atmosphere
%ondensation
.ondensation is the "rocess #hereby #ater va"or in the atmos"here is returned to its
ori%inal liGuid state. (n the atmos"here! condensation may a""ear as clouds! fo%! mist!
de# or frost! de"endin% u"on the "hysical conditions of the atmos"here. .ondensation is
not a matter of one "articular tem"erature but of a difference bet#een t#o tem"eraturesY
the air tem"erature and the de# "oint tem"erature.
Pre&i*itation
Preci"itation is the result #hen the tiny condensation "articles %ro# too lar%e! throu%h
collision and coalesce! for the risin% air to su""ort! and thus fall to the earth as rain! sno#!
hail! or sleet.
Runoff
)unoff occurs #hen there is e@cessive "reci"itation and the %round is saturated (cannot
absorb anymore #ater). his runoff flo#s into streams and rivers and eventually bac2 into
the sea.
'va"oration of this runoff into the atmos"here be%ins the hydrolo%ic cycle over a%ain.
Some of the #ater "erculates into the soil and into the %round #ater only to be dra#n into
"lants a%ain for trans"iration to ta2e "lace.
38

%4ass A&tivity.
,se your notes to ans#er the Guestions.
1. $hat is another name for the #ater cycleK
2. Define the follo#in% terms. TaU #ater cycle TbU inflo# TcU outflo# TdU stora%e
6 $hat causes eva"oration to ta2e "laceK
7. *ist four sources that contribute to eva"oration.
8. $hat are t#o #ays that humans heat u"K
9. $rite a term for each definition.
TaU $hen eva"oration of #ater from "lants ta2e "lace.
TbU his occurs #hen there is e@cessive "reci"itation and the %round is saturated.
TcU $hen the clouds are very heavy and #ater falls from them.
TdU his is the "rocess #here #ater va"our turns bac2 to its ori%inal state.
C. $hat are some #ays that condensation a""ear asK
?. Name the t#o tem"eratures that cause condensation.
B. '@"lain the "rocess of the #ater cycle in your o#n #ords.
The Pro&ess of the :ater %y&4e
he #ater cycle is a continuous cycle #here the #ater from the sea! la2es stream and
rivers is eva"orated from the earth;s surface and chan%es into a %as. his "rocess is 2no#n
as eva"oration. he moisture in the atmos"here comes from the %as turnin% bac2 to its
ori%inal state #hich is condensation. iny #ater dro"lets come to%ether to form clouds! as
the clouds are formed they %et heavy #ith #ater and falls to the %round as "reci"itation
39
#hich is rain! sno#! hail or sleet. he e@cessive #ater saturates the %round and flo#s into
the streams! rivers! la2es and seas #hich is 2no#n as run3off. Some of the #ater absorbed
into the soil is then dra#n into the "lants causin% trans"iration. hen the "rocess starts all
over a%ain.
TYPES O2 RA$N2ALL
#. %ON3E%T$ONAL RA$N2ALL .onvectional rain is caused by convection #here
the surface layer of the atmos"here is heated causin% the moisture laden air to rise. +s it
rises it cools to form clouds. he uneGual heatin% of the earth;s surface causes convection.
he resultin% condition is that more #ides"read areas of colder air se"arate risin% currents
of #arm air. he colder air slo#ly sin2s to ta2e the "lace of risin% #arm air.
he condition of risin% currents of #arm air se"arated by more #ide3s"read areas of
slo#ly sin2in% air is referred to as %ON3E%T$ON. his is ty"ical of thunder storms
durin% a hot summer. .onvectional rain can also be found year round in re%ions near the
eGuator. (n the tro"ics! convectional rainfall is heavy! but of short duration. (t occurs
mainly in the afternoon and is accom"anied by li%htnin% and thunder.
". %Y%LON$% RA$N2ALL his rain is caused by de"ressions or *o#s. .yclonic rain
ori%inates #here #arm tro"ical air meets cold "olar air. he #arm air overrides the cold
air.
$hen contrastin% air masses ma2e contact! an abru"t 5one or boundary is formed. his
boundary is called a 2RONT and is accom"anied by rather abru"t chan%es in
40
tem"erature! "ressure and humidity. &eavy rain falls alon% fronts! that is! alon% the cold
fronts or #arm fronts hence! the term 2RONTAL RA$N 2ALL.
$hen a mass of #arm air moves into a re%ion of cold air! the #arm air overrides the cold
air mass! forcin% the cold air to retreat. his situation is called a WARM 2RONT! #hich
is characteri5ed by several days of rain.
+ cold air mass movin% into a #arm air mass "roduces a frontal surface! #hich is more
vertical than that of a #arm front. his situation "roduces a %OL 2RONT. .old air
masses advance ra"idly and force the #arm air mass u"#ard #here it becomes cooled.
he movement of the air mass is ra"id enou%h to "roduce cumulonimbus clouds. )ainfall
is heavy but brief in duration. ANOTHER NAME 2OR %Y%LON$% RA$N2ALL $S
EPRESS$ON OR 2RONTAL RA$N2ALL.
+. OROGRAPH$% RA$N2ALL OR REL$E2 DGreek QOROSR 'eans 'ountainE
)elief refers to mountains. )elief rainfall is caused by moisture laden #inds blo#in% from
sea to#ards the land. he #inds rise on meetin% the hi%h mountains. he moist air
e@"ands and cools. $ater va"our is condensed! clouds are formed from #hich rain falls.
he #ind#ard side of the mountain receives the most rainfall. he #inds on crossin% the
mountains are R$ER. his is the LEEWAR or RA$N SHAOW re%ion.
%4ass :ork
Rainfa44H Ans:er the ;uestions.
1. Name the three ty"es of rainfall.
2. $hat is another name for cyclonic rainfallK
6. $hat is another name for relief rainfallI
41
7. $hat is another #ord for mountainK
$hat rainfall is itK
8. he surface layer of the atmos"here is heated causin% the air to rise .
9. hunder and li%htnin%! heavy rains short but brief is associated #ith this rainfall.
C. +n abru"t boundary called a front is formed #hen "olar air and tro"ic air meets.
?. he side of the mountain on #hich the #inds rise is the JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
side.
B. he side of the mountain on #hich #inds descend is the JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ side.
1A. -ore rain falls on the JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ side.
42
TYPES O2 %LO0S
here are three %eneral cloud ty"es. (f you #ere to loo2 into the s2y this very
minute! you mi%ht see a cloud that doesnPt loo2 li2e the stratus! cumulus or cirrus clouds
described belo#. .louds are a combination and variations of the three %eneral ty"es. Some
variations of the three %eneral ty"es are altocumulus cumulonimbus! Nimbostratus! alto
stratus .irrostratus and cirrocumulus. o learn to identify these other cloud ty"es can be
an enjoyable "astime.
Stratus Clouds
he #ord stratus comes from the *atin #ord that means Zto s"read out.Z Stratus clouds
are hori5ontal! layered clouds that stretch out across the s2y li2e a blan2et. Sometimes a
layer of #arm! moist air "asses over a layer of cool air. Stratus clouds often form at the
boundary #here these layers meet. $here t#o such layers of air meet! the #arm air is
cooled. (f the #arm air is cooled belo# its de# "oint! the e@cess #ater va"or condenses to
form a blan2et 3 li2e layer of stratus clouds. (f the layers of air are very lar%e! the stratus
clouds may e@tend for many 2ilometers across the s2y. hese clouds are lo#3level clouds
43
found belo# 9!8AA ft. hey are made u" mostly of #ater dro"lets. hey are %ray and can
be the result of very thic2 fo% liftin% in the mornin%.
Nimbostratus clouds are dar2 %ray and "roduce rain and sno#.
A4tostratus &4ouds are 'ade u* of :ater dro*4ets and i&e &rysta4s and are for'ed
(efore a rain stor'. Stratus &4ouds are f4at andGor 4ayered
%u'u4us %4ouds
he #ord cumulus comes from the *atin #ord for a hea" or a "ile. hey are mid3 level
clouds. hey are found in altitudes bet#een 9!8AA32A!AAAft. they are "uffy in a""earance!
and loo2 li2e lar%e cotton balls. hey are also called fair #eather clouds. hey have a flat
base and are not very tall. .umulus clouds usually form #hen #arm! moist air is forced
u"#ard. +s this air rises! it is cooled. (f it is cooled belo# its de# 3 "oint tem"erature!
condensation #ill occur. he si5e of a cumulus cloud de"ends on the force of the u"#ard
movement of air and the amount of moisture in the air. he lar%est cumulus clouds are
caused by very stron% u"#ard movements of #arm! moist air. he clouds that "roduce
heavy thunderstorms in summer are a form of cumulus clouds called cumulonimbus.
.umulonimbus clouds may e@tend u"#ard for hundreds of meters and are vertical clouds.
hey brin% li%htnin%! thunder! violent tornados and other intense #eather situations.
%u'u4us &4ouds are *uffy and *i4ed u*.
%irrus %4ouds
%irrus clouds are a third %eneral ty"e of cloud. he #ord cirrus comes from the *atin
#ord for a tuft or curl of hair. .irrus clouds are very #is"y and feathery loo2in%! and
usually mean that the day #ill have fair or "leasant #eather. hey form only at hi%h
altitudes! above 2A!AAA ft. .irrus clouds are com"osed of ice crystals and are so thin that
sunli%ht can "ass ri%ht throu%h them.
%irrostratus clouds are li2e thin sheets of clouds that cover lar%e "arts of the s2y.
44
%irro&u'u4us clouds loo2 li2e small round "uffs in the s2y. Sometimes they are called
mac2erel clouds because they loo2 similar to mac2erel scales. %$RR0S &4ouds are &ur4y
and fi(rous.
%4oud %over
.loud cover is measured in OM+S. otal cloud cover is ei%ht (?) o2tas! #hile A
o2tas indicates clear s2y.
Symbol .overa%eSymbol .overa%eSymbol .overa%eSymbol .overa%eSymbol .overa%e
No
clouds
1I7 cover 1I2 cover 6I7 cover
com"letely
overcast
1I1A
cover
7I1A
cover
9I1A
cover
BI1A
cover
s2y
obscured
and not
visible
[
Sunshine
Sunshine is usually measured in hours and minutes "er day for #hich the sun is
visible. Sunshine is measured usin% a .am"bell Stro2e;s Sunshine )ecorder. his consists
of a %lass ball mounted on a frame. + s"ecial card is "laced on the frame belo# the ball.
he ball then concentrates the rays of the sun u"on a s"ot on the card! and ma2es a scorch
mar2 on the card. +s the sun moves across the s2y! its rays are concentrated on a different
s"ot on the card.
H0M$TY
he term humidity is the amount of #ater va"our in the atmos"here. his mainly
%ets into the air by a "rocess called E3APORAT$ON from the earth;s surface.
'va"oration involves #ater chan%in% from liGuid into %as. he #ater content in the
atmos"here is 2no#n as H0M$$TY.
45
+t any %iven tem"erature the air can only hold a "articular amount of #ater va"our
before it becomes saturated for e@am"le! if the relative humidity is B8! this means that the
air is holdin% B8D of the #ater va"our #hich it is ca"able of absorbin% before becomin%
saturated. )elative humidity is measured by instruments called HYROMETERS. One
ty"e of hydrometer is the #et and dry bulb thermometer.
%4ouds ProLe&t
%o44e&t *i&tures of the nine different ty*es of &4ouds.
$dentify the' (y SaT na'e S(T a4titude S&T + &hara&teristi&s for ea&h &4oud. Paste the'
on a :hite *a*er and :rite or ty*e the infor'ation under or (eside the *i&ture.
S&oreH "*ts *er *i&tureC #K*ts #*t for na'eCU*ts
#*t for a4titudeCU*ts +*ts for &hara&teristi&sC"7*ts
Or5aniMationC#A*ts NeatnessC#A*ts
%over *a5eC#A*ts %reativityC7*ts Tota4 *ts #AA
%L$MAT$% PONES
46
O(Le&tives
SaT <e a(4e to identify the three 'ain &4i'ati& Mones.
Te'*erateI E;uatoria4GTro*i&a4 and Po4ar
S(T ra:I &o4or and 4a(e4 a dia5ra' of the &4i'ati& Mones.

