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Kenneth T. So v Sophal Ear
Yuon v ngi Vit: iu g trong mt tn ngoi dng?
Phm Vn lc dch

Xenonym
xeno ngoi + onym tn

1. Tn gi mt dn tc hoc mt ngn ng hoc mt thnh ph khng do
chnh ngi bn x dng. Chng hn, German l mt tn ngoi dng dng
ch nhng ngi gi chnh h l deutsch, Germans l mt tn ngoi dng ch
Deutsche, Cologne l mt ch ngoi ch Kln, Austria ch t sterreich...
(http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xenonym)



Ngi Khmer (hi): H Ch Minh l Hong ng Dng ?


Ngi ta ni, hiu ngi khc, trc tin bn phi hiu chnh mnh. Chng ti tin rng i vi
nhng ngi ngoi quc mun hiu ngi Khmer, bit ting Khmer v sng Cam Bt
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l cn thit
nhng vn khng . Tnh cch Khmer [Khmerness] l mt phm tr rng ln hn ngn ng v kinh
nghim sng Cam Bt. Tnh cch Khmer l ni ting Khmer, hiu thnh ng Khmer, thng thc cu
ni a Khmer cng nhng im nh ca n, v yu thch m nhc cng thi ca Khmer. l s cm
nhn cng chia s vi ngi Khmer sng Cam Bt. L ngi Khmer khng phi l ng ngha vi Pol
Pot. Nhng vic lm ca Pol Pot hon ton phn li tm hn Khmer. Mt ngi Khmer l ngi hnh din
vi di sn nn vn minh Angkor li.

Ngi Khmer tng sng di mi e do tuyt chng (c l thm ch c ch ngha thc dn Php

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Li ngi dch: Cambodia c dch l Cam Bt, Mien l Min, trong khi vn gi nguyn Campuchia, Kampuchea,
Khmer v Champa Nhng ch trong [] l ca ngi dch.
tp ch talawas s ma Thu 2009 Chuyn Bao nhiu ch ngha dn tc l ?
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cu vt), v chng kin lnh th Khmer mt vo tay cc nc lng ging hng mnh l Vit Nam v
Thi Lan. y l thc t trc mt chng ti khi vit bi bo ny.

Nh Yimsut (2005) ni:

Nhng nhn thc ny v [k xm lc] Vit Nam cng rt ng v mt lch s. Ci gi l
Kampuchea Krom (vng t ngy nay l min nam Vit Nam bao gm thnh ph H Ch Minh
v vng chu th sng Cu Long), v cu Vng quc Champa (vng t ngy nay l min bc
Vit Nam [sic]) l hai th d lch s v hnh ng thn tnh v ch ngha bnh trng ca Vit
Nam.

Bi vit ny khng c nh nhn li lch s quan h Khmer-Vit Nam v y l mt vn rng ln.

Kang (2004:5) vit:

Trong giai on 1813-1815, ngi Vit phm vo vic tn st b i m ngi Khmer no cng
bit qua cm t Prayat Kompup Te Ong. H p dng cch tra tn d man nht, theo ngi
Khmer b chn sng ti c, u h b dng k ni un nc cho cc ng ch ngi Vit. Khi
cc nn nhn b phng v au n, u h ng ngoy. Lc y nhng ngi Vit ang tra tn h
ni a vi nhau, Cn thn no, ng lm nc tr ca ng ch.





Khi c ngh vit v cch ngi Khmer nhn ngi Vit, chng ti thy y l mt vic qu kh
thc hin trong mt bi vit ngn. Vic ny cn nhiu b sch. Tm thi, chng ta hy th xem xt ch
mt chng, vn ngn ng v ch ngi Cam Bt dng ch ngi Vit: Yuon. iu ny vn cn
l ngun gc gy ra tranh ci v nhiu ngi khng phi l ngi Khmer bin lun rng ch Yuon hm
cha bn cht k th chng tc trong cch dng thng thng ca t ny.

