FEARS AND PHOBIAS

Clammy Cold and wet, in an unpleasant way I felt cold and clammy, and didnt seem to
d!aw a "!eat#$
St!u%%le Contend, "attle, &%#t S#e st!u%%led a%ainst #e! fea!
C!ipple P!e'ent f!om wo!(in% p!ope!ly Ou! fea!s can c!ipple us in many ways$
D!ead Fea! t#at st# "ad mi%#t #appen S#e was ne'e! in dan%e!, "ut t#e d!ead
!emained$
Endu!e )o tole!ate, put up wit# C#!istie sensed t#at if s#e could endu!e #e!
te!!o!, t#e feelin% would "e%in to su"side
Su"side )o "ecome wea(e!
Conf!ont )o come up a%ainst, encounte! Conf!ont t#e discomfo!t wit# any e*cuses and
wit#out t!yin% to "uild up to it
Build up to st# )o %!adually p!epa!e you!self o! someone else fo!
somet#in% t#at you a!e %oin% to say o! do
Adapti'e C#an%in% in o!de! to deal wit# new situations A fea! is adapti'e if it leads you to maste! you!
mate!ial
+aladapti'e Not encou!a%in% adaptation A fea! is maladapti'e if it causes you to tu!n
down spea(in% en%a%ements t#at could
ad'ance you! ca!ee!
Nameless )oo unpleasant o! distu!"in% to "e mentioned$
Defyin% desc!iption, ine*p!essi"le
An*iety is a feelin% of d!ead, a nameless fea!
t#at dist!acts t#e minds and #eats of people
of all a%es
Bout A pe!iod of illness +ost "outs of an*iety a!e mana%ea"le, as well
as self-limited
)ou%# out st# )o stay in a situation t#at is di.cult "ecause you a!e
'e!y dete!mined
An*iety always passes, and t#ats t#e (ey to
tou%#in% out you! fea!s$
/entu!e A new "usiness o! acti'ity Any new 'entu!e s#ould #a'e some an*iety
Desensiti0e )o ma(e someone !eact less st!on%ly to somet#in%
suc# as 'iolence o! pain, often "y ma(in% t#em
e*pe!ience it many times
People su1e!in% f!om fea! of pu"lic spea(in%
may need a %!adual app!oac# to desensiti0e it
Ensuin% )o follow as a conse2uence o! !esult In a t!ue dan%e! situation t#ese #o!mones fuel
t#e ensuin% &%#t o! 3i%#t
Bound A "ounda!y, a limit In an*iety attac(s no fo!ceful action is ta(en,
t#ese #o!mones "ecome a "ody "ound
Disc#a!%e )o unload o! empty Bein% acti'ely competiti'e o! a%%!essi'e a!e
some of t#e ways in w#ic# you can disc#a!%e
t#e e1ects of ad!enaline in t#e "ody
Pa!ado*ical A seemin%ly cont!adicto!y "ut nonet#eless possi"ly
t!ue
)#e met#od in w#ic# you ma(e fun of you!
fea! "y c#allen%e you!self to #a'e e*actly t#e
!eaction t#at you fea! in a !idiculous way is
called 4pa!ado*ical intentions5
Stand up to )o conf!ont fea!lessly, face up to +ay"e t#e only t#in% you may need is a
c#an%e in attitude, a counte!p#o"ic attitude,
t#e desi!e to stand up to w#at you fea!
)opple )o stop "ein% steady and fall, o! to ma(e someone o!
somet#in% do t#is
+o!e t#at one fea! may topple "y attac(in%
only one
+us#!oom )o de'elop 'e!y 2uic(ly In t#e same ways t#at unconf!onted fea!s
mus#!oom, success also multiplies
Succum" )o lose t#e a"ility to &%#t a%ainst st# Succum" to you! fea!s
Discomfo!t A feelin% of sli%#t pain Bein% on a "oat caused #e! %!eat discomfo!t
Aw(wa!d Di.cult to deal wit# and em"a!!assin%
Sli%#tly w!on% and not att!acti'e o! %!aceful
Fea! of pu"lic spea(in% may lie in s#yness o! in
memo!ies of a sin%le aw(wa!d pe!fo!mance
Set in Sta!t #appenin%, not li(ely to stop fo! a lon% time, #as
e1ects
)#e spine !attlin% ne!'es t#at set in moments
"efo!e a pu"lic spea(in% en%a%ement can "e
disa"lin%
6it#d!awal Detac#ment, as f!om social o! emotional in'ol'ement
Isolation, loneliness
Some people a!e c!ippled as simple
ne!'ousness a"out an speci&c situation
p!o%!esses to %ene!al panic, t#en to pa!tial o!
complete wit#d!awal f!om daily life
)#ump )o t#!o", "eat, o! pound 'iolently 7ou feel you! sweat coa!se, you! #ea!t t#ump,
you! 'oice s2uea( 8#ee"ie-9ee"ies: A feelin%
of uneasiness o! ne!'ousness, t#e 9itte!s;
)o "e in full
ale!t
)o "e set on
full ale!t
<nowin% t#at a situation is dan%e!ous and a!e
p!epa!ed to act immediately if necessa!y
Beta ad!ene!%ic !ecepto!s a!e #it wit#
ad!enaline, t#ey set t#e "oy on full ale!t,
ma(in% you! #ea!t pound and you! lun%s wo!(
#a!de! fo! mo!e o*y%en
Rus# A sudden st!on% emotion o! p#ysical feelin%
a !us# of st#
)#ese #ee"ie-9ee"ies may come pa!tly f!om
t#e !us# of ad!enaline, t#e #o!mone t#at
accompanies t#e p!imiti'e &%#t o! 3i%#t
mec#anism t#at p!otected ca'e people f!om
t#ei! sa"e!-toot#ed nei%#"o!s
In tandem At t#e same time,
6o!(in% in tandem = wo!(in% to%et#e!
)#e!apy and medication suc# as /alium and
>ana* used in tandem #elp t#e #o""led
pe!fo!me! to !eco'e! f!om an*iety
?n"!idled Not cont!olled, +a!y Be%en #as wo!(ed fo! yea!s wit#
patients w#o su1e! f!om #ype!tension and
mi%!aines, illnesses often lin(ed to 4ne!'es5
o! un"!idled an*iety
Steady )o "ecome calm and cont!olled, o! to ma(e someone
do t#at
Someone w#o consistently p!actices
!ela*ation will "e a"le to steady #imself
"efo!e an impo!tant "usiness meetin%
+ant!a A wo!d o! sound t#at is "elie'ed to #a'e a special
spi!itual powe!
Be%en su%%ests t#at e'e!yone pic(s a s#o!t
mant!a, somet#in% simple as I am peaceful
may wo!(, "y p!acticin% it daily #e@s#e "uilds
up a !ese!'oi! of calm
Rese!'oi! A la!%e supply of st#
6#ite-(noc(led Desc!i"es an e*pe!ience o! acti'ity t#at ma(es you feel
'e!y f!i%#tened and often e*cited
He! %!ip on a podium is w#ite-(noc(eld w#en
s#e %i'es a speec#$
S(y!oc(et Raise e*t!emely 2uic(ly B!eat#in% 2uic(ens, t#e #ea!t !aces, and "lood
p!essu!e s(y!oc(ets, infusin% t#e "ody w#it
o*y%en w#ile t#e li'e! !eleases %lucose fo!
