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BUNPOU 01

A CHANGE/IT BECAME THAT ~YOU NI NARU

Plain verbs:
Plain verb + you ni naru

i adjectives:
Drop i, + ku naru

na adjectives:
Drop na, + ni naru

Negatives:
~ you ni wa narimasen

Examples:

Nihon he itta kara, nihon ni kyoumi wo motsuyou ni narimashita.
After going to Japan, I gained an interest in Japan.

Kanji wo renshuushinakereba, nihongo no shinbun ga yomeruyouni wa narimasen.
If you dont study kanji, you wont be able to read Japanese newspapers.

Kono goro, amerikajin mo sashimi ya toufu wo taberu you ni narimashita.
These days, its become that Americans also eat sashimi and tofu.




EXCLAMATION ~NAA

~ naa conveys an emphasis or exclamation. It emphatically conveys ones feelings.

Komattanaa
Im in a pinch/I dont know what to do

Ichidou Afurika ni ikitai naa
If only I could go to Africa just once!

~naa is generally used in monologues, but it is used by men in dialogues.

Hisashiburinaa
Long time no see!


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IT HAS BEEN DECIDED ~KOTO NI NARU

~koto ni natte iru
For future plans which have been arranged out of your control
OR: for explaining a rule or custom, or something that is expected

~koto ni narimashita
For reporting a certain decision that has been made out of your control

(plain verb) + koto ni natte iru/koto ni narimashita

Examples:

Nihon de eigo wo oshieru koto ni natte imasu.
It has become that I will teach English in Japan.

Nihon no kashia de shigoto wo suru koto ni narimashita.
Its been arranged that I will be working at a Japanese company.

Nihon no ie ni agaru toki wa, kutsu wo nugu koto ni natte imasu.
When you enter a Japanese house, it is expected that you remove your shoes.


NB: Contrast this to ~koto ni shimasu, which is an active decision on the speaker.




TO DECIDE ON ~NI SURU

This expression is used when one decides on a certain choice among many, as when one
decides on an item on the menu, a date for a certain event, an item to buy in the sore, etc.

(noun) ni suru


Examples:

Watashi wa, sukiyaki ni shimasu.
Ill have the sukiyaki.

Pikkunikku wa, kondo no doujoubi ni shimashou.
Lets have the picnic this weekend.


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FIRST TIME CONTEXTUAL ~HAJIMETE

Nouns:
(noun) + wa hajimete desu

Verbs:
(plain verb) no wa hajimete desu

This is used contextually. If youre in a restaurant about to try some sushi, say:

Osushi wa hajimete desu
OR
Osushi wo taberu no wa hajimete desu




WHEN I ~TARA

(past tense tara verb) + (past tense verb)

Used to express something happening that was unexpected.

Examples:

Kinou, toshokan ni ittara, sensei wo mita.
When I went to the library yesterday, I saw my teacher.

Nihon no kazoku he omiyage wo kattara, MADE IN JAPAN to kaite atta.
When I bought a present from my Japanese family, I saw that on it was written Made in
Japan.


NB: Contrast to ~tara + present tense verb, like in tabetara, futoku naru which means that IF
you do something, something else will happen.




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IMPOSSIBLILITY ~TOTEMO NAI

Totemo + negative potential form

Examples:

Takusan atte, totemo taberenai!
Theres so much, I cant eat it!

Tokyo de wa totemo ie nanka kaerenai!
I cant buy a house in Tokyo!


IT SEEMS ~ RASHII

Verbs:
(plain verb) + rashii

Nouns:
(noun) + rashii

i adjectives:
(i adjective) + rashii

na adjectives:
drop na + rashii

Generally used when the conjecture is based on something you have heard.

Examples:

Nihonjin wa onsen ga suki rashii
It seems Japanese people like hot spring baths.

Tokyo wa, bukka ga takakute, suminikui rashii
It seems its hard to live in Tokyo because everything is expensive.



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MY FIRSTAFTER ~HAJIMETE NO

(te verb) + hajimete no (noun)
It was my first (noun) after (verb)ing

(te verb) + hajimete, (verb)
When (te verb) happened, then for the first time (verb)

Examples:

Amerika ni itte, hajimete no hanbaaga
It was my first hamburger since arriving in America.