Ch Yuon c th bt ngun t ch Yueh, trong ting quan thoi ca ngi Trung Quc dng
gi Vit Nam, Yueh Nam. Ch Nam ngha l pha nam trong ting Hn. Yuehch tn dn tc vng
. V th, Yueh ngha l Vit hay ngi Vit trong ting Hn, v Yueh Nam ngha l ngi Yueh
pha nam. Trong trng hp ny, pha nam l pha nam Trung Quc. Ngi min Nam pht m l
Yeaknam (vi m Y [Dic Nam]).
tp ch talawas s ma Thu 2009 Chuyn Bao nhiu ch ngha dn tc l ?
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Chou Ta-Kuan (Zhou Daguan [, Chu t Quan]), v s gi lng danh ca Trung Quc n Cam Bt
vo th k 13, vit trong bo co ca ng rng c mt s ng ngi Trung Quc nh c Cam Bt
vo thi y. ng ni ngi Trung Quc thch cuc sng quc Khmer v i sng d dng hn
Trung Quc. Nhiu n ng Trung Quc ci v ngi bn x Cam Bt. Ch Yuon c th ly t ch
Hn Yueh ch ngi Vit. Nu chng ta ngm ngh v n, Vit (nh ngi min bc Vit Nam pht
m) hay Yeak [Dic] (nh ngi min nam Vit Nam pht m) nghe rt ging vi Yueh; v Yueh,
ngha l ngi Vit, li nghe rt ging vi Yuon.

George Coedes, mt chuyn gia v ng Nam , tm thy ch Yuon khc bng ting Khmer trn mt
tm bia thi Vua Khmer Suryavarman I (1002-1050). Adhmar Leclre, vin Ton quyn ngi Php
sng 25 nm ti Cam Bt, dng t Yuon rt nhiu ch trong cun Histoire du Cambodge depuit le 1er
sicle de notre re ca ng.

Trong khi , ch Yuon c xem nh ng ngha vi d man (Roberts, 2002). Tht ra, d man dch
sang ting Cam Bt l Pourk Prey hay Phnong (tht khng may, cng l t ch mt b lc sc tc
thiu s min ni sng Cam Bt). Ngi Cam Bt gi ngi Vit l Yuon, cng ging nh h gi
ngi n l Khleung, ngi Min in l Phoumea, ngi Php l Barang, v ngi Trung Quc l
Chen. Tt c u l nhng tn ring ting nc ngoi c nhp vo v chuyn t sang ting Khmer.

i khi ngi Vit gi ngi Khmer l ngi Min (l ra h nn dng ch ngi Campuchia). y l
cch gi khng chnh xc, v Min l tn ca mt nhm ngi thiu s khng thuc sc tc Khmer.
Theo Mien Network (http://www.miennetwork.com/miencommunity/history.html),

Ngi Min l mt nhm nh ca ngi Dao Trung Quc, bt ngun t pha ty nam Trung
Quc. Theo kt qu iu tra dn s do Vin Nghin cu B tc Chiang Mai xut bn nm 1995,
c trn 40.000 ngi Min sng trong 173 lng pha bc Thi Lan. C kh ng ngi Min
sng Lo (85.000 ngi) v Vit Nam (474.000 ngi) [hn Cam Bt], trong khi a s vn
Trung Quc. Theo iu tra dn s nm 1990, c khong 2,1 triu ngi Dao sng Trung
Quc.

Vic ny cng ging nh ni mt ngi Anh l ngi Basque. V mt a l l hon ton sai, nhng theo
ngha rng kh d chp nhn c th c th l mt dn tc khng c quc gia ring [a nation without a
state]. Vo cui th k 17, triu nh Vit Nam Hu i tn cc cng cha Cam Bt Ang Mei, Ang Pen,
Ang Peou, v Ang Snguon, tng ng qua tn mang m Vit l Ngc Vn, Ngc Bin, Ngc T, v Ngc
Nguyn. Phnom Penh cng c bit trong ting Vit l Nam Vang. Tht vy, mn h tu Phnom Penh
lng danh ca chng ti c qung co khc i bng ting Vit l h tu Nam Vang. Trong khi ,
chng ti gi Chu c v Si Gn (by gi l thnh ph H Ch Minh) l Moat Chrouk v Prey Nokor.
y l hin tng tng ng trong cch dng khi nh ch Yuon, mt tn ngoi dng.