2uic( fuel
Infuse )o &ll o! cause to "e &lled wit# somet#in%
Spi(e )o !ise to a #i%#e! amount, p!ice, o! le'el, usually
"efo!e %oin% down a%ain
Blood p!essu!e and #ea!t !ate spi(e, infusin%
"!ain and muscles wit# !eady fuel
Di'e!t )o cause somet#in% o! someone to c#an%e di!ection Di%estion stops, s(in c#ills, and "lood is
di'e!ted into muscles in p!epa!ation fo! a
"u!st of eme!%ency action
Flood Fill wit# )#e ad!enal system p!omptly 3oods t#e "ody
wit# ad!enaline and st!ess #o!mones
Pump )o pus# somet#in% up and down wit# an action li(e
pumpin%
7ou! #ea!t pumps faste! causin% c#est pains
and palpitations
Pump out )o ma(e li2uid o! %as escape f!om a place Spleen: cont!acts,pumpin% out w#ite "lood
cells and platelets in p!epa!ation fo! possi"le
p#ysical in9u!y
Out"!ea( A time w#en somet#in% suddenly "e%ins, especially a
disease o! somet#in% else dan%e!ous o! unpleasant
F!om t#is pe!specti'e, e'e!y 'i!us, e'e!y
disease, e'e!y new out"!ea( of 3u, is
potentially a weapon in t#e a!mo!y of E'il$ A!mo!y all t#e weapons and milita!y e2uipment t#at a count!y
owns
Fea!mon%e!
Sca!emon%e!
8su.*;mon%e!: a pe!son w#o encou!a%es a pa!ticula!
acti'ity, especially one t#at causes t!ou"le
S#e, li(e ot#e! fea!mon%e!s, 2uali&ed #e!
wa!nin% wit# a !eassu!in% statement: ADonBt
panicB
Ent!ep!eneu! It is st!i(in% t#at C#an, li(e most fea!
ent!ep!eneu!s, does not pe!cei'e #e!
"e#a'iou! as "ein% in any way ille%itimate o!
unduly ala!mist
?nduly ala!mist Ala!mist, to a le'el t#at is mo!e t#an is necessa!y,
accepta"le, o! !easona"le
St!i(in% S#oc(in%8C
Att!actin% you! inte!est o! attention "ecause of some
unusual featu!e
R#eto!ic A style of spea(in% o! w!itin% t#at is intended to
imp!ess people "ut is not #onest
He! 'e!y attempt to sound !eassu!in% was
f!amed in t#e so!t of !#eto!ic t#at is li(ely to
#a'e t#e opposite e1ect$
Pandemic A disease t#at a1ects almost e'e!yone in a 'e!y la!%e
a!ea
It claims t#at Aswine 3u is only t#e most !ecent
of t#e c#allen%es posed "y t#!eats of
"iote!!o!ism and %lo"al pandemicsB
Spect!e )#e possi"ility of somet#in% unpleasant t#at mi%#t
#appen in t#e futu!e
So C#an !aised t#e spect!e of #uman
e*tinction wit# t#e ele'ation of t#e t#!eat
le'el f!om fou! to &'e, "ut w#en it came to
t#e possi"ility of !aisin% it to le'el si* s#e
appea!ed to ta(e a mo!e !ela*ed attitude
towa!ds t#e potential fo! %lo"al catast!op#e
Catast!op#e An e'ent t#at causes a lot of dama%e o! ma(es a lot of
people su1e!
Apocalyptic In'ol'in% o! po!tendin% widesp!ead de'astation o!
ultimate doom
C#anBs secula! 'e!sion of apocalyptic t#in(in%
is powe!ed "y a contempo!a!y cultu!al sc!ipt
t#at "ot# e*a%%e!ates #ealt# t#!eats and also
lin(s t#ese t#!eats wit# #uman male'olence
mo!e "!oadly
Secula! Not speci&cally !elatin% to !eli%ion o! to a !eli%ious
"ody
+ale'olence )#e 2uality o! state of "ein% male'olent$
+alicious "e#a'io!$
C!usade! C!usade: A 'i%o!ous conce!ted mo'ement fo! a cause
o! a%ainst an a"use
Secula! mo!al ent!ep!eneu!s em"!ace t#ei!
causes wit# t#e do%matic fe!'ou! of t#e old-
time !eli%ious c!usade!s
Do%matic Fo!ci"ly asse!ted as if aut#o!itati'e and
unc#allen%ea"le
Fe!'ou! D!eat intensity of feelin% o! "elief, a!dou!, 0eal
)!ans%!ession A 'iolation of a law, command, o! duty Histo!ically, !eli%ion #as often wa!ned a"out
t#e dan%e!s of mo!al t!ans%!ession
Ad'ocacy )#e act of pleadin% o! a!%uin% in fa'o! of somet#in%,
suc# as a cause, idea, o! policy, acti'e suppo!t
+any #i%#-p!o&le ad'ocacy o!%anisations
#a'e de'oted t#emsel'es to wa!nin% t#e
pu"lic a"out a 'a!iety of pe!ilous e'ents
Pe!ilous /e!y #a0a!dous o! dan%e!ous
En%ulf )o imme!se, plun%e, "u!y, o! swallow up
- 8often passi'e; to o'e!w#elm -
Ad'ocay %!oups claim t#at a pa!ticula!
p!o"lem is %ettin% wo!se and t#at, unless
Somet#in% Is Done, it will en%ulf t#e w#ole of
society$
Fla% st# up )o emp#asi0e t#e impo!tance of somet#in% o! mention
it so t#at people (now a"out it
Secula! mo!al ent!ep!eneu!s f!e2uently 3a%
up t#e %!a'ity of a ce!tain t#!eat "y usin%
metap#o!s of in'isi"ility: p!o"lems a!e
#idden, concealed, unac(nowled%ed
Di!e /e!y se!ious o! e*t!eme E*pe!ts di!e p!edictions a"out an impendin%
3u epidemic and 'a!ious ot#e! Asupe! "u%sB
f!e2uently captu!e t#e pu"licBs ima%ination$
D!eadful Inspi!in% d!ead, te!!i"le E*pe!ts demand fo! !esou!ces to "e de'oted
to t#e tas( of p!e'entin% some futu!e
Scena!io A situation t#at could possi"ly #appen
d!eadful scena!io f!om "ecomin% a !eality
?nde!pin )o "e an impo!tant "asic pa!t of somet#in%, allowin% it
to succeed o! continue to e*ist
E*pe!t wa!nin%s a!e ta(en se!iously "ecause
t#ey a!e unde!pinned "y t#e most in3uential
fo!m of twenty-&!st centu!y aut#o!ity: t#e
aut#o!ity of science
E*ace!"ated )o ma(e a p!o"lem "ecome wo!se )#at, in tu!n, #as e*ace!"ated fea! t#at t#e
!ecession "!ou%#t on "y t#e collapse of t#e
!eal will "e lon%e! and deepe! t#an t#e
Do'e!nment is willin% to ac(nowled%e
Fo!mless Ine*plica"le Fo!mless o! di1used fea!s can induce
pessimism and cont!i"ute to t#e decay of a
nei%#"o!#ood, dama%in% 2uality of life
ANDER
Su"tle Not o"'ious, and t#e!efo!e di.cult to notice An%e! is always anyt#in% "ut su"tle
Insidious Somet#in% t#at is insidious is dan%e!ous "ecause it
seems to "e #a!mless o! not impo!tant "ut in fact
causes #a!m o! dama%e
An%e! can "e insidious, "ecause it confe!s an
immediate sense of pu!pose
A s#o!tcut to
st#
A 2uic(e! o! easie! way to do somet#in% At least in t#e s#o!t !un, an%e! is a s#o!tcut to
moti'ation
Pass alon% )o %i'e st# to s$o 6#en you feel an%e!, it %i'es you t#e impulse
to pass t#e pain alon% to ot#e!s
Snap )o spea( s#a!ply o! an%!ily to someone )#e "oss c#ews you out, and t#en you snap at
e'e!yone in you! pat#
Self-pity Pity fo! oneself, especially e*a%%e!ated o! self-
indul%ent pity
An%e! can lead to self-pity, "ecause you
cannot slou%# o1 t#e self-#u!t
Slou%# o1 Det !id of st#
De&cit An unfa'o!a"le condition o! position, a disad'anta%e Passin% p#ysic pain to ot#e!s is a way of
ma(in% t#em pay fo! you! own emotional
de&cits
E!ode )o cause to diminis# o! dete!io!ate as if "y eatin% into
o! wea!in% away
)#e!e a!e a num"e! of action you can ta(e to
(eep an%e! f!om e!odin% you! life
Blow An e'ent t#at causes you to feel 'e!y sad,
disappointed, o! s#oc(ed
)#e an%e! you e*p!ess towa!ds ot#e!s is
d!i'en "y t#e "low you #a'e 9ust !ecei'ed
?p!oot )o !emo'e o! dest!oy utte!ly ?p!oot mista(en "eliefs t#at unde!line you!