Daigaku ni haitte hajimete, nihonjin ni aimashita




TO DO SOMETHING WITHOUT DOING
SOMETHING ELSE ~ NAI DE

(nai de verb) + verb

Nihon de wa, nanimo iwanaide shokuji wo hajimeru no wa shitsurei desu.
In Japan, it is rude to begin a meal without saying anything.

Shukudai wo shinaide, gakkou ni iku no wa dame desu.
You shouldnt come to school without doing your homework.

Toshokan ni ikanaide, ie de benkyousuru seito ga takusan.
There are many students who study at home instead of going to the library.



YOU SHOULD ~BA

(ba verb) + ii no ni

Motto hayaku nereba ii no ni
You should go to bed earlier.

Wakaranai koto ni tsuite, sensei ni kikereba ii no ni.
You should ask your teacher about things you dont understand.



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MOREOVER/BESIDES ~SORE NI

Tokyo wa, hito ga ooishi, sore ni bukka mo takai no de, suminikui desu.
Tokyo has a lot of people- moreover, prices are high so it is difficult to live there.

Atama ga itakute, sore ni netsu mo chotto arimasu.
My head hurts, and moreover, I have a slight fever.



THEREFORE ~SORE DE

Yuki ga futte ita. Sore de, hikouki ga okuretan da.
It was snowing, so the plane was delayed.



AFTER THAT ~SORE KARA

Kinou kaimono wo shita. Sore kara, tomodachi no ie no paatii ni itte, juu ji goro
kaerimashita.
I went shopping yesterday. After that, I went to a friends house party and returned home at
around ten oclock.



AND THEN ~SOSHITE

Tomodachi wa rokuji ni uchi ni itte, soshite hachi ji ni kaerimashita.
My friend came to visit my house at six oclock, and after that he left at eight oclock.




NOT THAT EASILY ~NAKA NAKA

Naka naka + (negative verb)

Examples:

Kanji ga naka naka oboerarenakute, komatte iru.
Its worrying because I cant memorise kanji easily.

Kohii wo nonde, sore de naka naka nemuremasen deshita.
I drank coffee, so I couldnt fall asleep easily.

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ONLY/NO MORE THAN ~SHIKA NAI

Shika only accompanies negatives. It is implied that the amount/item is not enough or
less than expected.

Shika + (nai verb)

Examples:

Go doru shika nai kara, eiga he ikemasen.
Because I only have five dollars, I cant go to the movie.

Kinou no ban wa, gojikan shika nenakatta kara, ima nemui.
Because I only slept five hours last night, I am tired right now.

Manga ga shika yomanai kodomo ga ooi no wa, komaru.
Its worrying that there are many children who read only manga.



IN OTHER WORDS/IN SHORT ~TSUMARI

A: Ima, koukou ga fuete imasu. Takusan seito ga imasu kara.
B: Tsumari, daigaku ni hairu no ga muzukashii to iu koto desu ne.

A: High schools are increasing in number. Its because there are lots of students.
B: In other words, youre saying that it will be harder to get into university.



THAT IS TO SAY/THAT MEANS ~WAKE DESU

~wake desu is usually used when drawing a conclusion that can be drawn from previous
statements.

Verb:
(plain verb) + wake desu

i adjective:
(plain i adjective) + wake desu

na adjective:
(plain na adjective) + wake desu


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Examples:

A: Sumisu san wa nihon ni juunen mo sunde itan desu yo.
B: Nihongo ga jouzu na wake desu ne.

A: Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years.
B: That means she must be good at Japanese.


A: Ano hito wa dekakenaide, itsumo benkyoushite bakari desu.
B: Yokudekiru wake desu ne.

A: That person doesnt go out, he just studies all the time.
B: Thats why he does well, right.


A: Kinou shikago he ittan desu ga, tochuu konde ite, ie wo sanji ni detan desu ga, tsuita no
wa shichi ji goro deshita.
B: Yonjikan kakatta wake desu ne.

A: We went to Chicago yesterday. The traffic was so heavy, even though we left at three, we
arrived at seven oclock.
B: That means you took four hours, right?




IT DOES NOT MEAN THAT ~WAKE DE WA NAI

~wake de wa nai negates what one would generally conclude from previous statements or
situations.


Examples:

Amari eigo wo hanashimasen ga, eigo ga dekinai wake de wa arimasen.
I dont speak English very much but it doesnt mean that I dont speak it.