he #orld#ide system of #inds #hich trans"orts #arm and cold air %reat distances
a#ay from the source re%ions! influences si%nificantly the climates of the #orld. he
#orld #ide system is called the GENERAL %$R%0LAT$ON of the atmos"here! and it
%ives rise to the 'arth;s climate 5ones. +lthou%h it is difficult to classify! the three main
climatic 5ones are: (1) ro"ical or 'Guatorial (2) em"erate (6) Polar. here are
a""ro@imately five climatic 5ones in total.
Su''ary of &4i'ate Mones
%4i'ate Mone %hara&teristi&s
Polar re%ions very cold and dry all year
em"erate cold #inters and mild summers
+rid dry! hot all year
ro"icalI'Guatorial hot and #et all year #ith distinct seasons
-editerranean mild #inters! dry hot summers
-ountains (undra) very cold all year
Sub3ro"ical bet#een tem"erate and tro"ical
TROP$%AL OR E/0ATOR$AL %L$MAT$% PONE
+ number of climatic 5ones or belts can be traced bet#een the eGuator and the "oles
in each hemis"here. .entered rou%hly on the eGuator is the tro"ical or eGuatorial 5one! a
47
belt of relatively lo# atmos"heric "ressure and heavy rainfall associated #ith
thunderstorms! due to risin% air. &istorically! the 5one became 2no#n to sailors as the
OLR0MS because #ith the very li%ht #inds! shi"s #ould often s"end many #ee2s
stuc2 at sea. he best e@am"les of this climate occur bet#een the +ma5on and 4aire
<asins as #ell as the =uinea .oast of $est +frica #hich receives lo# annual rainfall for
e@am"le +ccra (this re%ion has an eGuatorial climate). 'Guatorial forests contain valuable
trees such as maho%any! ebony and %reenheart. .ro"s are sometimes %ro#n on "lantations
for e@am"le rubber! oil! "alm and cocoa.
TEMPERATE
his ty"e of climate occurs most e@tensively around the shores of the
-editerranean Sea and for this reason it is sometimes 2no#n as the -editerranean ty"e of
climate. Due to the increased distance from the eGuator! tem"erature differences are
si%nificant. here is a summer as #ell as a #inter season. he seasonal "attern of rainfall
distribution is lar%ely the result of the movement of the #orld;s "ressure belts and #ind
systems.
POLAR %L$MAT$% PONE
his ty"e of climate occurs in =reenland! the interior of (celand and in +ntarctica
#here it is very cold. <li55ards are freGuent. $inters are one continuous ni%ht and
summers one continuous day.
RY %L$MAT$% PONE
Dry climates are characteri5ed by little rain and a hu%e daily tem"erature ran%e.
#o sub%rou"s are semi3arid or ste""e and arid or desert.
48
%ONT$NENTAL %L$MAT$% PONE
.ontinental .limatic 5one can be found in the interior re%ions of lar%e land masses.
otal "reci"itation is not very hi%h and seasonal tem"eratures vary #idely.
MO0NTA$N %L$MAT$% PONE
his ty"e of climate is best develo"ed in re%ions of youn% fold mountains for
e@am"le the )oc2y -ountains! the +ndes! and the &imalayas and associated mountains.
%4i'ate of the <aha'as
he <ahamas lies in the border re%ion bet#een the sub3tro"ical and tro"ical belts!
and its climate is an accurate reflection of its location. herefore! he <ahamas has a sub3
to"ical climate. he <ahamas also lies in the "ath of the north3east trade #inds. Summer
and #inter are the only t#o seasons that can be reasonably identified. (n summer the trade
#inds shift north#ards so he <ahamas lies near their southern mar%in #hich is heavy
#ith moisture. The o&ean &urrent that affe&ts the &4i'ate of The <aha'as is the Gu4f
Strea'.
%4i'ati& <e4t Ty*e of %4i'ate %hara&teristi&s
1. ro"ics (a) 'Guatorial $arm tem"erate and rains
all year round
(b) ro"ical -onsoon $arm tem"eratures and
rains for 9 months out of
the year
(c) Savanna $arm tem"eratures and
rains for 6 months out of
the year
(d) ro"ical -arine +reas under the influence
49
of the sea
(e) &ot Desert *ittle or no rainfall and
very hi%h tem"eratures
throu%hout the year
2. em"erate 4one (a) em"erate
-onsoon
.ool to cold tem"eratures
#ith rainfall for half of
the year
(b) em"erate
%rasslands or
continental ty"e
&ot summers and
e@tremely cold #inters
(c) -editerranean &ot summers and cold
mild #inters
(d) he forest lands Some have cool summers
and cold #inters but
others are cold throu%hout
the year
6. he cold re%ions or
Polar
North and South Poles 0ery cold tem"eratures
throu%hout the year. Some
areas are covered ice all
year round. Others have
four #ee2s of #arm
tem"eratures #hen the
sno# melts
%LASSS WORF
$NSTR0%T$ONSH ANSWER ALL O2 THE 2OLLOW$NG /0EST$ONS 0S$NG
%OMPLETE SENTEN%ESI PROPER SPELL$NG GRAMMAR AN
P0N%T0AT$ON. 2A$L0RE TO 2OLLOW $NSTR0%T$ONS W$LL RES0LT $N A
E0%T$ON O2 MARFS.
1. $hat ty"e of climate consists of hi%h tem"eratures and lo# rainfallK
50
2. $hat ty"e of climate is located in the lo#er latitudes on either side of the eGuator (1)
6. $hat ty"e of climate is most directly affected by altitudeK
7. $hat ty"e of climate has cold tem"eratures throu%hout the yearK
8. $hat ty"e of climate is found in the interior re%ion of lar%e land massesK
9. $hat instrument measures #ind s"eedK
C. $hat instrument measures "ressureK
?. $hat unit of measurement is used to record rainfallK
B. $hat ty"e of climate is characteri5ed by #arm tem"eratures and rain for si@ (9) months
throu%hout the yearK
1A. $hat instrument measures #ind directionK
11. $hat ocean current affects the climate of he <ahamasK (1)
12. $hat ty"e of climate is sometimes referred to as a -editerranean climateK
51
Natura4 3e5etation
O(Le&tives
<e a(4e toH a. define the ter's ve5etationI natura4 ve5etationI *ri'ary and se&ondary
ve5etation
(. identify the &hara&teristi&s for the fo44o:in5 ve5etation.
Tro*i&a4GTe'*erate Grass4andI Tro*i&a4GE;uatoria4 RainforestI Tro*i&a4
Grass4andI Te'*erate Grass4andI %oniferous 2orest
0e%etation is "lant life. he ve%etation of a "lace is not "ermanent! but chan%es in
many #ays over time. he 2ind of "lant life that %ro#s naturally in a "lace #ithout the
interference of man and #hich is best suited to the "hysical conditions #hich e@ist there is
2no#n as NAT0RAL 3EGETAT$ON. he 2ind of natural ve%etation #hich a "lace has
de"ends on several factors. he im"ortant factors are %L$MATEI SO$LS and REL$E2.
here is a close relationshi" bet#een the #orld ma" of climate and the one of ve%etation.
Des"ite that many areas have been cleared of their natural ve%etation and have been
"lanted #ith a%ricultural cro"s. 'ven #hen there is still forest or %rassland! it may not be
the ori%inal ve%etation! #hich is 2no#n as PR$MARY 3EGETAT$ON! but a some#hat
different set of s"ecies! 2no#n as SE%ONARY 3EGETAT$ON.
+t a fairly sim"le level #e can consider the #orld;s ve%etation to be divided into
three %rou"s each #ith several major formations of "lants #ithin each %rou". Some
im"ortant ty"es of ve%etation are TROP$%AL RA$N2ORESTSI TROP$%AL
52
GRASSLANS and TEMPERATE GRASSLANS. he %reat formations are not
sim"ly strands of one 2ind of tree! or "lains of one 2ind of %rass. 'ach forest #ill have a
variety of s"ecies of trees! and also include %rasses! vines! ferns and shrubs. he
%rasslands also contain some trees! and even the deserts do have "lants in them. +lthou%h
there are similar "lants across the #orld! some tro"ical rainforests #ill actually have
different s"ecies. >or e@am"le! the rain forests of +frica do not contain the same s"ecies
as the rain forests of <ra5il or (ndonesia.
TROP$%ALGE/0ATOR$AL RA$N2OREST
%hara&teristi&s
1. *ocated in lo#land areas near to the 'Guator! the ve%etation consist of a dense ty"e of
forest.
2. his ty"e of forest thrives in abundant rain and heat.
6. he forests are diverse #ith a number of s"ecies of trees and other "lants "resent. he
trees are virtually ever%reen! and rene#al is continuous.
7. he trees are %enerally lar%e and tall! and many have s"ecial buttress roots! or +riel or
"ro" roots to hel" su""ort them. he Sil2 .otton tree found in the <ahamas has massive
buttress roots.
8.he hei%ht of the cano"y (the to" of the trees) is very hi%h.
9. One of the uniGue features of the rain forest is the #ay in #hich it is self3su""ortin%. +s
leaves and dead ve%etation fall to the %round they rot Guic2ly and return ener%y to the soil
and bac2 to the "lants.
TROP$%AL GRASSLANS
%hara&teristi&s
53
1. ro"ical %rasslands are (also 2no#n as savannas). +n im"ortant feature of this ty"e of
climate is the fact that the bul2 of the rainfall occurs durin% the NSummerO half of the year!
#hile the N$interO half of the year is very dry.
2. ro"ical %rasslands lie on either side of the rainforest! and cover a %reater area! about a
Guarter of the 'arth;s landmasses. he traditional farmin% in these areas has al#ays been
"astoral! either nomadic herdin% or more settled cattle rearin%. -ost savannas consists of a
mi@ture of %rass and trees for e@am"le! a common ty"e of tree found in the +frican
savanna is the <AO<A<. (n drier areas trees are re"laced by thorny bushes such as
A%A%$A.
TEMPERATE GRASSLANS
em"erate %rasslands occur in areas #here the "reci"itation is too li%ht for trees to
%ro# #ell. here are virtually no trees in tem"erate %rasslands. em"erate %rasslands
are therefore! the results of drier conditions.
%ON$2ERO0S 2OREST
%hara&teristi&s
1. his ty"e of natural ve%etation mainly occurs in areas #hich have a cold tem"erate
ty"e of climate. (n such areas #inters are lon% and very cold #hile summers are short
and not very #arm.
2. his ty"e of ve%etation could be found in )ussia (called TA$GA). herefore!
coniferous forests are "erha"s the most reco%ni5able of all forests as the trees loo2 very
similar and have the classic .hristmas tree a""earance. hese trees have to #ithstand
lon% "eriods of lo# tem"eratures and cannot afford to be #ithout leaves for lon%.
$hereas deciduous trees %et rid of their leaves so that they do not leave them e@"osed
to forest dama%e.
54
.lass +ctivity T2A "tsU
1. $hat is ve%etationK
2. $hat is natural ve%etationK
6. $hat is "rimary ve%etationK
7. $hat is secondary ve%etationK
8. here are different ty"es of ve%etation! name four of them.
9. $hich ve%etation can be found in lo#land areas by the eGuatorK
C. State 6 characteristics of a tro"icalIeGuatorial rainforest.
?. $hich %rassland is also 2no#n as the savannasK ro"ical %rassland
B. =ive three facts about the savannas.
1A. em"erate %rassland has virtually no trees! #hy is thatK
11. $here can coniferous forest be foundK
12. &o# does the climate affect the %ro#th of trees in a coniferous forestK
16. &o# do deciduous trees "rotect themselvesK hey shed their leaves so they don;t %et
dama%e in the forest.
55
%onservin5 the Environ'ent
<y the end of this lesson! students should be able to do the follo#in%: (a) Define the
#ords NconservationO and NenvironmentO (b) State the reasons #hy it is im"ortant to
conserve.
he <ahamas is strate%ically located and "ossesses a rare! natural beauty.
=eolo%ically! he <ahamas is a multi3sectioned "latform of shallo# #ater marine lime
stones. herefore! the environment "rovides favourable conditions for "lants and
animals to thrive. (t is im"ortant to define the #ord environment. 'nvironment can be
defined as! Nthe combination of e@ternal "hysical conditions that affect and influence
the %ro#th! develo"ment and survival of or%anismsO. .onservation! on the other hand!
can be defined as! Nthe "rotection! "reservation! mana%ement! or restoration of #ildlife
and natural resources such as forests! soil and #aterO.
he 'arth;s resources must be used #isely in order to su""ort! or sustain life for
%enerations ahead. +s a result! there are a number of reasons to conserve.
E&o4o5i&a4 3a4ue
'colo%y is the study of interactions and relationshi"s bet#een all livin% ("lants and
animals) and non3livin% (soil and #ater) thin%s on the 'arth. (t is im"ortant to care for and
su""ort systems of our "lanet. he maintenance of carbon dio@ide balance in the
56
atmos"here is a M0ST because an increase in carbon dio@ide concentration contributes to
a #armin% of the 'arth;s atmos"here.
E&ono'i&
Parts of our economy are de"endent on natural resources for e@am"le a%riculture and
tourism. (f the resource base of these industries is dama%ed! the industries themselves
suffer for e@am"le overfishin%.
Aestheti& 3a4ue
Nature is a refu%e to #hich "eo"le turn in order to be nourished and revitali5ed.
Saves Money
)eduction in "ollutant emissions that cause %lobal #armin% can reduce ener%y costs.
Prote&t hea4th
$hen the environment is free of "ollutants! "eo"le can lead healthier lives.
Prote&ts the environ'ent
'ner%y "rovides us #ith electricity! heat! trans"ortation and more modern conveniences
that no one should have to do #ithout. ,nfortunately! some of the most common methods
of ener%y "roduction can cause serious environmental "roblems.
(t is im"ortant to conserve natural resources in order to ensure future su""lies.
57
WHAT STEPS %AN THE GO3ERNMENT O2 THE <AHAMAS TAFE TO
PROTE%T THE %ORAL REE2SO
(n order to "rotect the coral reefs! the %overnment of he <ahamas can do the follo#in%:
(1) educate citi5ens and tourists in relation to the dan%ers of mistreatin% our coral reefs
for e@am"le encoura%e "ersons not to 2ic2! stand on or thro# ha5ardous substances into
the #ater that can harm corals
(2) im"lement strict la#s to "rosecute "ersons found interferin% #ith the coral.
(6) do not allo# store o#ners to sell items made from coral
(7) do not allo# forei%n com"anies to introduce "rojects such as *.N.= that can destroy
the coral reefs
(8) 'ncoura%e boaters to navi%ate carefully to avoid dama%in% the coral reefs.
%4ass A&tivity
1. Define the terms conservation and environment.T7U
2. $hy must the earth;s resources be used #iselyK T2U
6. '@"lain the ecolo%y value. T2U
7. $hat "art of our economics is de"ended on our natural resourcesKT2U
8. (dentify 6 ste"s the %overnment can ta2e to "rotect the coral reef. T6U
9. '@"lain #hat you can do to 2ee" the <ahamas clean T9U
58
Edu&ation
'ducation is the "rocess of im"artin% or acGuirin% %eneral 2no#led%e. (t should be a
means of develo"in% one;s natural talents and abilities! in order to live a ha""y "ur"oseful
and satisfyin% life. Our education be%ins the minute #e are born and continues until #e
die. /our first formal learnin% be%ins at home. $e learn to tal2 by listenin%! our attitudes
and manners %ood or bad are learned there.
he -inistry of 'ducation and .ulture "rovides free education for children over five
years of a%e.
Leve4s of Edu&ation
Pri'ary3 8311 =rades 139. he teachin% at this level is mainly concerned #ith the basic
foundation of learnin% )eadin%! #ritin%! arithmetic. $hile other subjects are tau%ht! #ith
a solid foundation it #ill be easier to build other subject areas.
Se&ondary311319 "lus =rades C312 +t this level the 6 r;s are studied at a more advance
level and include the sciences! forei%n lan%ua%es! music! com"uter s2ills and social
studies.
he school leavin% a%e is si@teen.
+t %rade B students are "ermitted to ta2e the <ahamas 1unior .ertificate <1.. (n all
subject areas. +t %rades 1A312 students be%in their s"eciali5e fields! #hich #ill lead to
their chosen careers. hey are allo#ed to sit the <=.S' or <ahamas =eneral .ertificate
for Secondary 'ducation.
Tertiary Edu&ationH his is for students #ho have com"leted hi%h school and #ant to
continue #ith hi%her learnin%. he .olle%e of the <ahamas (.O<) or other 'venin%
(nstitutions #ill be able to facilitate your learnin% by offerin% a #ider selection of courses
in different fields. /ou do not #ear uniform at this level. his level of education is not
free. /ou have to "ay if you don;t have the funds. he %overnment "rovides scholarshi"s
to hel"! but you must maintain a 6.AA avera%e.
'ntry *evel for .O<
59
1. &i%h school di"loma 2. 8 <=.S' #ith . and above -ath and 'n%lish a must
Private S&hoo4s
-ost Private schools are run by churches and they are fee "ayin%. hese schools #or2
closely #ith the %overnment by follo#in% their curriculum #hich is the standard course of
study. +ll schools in the <ahamas #ear uniforms.