!esponse
O'e! Open O'e! complainin% #assle ot#e!s
Co'e!t Hidden Co'e!t complainin% #assle you
D!a% down )o dep!ess, demo!ali0e It d!a%s you down into passiti'ity and inte!tia
E+O)IONAE EI)ERAC7
Haunt )o int!ude upon o! !ecu! to 8t#e memo!y, t#ou%#ts,
etc;
A sin%le "ullyin% incident t#at #as stayed wit#
and #aunted t#em fo! t#ei! enti!e life
B!ea( of t#e
spi!it
A %ene!al "!ea(in% of t#e spi!it was seen as
t#e most e1ecti'e means of c#ild cont!ol
Bottle up )o stop you!self f!om s#owin% ne%ati'e emotions li(e
an%e! and disappointment, especially o'e! a lon%
pe!iod, so t#at t#ese feelin%s de'elop in a #a!mful way
Pent up
Clea!ly, Im ma(in% up fo! all t#at fo!ced
"ottlin% up now
Resilience Someones a"ility to "ecome #ealt#y, #appy, o! st!on%
a%ain afte! an illness, disappointment, o! ot#e!
p!o"lem
Emotional lite!acy is needed to lea!n f!om
e*pe!iences, de'elop !esilience, "uild and
maintain #ealt#y !elations#ips and to #elp
ou!sel'es and ot#e!s
Escalate )o "ecome muc# wo!se o! mo!e se!ious, o! to ma(e
somet#in% do t#is
E*t!a'e!ts pump e'e!yt#in% st!ai%#t out, so
a!e mo!e li(ely to ma(e situations escalate
and "e less in cont!ol of t#ei! output
Output )#e amount of st# t#at is p!oduced
Pinpoint )o disco'e! o! e*plain e*actly w#at somet#in% is I can easily pinpoint t#e cause of any emotion
I feel
Pat#way A pat# t#at you can wal( on )ea!s can con'ey a multitude of feelin%s , suc#
as #appiness, sadness, loneliness, fea!, !elief,
an%e! o! f!ust!ation, and as suc#, p!o'ide
#ealt#y pat#ways to t#e outside wo!ld
Imp!int St# t#at #as "een &*ed &!mly, in t#e mind I was told so muc# as a c#ild t#at "oys dont
c!y t#at t#is imp!int #as sealed my tea! ducts
6impy )imid, cowa!dly, wea( 8'e!y info!mal; )#e!e is not#in% wimpy a"out t#e a"ilit to
s#ed tea!s
AE)ERNA)I/E +EDICINE
Holistic )#e study of t#e #ole instead of t#e di1e!ent pa!ts
P!actitione! Someone w#o wo!(s in a pa!ticula! p!ofession,
especially medicine o! law
Alte!nati'e t#e!apies s#ould not "e seen as a
!eplacement fo! mode!n medicine, "ut as
complementa!y !emedies, t#is is w#y many
p!actitione!s p!efe! t#e te!m 4complementa!y
medicine5
Remedy A cu!e fo! pain o! a mino! illness
Renaissance New inte!est in somet#in% t#at ma(es it popula! a%ain He!"alism is en9oyin% a !enaissance as people
ta(e mo!e inste!est in t#ei! own #ealt# and
common #e!"al !emedies a!e now a'aila"le in
#ealt# s#ops
Im"alance A situation in w#ic# two t#in%s t#at s#ould "e e2ual o!
t#at a!e no!mally e2ual a!e no
He!"s a!e p!esc!i"ed to ad!ess any im"alances
wit#in t#e "ody and stimulate immune system
O1s#oot Somet#in% t#at de'elops o! de!i'es f!om a p!incipal
sou!ce o! o!i%in
Flotation t#e!apy is a fo!m of #yd!ot#e!apy
de'eloped as an o1s#oot of NASA
e*pe!iments on t#e e1ects of wei%#tlessness
in t#e FGs
Ailment A sli%#t "ut often pe!sistent illness Re3e*olo%ist claim t#at it can cu!e almost any
ailemnt, and t#e!e a!e no (nown side e1ects
t#e!e is no #a!m in t!yin%
+i!t#ful C#a!acte!i0ed "y o! e*p!essin% %ladness and %aiety +i!t#ful lau%#te! is a eust!ess stat, a a state
t#at p!oduces #ealt#y o! positi'e emotions
Bu1e! Isolate, minimi0e )#e a"ility to sense and app!eciate #umo! can
"u1e! mood distu!"ances w#ic# occu! in
!esponse to ne%ati'e feelin%s
DREA+S
+omentous Outstandin% in impo!tance In t#e &eld of sleep and d!eams, t#ese a!e
p!omisin% times$ But t#e!eGs no yea! mo!e
momentous t#an HIFJ
Kuest )#e act of see(in%, o! loo(in% afte! anyt#in%, attempt
to &nd o! o"tain, sea!c#, pu!suit
)#e 2uest fo! answe!s #as "een #inde!ed "y
dou"t: Is d!eamin% a myste!y wo!t# sol'in%C
Hinde! )o (eep "ac(, to delay o! impede, to p!e'ent
Delusion A false "elief t#at is !esistant to conf!ontation wit#
actual facts
Once we lea!n distin%uis# t#ese delusions
f!om !eality, d!eams usually "ecome no mo!e
t#an a sides#ow, somet#in% distu!"in%,
occasionally poi%nant, "ut mostly somet#in%
to "e fo!%otten
Poi%nant Emotionally mo'in%
Sta%nant Eac(in% p!o%!ess, motionless Scientists #a'e a"andoned sta%nant t#eo!ies
a"out d!eamin% and postulated new and
int!i%uin% ones
Dold!ums A state of "o!edom, lac( of inte!est Afte! yea!s in t#e dold!ums , d!eam !esea!c#
is mo'in% fo!wa!d a%ain
Del'e into )o sea!c# t#o!ou%#ly and ca!efully fo! info!mation, to
di% into, t!ace out
Befo!e del'in% into t#e latest t#eo!ies, its
wo!t# !e'iewin% w#at we (now a"out
d!eamin% and RE+ sleep
Su"due Cont!ol an emotion RE+ follows fou! d!eamin% sta%es of sleep
(nown as non-RE+ sleep, in w#ic# t#e "!ain
"ecomes p!o%!essi'ely su"dued
Snippet A tiny piece o! pa!t P!o&le of t#e e*pe!ience of d!eamin%: 'i'id
ima%es, st!on% emotions, snippets of memo!y
)#unde!"olt An e'ent t#at is te!!i"le, #o!!i&c o! une*pected Recent de'elopment in d!eam !esea!c# wont
ma(e sense wit#out &!st touc#in% on t#e
academic t#unde!"olt of HILL, w#en a pape!