Amerika no daigakusei wa takusan benkyoushinakereba ikemasen ga, benkyou bakari shite
iru wake de wa arimasen.
American university students have to study a lot, but that does not meant that they do nothing
but study.





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CANNOT DO ~WAKE

Used to express that one cannot do certain things for social/moral/situational reasons.

(plain, present, affirmative verb) wake ni wa ikanai


Examples:

Futsuu no amerika no paatii de nihongo wo hanasu wake ni wa ikimasen.
We cant very well speak Japanese at an ordinary American party.

This expresses that it would not be appropriate to speak Japanese at an American
party even though the speaker has the ability to do so.


Hoka no koosu no benkyou mo aru no de, nihongo bakari benkyoushite iru wake ni wa
ikimasen.
Since I have to study other courses as well, I cant spend all my time studying Japanese.

Kore wa sensei no hon dakara, kasu wake ni wa ikimasen.
Since this is my teachers book, I cant very well lend it to you.




CANT HELP BUT DO ~WAKE

Expresses that one cannot help but (verb).

(plain present negative verb) wake ni wa ikanai


Examples:

Ashita shiken ga aru kara, konban benkyou shinai wake ni wa ikimasen.
Since I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot help but study tonight.

Isogashikutemo, nenai wake ni wa ikimasen.
Even though Im busy, I have no choice but to sleep.





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BUT/AND YET ~SOU KA TO ITTE

This phrase is often used to qualify the preceding statement. It is often followed by ~wake ni
wa ikanai or ~wake de wa nai, etc.


Examples:

Amerika no daigakusei wa yoku benkyousuru ga, souka to itte benkyou bakari shite iru wake
de wa nai.
American students study a lot, but that does not mean that they spend all their time studying.

Ryou no shokuji wa mazui ne!
Un, demo, souka to itte tabenai wake ni mo ikanaishi
Dorm food tastes bad!
Yes, but we have no choice but to eat it




DEPENDING ON ~NI YOTTE

(independent) ni yotte (dependent)

Examples:

Aisatsu kotoba wa sono hi no tenki ni yotte iroiro kotaeba yoi.
What greeting you use may vary depending on the weather of the day.

Hito ni yotte kangae ga chigaimasu.
Opinions differ from person to person.

Koosu no seiseki wa, shiken no seiseki ni yotte kimarimasu.
A course grade is set depending on test grades.




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CORRESPONDS TO ~NI ATARU

(noun) ni ataru

Examples:

Nihongo no konnichiwa wa, eigo no hello ni ataru.
Konnichiwa in Japanese corresponds to Hello in English.

Ichidoru wa, ikura yen ni ataru ka?
How much yen corresponds to a dollar?





PLEASE LET ME ~ITADAKENAI DESHOUKA

(sete verb) + te itadakenai deshou ka

Examples:

Mae no hi ni shiken wo ukesasete itadakenai deshou ka.
Would you please let me take the test on the day before?

Sensei no runbun (paper) wo yomasete itadakenai deshou ka.
Would you please let me read your paper, Sensei?


NB: Dont confuse this with (te verb) itadakenai deshou ka.

Sensei, jugyou wo yasumasete itadakenai deshou ka.
Sensei, wont you excuse me from class?

Sensei, jugyou wo yasunde itadakenai deshou ka.
Sensei, why dont you be absent from class?




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SOMETIME DURING ~JUU

(time) chuu/juu

Kyoujuu
Gozenchuu
Konshuuchuu
Kongatsuchuu
Kotoshijuu

Examples:

Kyoujuu ni meeru wo shite kudasai.
Please email me sometime today.

Kongatsuchuu, yachin wo harawanakereba narimasen.
You must pay the rent sometime this month.



THE MORE/LESS ~BA ~HODO

Verbs:
(ba verb) (plain verb/i adjective hodo) ~

i adjectives:
(ba adjective) (plain verb/i adjective hodo) ~

na adjectives:
(drop na, add de areba) (plain verb/i adjective hodo) ~

Nouns:
(noun + de areba) (plain verb/i adjective)


NEGATIVE:

Verbs:
(nakereba, ~nai hodo)

Adjectives:
(kunakereba hodo)
(janakereba hodo)


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Examples:

Nihongo wa, benkyousureba benkyousuru hodo omoshirokunaru to omoimasu.
I think the more you study Japanese, the more interesting it becomes.