<0( or <ahamas echnical and 0ocational (nstitution also "rovides technical trainin% for
students over the a%e of 19 in areas such as masonry! car"entry! mechanics! cosmetolo%y!
com"uter technician business and office "rocedure barberin%! -athematics and 'n%lish
are mandatory courses.
Why is edu&ation i'*ortantO
1. Mno#led%e is "o#er. (t %ives us 2no#led%e about the #orld in #hich #e live.
2. 'ducation elevates your standard of livin%! because it eGui"s us #ith #hat #e need to
ma2e our dreams come true.
6. (t hel"s us develo" ne# "ers"ectives of loo2in% at life.
7. (t hel"s us have o"inions and "oints of vie#s.
8. (t is instrumental in develo"in% virtues and values! and cultivates us into mature
individuals.
9. (t is im"ortant for the "ro%ress of a nation and enrichment of a society.
60
ProLe&tH 0E ATE @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ $n&4ude *i&tures
.hoose any four and research the follo#in% educators:
Donald $ Davis
+lfred >rancis +dderley
)obert -elville <ailey
Naomi <latch
-abel .ordella $al2er
imothy =ibson.

$N2ORMAT$ON M0ST $N%L0E THESE PO$NTS ONLY VVVVV
1. $hen and #here they #ere born.
2. Schools they attended Primary3 Secondary3 .olle%e
6. Schools they tau%ht at.
7. Positions they held
8. $hat schools #ere named after them
9. -arried! had children and #hen they died.
O NOT PR$NT THE $N2ORMAT$ON 2ROM THE %OMP0TER. REA $T
THEN ARESS ONLY THE PO$NTS. WORF TAFEN $RE%TLY W$LL
RE%E$3E 2EW PO$NTS VVV
61
%4ass A&tivity <R$NG TO YO0R NE1T %LASS VVVVVVV
$rite true of false to com"lete each statement.
1. 'ducation can o"en our eyes to the #orld in #hich #e live.JJJJJJJJJ
2. $ith education one can elevate hisIher standard of livin%.JJJJJJJJJJ
6. Mno#led%e does not have the "o#er to chan%e the #ay #e thin2.JJJJJ
7. he lac2 of education can affect my maturity level in a ne%ative
manner.JJJJJJJJJJJJ
8. 'ducation is im"ortant to the develo"ment of a country.JJJJJJJJJJ
9. $ith 2no#led%e ( cannot defend my vie#"oint.JJJJJJJJJJ
+ns#er the Guestions in com"lete sentences.
C. $hat is educationKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
?. $hen does our education be%inKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
B. $hat are the main subjects tau%ht at the "rimary levelK
1A. $hat ministry is res"onsible for educatin% <ahamian childrenK
11. (f ( #anted to study cosmetolo%y #hat institution #ill ( attendK
12. $hy are -ath and 'n%lish mandatory at all levels of educationK
62
16. $hat is tertiary educationK
17. $hat does each acronym stand forK
<0(JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
.O<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
,$(JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
<=.S'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
<1.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
2ARM$NG $N THE <AHAMAS
63
>armin% can be defined as the cultivation of cro"s! live stoc2s and "oultry.
here are different ty"es of farmin%.
1. Dairy farmin% L mil2! cream are "roduced and sometimes butter and cheese are made.
2. -eat farm L +nimals are cultivated for meat! clothes %oats and shee".
6. +Guaculture is the rearin% of fish in a s"ecial aGuarium.
Subsistence >armin% is farmin% done on a small scale for "ersonal use .(n this ty"e of
farmin% ve%etables corn! "eas! s#eet "otato! fruits "oultry meat "i%s! %oat! shee" are
cultivated. (n subsistence farmin% the slash and burn method is used to clear the land. (the
bush is cut then burn) Some of the eGui"ment used includes cutlass! hoe! stic2! #aterin%
can! hoes! 2nives! and #heel barro#.
Subsistence farmin% is "ractice every#here in the <ahama islands! +c2lins! -aya%uana!
.roo2ed (s! +ndros and *on% .ay.
#o method of farmin% is used in subsistence farmin%. he slash and burn and "othole
method. (n the slash and burn method! farmer uses a cutlass and loo2s for an area #here
there is dense natural ve%etation! #hich is a %ood indication that the soil and #ater are in
%ood su""ly. +fter the land has been cut! ta2in% care to leave some of the lar%e trees! the
cut trees are s"read over the land and left to dry and then burn. he ashes add nutrient to
the soil in the form of "otassium a need mineral for "lants to %ro#.
he "othole method
.ommercial farmin% is done on a lar%e scale #ith cro"s %ro#n bein% sold for money. (n
this ty"e of farmin% tomatoes! sGuash! cabba%e! red "e""ers! "inea""les! meat! e%%s and
fish are cultivated. .ommercial farmin% uses e@"ensive eGui"ment such as tractors!
fertili5ers! hired labour! irri%ation! and "esticides. he major islands are +ndros! Ne#
Providence! 'leuthera! '@uma *on% (sland! '@uma! +c2lins +baco! .roo2ed (s. and
-aya%uana.
(n +ndros cucumbers! tomatoes! sGuash! "e""ers! citrus fruits are %ro#n on various farms
across the island.
64
(n Ne# Providence! "oultry and other fruits and ve%etables are %ro#n.
'leuthera33 is 2no#n for its "inea""les #hich %ro#s best in red bloom soil! but also
%ro#s tomatoes! and melons.
'@uma is 2no#n for its onions! melons! "otatoes! corn! and tomatoes.
*on% (sland\<ananas! man%oes! "eas! corn! shee"! %oats! "i%s and "ine.
(n +baco cucumbers! "i%eon "eas! avocado "ears! and citrus fruits.
+c2lins! -aya%una and .roo2ed (sland %ro# "i%eon "eas.
Pot hole farmin% is di%%in% holes in roc2y soil and "lantin% in these holes
Plots of land are cultivated tem"orarily and then abounded. his system involves allo#in%
the soil to rest for several years.
P)O<*'-S >+.(N= >+)-')S (N &' <+&+-+S
Problem Solution
1. *ac2 of fertile soil. Purchase fertili5er and add to the to enhance it.

2. Poor trans"ortation to mar2et <uy a "ro"er vehicle or stora%e unit

6. ,neven distribution of #ater Put in an irri%ation system
7. Poor attitude by locals to#ard (%nore #hat they are sayin% and farmin% to
im"rove you "roduct.
8. Poor mana%ement3don;t 2no# +dvertise "roducts to the locals and set u" stalls
ho# to mar2et their "roduce so "eo"le can see #hat you have to offer.

65
9. Natural disasters nature #ill ta2e its course! "rotect as best as you can.

