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Works Cited
Barlinska, Julia, Anna Szuster, and Mikolaj Winiewski. "Cyberbullying among
Adolescent Bystanders: Role of the Communication Medium, Form of Violence,
and Empathy." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 23.1 (2013):
37-51. Web.
This article provides an excellent review of the role of the bystanders of
cyberbullying. The study carried out by the authors specifically looked at those
factors that led bystanders to simply observe the bullying behaviour and not
intervene. The study showed that unlike public bullying, cyberbullying occurred in
a more private setting, making bystanders feel less compelled to intervene. The
authors specifically noted that these bystanders demonstrated a lack of empathy
toward the victim and suggested that interventions designed to stop cyberbullying
needed to focus on stimulating this empathy. This article is particularly helpful for
reviewing the psychology of the cyberbullying triangle (bully, victim, bystander),
and understanding potential targeted interventions.
Burton, K. A., Dan Florell, and Dustin B. Wygant. "The Role of Peer Attachment and
Normative Beliefs about Aggression on Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying."
Psychology in the Schools 50.2 (2013): 103-15. Web.
This article provided a review of the underlying causes of what makes a school age
child turn to bullying and cyberbullying. It also offers a review of the prevalence
and traits of those involved in cyberbullying The authors conducted a research
study to determine the role that friendships and the beliefs about aggression had in
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cyberbullying. The study, involving eight hundred and fifty grade 6 to grade 8
students, revealed that children who believed that aggression was a normative
behavior were more likely to be a cyberbully or a cybervictim. In addition, children
who had strong peer support were less likely to be involved in this behavior. This
article is helpful in understanding those behaviors and beliefs that cause some
children to become involved in cyberbullying and other children to be able to
escape this situation.
Chibbaro, Julia S. "School Counselors and the Cyberbully: Interventions and
Implications." Professional School Counseling 11.1 (2007): 65-7. Web.
This article offers an excellent review of the current literature on cyberbullying and
pulls out key findings that can be used to develop interventions that schools can use
to intervene. The article specifically looks at the role of school counselors in
providing education and training to students, parents, teachers and policymakers.
This article is helpful in understanding some of the strategies that can be used in
combating cyberbullying and providing resources for the cybervictim. In
understanding the psychology of cyberbullying, it is essential to understand these
targeted strategies.
Dilma, Blent. "Psychological Needs as a Predictor of Cyber Bullying: A Preliminary
Report on College Students." Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 9.3 (2009):
1307-25. Web.
This article provides a general overview of the problem of cyberbullying including
the differences between cyberbullying and traditional bullying and the
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psychological characteristics of cyberbullies and their victims. The authors
conducted a study on 666 undergraduate students from various universities in
Turkey to identify factors that motivate young adults to turn to cyberbullying. They
looked specifically at the relationship between psychological needs and
cyberbullying and found that students who had more long lasting friendships were
less likely to be involved in cyberbullying. This article is helpful in providing a
better understanding of the cyberbully and their victim and suggests groups of
yound adults who are more susceptible to the problem.
Jordan, Karin, and James Austin. "A Review of the Literature on Bullying in U.S.
Schools and how a ParentEducator Partnership can be an Effective Way to Handle
Bullying." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 21.4 (2012): 440-58.
Web.
This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the topic of
bullying in general. The authors look at physical bullying, verbal bullying, bullying
in relationships, bullying in social situations and cyberbullying. The general
characteristics and behaviors of the bully, victim and bystander are discussed and
the short and long term effects of each are reviewed. This is an excellent resource
to gain an overall understanding of cyberbullying and other bullying behaviors and
allows for a more comprehensive overview of the whole issue of bullying.
Kiriakidis, Stavros P., and Androniki Kavoura. "Cyberbullying: A Review of the
Literature on Harassment through the Internet and Other Electronic Means."
Family & Community Health.Violence in Family and Community Health 33.2
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(2010): 82-93. Web.
This article provides a detailed review of the characteristics of cyberbullies and
their victims as well as the psychosocial impact of cyberbullying on the
development of children. The article provides a review of the literature and current
thinking about what causes cyberbullying and offers some suggestions for
techniques that can be used to prevent, intervene and report instances of
cyberbullying. This article provided an excellent overview of the current literature
and issues related to cyberbullying to give the reader clearer knowledge of this
topic. In particular, the section on the psychosocial impact of cyberbullying was
very helpful in understanding the impact that this problem has on todays youth.

Knig, Andreas, Mario Gollwitzer, and Georges Steffgen. "Cyberbullying as an Act of
Revenge?" Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling 20.2 (2010): 210-24. Web.
The authors of this paper take an in-depth look at the issue of cyberbullying and
examine the role of revenge and retaliation as potential motivational factors in
causing the bully to victimize their targets. Their research study examined surveys
of 473 students to determine how bullies actually chose their victim as well as
identifying the characteristics that were common among those who chose to
cyberbully. This article is particularily helpful when trying to understand the mind
of the cyberbully. Not only does this article point to those traits that are inherent in
many bullies, it also points to the most common traits of their intended victims.