"y Allan Ho"son and Ro"e!t +cCa!ley
c#allen%ed t#e F!eudian t#eo!y on e'e!y point
7an( A sudden 'i%o!ous pull )#ei! pape! se!'ed to yan( d!eamin% f!om t#e
!ealms of psyc#olo%ical and plun( it in a
d!ea!y, p#ysiolo%ical "uc(et
Plun( )o d!op o! t#!ow #ea'ily 8onto@into st#; so t#at It
ma(es a sound
Supe!3uous In e*cess of w#at is !e2ui!ed o! su.cient
8not compa!ati'e;
D!eams !id t#e "!ain of supe!luous notions
C!a'in% A st!on% desi!e )#ey #ad dama%e to t#e w#ite matte! of t#e
'ent!omesial 2uad!ant of t#e f!ontal lo"es, an
a!ea c!ucially in'ol'ed in moti'ation, u!%es
and c!a'in%s
6ade Read@ deal wit# a lot of info!mation Sloms waded t#!ou%# t#e lite!atu!e and found
#und!eds of case studies in w#ic# t#e e1ects
of t#is p!ocedu!e we!e desc!i"ed
Compellin% Re2ui!in% u!%ent attention
Fo!ceful
Sloms p!oduced a compellin% case t#at t#e
#i%#e! "!ain #as a cent!al !ole in d!eam
c!eation
E'e!-lu!(in% 6aitin% to attac( M #idden In ancest!al en'i!onment, #uman life was
s#o!t and pe!ilous, e'e!-lu!(in% p!edato!s
t#!eatened su!'i'al and !ep!oducti'e success
P!od Pe!suade o! encou!a%e s$o to do st# )#e need to lea!n p!ods t# "!ain to d!eam
Em"ed )o encapsulate If d!eamin% does em"ed memo!ies, its doin%
it in ways we dont unde!stand
6it#stand )o !esist )#at con'iction #ad to wit#stand an almost
constant onslau%#t of dou"te!s and
de"un(e!s 9ust as con&dently t#at d!eams a!e
de'oid of meanin%
Onslau%#t A &e!ce attac(
De"un(e! De"un(: to e*pose as "ein% false o! e*a%%e!ated
De'oid Completely lac(in%, destitute o! empty
S#imme! )o s#ine in suc# a way t#at t#e li%#t seems to s#a(e Some d!eams can #aunt us wit# a powe! mo!e
pe!suasi'e e'en t#an poet!y, s#imme!in% in
t#e mind li(e lost cities
Ha!"o! )o conceal, #ide +ost often, wis#es appea! in dis%uised fo!ms,
"ecause t#ey #a!"o! fo!"idden t#ou%#ts
Fe!!et out Sea!c# and disco'e! t#!ou%# pe!sistent in'esti%ation Nowadays t#e!es an inc!easin% tendency to
inte!p!et t#e manifest d!eam, wit#out loo(in%
fo! a latent d!eam o! t!yin% to fe!!et out t#e
t!ut#
)#!i'e on H$ D!ow, de'elop
N$ )o %!ow in o!de! to succeed M to do well
H$ D!eams t#!i'e on metap#o!s
N$ if you want all t#e lan%ua%es to t#!i'e
on "ecause t#ey a!e impo!tant fo!
peoples #e!ita%e, t#an encou!a%e
multilin%ualism in education 8+c C!um
M P#ilipson inte!'iew;
6ea'e )o connect It may "e t#at d!eams %i'e us %!eate! insi%#t
"ecause t#ey wea'e up to%et#e! cu!!ent
e*pe!iences wit# ot#e!s f!om t#e past
6ed%ed unde! <ept inside Some people lin(ed memo!y to a neu!al
supe!compute! wed%ed unde! t#e #uman
scalp, "ut today e*pe!ts "elie'e t#at memo!y
is fa! mo!e comple* and elusi'e t#an t#at$
Elusi'e Di.cult to unde!stand
Pop into )o appea! suddenly 6#at did you #a'e fo! "!ea(fastC If t#e ima%e
of a "i% plate of f!ied e%%s and "acon popped
into you! mind, you didnt d!ed%e it up f!om
dome ou-of-t#e-way neu!al alleyway
D!ed%e st# up )o "!in% to notice, esp wit# conside!a"le e1o!t and
f!om an o"scu!e, !emote place
Dispa!ate Belon% to di1e!ent %!oups o! classes )#at memo!y was t#e !esult of inc!edi"ly
comple* const!ucti'e powe! t#at !eassem"led
dispa!ate memo!y imp!essions f!om a we"-
li(e patte!n of cells scatte!ed t#!ou%# t#e
"!ain
E'anescent /anis#in% o! li(ely to 'anis# li(e 'apo! So comple* and e'anescent is memo!y,ou!
"est metap#o!s fall s#o!t, "o%%ed down in
mate!ialism
Bo% down So in'ol'ed t#at cannot ma(e any p!o%!ess
D!ift "ac( )o mo'e "ac( to s$$o o! st# slowly )#e memo!ies "e%an to d!ift "ac(
Swell )o "ecome la!%e! t#an no!mal Fo! t#!ee days my memo!y e*panded and
swelled
S(eptical Ha'in%@e*p!essin% dou"t, 2uestionin% I was left wit# a sense of wande! at t#e
in#e!ent c!edulity of my s(eptical mind
A li%#tenin%
!od
+emo!y #as "ecome a li%#tenin% !od of late
Fodde! Somet#in% t#at se!'es as inspi!ation o!
encou!a%ement
D!isly sto!ies of !eco'e!ed memo!ies #a'e
"ecome an endless fodde! fo! tal( s#ows
Dal'ani0e )o s#oc(, immediate !eaction )#e essential natu!e of memo!y #as so
%al'ani0ed t#e cultu!e t#at laws #a'e actually
"een !e'o(ed and !eplaced o'e! it
+emo!iali0e )o #ono!, commemo!ate )#is fascination cannot "e e*plained away "y
t#e #uman need to memo!iali0e t#e past
Bed!oc( Ideas and p!inciples on w#ic# a "elief o! system is
"ased
+emo!y is t#e "ed!oc( of t#e self
Eife-s#apin% Somet#in% t#at s#aped you! life If we can !ep!ess life-s#apin% e'ents, o!
actually in'ent memo!ies of e'ents t#at ne'e!
#appened, memo!y ca!!ies a powe! t#at
utte!ly p!omises to !es#ape t#e self
De!isi'e E*p!essin% o! c#a!acte!i0ed "y de!ision, moc(in%,
!idiculin%
6e'e e'en came up wit# an de!isi'e
nic(name fo! people w#o 'olunta!y plun%e
t#emsel'es into st!essful situations:
4ad!enaline 9un(ies5
Plun%e into )o imme!se
O'e!!un A"use, opp!ess, in'ade Eea!n #ow to (eep st!ess f!om o'e!!unnin%
you! life, it can ene!%i0e you, !e''in% up you!
system to #andle w#at you #a'e to #andle
Re' up Ene!%i0e, accele!ate
Resilient S$o w#o can !eco'e! easily and 2uic(ly A little of st!ess can p!epa!e us fo! a lot late!
on, ma(in% us mo!e !esilient
Eust!ess Dood st!ess Hans Seyle "elie'ed so st!on%ly in %ood st!ess
t#at #e e'en coined a a wo!d fo! it 4eust!ess5
8sO$$ el e9emplo es una ca%ada, pe!o 2ue!Oa
anota! la pala"!a;
Su!%e Sudden and %!eat inc!ease )#e su!%e #e!lps mo"ili0e ene!%y to t#e
muscles
Outwit )o ta(e an ad'anta%e o'e! s$o "y attac(in% cle'e!ly
8usually usin% a t!ic(;
)#e cat doesnt out!un o! outwit it
P!ime )o tell s$o to "e p!epa!ed fo! a pa!ticula! situation At some point, neu!ons %et ti!ed of "ein%
p!imed
S#!i'el )o collapse inwa!d, to c!um"le$ Become smalle! Neu!ons s#!i'el and stop communicatin% wit#
eac# ot#e!