Chng ti phng on rng s ln ln v ch Yuon bt ngun t s tn ti ca ch (ngi) Vit. iu
gy nn hiu lm l ngi Khmer chn cch dng ch Yuon thay v ch (ngi) Vit khin cho
ngi khng phi gc Khmer c n tng l chng ti k th chng tc. Ni nh th cng tng t nh
ni ngi no dng ch ngi Cam Bt thay v ch ngi Khmer l k th chng tc.

Khi chng ti ni ting Khmer th dng ch Viet Nam s rt ngng nghu, nghe khng thun tai, v ch
ngi Vit thm ch cn kh nghe hn. Tuy nhin, khi chng ti ni ting Anh hay Php, dng ch
Vietnamese hay Vietnamien c v t nhin hn, v dng ch Yuon li tr nn ngng nghu.

Chng hn, nu chng ti mun ni ng ph phn ln l ngi Vit, v nu c hai ch Yuon v
ngi Vit Nam u c dng trong cu ting Khmer, kt qu s nh sau: Pourk Neak Nisart Trey
Keu Chreun T Youn hoc Pourk Neak Nisart Trey Keu Chreun T Choun Cheat Vietnam. Nh trong v
d ny, ta thy cn nhiu m tit hn khi dng ch Vit Nam din t ngi Vit, v chng ti phi ni
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Choun Cheat Vietnam (dch st tng ch l Quc tch Vit Nam) t mt ngi Vit. Chng ti
khng th ni "Pourk Neak Nisart Trey Keu Chreun T Vietnam", v t Vietnam ch mt nc. Trong
ting Khmer, ch ngi Vit thc ra khng c, tr phi dng ch Yuon.

Trong ngn ng Khmer, him khi c mt t k th chng tc gi cc dn tc khc. Tuy nhin, iu
ny khng c ngha l khng c ngn t khim nh. Ngc li, khi mun t thiu tn knh i vi ai,
chng ti thm mt tnh t A trc ch nh dng. Nu chng ti ni A Yuon th l du hiu thiu
knh trng, nhng khng nht thit l cu ni k th chng tc. t k th chng tc, phi dng
nhng ch nh sau: A Katop (ta nh nh ng mt ngi Vit vi ci t lt), A Gnieung (c th l
mt cch chi ch vi h Nguyn thng c ca ngi Vit), hoc A Sakei Daung (nh ng mt
ngi Vit vi ci v da). Mt s ngi c th so snh ch Yuon vi ch Nigger, nhng so snh ny
l thi qu v khng mang tnh lch s. D th no i na, gi mt ngi sng thi 1860 l k th chng
tc khi ngi y dng ch Nigger l khng ng v mt lch s. Hi , cch ni ny l thng l, ri v
sau tr nn khng hp thi na.

Nguyn c duy nht cho li ph phn ch Yuon l vo thi Lon Nol (Cng ho Khmer 1970-1975), t
Yuon qu tht b dng theo cch khinh mit lc tn cng ngi Vit. V th, t Yuon mang ngha xu
trong thp nin 1970, v nghe ni l b cm dng trong thp nin 1980 khi Cam Bt b Vit Nam chim
ng. Mn canh chua Vit Nam samlar machou Yuon tr thnh samlar machou Vietnam, nhng n
thp nin 1990 li mang tn c. Tt nhin, Khmer Rouge cng dng ch Yuon, nh khi h gi United
Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC, [c quan gim st tng tuyn c ti Cam Bt do Lin
hip quc bo tr thnh lp nm 1991]) l Yuon-TAC, m ch c quan ny thc t l tay sai ca ng
Nhn dn Cam Bt c Vit Nam hu thun. Nhng nh ni, ch v Khmer v chnh quyn Lon
Nol thi Cng ho Khmer cng ot t ng y, khng c ngha l n phi b loi ra khi ngn ng
hng ngy.