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Kowalski, Robin M., et al. "Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-
Analysis of Cyberbullying Research among Youth." Psychological bulletin 140.4
(2014): 1073-137. Web.
The authors of this article introduce a theoretical framework to help understand the
phenomenon of cyberbullying. Following an extensive review and critique of the
current data, the authors use aggression theory to create their framework. Through
the use of their framework, they examine the motivation to cyberbully as well as
the psychological effects of cyberbullying on both the victim and the bully. This is
a helpful article to review in order to better understand the underlying psychology
of cyberbullying as well as the motivations and long-term effects of this abuse to
both bully and victim.
Machckov, Hana, et al. "Bystanders' Support of Cyberbullied Schoolmates." Journal of
Community & Applied Social Psychology 23.1 (2013): 25-36. Web.
This is one of the few articles on the topic of cyberbullying that consider the
factors that lead the bystander of cyberbullying to intervene or not. The authors
research study analyzed 156 Czech children who were witnesses to classmates
being cyberbullied. They found that a significant common trait among those who
intervened was a positive attitude toward social behaviors. They also found that the
relationship the bystander had with the victim or the bully played a role in whether
they intervened or not. This article was very helpful in gaining a better
understanding of the bystander in the bullying triangle. There is limited
information about the psychology behind the bystander in the literature so this
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article was very informative.
Mason, Kimberly L. "Cyberbullying: A Preliminary Assessment for School Personnel."
Psychology in the Schools 45.4 (2008): 323-48. Web.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the problem of cyberbullying
but focuses on it from more of a psychological point of view. Specifically, the
authors look at causes for cyberbullying behaviour and the short and long term
effects that cyberbullying has on the victim and the cyberbully. The authors then
explore the prevention of cyberbullying and offer guidelines of how to develop
prevention strategies. This article provides a well rounded overview of the
psychology of cyberbullying and allows the reader to understand how this
knowledge can translate to prevention strategies and interventions.
Patchin, Justin W., and Sameer Hinduja. "Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem." Journal of
School Health 80.12 (2010): 614-21. Web.
The authors of this article provide a review of the links between the level of self-
esteem and incidence of becoming a cyberbully and the link between low self-
esteem and becoming a victim. The authors conducted a research study on 1963
middle school students in the United States from 30 different schools. They
discovered that there was a statistically significant link between low self-esteem
and those who become a cyberbully or victim. This article provides an interesting
look at a specific feature common to both the cyberbully and the victim. This is
important to understanding the psychology behind cyberbullying and can be used
in creating interventions in prevention.
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Rafferty, Rebecca, and Thomas Vander Ven. "I Hate Everything about You: A
Qualitative Examination of Cyberbullying and on-Line Aggression in a College
Sample." Deviant Behavior 35.5 (2014): 364-77. Web.
This authors of this article study the problem of cyberbullying from an
interactionist point of view. They clearly define cyberbullying and launch a
research study to determine to extent and type of bullying that was experienced by
221 undergraduate students at a Mid-western university. From surveys conducted,
they were able to isolate three main motives for cyberbullying: peer pressure on-
line, power struggles, and entertainment. This article is helpful in better defining
and understanding what motivates cyberbullies. This understanding is crucial when
identifying the psychology behind the cyberbully and potential interventions for
prevention.
!lglov, Veronika, and Alena Cern. "Cyberbullying in Adolescent Victims: Perception
and Coping." Cyberpsychology 5.2 (2011): 1-16. Web.
This article focuses on the impact and resulting consequences of cyberbullying
from the perspective of school-aged children. The authors conducted interviews
with 15 adolescents who were victims of cyberbullying. From these interviews, the
authors were able to identify the psychological impact of cyberbullying on the
victims that included lower self-esteem, loneliness and disillusionment and distrust
of people. Some extreme cases identified self-harm and increased aggression
towards friends and family. This article is particularly useful in understanding the
psychological impact of cyberbullying on the victim.
)
Smith, Peter K. "School Bullying." Sociologia, Problemas e Prticas.71 (2013): 81-98.
Web.
This author provides an overview of the problem of cyberbullying including the
definition and nature of cyberbullying, risk factors leading to the transition to
cyberbully or victim and a critique of several different school-based interventions.
The article is a helpful overview in understanding the overall problem of
cyberbullying and provides a broad description of the current literature on this
topic.
Stanbrook, Matthew B.,MD PhD. "Stopping Cyberbullying Requires a Combined
Societal Effort." Canadian Medical Association.Journal 186.7 (2014): 483.
ProQuest Research Library. Web.
This Canadian-based article provides an in-depth look at the problem of
cyberbullying and includes a summary of the prevalence, psychological impact and
potential outcomes to the bully and their victim. It allows the reader to gain an
understanding of the extreme cases of the effects of cyberbullying including the
suicide of Canadian teens Amanda Todd and Rehtaeh Parsons. It also puts the
problem of cyberbullying into perspective in terms of the widespread problem that
it has become among school-aged children.