Gakusei ga, ookereba ooi hodo, erabareru no ga muzukashii.
The more students there are, the more difficult it is to be selected.

Ii resutoran de areba, aru hodo takai.
The better the restaurant, the more expensive.

Setsumei wa, kantan de areba, aru hodo ii desu.
The simpler an explanation, the better.

Nihongo wo benkyoushinakereba, shinai hodo wakaranakunarimasu.
The less you study Japanese, the less you will understand.




OTHER THAN ~IGAI NO

(noun) igai no
Other than (noun)

(noun) gai ni
Other

Examples:

Gakki no hajime wa, kyoukasho igai ni iroiro kaumono ga aru.
There were things to buy other than textbooks at the beginning of the term.

Monbukagakushou igai no shougakusan mo arimasu.
There are scholarships other than the ones from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology.





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NOT NECESSARILY ~KANARAZU SHIMO ~ TO IU
WAKE DE WA NAI

Verbs:
Kanarazu shi mo (plain verb) to iu wake de wa nai.

Nouns:
Kanarazu shi mo (noun) da iu wake de wa nai.

i adjectives:
Kanarazu shi mo (i adjective) iu wake de wa nai.

na adjectives:
Kanarazu shi mo (na adjective) da iu wake de wa nai.

Examples:

Kanarazu shi mo nihon he ikeba, Nihongo ga jouzu ni naru to iu wake de wa arimasen.
Going to Japan does not necessarily mean you will become good at Japanese.

Kanarazu shi mo takai mono wa ii to iu wake de wa nai.
Expensive things are not necessarily good.

Kanarazu shi mo nihonjin ga minna natto ga suki da to iu wake de wa nai.
Not all Japanese people necessarily like natto.




NOTHING BUT ~BAKARI

(Noun) bakari da

Conveys that there is so much of (noun) that nothing but (noun) exists.

Examples:

Terebi no nyuusu wa iya na nyuusu bakari de, iya ni naru.
Theres nothing but bad news on TV, and its terrible.

Nihon ni itte hajime no koro wa, ii koto bakari datta.
When I went to Japan, in the beginning I had nothing but interesting experiences.





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AS ~ AS POSSIBLE ~NARUBEKU

Narubeku (verb)

Kyoushitsu no soto de, narubeku nihongo wo tsukatta hou ga ii deshou.
If possible, you should speak as much Japanese outside of the classroom.

Shukudai, narubeku tsugi no hi ni dashite kudasai.
If possible, please bring the homework in the next day.




NOT PARTICULARLY ~BETSU NI

Betsu ni is an adverb that is usually followed by a negative form. It indicates that something
is not particularly the case.

Examples:

Nihongo no kurasu wa betsu ni muzukashikunai desu.
My Japanese class is not particularly hard.




I WONDER ~KANA

~kana is the colloquial form of ~deshou ka. It is usually used in informal speech.

Examples:

Jinkou wa donogurai kana.
What is the population, I wonder.

Kyou wa bangohan ni nani ga dete kuru kana.
I wonder what will be served at dinner today.


Kana can be used with the ~to omou structure.

Tokyo te donna machi kana to omotte itan desu.
I have been wondering what kind of city Tokyo is.



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IF I REMEMBER CORRECTLY ~TASHI KA

When ~tashi ka is used, the speaker is uncertain about their statement.

Examples:

Nihon no kinkou wa, tashi ka ichioku nihyakuman gurai deshou.
If Im not mistaken, the population of Japan is around 120 000 000.

Amerika de ichiban jinkou no ooi shuu wa, tashi ka kariforunia da to omoimasu.
If Im not mistaken, the most populous state in America is California.


FAME ~DE YUUMEI DA


(noun) wa (noun/noun phrase) de yuumei da.
(a noun phrase would be a sentence + no/koto)

Doitsu wa biiru de yuumei desu.
Germany is famous for its beer.

Kyoto wa furui tera de yuumei desu.
Kyoto is famous for its old temples.

Nihonjin wa ganbaru koto de yuumei desu.
The Japanese people are famous for working hard.




IT SEEMS THAT/IT LOOKS LIKE ~YOU DA

Verbs:
(plain verb) you desu.

Nouns:
(noun) no you desu

i adjectives:
(i adjective) you desu.

na adjectives:
(na adjective) you desu.
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Examples:

Toufu no you desu.
It looks like tofu.