%ONTR$<T$ON O2 2ARM$NG TO THE <AHAMAS
>armin% "rovides many "ositive contributions to the <ahamian economy they include
money! jobs and self3sufficiency. >armin% also "rovides the <ahamas #ith a means of
bein% less inde"endent on tourism.
=overnment initiatives to hel" >armers
1. .ro#n *and3 land that is o#n by the %overnment that can be utili5e by "ersons #ho
#ish to farm.
2. .oncessions to im"ort machinery
6. *oans3 financed throu%h the <ahamas Develo"ment <an2. + ban2 that %ives loans to
"ersons #ho are interested in startin% a business.
7. +id in the disbursement of irri%ation techniGues.
8. <uildin% of "ac2in% houses on selected islands.
9. Placin% im"ortation ta@es on cro"s comin% into the <ahamas that are %ro#n locally for
e@am"le bananas! %reen "e""ers and tomatoes.
C. 'ncoura%e the use of local cro"s in restaurants and hotels and encoura%e the use of the
farmer;s mar2et as a #ay to "romote their cro"s.
2$SH$NG $N THE <AHAMAS
Objectives: <e able to: a. Define the term fishin%
b. State the ty"es of fishin% done in the <ahamas
66
>ishin% can be defined as the act of ca"turin% marine life. here are 6 main ty"es of
fishin% :
Su(sisten&e3fishin% is fishin% on a small scale for "ersonal use. Some of the fish cau%ht in
this ty"e of fishin% are %runts! jac2s! sna""ers! yello# tail and fish that live near roc2.
Subsistence fishin% ma2es use of eGui"ment such as hoo2! fish "ots! small din%y and
s"ears. hese fishin% tri"s usually ta2e one day or overni%ht. Subsistence fishin% can
occur in shallo# #aters of roc2s and of doc2s.
%o''er&ia4 fishin5 is done on a lar%e scale to ma2e money. Some of the fish cau%ht for
sale include Nassau %rou"er! cra#fish! red sna""er! jac2s and other fish that s#im in dee"
#ater. he eGui"ment use durin% commercial fishin% are e@"ensive and include lar%e boats
#ith dee" free5er and refri%erators! stora%e! nets! tra"s and hoo2s. .ommercial fishin%
ma2es use of 4on5 4ine fishin5 #hich is a lon% line fill #ith hoo2s. his line is dra%%ed
behind a movin% boat.
.ommercial fishermen also use dra5nettin5 #hich reGuires t#o boats. 'ach boat holds
one side of the net and dra%s the net by catchin% many ty"es of fishin% in the net. his
fishin% tri" can last from t#o days to si@ #ee2s
S*ort 2ishin5 is usually done for recreation and s"orts and by tourists .he fish that are
cau%ht are #ei%hed! measured and usually returned to the sea. Some of the fish cau%ht
durin% these tri"s are blue marlin! tunas! #ahoo! barracuda! s#ordfish and bonefish. (n
this ty"e of fishin%! the eGui"ment use are rods and reels. hese fishin% tri"s usually last
one day.
2$SH$NG GRO0NS $N THE <AHAMAS
Great <aha'a <ank Litt4e <aha'a <ank
%ay So4 <ank Water surroundin5 %ora4 $s4and
Water surroundin5 A&k4ins Water surroundin5 the northern <aha'as
67
Es*e&ia44y <i'ini and %at %ay
<i'ini is kno:n as the s*ort fishin5 &a*ita4 for 5a'e fishin5.
Advanta5e of 2ishin5 to the <aha'as
1. -a2es the <ahamas less de"endent on tourism
2. Provides jobs! food and recreation.
Pro(4e's 2a&in5 2ishin5 in the <aha'as
1. Overfishin%: de"letin% the fish by fishin% in season and out season.
2 Poachin%: ille%al fishin% in <ahamian #aters
6 ,se of harmful chemicalsY usin% bleach
7. Destruction of coral reefs
8 'Gui"ment is e@"ensive3and the lac2 of modern eGui"ment
9. *oo2 do#n on by locals because <ahamians thin2 that it is a dirty job
C. Dad #eatherY #hen the #eather is bad! it "rohibits fishermen from %oin% out to sea.
?. Polluted #ater can cause fish to be "oisoned and "oisonous to consumers.
A&tivity Tota4 BB *oints
1. $hat is fishin%K 1
2. $hat is subsistence fishin%K 1
6. $hat ty"e of fishin% is done for "rofitK 1
68
7. (dentify the eGui"ment use in subsistence fishin%. 7
8. $here is the best "lace to carry out subsistence fishin%K 1
9. $hy is it more challen%in% to catch commercial fish as a "ose to subsistence fishK 2
C. Name the ty"es of fish cau%ht in commercial fishin%. 7
?. (dentify the eGui"ment used in commercial fishin%. 8
B. '@"lain lon% line fishin%K 2
1A. '@"lain dra%nettin% in detail. 6
11. &o# lon% does a commercial fishin% tri" lastK 1
12. Define s"ort fishin%. 1
16. $hat ha""ens to the %ame fish after they are cau%htK 2
17. Name five 2inds of fish cau%ht in this ty"e of fishin%. 8
18. $hat 2inds of eGui"ment are used in this ty"e of fishin%K 2
19. $hat #ould you say is the advanta%e of fishin% in the <ahamasK 2
1C. here are many "roblems facin% fishin% in the <ahamas. State four and e@"lain #hat
each one means. ?
Hurri&anes
Objectives: <e able to: a. State #hat a hurricane is. b. '@"lain ho# a hurricane and a
storm sur%e are formed. c. (dentify the hurricane season.
69
What is a hurri&aneK
+ hurricane is a hu%e stormQ (t can be u" to 9AA miles across and have stron% #inds
s"iralin% in#ard and u"#ard at s"eeds of C8 to 2AA m"h. 'ach hurricane usually lasts for
over a #ee2! movin% 1A32A miles "er hour over the o"en ocean. &urricanes %ather heat
and ener%y throu%h contact #ith #arm ocean #aters. 'va"oration from the sea#ater
increases their "o#er. &urricanes rotate in a counter3cloc2#ise direction around an Zeye.Z
he center of the storm or ZeyeZ is the calmest "art. (t has only li%ht #inds and fair
#eather. $hen they come onto land! the heavy rain! stron% #inds and lar%e #aves can
dama%e buildin%s! trees and vehicles.
Ho: do hurri&anes for'K
&urricanes only form over really #arm ocean #ater of ?AR> or #armer. he atmos"here
(the air) must cool off very Guic2ly the hi%her you %o. +lso! the #ind must be blo#in% in
the same direction and at the same s"eed to force air u"#ard from the ocean surface.
$inds flo# out#ard above the storm allo#in% the air belo# to rise. &urricanes ty"ically
form bet#een 8 to 18 de%rees latitude north and south of the eGuator. he .oriolis >orce is
needed to create the s"in in the hurricane and it becomes too #ea2 near the eGuator! so
hurricanes can never form there.
What is stor' sur5eO
Storm sur%es are freGuently the most devastatin% element of a hurricane. +s a hurricane;s
#inds s"iral around and around the storm! they "ush #ater into a mound at the storm;s
center. his mound of #ater becomes dan%erous #hen the storm reaches land because it
causes floodin% alon% the coast. he #ater "iles u"! unable to esca"e any#here but on
land as the storm carries it land#ard. + hurricane #ill cause more storm sur%e in areas
#here the ocean floor slo"es %radually. his causes major floodin%.
+s you #atch the storm3sur%e animations! notice the effect that the "hysical %eo%ra"hy of
70
each coastline has on storm sur%e. +lso! note the #aves on to" of the oceanPs surface.
$ind! #aves! and sea3level rise all contribute to storm3sur%e dama%e.
When does hurri&ane season startK
he +tlantic hurricane season is from 1une 1 to November 6A! but most hurricanes occur
durin% the fall months. he 'astern Pacific hurricane season is from -ay 18 to November
6A. (<elo# is a %ra"hic that sho#s you #hen hurricanes are most active across "arts of the
#orld.)
Who na'e hurri&anesO
>rom 1B8A to 1B82! tro"ical cyclones of the North +tlantic Ocean #ere identified by the
"honetic al"habet (+ble3<a2er3.harlie3etc.)! but in 1B86 the ,S $eather <ureau s#itched
to #omenPs names. he rest of the #orld eventually cau%ht on! and namin% ri%hts no# %o
by the $orld -eteorolo%ical Or%ani5ation! #hich uses different sets of names de"endin%
on the "art of the #orld the storm is in. +round the ,.S.! only #omenPs names #ere used
until 1BCB! #hen it #as decided that they should alternate a list that included menPs names
too. here are 9 different name lists that alternate each year. (f a hurricane did si%nificant
dama%e! its name is retired and re"laced #ith another.
$hat is the difference bet#een a hurricane! a cyclone and a ty"hoonK
Nothin% e@ce"t the %eo%ra"hical location. ro"ical storms occur in several of the #orldPs
oceans! and e@ce"t for their names! they are essentially the same ty"e of storm. (n the
+tlantic Ocean! =ulf of -e@ico! and the 'astern Pacific Ocean! they are called hurricanes.
(n the $estern Pacific Ocean! they are called ty"hoons. (n the (ndian Ocean! the <ay of
<en%al! and +ustralia! these ty"es of storms are called cyclones.
&urricane Sta%es
71
ro"ical $ave + lo# "ressure trou%h movin% %enerally #est#ard #ith the trade #inds.
ro"ical
Disturbance
+n or%ani5ed area of thunderstorms that usually forms in the tro"ics.
y"ically! they maintain their identity for 27 hours and are accom"anied by
heavy rains and %usty #inds.
ro"ical
.yclone
+ %eneric term for any or%ani5ed lo# "ressure that develo"s over tro"ical
and sometimes sub3tro"ical #aters. ro"ical de"ressions! tro"ical storms!
and hurricanes are all e@am"le of tro"ical cyclones.
ro"ical
De"ression
+n or%ani5ed area of lo# "ressure in #hich sustained #inds are 6? m"h or
less.
ro"ical Storm
+ tro"ical cyclone #ith ma@imum sustained #ind s"eeds that ran%e from
6B to C6 m"h.
&urricane + tro"ical cyclone #ith sustained #inds of at least C7 m"h.
Saffir3Sim"son &urricane Scale
.ate%ory $inds (-P&) Pressure (-illibars) Pressure ((nches)
Storm Sur%e
(>eet)
Dama%e
1 C73B8 ]B?A ]2?.B7 7P38P -inimal
2 B9311A BCB3B98 2?.B132?.8A 9P3?P -oderate
6 111316A B973B78 2?.7C32C.B1 BP312P '@tensive
7 1613 188 B773B2A 2C.??32C.1C 16P31?P '@treme
8 ^188 ]B2A ]2C.1C ^1?P .atastro"hic
%4ass A&tivity
72
1. $hat 2 factors cause a hurricane to %ro# after havin% contact #ith #arm ocean #atersK
2
2. $hat direction do hurricanes rotateK 1
6. he _eye; is called the center of the storm. $hy is thatK 2
7. &o# are hurricanes formedK 2
8. he most devastatin% element of a hurricane is a JJJJJJJJJJJ. 1
9. $hen the #ind s"irals around in the storm! it causesJJJJJJJJJJ. 1
C. +s a result of a %radual slo"e in the ocean floor! the sur%e #ill causeJJJJJJJJ. 1
?. he +tlantic hurricane season isJJJJJJJJ. 1
B. $hen is the 'astern "acific hurricane seasonK 1
1A. $hat 6 factors contribute to a storm sur%eK 6
11. $hy can;t a hurricane form near the eGuatorK 1
W" A&tivity 19 "oints
2. $ho has the ri%hts to name the hurricanesK 1
6. $hen #ere hurricanes s#itched to #omen;s names and by #hat or%ani5ationK 2
7. $here are hurricanes formed in the Northern hemis"hereK 2
8. $here are ty"hoons formedK 1
9. $hat are the t#o other names for hurricaneK 2
C. $hat is the name of the storm that is formed in the (ndian OceanK <ay of <en%al! and
+ustraliaK 1
73
$hat Storm Sta%e is itK
a. + tro"ical cyclone #ith ma@imum sustained #inds from 6B3C6 m"h.
b. +n or%ani5ed area of thunderstorm formed usually in the tro"ics.
c. + tro"ical cyclone #ith sustained #inds of C7 m"h or %reater.
d. + lo# "ressure trou%h movin% #est#ard #ith the trade #inds
e. + %eneral term used for tro"ical de"ression! tro"ical storm and hurricanes.
W + A&tivity 18"ts
>ill in the missin% information from the Saffir3Sim"son scale.
1. .ate%ory JJJ 6 2. .ate%oryJJJJJ
$indsJJJJJJJJJ $indsJJJJJJJ
Storm sur%eJJJJJJJ PressureJJJJJ less than2?.B7
Dama%e JJJJJJJJe@tensive Dama%eJJJJJJ minimal
6. .ate%oryJJJJJ 7. .ate%oryJJJJ
$indsJJJJJ $indsJJJJ1613188
PressureJJJJ-illibars PressureJJJJJJ2C.??32C.1C
74
Storm Sur%esJJJJJJ Dama%eJJJJ
Dama%e JJJJJcatastro"hic
8. .ate%oryJJJJJ
Storm Sur%eJJJJ
PressureJJJJBCB3B98
$indsJJJJJ
9. he lo#er the "ressure the stron%er the JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C. he hi%her the "ressure the JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ the #inds.
Ho: to Pre*are for a Hurri&ane
$hen there is a hurricane headin% our #ay! the -eteorolo%ical Office #ill inform the
country. he office #ill issue:
a. &urricane #atch. his is #hen the hurricane is #ithin 7? hrs of ma2in% landfall.
b. &urricane #arnin%! #hen the hurricane is #ithin 27 hrs of ma2in% landfall.
$e should be ready for a storm at any time. Our "re"aration 2it should include the
follo#in% items.
a. 132 %als of #ater for each "erson in the family.
b. >lashli%ht and battery "o#ered radio #ith e@tra batteries
c. non3 "erishable foods
75
d. >irst3+id Mit Lmedicine for "ersons on "rescri"tion medicine for at least a #ee2
f. (m"ortant documents secured in a 5i"loc2 ba%. Pass"orts! insurance "a"ers! deeds!
immuni5ation cards.
e. a full tan2 of car %as! s"ear 2eys
%. "ersonal items! soa"! deodorant! tooth"aste! to#el! comb and brush toilet "a"er
h. .han%e of clothin% for each family member.
i. an esca"e "lan3 "lan #ith your family #hat #ould ha""en in the event that se"aration
ha""ens due to floodin% or major dama%e to the "ro"erty.
j. tools3 scre#driver and "liers
2. e@tra cash l. "ersonal identification
m. slee"in% ba%s or blan2ets N.Secure your "ro"erty
1. Put coverin%s on all #indo#s! #indo# shutters or board.
2. )emove all furniture! %arba%e containers from the outside and "lace inside the house.