S#!in( )o "ecome smalle! B!ain tissue s#!in(s in t#e #ippocampus and
p!ef!ontal co!te* w#ic# play !oles in lea!nin%,
memo!y and !ational t#ou%#t
Impai! )o wea(en, dete!io!ate C#!onically, it impai!s ou! mental 3e*i"ility
Culp!it )#e cause of st# St!ess is conside!ed t#e culp!it of a wide
'a!iety of p!o"lems, f!om sli%#t memo!y
lapses to dementia
Eose face )o lose !espect of ot#e!s, to e*pe!ience pu"lic dis%!ace )#in%s will %o "ette! if you can e*plain #im
w#e!e #e was w!on% wit#out ma(in% #im lose
face
ANI+AE CO++?NICA)ION
Panoply A la!%e and imp!essi'e 'a!iety 6#ale son%, wolf #owls, fo!% c!oa(s, "i!d
c#ips, a!e amon% t#e panoply of ways animals
t!ansmit info!mation to eac# ot#e! and to
ot#e! deni0ens of t#e animal (in%dom
Deni0ens )#e di1e!ent in#a"itants of ce!tain #a"itat
Display )o e*p!ess, as "y %estu!es o! "odily postu!e Fi!e3ies and peacoc(s a!e classic e*amples of
"!illiant "ioluminiescence and imp!essi'e
'isual displays, !especti'ely
Fo!a%in% S$o w#o sea!c#es, specially food Ants use c#emical cues to #elp %uide t#ei!
fo!a%in% ad'entu!es, as well as fo! ot#e!
acti'ities li(e tellin% f!iend f!om foe,
connectin% wit# new mates and ma!s#allin%
t#e colonPs defenses
Cue Si%ns M si%nals
+a!s#all )o "!in%s people@t#in%s to%et#e!, o!%ani0in% t#em so
as to use t#em e.ciently
Sound o1 )o p!oclaim loudly, as in 'entin% ones opinions,
%!ie'ances, etc
Animals in di1e!ent !e%ions #a'e often "een
o'e!#ea!d soundin% o1 in di1e!ent dialects
Dialect A !e%ional o! social 'a!iety of a lan%ua%e
Son%ste! A sin%in% "i!d, son%"i!d Bi!ds t#at li'e in t#e "o!de! "etween
te!!ito!ies of di1e!in% son%ste!s often
"ecome "ilin%ual so as to "e a"le to
communicate in t#e sin%in% pa!lance fa'o!ed
"y eac# of t#ei! %!oups of nei%"ou!s
Pa!lance A manne! of spea(in% t#at is natu!al to nati'e spea(e!s
of a lan%ua%e
Rapto! P!edato! )#e two species #a'e not#in% in common
e*cept fo! t#e fact t#at t#ey s#a!e a %ene!al
#a"itat and !apto!s li(e to snac( on t#em
Snac( on )o feed on
Communi2uQs Announcements Noise pollution inte!fe!es wit# animal
communi2uQs all a!ound t#e %lo"e and many
animals a"ility to communicate e1ecti'ely
comes unde! t#e &!e
Come unde!
&!e
In dan%e!
En'i!ons Su!!oundin%s Son%"i!ds also su1e! f!om noisy u!"an
en'i!ons, some species #a'e #ad to modify
t#ei! sin%in% styles in o!de! to "e #ea!d a"o'e
t#e clamo!
Clamo! /e!y loud noise p!oduced "y a lot of people@t#in%s
Repe!toi!e )#e stoc( of son%s, plays, ope!as, !eadin%s, o! ot#e!
pieces t#at a playe! o! company is p!epa!ed to pe!fo!m
A lan%ua%e cannot "e a !epe!toi!e of
!esponses, t#e "!ain must contain a !ecipe o!
p!o%!am t#at can "uild an ultimate list of
sentences out of a &nite list of wo!ds
H?+AN CO++?NICA)ION
No'el new C#ild!en de'elop comple* %!amma! !apidly
and wit#out fo!mal inst!uction and %!ow up to
%i'e consistent inte!p!etation to no'el
sentence const!uctions t#at t#ey #a'e ne'e!
encounte!ed "efo!e
Innately 8ad'e!"; st# you someone is "o!n wit# C#oms(y a!%ued t#at c#ild!en must "e
innately e2uipped wit# a plan common to t#e
%!amma!s of all lan%ua%es, a 4?ni'e!sal
D!amma!5 w#ic# tells t#em #ow to distill t#e
syntactic patte!ns out of t#e speec# of t#ei!
pa!ents$
Distill 8out of; E*t!act t#e essence
Idiosync!aticall
y
Idiosync!atic tendencies a!e unusual o! st!an%e, and
not s#a!ed "y ot#e! people
C#ild!en #a'e t#e a"ility to p!oduce muc#
%!eate! lan%ua%e output t#an t#ey !ecei'e as
input "ut it is not done idiosync!atically,
"ecause t#e lan%ua%e t#ey p!oduce follows
t#e same %ene!ali0ed %!ammatical !ules as
ot#e!s
F!a%menta!y Consistin% of small, disconnected pa!ts )#e lan%ua%e eac# pe!son ac2ui!es is a !ic#
comple* const!uction #opelessly
undete!mined "y t#e f!a%menta!y e'idence
a'aila"le to t#e cild
Disc!ete Indi'idual,not connected o! "ein% pa!t of st# else )#e disc!ete com"inato!ial system called
4%!amma!5 ma(es #uman lan%ua%e in&nite
Nic#e A place w#ic# is not occupied Communication a!ose f!om t#e necessity of
occupyin% ce!tain e'olutiona!y nic#es
Bac(wa!dness Not ad'anced )#e ina"ility of ot#e! animals to spea( as
#umans do is no mo!e a si%n of t#ei!
e'olutiona!y "ac(wa!dness t#an ou! ina"ility
to use ou! #ands to 3y t#e "ats can$
Bus# Not a #ie!a!c#y
8"us# R py!amid;
6e 9ust occupy a di1e!ent end point on t#e
e'olutiona!y "us#
Empowe! )o %i'e someone mo!e cont!ol o'e! t#ei! life o! mo!e
powe! to do somet#in%
Ean%ua%e is t#e impetus t#at empowe!s
indi'iduals to fo!%e ties t#at "ind into a
community, t#us %i'in% t#em pe!sonal, social
o! cultu!al identi&cation
Fo!%e )o %i'e fo!m o! s#ape to, especially "y means of ca!eful
e1o!t
Indi'iduation Indi'iduate M to ma(e someone o! somet#in%
di1e!ent f!om all ot#e!s
Baldwin and )an "ot# desc!i"e an
un"!ea(a"le lin( "etween lan%ua%e and self-
indi'iduation$
Hone )o imp!o'e a s(ill o! talent t#at is al!eady well
de'eloped
I s#ould #one my talent towa!ds account
mana%ement
Stee! away )o mo'e o! tu!n away f!om someone o! somet#in%
Discou!a%e
Pe!#aps t#ey also #a'e teac#e!s w#o a!e
stee!in% t#em away f!om w!itin%
So f!ust!ated did t#e "oy feel "ecause #e was
not pa!t of t#e popula! cli2ue, t#at a
psyc#olo%ist #ad to "e called in to %!adually
stee! #im away f!om #is ne%ati'e f!ame of
Cli2ue A small, e*clusi'e %!oup of people
mind
Satu!ated Full, una"le to #old o! contain any mo!e 7oun% peoples lan%ua%e is "ecomin%
satu!ated "y slan% lea'in% t#em ill-e2uipped
to t#e communicati'e wo!ld
Ill-e2uipped
Composite +ade of 'a!ious di1e!ent pa!ts 7oun% people a!e %!owin% up wit# a new fo!m
of composite lan%ua%e
S(i!mis# De"ate )#is s(i!mis# is !ooted in Ame!ican #isto!y
Diaspo!a )#e sp!eadin% of a %!oup of people Blac( En%lis# is t#e c!eation of t#e "lac(
diaspo!a
Sa"ota%e Action aimed to wea(en st# )eac#e!s wa!n of t#e dama%e caused "y slan%
ans its sa"ota%e to lete!acy
Soa! )o !ise 'e!y 2uic(ly to a #i%# le'el E*am !esults #a'e soa!ed as a conse2uence
P!e'alent 6idesp!ead@p!efe!!ed$
Supe!io!, dominant
Slan% #as no "ecome mo!e p!e'alent, simply
mo!e pu"lic
Decline Downwa!d mo'ement, fall Olde! %ene!ations tend to associate slan%
wit# t#e 'alues of Ame!ican %an%ste! !ap
cultu!e and social decline
Alien One e*cluded f!om ce!tain p!i'ile%es Olde! %ene!ations would "ene&t f!om
studyin% slan% "ecause it will ma(e it less
alien
Ine1a"le Ine*plica"le Emma )#ompson #as added fu!t#e! to #e!
