LAB REPORT NO.

2:
To investigate the relationship between shear stress and shear strain for rubber and determine the modulus
of rigidity.
Apparatus:
Modulus of rigidity apparatus, Dial indicator, Hanger with weights.
Material:
Rubber.
Theory:
Shearing Stress;
If the area carrying the load is parallel to applied load, then stress produced in the component will be shearing or
tangential stress
r
!tresses produced on the area under shear due to the shearing forces are called shearing stresses.
Mathematically,
Shearing stress = shearing force / area under shear
= /As or ! /As
= /"t or ! /"t
#$MM$% A"&#AT&$%S:
i. bolts , ri"ets and pins .
ii. in machine tools , the cutting edges of the tools are e#erting shearing force on the wor$ piece.
S&%'"( S)(A* A%+ +$,-"( S)(A*:
If the pin or bolt is under shear at one section only it will be the case of single shearIf the pin or bolt is under shear
at two sections it will be the case of double shear.
Shear Strain:
%nli$e a#ial load, a shear load does not change dimensions but distort them. Measurement of distortion is
called shear strain which is angle of distortion.
&n a#ial force causes elongation, but with an important difference. &n element sub'ected to tension
undergoes an increase in length but an element sub'ected to shear does not changes the length of its side , but it
undergoes a change in shape from triangle to parallelogram.
Shear strain = angle of distortion
=" .
(onsider )*DD+
,an - . DD+ / *D
. 0s / w
1or "ery small angles
,an - . -
!o - . 0s / w
Its units are m/m 2 inch/inch

Modulus of *igidity:
3ith in the proportional limit in the shear, shear stress is proportional to shear strain.
Mathematically ,
/ .
= ' .
' = Modulus of rigidity
= #onstant of proportionality
= Shear Modulus
Its units are 4si 2 4a
,he abo"e relation is $nown as Hoo$5s law in !hear stress and strain. ,he "alue of 6 is !pecific for each material.
rocedure:
& thin bloc$ of rubber is attached with the wall. & hanger is not made to pass through the rubber otherwise it will
calculate stresses only in that portion and rubber will be permanently deformed. 3e load the hanger with the loads
and go on increasing it and ta$e the respecti"e readings against it. 3e note that energy is absorbed in the rubber
and it ta$e some time to release it.
*(#A,T&$%S :
7. &s we are assuming static load so the load should be placed slowly and steadily
4
8
t
-
& (
*
D
D+
w
9. 1inger tips should not interfere the weights in the hanger
:. If there is the little bit mo"ement of hanger ne"er support the load to the lower side rather touch it from
left or right side
;. ,he eyes of obser"er must always be in front of the reading
#omments:
7. ,he weights added should not e#ceed the elastic limit of the rubber used, as it will cause permanent
deformation in rubber.
9. Dead weights should be used otherwise there will be "ariation in the reading.
:. Due to residual stresses there may be inaccuracy in our readings.
$bservation and #alculations;
8ength of the bloc$ . 8 . 79
3idth of the bloc$ . w .;
,hic$ness of the bloc$ . t .7
8east count of dial . <.<<7
=o.
of
obs.
8&D 4 >lbs? !hear Deformation d >inch? !hear
!tress
@.4/ltl
b/in
9
!hear
strain -.
0s/w
Modulus of
rigidity
8oading %nload
Aing
a"erage 8oading %nloa
ding
a"erage 6. @/- 6raph
7. 7 7 7 <.<<9 <.<<7 <.<<7B <.<C: .<<<:DB 997.::
7
:
:
9. 9 9 9 <.<<; <.<<E <.<<B <.7EE <.<<79B 7:9.F
:. : : : <.<<D <.<<F <.<<C <.9B <.<<9 79B.<7
;. ; ; ; <.<7 <.<77 <.<7<B <.:: <.<<9E9 79B.D7
B. B B B <.<7: <.<7: <.<7: <.;7 <.<<:9B 79C.<7
Shear Stress vs0 Strain