6. -a2e sure your "et is safe. <rin% "et inside the house.
7. ,n"lu% a""liances in the event of current outa%e so as to "rotect them from current
sur%e.
Project ATTENT$ON Due Date JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1. -a2e a flyer on an ? by 11 com"uter si5e sheet tellin% "eo"le ho# to "re"are for a
hurricane.
2. (nclude safety ti"s and ho# to "re"are a hurricane 2it.
76
6. -a2e sure you have emer%ency contacts that "eo"le can call. '@am"le: "olice! "o#er
outa%e! ambulance and hos"ital.
7. /ou may use mar2ers! crayons or colorin% "encils to brin% your #or2 to life.
NAT$ONAL SYM<OLS
O(Le&tivesH <y the end of this lesson! students should be able to (a) define the #ord
symbol (b) state the si%nificance of symbols (c) name and identify the national symbols of
he <ahamas
+ symbol is a si%n by #hich a "erson! nation or or%ani5ation could be identified.
Symbols should be res"ected and "ro"erly treated. National symbols are objects or #ords
used by a nation as a method of national identity. herefore! symbols are used to assist in
indentifyin% our country at international events such as s"orts meetin%s and international
conferences. <efore inde"endence ! most of our symbols #ere <ritish! but since 1BC6! #e
have used our o#n. Our national symbols are as follo#s:
THE 2LAG
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he fla% fulfills multi"le functions for e@am"le! declarin% o#nershi"! distress!
achievement! victory and mournin%. $hen he <ahamas %ained inde"endence on 1uly
1Ath! 1BC6! our "resent fla% re"laced the <ritish fla%! the ,nion 1ac2.
Our "resent fla% #as unveiled in the &ouse of +ssembly in +"ril 1BC6. he colors are
si%nificant. he <LA%F re"resents the vi%or and force of a united "eo"le. he trian%le
"ointin% to#ard the fla% re"resents the enter"rise and determination of the <ahamian
"eo"le. he A/0AMAR$NE re"resents our beautiful #aters #hile the GOL re"resents
our sun.
THE %OAT O2 ARMS
Our .oat of +rms #as desi%ned by R. HER3$S <A$N #ho #as an educator. he
.oat of +rms re"resents the natural features found in he <ahamas. he %ON%H
SHELL is symbolic of the beautiful marine life. he PALM re"resents the ve%etation of
the islands. he %LEARI <L0E WATERS and A R$S$NG S0N shines in the beautiful
sub3tro"ical climate. he 2LAM$NGO! the national bird and the <L0E MARL$N the
national fish can also be found on the .oat of +rms. he SANTA MAR$A! #hich is
.olumbus; fla% shi" can also be found on the .oat of +rms.
THE 2LAM$NGO
he <ahamas is home to the #orld;s lar%est colony of flamin%os #hich can be found in a
naturally "rotected "ar2 on the Southern island of (na%ua.
THE <L0E MARL$N
he <L0E MARL$N can be found in the +tlantic and Pacific Oceans. (t is a "o#erful
a%%ressive fish that can lea" hi%h into the air dis"layin% its stren%th.
78
THE YELLOW ELER
he /ello# 'lder is the national flo#er of he <ahamas. (t %ro#s #ild in he <ahamas
and can reach a hei%ht of a""ro@imately t#enty feet. (t blossoms from October to
December.
THE NAT$ONAL TREE ) L$GN0M 3$TAE
he national tree the *i%num 0itae is the heaviest #ood found in he <ahamas. (t is also
2no#n as the ree of *ife and bears clusters of small! blue flo#ers at the branch ti"s.
THE PLEGE
Pled%e Of +lle%iance
written by Rev. Philip Rahming
recited by 5th Grade class at Uriah Mcphee Primary School
( Pled%e my alle%iance to the fla% and to
the .ommon#ealth of he <ahamas
>or #hich it stands!
one "eo"le united in love and service
THE NAT$ONAL ANTHEM
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Mar&h on <aha'a4and
Nationa4 Son5
music by imothy =ibson ` .lement <ethel
#ords by )ev. Phili" )ahmin%
<ankin5 in the <aha'as
<an2in% is an im"ortant "art of the <ahamian economy because it %enerates a
source of income for he <ahamas. (n fact! ban2in% #hich is a TERT$ARY industry is
the se&ond lar%est industry in he <ahamas. he first ban2 in he <ahamas #as the
Govern'ent Savin5s <ank esta(4ished in #K+7. (t #as also 2no#n as the Public <an2 of
he <ahamas but closed in 1??9. (n the same of year of its colla"se! a =overnment
Savin%s <an2 #as established under the control of the Post Office De"artment. he <an2
of Nassau #as then o"ened in #KKU and for nearly thirty years "layed an im"ortant role in
the commercial life of he <ahamas. &o#ever! due to mismana%ement! it failed in 1B19.
(n #UAK! the first forei%n com"any! THE ROYAL <ANF O2 %ANAA! #as
o"ened for business. (t "rovided he <ahamas #ith first rate ban2in% services and for
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nearly thirty years #as the only commercial ban2 in he <ahamas. <ar&4ays <ank #as
then o"ened in #UB7. (t mer%ed #ith the .anadian (m"erial <an2 of .ommerce (.(<.)
and is no# 2no#n as >irst .aribbean. +fter 1B7C! many other ban2s and trust com"anies
#ere o"ened in he <ahamas. he first +merican <an2! 2$RST NAT$ONAL %$TY
<ANF be%an o"eratin% in 1B9A. (n 1BC7! the %ENTRAL <ANF O2 THE <AHAMAS
#as officially o"ened by aueen 'li5abeth ((. he duties of .entral <an2 of he <ahamas
involves overseein%! re%ulatin% and advisin% the ban2in% and financial institutions of he
<ahamas. he Peo"le;s Penny Savin%s <an2! the only <ahamian o#ned ban2! #as
founded in 1B82.
oday many com"anies carry on #hat is 2no#n as NoffshoreO ban2in%! that is the
buyin% and sellin% of forei%n currencies! "articularly the E0RONOLLAR. herefore! an
offshore ban2 is a ban2 #hich o"erates outside of their country. -ost offshore ban2s in
he <ahamas have their headGuarters in many fara#ay "laces. >orei%ners de"osit their
money to avoid "ayin% ta@es in their o#n countries. (t is then clear that com"anies that
o#n offshore ban2s "refer that their ban2s are located in "laces li2e he <ahamas because
#e do not have income ta@ or other related ta@es. -any of the offshore ban2s in he
<ahamas are either S#iss or +merican.
THE <AHAMAS E3ELOPMENT <ANF
he <ahamas Develo"ment <an2 #as founded in 1anuary 1BC? by the %overnment
of the .ommon#ealth of he <ahamas in order to "rovide lon% term financin% for the
develo"ment of enter"rises! co3o"eratives and small business thus! ensurin% economic
%ro#th in he <ahamas. he ban2 created ne# em"loyment o""ortunities! hel"ed to
utili5e local materials and resources as #ell as reduce im"orts! introduce ne# technolo%y
and s2ills #hile "lacin% money in ne# hands. (t has also throu%h a ran%e of "rojects!
encoura%ed %ro#th on the family islands.
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TYPES O2 <ANFS
%OMMER%$AL <ANFS L these ban2s en%a%e in business #ith the %eneral "ublic for
e@am"le Scotia! .ommon#ealth ban2! >irst .aribbean and )oyal <an2.
O22SHORE <ANFS3 are ban2s #hich o"erate outside of their countries. -ost offshore
ban2s in he <ahamas have their headGuarters in many fara#ay "laces. >orei%ners de"osit
their money to avoid "ayin% ta@es in their o#n countries.
TR0ST %OMPAN$ES3 these hold and mana%e money! valuable documents and
"ro"erties! 2no#n as assets for "ersons #hom they call clients.
THE %ENTRAL <ANF O2 THE <AHAMAS
he .entral <an2 of he <ahamas is headed by a =overnor. he "resent =overnor
is WENY %RA$GG. he .entral <an2 of he <ahamas is li2e no other ban2 in he
<ahamas. (t is a different ty"e of ban2! #ith very s"ecial functions. (ndividuals do not %o
there to de"osit savin%s or borro# money. (t is the ban2er to other ban2s and to the
%overnment. Some of the functions of .entral <an2 include the follo#in%: (1)the
su"ervision of ban2s and trust com"anies! (2)the fosterin% of a close relationshi" bet#een
ban2s themselves and bet#een ban2s and the %overnment (6) advisin% the %overnment on
ban2in% and monetary matters (7) maintainin% the <ahamian dollar at a fi@ed value that is
on "ar #ith the ,.S dollar.
here are central ban2s all over the .aribbean! and around the #orld. 'ach country
has only one central ban2! and the functions are basically the same. (n the ,nited States
the 2EERAL RESER3E <ANF is a lot li2e our .entral <an2.
&' (N')N+(ON+* <+NM >O) )'.ONS),.(ON +ND D'0'*OP-'N
((<)D) or &' $O)*D <+NM
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he (<)D or $orld <an2! "rovides aid to develo"in% countries. -oney comes
throu%h the contributions of member countries as #ell as throu%h financial a%encies and
institutions. Develo"ed countries such as the ,.S.+! .anada! and the ,.M! contribute lar%e
sums of money to the ban2. (t is throu%h these funds that the aid to countries can "rovided.
>undin% obtained by a country can be used to meet infrastructure! health! education! and
other needs. he $orld <an2 is based in $ashin%ton! D...
%AR$<<EAN E3ELOPMENT <ANF
he .aribbean Develo"ment <an2 (.D<) #as established by .aribbean nations to
"rovide financin% for develo"ment "ur"oses in member countries. he ban2 ma2es loans
to member countries for social and economic develo"ment in tourism! a%riculture! health
and education at lo# rates of interest. -ember countries also receive a %race "eriod on
loan re"ayment. his means that the borro#er by s"ecial arran%ement! actually be%ins to
re"ay the loan at a later date than the contract normally #ould have sti"ulated. hese loans
are referred to as soft loans. he .aribbean Develo"ment <an2 is located on the island of
<AR<AOS.
SER3$%ES O22ERE <Y <ANFS
1. .ollect Savin%s C. Sell traveler;s cheGues
2. *end money ?. Sell money or ban2 drafts
6. ransfer money
7. .ash cheGues
8. >inancial advice
9. .redit cards
here are different ty"es of accounts that are available at ban2s! they are: (1) an ordinary
savin%s account (2) a current or chec2in% account and (6) a fi@ed de"osit account.
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OR$ARY SA3$NGS A%%O0NT
Persons can de"osit or #ithdra# money from their account usin% de"osit or #ithdra#al
sli"s "rovided by the ban2. (nterest is "aid on this ty"e of account.
%HE%F$NG OR %0RRENT A%%O0NT
$hen o"enin% a chec2in% account! individuals receive a chec2boo2 and a "ayin%3in boo2.
he chec2boo2 can be used to #ithdra# or instruct others to #ithdra# from your account.
+t the end of each month the ban2 issues the customer a statement of their account. his is
used to reconcile "ersonal accounts #ith those of the ban2. he majority of ban2s do not
"ay interest on this ty"e of account! but a fe# do.
2$1E EOPS$T
he ban2s "rovides a certificate to the holders of 2$1E EPOS$T A%%O0NTS #hich
states ho# lon% the customer a%rees to leave funds in the ban2! the rate of interest "aid
and the date the ban2 #ill re"ay the de"osit. +s the fi@ed de"osit indicates! the money #ill
have to remain in the ban2 for the s"ecified time. he ban2 "ays a hi%her rate of interest
on this ty"e of account.
<ANF$NG TERMS
<ANF LOAN3 commercial ban2s char%e fees for the majority of services they "rovide. +
major "art of the ban2s "rofit comes from lendin% money. herefore! #hen an individual
%oes into a ban2 to borro# money for a "articular reason ( for e@am"le "urchase a car or
house)! this is called a LOAN. he individual #ould then be reGuired to "ay a s"ecific
amount of money bac2 to the ban2 on a monthly basis until the loan is "aid in full.
84
$NTEREST
(ndividuals de"osit their money in ban2s over a "eriod of time! the money "aid to them for
doin% this is called $NTEREST.
MONEY
-oney is defined as any commodity that is acce"ted by most "ersons as a medium of
e@chan%e and as a measure of value. he value if money is de"endent u"on the "roducts it
can buy that is its "urchasin% "o#er. $hen there is a %eneral or all around rise in the "rice
of %oods and services! the value of money falls. his situation is described as
$N2ALT$ON.
<ARTER
<arter is an e@chan%e of %oods or a form of trade #here %oods and services are e@chan%ed
for a certain amount of other %oods and services! THERE $S NO MONEY $N3OL3E
$N TH$S TRANSA%T$ON.
RE%ESS$ON
+ si%nificant decline in activity s"read across the economy! lastin% lon%er than a fe#
months. (t is visible in industrial "roduction! em"loyment! real income and #hole sale and
retail trade. )ecession can be caused by any event such as #ars.
EM<EPPLEMENT
he #ron%ful ta2in% of "ro"erty by a "erson #ho has been entrusted #ith it or #ron%ful
use for one;s o#n selfish ends! of the "ro"erty that has been le%ally entrusted to one.
85
MONEY LA0NER$NG
.oncealin% or dis%uisin% ho# ille%ally obtained money #as obtained (such as dru%
traffic2in%! %un smu%%lin%) to avoid a transaction re"ortin% reGuirement understate or
federal la#.
Touris'
O(Le&tivesH <y the end of this lesson! students should be able to TaU Define the terms
tourism and tourist Tb) Name the different ty"es of tourists (cU State #hy "eo"le travel. (dU
State the im"ortance of tourism to our country.