Nihonjin wa shiroi kuruma ga suki na you desu.
Japanese people seem to like white cars.

Sensei wa mainichi isogashii you desu. Itsumo kenkyuushitsu ni irasshaimasu.
Our teacher seems to be busy every day. He/She is always in his/her office.

Konogoro chotto yaseta you desu. Mae ni kitsukatta youfuku ga kirareruyouni narimasu.
It seems Ive lost some weight. I can wear clothes which were too tight before.


NB: The difference between ~you and ~rashii. ~you implies firsthand experience but ~rashii
implies that youve heard about it.

Examples: Tanaka san wa onna no you hito desu.
Mr. Tanaka looks like a woman.

Tanaka san wa onna rashii hito desu.
Ms. Tanaka seems like a womanly person.

NB2: The difference between ~you and ~sou. Both are based on visual evidence, but ~sou da
gives a visual impression of something upon seeing it, and that ones impression may not be
true. ~you da involves more reasoning and more certainty.

Examples: Kono shiken wa muzukashisou da.
This test seems hard. (spoken, for example, by a student who has just
seen the test.)

Kono shiken wa muzukashii you da.
It seems that this test was hard. (spoken, for example, by a teacher
who infers that the test is difficult upon seeing students having
difficulty with it.)

NB3: The difference between ~sou da and ~rashii. Both are based on what one has heard.
However, ~sou da is hearsay and a report on what one has heard and ~rashii is a conjecture
made by the speaker.

Examples: Sumisu san wa byouki da sou desu.
I heard that Smith is sick. (heard from a definite source)

Sumisu san wa byouki rashii desu.
It seems that Smith-san is sick.



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EVEN ~SAE

(noun) sae

(plain verb/adjective koto) sae


Examples:

Jibun no namae sae kakenai hito wa sukonai deshou.
There are very few people who cannot write even their own name.

Kimatsushiken mae ni, gakusei wa isogashikute, neru jikan sae arimasen.
Students are so busy the day before exams, they dont even have time to sleep.

Tokidoki, atsu no you ni atsui hi sae arimasu.
On some days, its even as hot as summer.

Nihon no natsu wa atsukute, nemurenaikoto sae arimasu.
Summer in Japan is so hot, there are times you cant even sleep.




BEFORE ONE KNOWS IT ~ITSU NO MAE NI KA

Examples:

Okane wa itsu no mae ni ka naku natte shimaimasu.
The money is gone before you kno wit.

Soto wa itsu no mae ni ka kuraku natte imashita.
It became dark outside before I realised it.





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TO BECOME ACCUSTOMED TO ~NI NARERU

Verbs:
(plain verb) no ni nareru

Nouns:
(noun) ni nareru


Examples:

Nihon no seikatsu ni narete kimashita.
I have become used to the Japanese way of life.

Nihonjin demo keigo wo tsukau no ni narete inai hito ga oozeiimasu.
Even among the Japanese, there are many people who are not used to using keigo.




TE KURU AND TE IKU

Kuru and iku are used with vebs to express change, process and transition. They indicate how
a certain change relates to the speaker in time.

(te verb) kuru indicates that a certain change has been taking place up to now.

(te verb) iku indicates that a change will continue to take place from now on.


Examples:

Daibu nihon no seikatsu ni narete kimashita.
I have gotten used to the Japanese way of life quite a bit.

Nihongo ga daibu hanseru you ni natte kimashita.
I have become able to speak Japanese better.

Watashitachi no seikatsu wa, dondon kawatte iku deshou.
Our lifestyle will continue to change rapidly.





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TO GET BY WITHOUT DOING ~NAI DE SUMU

(negative te form) nai de sumu
To get one without doing the ver.


Examples:

Toshokan ni hon ga atta no de, kawanaidesumimashita.
Because the book was in the library, I got by without buying it.

Basu ga sugu kitano de, amari matanai de sumimashita.
The bus arrived soon, so I got by without having to wait too long.

Mainichi ban wo tsukuranaide sumu to ii desu ne.
It would be nice to get by every day without having to cook, dont you think?




EACH/AT A TIME ~ZUTSU


Zutsu is used after a number or a counter or limited quantity like sukoshi. It indicates that a
quantity is distributed equally among two or more objects, time, etc.