Nu chng ti ni ting Khmer v gi ngi Vit l A Katop, khi y s b xem l mang ni dung xc
phm v k th chng tc. Nu chng ti ni Pourk Yuon hay ch ni Yuon, ngha l dn tc Vit Nam
hay ngi Vit, khi y khng c l do g ln n chng ti v ni nh th. Nu chng ti ni A
Yuon, xin nhc li cng khng hn l k th chng tc, nhng chc chn l t ng t s thiu tn
trng i vi mt ngi Vit Nam no , cng nh A Khleung, A Phoumea, A Barang, v A Chen,
u l mt t khim nh thm vo mt t m t bnh thng.




tp ch talawas s ma Thu 2009 Chuyn Bao nhiu ch ngha dn tc l ?
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Chng hn, khi mt ngi Khmer ni Lombol Yo, Tveu Oy Ahgn Lours Proleung, i khi c ngha l
qu, my lm tao s mt va. By gi, nu ti thm A pha trc cu nh sau A Lombol Yo, Tveu
Oy Ahgn Lours Proleung, khi y ngha tr thnh th tc, tng ng nh ni, ch , my lm tao
s mt va.

Ta nh v Taliban ph hu cc bc tng Pht, Touch (2003) vit:

ngi Vit chp nhn mt t khc, t yuon, v hiu rng t ny khng mit th v khng
tin c l s d hn v t tn km hn l buc ngi Khmer b n, mt vic c th i hi phi
ph hu cu khc tn ti 1000 nm [trn tm bia ca Vua Khmer Suryavarman I] (hoc t
nht l lm m bt i ci ch mang tnh xc phm trong cu khc ) cng nh phi hu tt c
t in ting Khmer.


Ti liu tham kho

Chou Ta-Kuan, The Customs of Cambodia, The Siam Society, Bangkok, Third Edition, 1993, do Paul Pelliot dch t
bn dch ting Php ca J. Gilman d'Arcy Paul.

George Coedes, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, do Walter F. Vella bin tp v Sue Brown Cowing dch,
University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1968.

Kang, Pol (2004). Vietnams Expansionism in Indochina: Strategies and Consequences on the Regional Security,
Peoples Lively Voice, May. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 9, 2009. http://devaraja.free.fr/khcrucial-event/viet-
expansionism/viet-expansionism01.pdf

Leclre, Adhmar (1914). Histoire du Cambodge depuit le 1er sicle de notre re, Paris: Librairie Paul Geuthner. Truy
cp ngy 3 thng 9, 2009.
http://books.google.com/books/download/Histoire_du_Cambodge_depuis_le_1er_si__c.pdf?id=g4p5AAAAIAAJ&outp
ut=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0sUzogNV2PIBpIgtHfxKyXqBFlew&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0

Roberts, David (2002). Cambodian coverage deserved critical review, Washington Times, 13 September. Truy cp
ngy 3 thng 9, 2009. http://www.khmerinstitute.org/musings/mu4.html#10

Touch, Bora (2003). The Term 'Yuon' and Its Political Manipulation, Khmer Connection, Home > Channels > Politics
> Opinion, 16 February. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 9, 2009. http://www.khmer.cc/channels/0,4,37,01,6856.html

Ung, Bun Heang (2009). "Mutual Friends," Sacravatoons no. 1432, 7 June. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 9, 2009.
http://sacrava.blogspot.com/2009/06/sacravatoons-no-1432-mutual-friends.html

Ung, Bun Heang (2008). "The Indochina's Emperor," Sacravatoons no. 1042, 7 July. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 9, 2009.
http://sacrava.blogspot.com/2008/07/sacravatoons-no-1042-indochinas-emperor.html

Ung Bun Heang (2001). N/A. 21 October. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 9, 2009.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_C4E4uXd2BZQ/SXKg1ebQHYI/AAAAAAAAACE/gQzkPX29-gU/s1600-h/Tae4.jpg

Yimsut, Ronnie (2005). Vietnam: Was It Liberation or Invasion? online essay, 2 June. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 9,
2009. http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/jan7.htm


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2009 tp ch talawas