ine1a"le appeal wit# some well-c#osen wo!ds
demonst!atin% #e! acute conce!n a"out
En%lis# lan%ua%e
Acute ?!%ent
Stilted A!ti&cially fo!mal, pompous 7ou p!o"a"ly %ot it t#at time, "ut #ow
#o!!i"ly stilted it sounded$ Afte! all, no one
spea(s li(e t#at any lon%e!, do t#eyC
DEOBAE EAND?ADE @ EIND?A FRANCA
Deplo!e )o condemn, e*p!ess st!on% disapp!o'al Despite "ein% welcomed "y some and
deplo!ed "y ot#e!s, it cannot "e denied t#at
En%lis# wo!(s as a %lo"al lin%ua f!anca
Custodian A pe!son ent!usted wit# t#e custody o! ca!e of
somet#in% o! someone
A %ua!dian
)#e!e is still a tendency fo! nati'e spea(e!s to
"e !e%a!ded as custodians o'e! w#at is
accepta"le usa%e
+ilea%e Eon% distance )#ese may #a'e mo!e milea%e fo! lea!ne!s
t#an st!i'in% fo! maste!y t#e &ne nuances of
nati'e spea(e! lan%ua%e
St!i'e )o t!y to ac#ie'e st#
Nuances A su"tly of &ne detail
Catc#p#!ases A s#o!t p#!ase many people (now "ecause a famous
pe!son says it
)#ey also li(e to !ecite simple slo%ans suc# as
O"amaBs NGGS campai%n catc#p#!ases 47es,
we can5 and 4C#an%e we can "elie'e in$5
Adapta"le H$ People M can c#an%e #is "e#a'io!@ideas to deal
wit# new situations
N$ )#in%s M can "e uses in di1e!ent situations wit#
di1e!ent pu!poses
Conta%ious, adapta"le, populist, and
su"'e!si'e, t#e En%lis# lan%ua%e #as "ecome
as muc# a pa!t of t#e %lo"al consciousness as
t#e com"ustion en%ine
Populist Rep!esentin% t#e inte!est and opinions of o!dina!y
people
Su"'e!si'e Intended to dest!oy t#e powe!@in3uence of a
%o'e!nment o! an esta"lis#ed "elie'e
Bi0a!!e St!an%e, di.cult to e*plain Pe!#aps t#e most "i0a!!e !esponse was a
p!otest "y fundamentalist +uslims outside
t#e Danis# Em"assy in Eondon$ )#e
p!oteste!s ca!!ied placa!ds wit# En%lis#
slo%ans li(e B?)CHER )HOSE 6HO +OC<
ISEA+
Patc#wo!( Somet#in% w#ic# consists of di1e!ent pa!ts )#e wo!ld, 43atte!5 and smalle! t#an e'e!
"efo!e, is still a patc#wo!( of some F,GGG
lan%ua%es
+o!p# )o c#an%e one ima%e into anot#e!, o! com"ine t#em M
to de'elop a new appea!ance o! c#an%e into st# else
8o! ma(e st# do t#is;
En%lis# %ains momentum as a second
lan%ua%e all a!ound t#e wo!ld, it is mo!p#in%
into a new and simpli&ed 'e!sion of itself M
One t#at !esponds to t#e NT@L demands of a
%lo"al economy and cultu!e wit# a st!ipped-
down 'oca"ula!y of wo!ds li(e 4ai!plane,5
4c#at !oom,5 4ta*i,5 and 4cell p#one$5
St!ipped down Eac(in% any e*t!a featu!es M only t#e essential pa!ts
)o po(e )o !idicule, to moc( )#e Uutland Post pu"lis#ed a se2uence of
sati!ical ca!toons po(in% fun at t#e P!op#et
+u#ammad
An%lici0e )o ma(e somet#in% mo!e En%lis# 6#at mo!e su!!eal commenta!y on t#e
An%lici0ation of mode!n society t#an a
demonst!ation of de'out +uslims, in Eondon,
e*ploitin% an old En%lis# f!eedom e*p!essed
in t#e En%lis# lan%ua%e, to demand t#e
cu!"in% of t#e li"e!ta!ian t!adition t#at
actually le%itimi0ed t#ei! p!otestC
Deployment )#e use of st# o! s$o in an e1ecti'e way
)#e sp!eadin%, utili0ation, o! a!!an%ement fo! a
deli"e!ate pu!pose
Uean-Paul Ne!!iV!e desc!i"ed En%lis# and its
inte!national deployment as 4t#e wo!ldwide
dialect of t#e t#i!d millennium$5
Deca1einated Ha'in% t#e ca1eine !emo'ed Standa!d En%lis# was all 'e!y well fo!
An%lop#ones, "ut in t#e de'elopin% wo!ld,
t#is non-nati'e 4deca1einated En%lis#5 was
"ecomin% t#e new %lo"al p#enomenon
Catc# on )o "ecome fas#iona"le )#e te!m Dlo"is# 2uic(ly cau%#t on wit#in
t#e inte!national community
Splas# out )o spend a lot of money in "uyin% t#in%s, especially
t#in%s you dont need
Now you can still splas# out on Apple
compute!s
Decouple )o sepa!ate En%lis# lan%ua%e and cultu!e we!e "ecomin%
!apidly decoupled f!om t#ei! contentious past
Contentious Causin%@li(ely to cause disa%!eement
Hasten )o act in o!de! to ma(e st# #appen soone! Films li(e t#e NGGI Osca!-winnin% Slumdo%
+illionai!e #asten t#e sp!ead of Dlo"is#
Be%!ud%e )o "e en'ious 8"e%!ud%e s" st#;
)o "e !eluctant 8opposin%, not wantin%;
8"e%!ud%e st#, "e%!ud%e doin% st#;
7ou (now lea!nin% En%lis# will ta(e a %!eat
deal of e1o!t to maste! it, and you may
"e%!ud%e t#at e1o!t$
)HE DE+ISE OF +INORI)7 EAND?ADES
Hea!t!endin% St# t#at causes %!eat an%uis# o! dist!ess I witnessed t#e #ea!t!endin% cost of "!o(en
lan%ua%es amon% t#e A(a people
See t#!ou%#
t#e loo(in%
%lass of st#
Eea!nin% any lan%ua%e means imme!sin%
oneself in its c#a!acte! and concepts 4Im
seein% t#!ou%# t#e loo(in% %lass of t#is
lan%ua%e5
Hotspot A place nota"le fo! a #i%# le'el of acti'ity o! dan%e! Ein%uists #a'e identi&ed a #ost of lan%ua%e
#otspots t#at #a'e "ot# a #i%# le'el of
lin%uistic di'e!sity and a #i%# num"e! of
t#!eatened lan%ua%es
Seal o1 )o p!e'ent 'e#icles o! people f!om c!ossin% A(a and its nei%#"o!in% lan%ua%es #a'e "een
p!otected "ecause A!unac#al P!ades# #as
lon% "een sealed o1 to outside!s as a
!est!icted "o!de! !e%ion
Spa!e )o p!e'ent someone f!om e*pe!iencin% an unpleasant,
painful o! em"a!!assin% situation o! feelin%
E'en ot#e! Indians a!e not allowed to c!oss
into t#e !e%ion wit#out fede!al pe!mission,
and so its f!a%ile mic!ocultu!es #a'e "een
spa!ed t#e int!usion of immi%!ant la"o!,
mode!ni0ation
?nde!%o )o pass t#!ou%#, e*pe!ience Ein%uistics #as unde!%one two %!eat
!e'olutions in t#e past WG yea!s, on
seemin%ly opposite ends of t#e discipline
Remnants Somet#in% left o'e!, a !emainde! Smalle! lan%ua%es often !etain !emnants of
num"e! systems t#at may p!edate t#e
adoption of t#e mode!n wo!ldBs "ase-ten
countin% system
Callow Eac(in% e*pe!ience of life A(a mi%#t su%%est an answe!, t#ou%#, one
em"odied in t#e concept of muc!ow, a
con'iction t#at t#e 'ene!a"le and f!ail #a'e
somet#in% to teac# t#e callow and t#e st!on%
t#at t#ey would "e lost wit#out
Ens#!ine )o o.cially !eco!d somet#in% suc# as an idea o!
