UNIT 8 STUDY GUIDE

Clayton Anti-Trust Act: (1914) lengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Exempted labor unions from being
called trusts, legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.
War Industries Board: board that controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations
Intended to restore economic order and make sure the US was producing enough at home and abroad.
Eugene V. Debs: Ran for President 5 times between 1900 and 1920. Campaigned from prison (being held
for opposition to American involvement in WWI).
14 points: war aims outlined by Wilson in 1918, he believed would promote lasting peace. Called for self-
determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, an end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a
League of Nations.
Bull-Moose Progressive Republican: progressives and what they believed in; the split party off of the
Republicans.
Irreconcilables: isolationist senators who bitterly opposed any sort of league also called the "Battalion of
Death".
Federal Trade Commission: (1914) Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business
practices and investigate complaints against companies.
Pure Food and Drug Act: (1906) first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited
dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling. Influence from Upton Sinclaire's The Jungle.
Taft: Bigger trustbuster than Teddy; drew back some of Teddy's policies and fired some of Teddy's
workers; seen as a public assault against Teddy. Ran against Teddy in the election of 1912.
Roosevelt: 26th President known for conservatism, trust busting, ran as the only member of the Bull
Moose-Progressive party.
Initiative, Referendum, and Recall: What progressives wanted. Initiative: the progressive political device
in which the voter could directly propose legislation Referendum: the voter could give final approval or
rejection to laws passed by their state legislation. Recall: the voter could remove the elected officials who
were bad and faithless.
The Jungle: Upton Sinclaire's (muckraker) revealing the horrors of the meat industry. Inspired pro-
consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs.
Principle Foreign Policy: Confronting Wilson, differing from the principles of Teddy and Taft, thought that
other countries had the right to choose their own government.
Concept of Isolationism: America's reluctance to become involved in world affairs, practiced prior to WWI
and WWII.
US at the Close of WWI: US was in a recession. Millions of veterans were looking for jobs. Shortage of
consumer goods creating high prices and inflation.
America's entry into WWI: Wilson asked congress for a declaration of war against Germany after Germany
didn't suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean and the
Zimmermann Telegram.
League of Nations (5 W's): In 1919, after the war, Wilson proposed it in the 14th point of his peace plan. He
envisioned it as an assembly with seats for all nations and special council for great powers. The US voted
not to join it because in doing so, it would have taken away the country's self-determination.
Primary Emphasis of Progressive Movement: Strengthening the government as an instrument of social
betterment.
Twenty Years at Hull House: book by Jane Addams objecting to unrestrained competition and urged
reform of living and working conditions for immigrants and other workers.
Elkins Act/ Hepburn Act: (1903 and 1906) Elkins: aimed primarily at rebate evil; heavy fines could now be
imposed both on the RR that gave rebates and on the shipper accepted them. Hepburn: free passes were
restricted; expanded the ICC and it's reach was extended to include existing companies. Hepburn Act also
able to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates.
John Spargo: (1906) wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children. He brought the abuses of child labor into the
spot light.
Muckrakers: (1902) exposed the evil in social and political life, became a flourishing industry among US
publishers, Teddy named them.
Wilson's New Freedom: domestic policy that promoted anti-trust modification, tariff revision, and reform
in banking and currency matters.
16, 17, 18, 19 Amendments: 16: income tax 17: direct election of senators 18: prohibition 19: womens'
suffrage.
Shame of the Cities: written by Lincoln Steffens, an article exposing corrupt alliances between
corporations and local government.
A History of Standard Oil Co.: written by Ida Tarbell, exposing documents of John D. Rockefeller's
ruthlessness and questionable business tactics.
Following the Color Lines: novel by Ray Baker in which the lives of 9 million subjugated blacks are
chronicled. 90% of them still lived in the prejudiced South, where 1/3 were illiterate.
*****The Crooked Railroad Barrons: Cornelius Vanderbilt,
Treaty of Versailles: The victors of the treaty got permanent seats in the League of Nations. No direct
control the conquered areas at first, but they could oversee the territories.
Progressive Political Reforms: Initiative, referendum, recall, direct election of senators, and womens'
suffrage.
Food Administration During WWI: food administration act was established to administer the allies food
reserves. Encourage Americans to conserve food for soldiers, promoting victory gardens, meatless
Mondays, wheat-less Wednesdays, and when in doubt eat potatoes.
1902 Coal Strike Importance: The federal government and Teddy didn't immediately side with the owners
but with the workers.
14th point: A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of
affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states
alike. League of Nations.
Zimmermann Telegram: (1917) Germany sent this note to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince
Mexico to go to war with the US. It was intercepted and caused the US to mobilize against Germany,
which had proven its hostility.
Espionage and Sedition Acts: (1917 and 1918) Espionage: law which punished people for aiding the enemy
or refusing military duty during WWI. Sedition: added to the Espionage act: this act deemed anything bad
said about the government was worthy of prosecution.
African Americans in WWI: racial segregation applied to the army as in society, 400,000 men served in
segregated units, only a few were officers, barred from entering the marines.
Muller vs. Oregon: (1908) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality
of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on
women's weaker bodies.
"Liberty Cabbage" and "Liberty Sausage": phrases like these were an indication of American hostile
reaction toward German named things.
Lochner vs. New York: Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due
to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.
Ballinger Pinchot Debate (Taft's Position): Taft supported Ballinger (opening public lands in WY, MT, and
AK) then he dismissed Pinchot which divided the Republican Party.
Neutrality Policy Between 1914-1916 (US/GB/France): troubles for US arose from efforts of belligerent
powers to stop supplies from reaching the enemy, GB was the first to declare naval blockade against
Germany.
Creel Commission: (Committee of Public Information) responsible for rallying Americans around war
through propaganda.
Schenck vs. US Justice Holmes': congress could restrict speech if the words are subject to propose danger.
Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to restrict conscription.
W.E.B. DuBois believed that a record of service of African Americans in WWI would earn them equal rights