Touris'
ourism is classified as a tertiary industry #hich means one that %ives service for a fee. (t
is also the #hole activity that deals #ith the business of attractin% and ta2en care of
tourists
ourism is the short term movement of "eo"le from destinations outside #here they live
and #or2. hese "ersons are referred to as tourists or visitors durin% their stay. hese
tourists s"end money that they earned in the "lace #here they #or2 and reside. his
money is termed 2orei5n E=&han5e in the "laces #here they visit.
>orei%n e@chan%e enables countries to "urchase %oods and %ive services needed to
stimulate their economies as #ell as "rovide em"loyment for their citi5ens.
Who is a touristO
86
+ tourist is anyone travellin% for the "ur"ose of recreation! holiday! health! s"orts! family
matters! business! or on a mission! or a dele%ate at a conference! or stayin% for at least
27 hours but not stayin% more than a year.
Persons e@cluded are emi%rants! di"lomats! consular re"resentatives and arm force
"ersonnel. Persons earnin% an income are not re%arded as a tourist.
Three %4assifi&ations of Tourists
1. $nternationa4 are "eo"le #ho visit other countries outside of their country.
2. Re5iona4 are "eo"le travellin% in a defined %eo%ra"hic re%ion that is #ithin the
.aribbean.
6. o'esti& are "eo"le travellin% #ithin their o#n country. e%. <imini! +ndros
2our %ate5ories of Tourists
1. ransit 0isitors: Persons "assin% throu%h on their #ay to another country! but havin% to
enter the <ahamas for immi%ration "ur"oses.
2. Day 0isitors: 0isitors s"endin% less than 27 hours and do not use overni%ht
accommodations.
6. .ruise Shi" 0isitors: 0isitors arrivin% by cruise shi"s and usin% the cruise shi" as their
accommodation.
7. Sto" over 0isitors: 0isitors stayin% for at least 27 hours and usin% some form of
accommodation.
The $'*ortan&e of Touris'
87
1ust under 8AD of all "ersons are directly em"loyed in tourism or tourist related jobs.
ourism bein% our b1 industry is the mainstay of our livelihood.
(t is im"ortant because it "rovides forei%n e@chan%e mainly ,nited States Dollar (,SD)
#hich allo#s the %overnment to "ay bills such as: (m"ortation of %oods and food. >orei%n
debt
2orei5n E=&han5e a44o:sH
1. he <ahamas dollar to stay on "ar #ith the ,SD.
2. <ahamians to %o abroad to sho" to buy %oods! educate their children home and
abroad.
6. =overnment to "ay salaries to its #or2ers.
7. =overnment to have money to build and re"air roads! schools and other
infrastructure.
!o(s That e*end ire&t4y on Touris'
Stra# 0endors )etail Store o#ners &otel $or2ers a@i Drivers (nternational
airline #or2ers
2our fa&tors that 'ake touris' a su&&essfu4 *rodu&t.
1. +ccessibility bein% able to reach and enter the tourist destination by communication
and trans"ortation.
2. +menities hese are accommodation! caterin%! entertainment! trans"ort and
communication.
6. +ttractions scenic vie#s! climate! events such as e@hibitions! festivals! and s"ortin%
events.
7. +ccommodations livin% facilities! air conditionin%
2A%TS
he minister of tourism is JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
>ather of tourism is Sir Stafford Sands because in the1B8A;s he #as the &ead of the
Develo"ment <oard no# 2no#n as the -inistry of ourism. &e #anted to ma2e tourism a
88
year round business. +t that time tourists came durin% the #inter months to esca"e the
cold and sno# from North +merica #hich #as #here most of the tourists came from. .&e
added air3conditionin% #hich %reatly im"roved the comfort for year round tourists.
(n 1?8B Samuel .unard introduced the first steamshi" run named the S.S .orsica.
he )oyal 0ictoria &otel #as o"ened in 1?91.
(n1?B? &enry >la%ler started the -iami3Nassau steamshi" service. &e "rovided for
tourists by buildin% he )oyal 0ictoria &otel and the .olonial in 1BAA.$hich is no# the
&ilton.
(n the 1B2A;s re%ular steamshi" lin2s ran bet#een .anada and <ritain.
>irst Plane service be%an in 1B2B. Pan +merica by sea "lane from -iami to Nassau #hich
too2 t#o and half hours and today it ta2es 68 minutes.
Nassau (nternational +ir"ort o"ened for service in 1B8C.
-ost of the tourists that come to our shores come from N.+ and 'uro"e.
2A%TS THAT OPENE THE <AHAMAS 0P TO TO0R$SM
+fter the .uban )evolution! Nassau became a more "o"ular destination in 1B8B >idel
.astro became the leader led to the ,S embar%o! as #ell as the "rice of tic2ets #ere made
available to the ordinary "ersons #hich allo#ed them to travel. +ccommodations #ere
more readily available and room rates #ere affordable durin% the summer months
'co3ourist is a res"onsible traveller #ho avoids causin% harm to the natural ve%etation
and environment. hey have an a""reciation for the flora and fauna of a country.
%LASS A%T$3$TY
Write true of fa4se for ea&h state'ent.
89
1. ourism is a "rimary industry and %ives service for a fee.JJJJJJJJJ
2. ourism means the movin% of "eo"le from one destination to another.JJJJJJJJ
6. + tourist is someone #ho lives and #or2s in a country.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
7. /ou are not a tourist because you came as an emi%rant.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
8. 'co tourist care about the countries; environment.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
9. (f you stay over for lon%er than a year you are still a tourist.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
+ns#er each Guestion in a com"lete sentence.
C. $ho is an international touristK
?. $hat is forei%n e@chan%e
B. Name the four 2inds of "eo"le that visit our shores.
1A. $hat are t#o benefits of a %overnment receivin% forei%n e@chan%eK
11. ell t#o thin%s that forei%n e@chan%e allo#s.
12. $hat cate%ories #ill these visitors fall intoK