Examples:

Kinou wa tomodachi no tanjoubi datta no de, akai bara to pinku no bara wo roppon zutsu
agemashita.
Yesterday was my friends birthday, so I gave them red rosesa dn pink roses, six each.

Watashi wa mainichi kanji wo itsutsu zutsu oboeru koto ni shiteimasu.
As a rule I memorise five kanji every day.

Watashi no nihongo wa sukoshi zutsu jouzu ni natte kita to omoimasu.
I think my Japanese is improving little by little.





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MORE THAN ~IJOU

Amerikajin ryuugakusei wa, nihon de wa shuu ni sanjikan ijou eigo wo oshienai hou ga ii
desu.
American exchange students shouldnt teach English more than three hours a week in Japan.

Ichigakki ni juugo tansu ijou toru to taihen da to omoimasu.
I think it will be hard to take more than fifteen credits in one semester.




TO NOTICE ~NI KI GA TSUKU

Nouns:
(noun) ni ki ga tsuku

(sentence + no/koto) ni ki ga tsuku


Examples:

Machigai ni ki ga tsukimasen deshita.
I wasnt aware of my mistake.

Shukudai wo wasureta koto ni ki ga tsuita no wa, jugyou ga hajimatte kara datta.
I was after class had started that I noticed that I had forgotten my homework.




DONE WITH TROUBLE ~SEKKAKU

~sekkaku indicates that something has been done with a great deal of trouble; that someone
has spent a great deal of time to reach a certain state.


Examples:

Hito ga sekkaku tsukutte kureta ryouri wo tabenai no wa shitsurei da.
It is rude to not eat the food that someone went to the trouble of preparing.

Sekkaku naratta kanji wa wasurenai you ni shimashou.
Lets not forget the kanji that we went to the trouble of learning.



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NOUNS IN ORDER ~TAME

(plain verb) tame no (noun)

Examples:

Nihon no koukousei wa, daigaku ni hairu tame no benkyou wo shinakerebanaranai.
Japanese high schools students have to do a lot of studying to enter university.

Jisho wa, kotaba no imi wo shiraberu tame no mono desu.
A dictionary is a thing used to look up the meanings of words.




EVEN WHEN ~TE MO

This structure is used to convey even when~ or even if~ With this sense of even
when/even if, the main sentence is usually in the non-past.

Verbs:
(te verb) mo

Nouns:
(noun) de attemo
OR
(noun) demo

Na adjectives:
(na adjective, drop na) de attemo
OR
(na adjective, drop na) demo


Examples:

Nihon he iku mae ni nihon bunka nit suite benkyoushite okeba, nihon he ittemo
karuchaashokku wa ukenaideshou.
If you study Japanese culture, you wont get culture shock even when you go there.

Futtobooru wa, yuki ga futtemo yaru sou desu.
I heard they play football even when it snows.

Nihonryouri wa, takusan tabetemo, futoranaisoudesu.
I heard that even if you eat lots of Japanese food, you wont get fat.

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Tokyo doomu ga arukara, ame no hi demo yakyuu ga dekimasu.
Because they have Tokyo Dome, they can still play baseball even on rainy days.





NEGATIVE ~ZU

The modern form of ~zu is ~nai. ~zu is used between clauses with the sense of nakute/naide
or as ~zu ni. Verbs conjugate with ~zu in the same manner as nai.

yomu yomanai yomazu

kasu kasanai kasazu

kuru konai kozu

Exception: suru sezu


Examples:

Amerika de ninenkan nihongo wo benkyou wo shite itta no de, bidoi karuchaashokku mo
ukezu, sugu nihon no seikatsu ni naremashita.
Because I studied Japanese for two years in America, I didnt get much culture shock and
soon got used to the Japanese lifestyle.

Nezu ni benkyou suru to byouki ni naru deshou.
If you study without sleeping you will get sick.




TO BE MADE TO ~SARERU

Taitei ichi gakki ni hitotsu wa ronbun wo kakasareru
Usually we are made to write one paper per semester.

Nagai ai matasareru no wa daredemo iya da.
Nobody like to be kept waiting for a long time.



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~KA

or ka is a suffix attached mainly to kanji compounds, to express the idea of ~ni naru or ~ni
suru.


Examples:

Sengo nihon wa zuibun seiyou ka shita.
Since the war, Japan has become quite westernized.

Eiga kasereta shousetsu wa ooi.
There are many novels which have been made into movies.