p!inciple in a document so t#at it cannot "e i%no!ed
One way to p!ese!'e a lan%ua%e is to ens#!ine
it in w!itin% and compile a dictiona!y, a
p!ospect "ot# lo'ed and fea!ed "y lin%uistics
Instill )o int!oduce "y %!adual, pe!sistent e1o!ts, implant A%ainst t#e e!osion of lan%ua%e stands an
ine1a"le 2uality t#at canBt "e instilled f!om
wit#out$ P!ide
Pli%#t A situation, especially a "ad o! unfo!tunate one )o "e in'ol'ed in t#e pli%#t of 'anis#in%
lan%ua%es, e'en 9ust as a 9ou!nalist, is to
contemplate t#e f!a%ility of t!i"al life
O"lite!ate )o dest!oy e'e!y t!ace of, wipe out completely
)o e!ase
)oday any lan%ua%e wit# a tele'ision station
and a cu!!ency is in a position to o"lite!ate
t#ose wit#out
CONFEIC)S
Slip away
1. )o lea'e sec!etly
N$ If somet#in% suc# as powe! o! an oppo!tunity
slips away, you stop #a'in% it
A%ainst t#e possi"ility t#at t#ei! lan%ua%e
could slip away wit#out ala!m o! notice stand
an awa!eness t#at in impo!tant ways a (ey to
ou! futu!e lies "e#ind us$
?nde!mine )o ma(e somet#in% o! someone "ecome %!adually less
e1ecti'e, con&dent, o! successful
Coll: aut#o!ity, con&dence, c!edi"ility, le%itimacy,
mo!ale, position, sta"ility
A con3icts ta(es pa!t w#en two o! mo!e
pa!ties pe!cei'e incompati"le %oals, see( to
unde!mine eac# ot#e!s %oal-see(in%
capa"ilities
Sta(e#olde! Someone w#o #as an inte!est in t#e success of a plan,
system, o! o!%ani0ation
6it#out p!ope! a!!an%ement o! !esolution,
con3icts in social settin% can !esult in st!ess
o! tensions "etween sta(e#olde!s
Coe!cion )#e use of fo!ce o! t#!eats to ma(e someone do
somet#in%
P!actitione!s of non'iolence #a'e de'eloped
many p!actices to sol'e social@political
con3icts wit#out !eso!tin% to 'iolence o!
coe!cion
A'e!t )o p!e'ent somet#in% "ad o! #a!mful f!om #appenin% /iolence may #a'e "een a'e!ted wit# a
%!eate! police p!esence
Dispa!ities A di1e!ence "etween t#in%s )#e!e a!e often dispa!ities in ou! sense of w#o
is in'ol'es in a con3ict
Ad'ocate )o pu"licly suppo!t a pa!ticula! policy o! way of doin% Competin% is a style in w#ic# ones needs a!e
t#in%s ad'ocated o'e! t#e ones of ot#e!s
7ield )o %i'e up t#e cont!ol of o! !esponsi"ility fo!
somet#in%, often "ecause you #a'e "een fo!ced to
Pe!sons usin% t#is style yield t#ei! needs to
t#ose of ot#e!s, t!yin% to "e diplomatic
Feste! If an a!%ument o! "ad feelin% feste!s, it continues so
t#at feelin%s of #ate o! lac( of satisfaction inc!ease M
to wo!sen
)#e con3ict feste!s until it "ecomes too "i%
too "e i%no!ed
)!adeo1 A "alancin% of two opposin% situations o! 2ualities,
"ot# of w#ic# a!e desi!ed:
Comp!omisin% is an app!oac# to con3ict in
w#ic# people %ain and %i'e in a se!ies of
t!adeo1s
Consensus A %ene!ally accepted opinion o! decision amon% a
%!oup of people
Colla"o!atin% o1e!s t#e c#ance fo! consensus,
t#e inte%!ation of needs and t#e potential to
e*ceed t#e "ud%et of possi"ilities
+idst A place in t#e middle Ou! ideas and t#ou%#t a"out a con3ict a!e
often p!esented as inne! 'oices in t#e midst of
t#e situation
S#!u% o1 )o t!eat somet#in% as if it is not impo!tant o! not a
p!o"lem
As suc#, it is a meanin%ful e*pe!ience in
peoples li'es, not to "e s#!u%%ed o1 "y a
me!e 4it will pass5
Be %i'en to st# )o do somet#in% !e%ula!ly o! as a #a"it
4#e cant #elp it5
NicolXs +adu!o is %i'en to an%!y ti!ades
a%ainst t#e ? S
)i!ade Eon% an%!y speec#
Capsi0in% If you capsi0e a "oat, o! if it capsi0es, it tu!ns upside
down o! onto its side in t#e wate!
+adu!o is 2uic(ly disco'e!in% t#at t#e !eality
of /ene0uelas capsi0in% economy cannot "e
inde&nitely e*plained away as a Ame!ican plot
)!umpet )o spea( pu"licly and in a fo!ceful way a"out st# you
a!e p!oud of o! t#in( is impo!tant
)#e same man w#o t!umpets t#e impo!tance
of national independence and socialist
economy continues to pus# polices t#at
%!a'ely comp!omise /ene0uelas so'e!ei%nty
S2uande! )o waste
If you s2uande! somet#in% suc# as money, time, o! an
oppo!tunity, you do not use it in a sensi"le way
/ene0uela #as s2uande!ed its oil !ic#es to t#e
point w#e!e t#e supply of ?$S$ dolla!s is
unde!%oin% se'e!e st!ain
+ali%ned often c!itici0ed, in an unfai! e*a%%e!ated way Only t#e muc#-mali%ned ?nited States, w#ic#
impo!ts a"out SGG,GGG "a!!els of oil pe! day,
pays in cas#
Slas# Reduce "y a la!%e amount Ba!te!in% oil fo! food f!om a"!oad slas#es
9o"s in /ene0uelas al!eady ailin% a%!icultu!al
secto!, as well as pus#in% up consume! p!ices
Rant A lon% laud tal( in an e*a%%e!ated way a"out foolis#
t#in%s
Cu!!ently, declinin% oil output and a fo!ei%n
e*c#an%e c!isis caused "y a lac( of dolla!s a!e
fo!cin% +adu!o to cut "ac( on C#X'e0s Y%ood
wo!(s,Y and it is a%ainst t#is fact, !at#e! t#an
#is anti-Ame!ican !ants, t#at /ene0uelas poo!
will 9ud%e #im
Em"!oil D!aw into a situation, "e in'ol'ed )#e diplomatic pus# in'ol'es !e%ula! contact
wit# %o'e!nment and opposition leade!s in
?(!aine, w#ic# #as "een em"!oiled in mont#s
of tu!moil since its p!esident !e9ected political
and f!ee-t!ade acco!ds wit# Eu!ope and
accepted a ZHF "illion loan pac(a%e f!om
+oscow
)u!moil A state of %!eat diso!de!