a. ( am travellin% from 'n%land to rinidad and oba%o.
b. ( left Nassau and #ent to 1amaica.
c. -y family travelled from >ree"ort came to Nassau for my uncle;s funeral.
16. /ou are a <ahamian #ho left for colle%e and #ant to invite some of you friends to
visit the <ahamas. &o# #ould convince them to comeK State four #ays you #ill sell your
country.
90
%onservin5 the Environ'ent
Objectives: <y the end of this lesson! students should be able to: (a) Define the #ords
NconservationO and NenvironmentO.(b) State reasons #hy it is im"ortant to conserve.
he <ahamas is strate%ically located and "ossesses a rare natural beauty. =eolo%ically!
he <ahamas is a multi3sectioned "latform of shallo# #ater of marine limestone.
herefore! the environment "rovides favourable conditions for "lants and animals to
thrive.
'nvironment can be defined as! Nthe combination of e@ternal "hysical conditions
91
that affect and influence the %ro#th! develo"ment and survival of or%anismsO.
.onservation can be defined as! Nthe "rotection! "reservation! mana%ement! or restoration
of #ildlife and natural resources such as forests! soil and #aterO.
1. 'colo%ical 0alue3 ecolo%y is the study of interactions and relationshi"s bet#een all
livin% ("lants and animals) and non3livin% (soil and #ater) thin%s on earth. -aintainin%
a balance of carbon dio@ide is im"ortant because an increase in concentration
contributes to a #armin% of the 'arth;s atmos"here.
2. 'conomic3 "arts of our economy are de"endent on natural resources for e@am"le!
a%riculture and tourism.
6. +sthetic value3 nature is a refu%e to #hich "eo"le #ill turn to be nourished and
revitali5ed
7. Saves money3 reduction in "ollutant emissions that cause %lobal #armin% can reduce
ener%y costs.
8. Protects health3 #hen the environment is free from "ollutants! "eo"le can lead healthier
lives.
9. Protects the environment3ener%y "rovides us #ith electricity! heat! trans"ortation and
more modern conveniences that no one should have to do #ithout. ,nfortunately! some of
the most common methods of ener%y "roduction can cause serious environmental
"roblems.
(t is im"ortant to conserve natural resources in order to ensure future su""lies.
Ho:eNWork
92
.reate a "oster outlinin% #ays to conserve. Students M0ST have a minimum of 2$3E
#ays to conserve. he "oster M0ST be creative and neat. A<SOL0TELY NO LATE
WORF W$LL <E A%%EPTE.
%ora4 Reefs
.oral reefs are the most biolo%ically diverse marine eco3systems on earth! rivaled only by
the tro"ical rainforests on land. .orals %ro# over %eolo%ic time and have been in
e@istence about 2AA million years. .orals reached their current level of diversity 8A
million years a%o.
he delicately balanced marine environment of the coral reef relies on the interaction of
hard and soft corals! s"on%es! anemones! snails! rays! crabs! lobsters! turtles! dol"hins and
other sea life.
$hat is a coral reef made ofK
+ coral reef is com"osed of thin "lates or layers of calcium carbonate secreted over
thousands of years by billions of tiny soft bodied animals called coral "oly"s. (t ta2es
years for some corals to %ro# an inch and they ran%e in si5e from a "inhead to a foot in
len%th.
93
'ach "oly" e@cretes a calcereous e@os2eleton and lives in a symbiotic relationshi" #ith a
host al%ae and 5oo@anthellae that %ives the coral its color. 4oo@anthellae ta2es in carbon
dio@ide! "rocess is throu%h "hotosynthesis! and then %ives off o@y%en as a by3"roduct that
is used by the host "oly".
-illions of "oly"s %ro# on to" of the limestone remains of former colonies to create the
massive reefs. /et these tiny animals form the only natural formation visible from outer
s"ace. .orals are divided into t#o 2inds and both are stationary on the ocean bottom.
&ard corals such as brain! star! sta%horn! el2horn and "illar corals have ri%id e@os2eletons
or corallites that "rotect their soft delicate bodies.
=or%onians or soft corals! such as sea fans! sea #hi"s and sea rods! s#ay #ith the currents
and lac2 an e@os2eleton.
$or2sheet
+ns#er the follo#in% Guestions in com"lete sentences. T19U
1. $hat is a coral reefK T1U
2. $hat is the life s"an of a coral reefK T1U
6. =ive three (6) e@am"les of marine life that coral reefs interact #ith.
7. .oral reefs are made of JJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJ. T1U
8. .oral reefs can %ro# to the si5e of a JJJJJJJJ or a foot in len%th. T1U
9. $hat %ives coral its colorK T2U
C. Name t#o (2) hard corals. T2U
?. Name t#o (2) soft corals. T2U
B. $hat do hard corals have to "rotect themselves. T2U
1A. =ive another name for soft corals. T1U
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.oral reefs de"end u"on man%roves and sea %rasses
Man5roves are salt3tolerant trees #ith submer%ed roots that are a nursery and breedin%
%round for birds and most of the marine life that mi%rates to the reef.
-an%roves tra" and "roduce nutrients for food and habitat! stabili5e the shoreline! and
filter "ollutants from the land base.
Sea 5rasses are flo#erin% marine "lants that are an im"ortant "art of the food #eb.
)ed -an%rove <lac2 -an%rove

<utton#ood man%rove $hite -an%rove

95
hey "rovide foods and habitat for turtles! manatees! many fish! filter3feedin% or%anisms
and fora%in% sea life such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Sea %rasses are a nursery for
"in2 shrim"! lobster! sna""er and other sea life. hey filter the #ater of sediments! release
o@y%en and stabili5e the bottom.
$here are coral reefs locatedK
.oral reefs occu"y less than one Guarter of one "ercent of the earthPs marine environment!
yet they are home to more than a Guarter of all 2no#n fish s"ecies.
$hy is the coral reef im"ortantK
.oral reefs deserve "rotection for their intrinsic natural value. (n addition! the economic!
tourism! fishin% and recreational resources of tro"ical areas around the #orld de"end u"on
healthy coral reef ecosystems. <arrier coral reefs "rotect shorelines from erosion and
storm dama%e.
he food! tourism revenue! coastal "rotection and ne# medications that reefs "rovide are
#orth about c6C8 billion each year.
Worksheet
+ns#er the Guestions in com"lete sentences.
1. =ive t#o (2) functions of -an%rove and Sea %rass. T7U
2. $hy should #e "rotect coral reefsK T2U
6. $hat ty"e of coral "rotect the cost from erosion and storm dama%eK T1U
96
>our main threats to the <ahamian .oral reefs
1. Physi&a4 estru&tion: >rom drud%ery and develo"ment! the creation of navi%ational
channels throu%h reefs! anchors are dro""ed on corals! fish tra"s are dra%%ed across the
corals causin% dama%e #hich increase the chance of the corals becomin% infected and
eventually dies.
2. Overfishin5: he removal of too many lobsters! %rou"er! and sna""ers is not only bad
in and of itself! but de"rive the reef of the service they "rovide. *obsters are the cleaners
and %arba%e collectors! they eat all dead animals that fall from the corals. =rou"ers and
sna""ers eat the smaller fish that eat the corals! so #ithout the food chain! the cycle is
bro2en and the %ro#th of the coral #ill cease.
6. Water ;ua4ity: +side from major disasters that occur e%. Oil s"ills from tan2ers!
everyday livin% affects the Guality of the #ater. .onstruction site run3off! se#a%e!
"esticides! fertili5ers from %ulf courses! to@ins from "aint and trash from boats are all
contributors to the Guality of the #ater acidity in the ocean! ma2in% it harder for the corals
to %ro# and survive.
7. %ora4 (4ea&hin5: $hen coral are stressed due to the lac2 of "i%ment ma2es it
susce"tible to disease and "remature death. his ha""ens #hen sea tem"erature rise above
normal healthy limits.
97

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Grade 7 Notes

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

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