Int!acta"le Impossi"le to mana%e )#e!es so muc# mo!e to it t#an t#at, w#ic#
#elps ma(e t#e c!isis so int!acta"le
Defuse )o calm a dan%e!ous situation Eoo(in% to defuse ?(!aineBs c!isis, t#e ?nited
States and Eu!ope a!e t!yin% to assem"le a
&nancial pac(a%e t#at could ease t#e pat# fo!
a new %o'e!nment t#e!e to %uide t#e count!y
out of its cu!!ent impasse "etween Eu!ope
and Russia, Ame!ican and Eu!opean o.cials
say
Impasse A situation in w#ic# it is impossi"le to ma(e p!o%!ess
Relin2uis# Resi%n )#e p!esident was a tactician w#o would
ne'e! 'olunta!ily !elin2uis# powe!, and would
say o! p!omise anyt#in% in maneu'e!in% to
(eep it
Seet#in% A%itated, an%!y A seet#in% c!owd toppled ans smas#ed a
statue of Eenin
O'e!#aul A !epai! 9o" If a new %o'e!nment is app!o'ed, would "e
intended to %et t#e #i%#ly inde"ted count!y
t#!ou%# a t!ansition pe!iod and allow it to
ca!!y out an economic o'e!#aul t#at is a
p!e!e2uisite fo! !ecei'in% a lon%-delayed loan
f!om t#e Inte!national +oneta!y Fund
Sta'e o1 )o stop st# "ad f!om #appenin% It is in t#at space t#at fo!ei%n o.cials and t#e
fo!ces in ?(!aine a!e see(in% a solution to
sta'e o1 mo!e 'iolence and economic pain in
t#e count!y of TW million people$
+ASS SHOO)IND )RADEDIES @ D?N CON)ROE
Spa!( )o ma(e somet#in% #appen, especially somet#in%
in'ol'in% 'iolence o! an%!y feelin%s
)#e!e needs to "e some associated stimulus
to spa!( t#e a%%!ession
/ica!ious St# e*pe!ienced t#!ou%# ot#e! pe!sons actions 6#en c#ild!en watc# ot#e!s "ein% !ewa!ded
fo! a%%!essi'e "e#a'io!, t#ey a!e li(ely to
lea!n t#is "e#a'io! t#!ou%# 'ica!ious
!einfo!cement
Enc!oac#ment Ad'ance "eyond fo!me! "a!!ie!s Some people dont &nd enc!oac#ment of t#ei!
pe!sonal space to "e a p!o"lem
Dis!uption A continuous act of diso!de! In t#e ?$S$ today, it seems to many t#at
'iolence is in ascendant o'e! coope!ation,
dis!uption o'e! o!de!, and an%e! o'e! !eason
Elusi'e Di.cult to !emem"e! o! unde!stand /iolence is so uni'e!sal and elusi'e t#at
sociolo%y and psyc#olo%y can only
app!o*imate a comple* t!ut#
Alienated Alienate: to ma(e someone feel t#at t#ey do not
"elon% in a place o! %!oup
Alienated: feelin% t#at you do not "elon% in a
pa!ticula! society, place, o! %!oup
)#e 'iolent man is not t#e natu!al "ut t#e
socially alienated man
Rest!aint )#e limit o! cont!ol of t#e e*p!ession of st!on%
emotion o! opinion
As man de'eloped weapons, #e lea!ned to (ill,
and #e also de'eloped mo!al !est!aints, "ut
t#ese ne'e! penet!ated fa! enou%#
7ea!nin% A st!on% feelin% t#at you %et w#en you want
somet#in% 'e!y muc#, especially somet#in% t#at you
(now you may not "e a"le to #a'e
)#e yea!nin% fo! non'iolence is as !eal as t#e
yea!nin% fo! lo'e, "ut no !eli%ion #as
succeeded in esta"lis#in% a society "ased on it
Kua!!el An a!%ument, especially one a"out somet#in%
unimpo!tant "etween people w#o (now eac# ot#e!
well
/iolence can often "e i!!ational, as in
seemin%ly senseless (illin% o! 2ua!!el
Cat#a!tic Allowin% you to e*p!ess st!on% feelin%s t#at #a'e "een
a1ectin% you so t#at t#ey do not upset you any lon%e!
)#e!e is no dou"t t#at 'iolence #as a cat#a!tic
e1ect, and t#e p!essu!es t#at caused it must
&nd an outlet of one (ind o! anot#e!
Outlet A way of e*p!essin% st!on% feelin%s t#at you would
no!mally not e*p!ess
Cleansin% )o f!ee f!om di!t, de&lement, o! %uilt /iolence is a cleansin% fo!ce, it f!ees t#e
nati'e f!om its infe!io!ity comple*
Disa1ected Resentful and !e"ellious, especially a%ainst aut#o!ity )#e elimination of t#e %#etto and w#at it
stands fo!: an inc!easin%ly disa1ected
population
D!ie'ance A !eal o! ima%ina!y w!on% causin% !esentment and
!e%a!ded as %!ounds fo! complaint
Socially si%ni&cant 'iolence is usually caused
"y aut#entic %!ie'ances
Rou%e Be#a'e di1e!ently t#an ot#e!s mem"e!s of a %!oup
often causin% dama%e
6#at is it t#at ma(es indi'iduals of a usually
empat#etic species tu!n !ou%ueC
S#ut down Stop ope!atin% How does one of ou! most p!imal faculties %et
so completely s#ut downC
?nfat#oma"le Impossi"le to unde!stand )#ey seem to #a'e an unfat#oma"le a"ility to
s#ut o1 t#ei! (nowled%e of t#e conse2uences
S#ut o1 Stop t#e 3ow o! supply of st#
Play out )o #appen in usually a %!adual way
6#en a situation plays out, it #appens and de'elops
)#e se!ial mu!de!e!s w#ose c!imes often play
out o'e! decades
)u%%in% A st!on% s#o!t feelin%@emotion )#ose tu%%in%s of conscience a!e 2uic(ly
o'e!come "y t#e impulse of (illin% a%ain
Snappin%
moment
)!yin% to &nd t#e muc# loo(ed fo! snappin%
moment
Out"u!st A sudden fo!ceful e*p!ession of emotion, especially
an%e!
C#os let#al out"u!st may #a'e "een
simme!in% fo! mont#s, if not yea!s
Simme! If a disa%!eement o! ne%ati'e emotion simme!s, it
%!ows slowly st!on%e! o'e! a pe!iod of time and could
"ecome mo!e se!ious at any moment
Sp!ee A s#o!t pe!iod of doin% a pa!ticula!, usually en9oya"le,
acti'ity muc# mo!e t#an is usual
Russel 6eston went on a s#ootin% sp!ee in
t#e capitol "uildin% in 6as#in%ton in HIIS
E*ude If you e*ude lo'e, con&dence, pain, etc$, you s#ow t#at
you #a'e a lot of t#at feelin%
C#os postmo!tem pac(a%e e*uded
na!cissistic e*#i"itionism
Indictment An e*p!ession o! statement of st!on% disapp!o'al
w#ic# desc!i"es society, a pe!son, etc a 'e!y "ad one,
o! 'e!y w!on%
4)#an(s to you I die li(e Uesus5 #e said in one
#is many indictments of #is 'ictims
Pe!colate Sp!ead slowly, slowly "ecome !eco%ni0a"le )#ese t#in%s can pe!colate fo! yea!s
Eas# out )o ma(e a sudden and an%!y attac( Only a in&nitesimal f!action of of e'en t#e
most unsta"le las# out in !emotely as 'iolent
as mass (ille!s do
Act out )o "e#a'e "adly 8a%ainst someone; especially "ecause
you a!e feelin% painful emotions
A #ouse#old in w#ic# p!o"lems a!e settled
'iolently ma(es actin% out less 'iolent
Dun down )o s#oot a pe!son wit# a %un An e* employee w#o suddenly %uns down #is
fo!me! collea%ues
Rampa%e /iolent and usually wild "e#a'io! 6#ile teens lac( wisdom t#ey a!e %ene!ally
spa!ed t#e lon% lifetime of set"ac(s t#at can
cont!i"ute to mu!de!ous !ampa%es in olde!
(ille!s
S#atte! )o 8cause somet#in% to; "!ea( suddenly into 'e!y small
pieces
6e see people wit# a 9o" o! a !elations#ip t#at
de&nes t#em, w#en t#at is s#atte!ed t#ey feel
t#ey #a'e not#in% else