1.

Write x for the number of hats Xander has, y for the number of hats Yolanda has,
and z for the number of hats Zelda has. From the question stem, we know
that x < y < z and that x + y + z = 12. oreo!er, sin"e ea"h #erson has at least one hat,
and #eo#le "an onl$ ha!e inte%er numbers of hats, we know that x, y, and z are all
#ositi!e inte%ers. With this number of "onstraints, we should %o ahead and list
s"enarios that fit all the "onstraints. &tart with x and y as low as #ossible, then ad'ust
from there, kee#in% the order, kee#in% the sum at 12, and ensurin% that no two inte%ers
are the same.
Scenario x y z
(a) 1 2 9
(b) 1 3 8
(c) 1 4 7
(d) 1 5 6
(e) 2 3 7
(f) 2 4 6
(g) 3 4 5

(hese are the onl$ se!en s"enarios that work. )s a reminder, we are lookin% for the
!alue of y. *ow, we turn to the statements.
&tatement +1,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We are told that z 2 x is less than or equal to 3. (his
rules out s"enarios +a, throu%h +",, but the last four s"enarios still work. (hus, y "ould
be 4, 5, or 3.
&tatement +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We are told that xyz is less than 46. We work out this
#rodu"t for the se!en s"enarios-
+a, 17
+b, 25
+", 27
+d, 48
+e, 52
+f, 57
+%, 68
We "an rule out s"enarios +e, throu%h +%,, but +a, throu%h +d, still work. (hus, y "ould be
2, 4, 5, or 3.
&tatements +1, and +2, to%ether- &/FF.0.1*(. 9nl$ s"enario +d, sur!i!es the
"onstraints of the two statements. (hus, we know that y is 3.
(he "orre"t answer is +0,- :9(; statements (9<1(;1= are suffi"ient to answer the
question, but neither statement alone is suffi"ient.
2.
First, we should understand what the question is askin% for. What is >the remainder,
after di!ision b$ 188? of a lar%e inte%er@ (est some numbers, if ne"essar$-
421 di!ided b$ 188 lea!es a remainder of 21.
542 di!ided b$ 188 lea!es a remainder of 42.
(hus, we "an see that the remainder, after di!ision b$ 188, of a lar%e inte%er is 'ust the
twoAdi%it number formed b$ the last two di%its of the inte%er +the tens di%it and the units
di%it,.
*ow, we turn our attention to the a"tual inte%er in question, B
18
. (his is a #ower of B, so
we need to look for an$ #attern in the last two di%its of the #owers of B. +We "an
assume that there must be su"h a #atternC otherwise, this question would not be
realisti"all$ sol!able on the <)(.,
B
1
= B
B
2
= 5D
B
4
= 5D E B = 454. *ote that we onl$ need to #a$ attention to the last 2 di%its +54,, so we
will write ...54.
B
5
= ...54 E B = ...81.
B
3
= ...81 E B = ...8B.
)t this #oint, we see that the "$"le is startin% to re#eat. (he neFt #ower +B
6
, will end
in ...5D, and so forth. &in"e we onl$ ha!e to %o to B
18
, we ma$ as well 'ust kee# %oin%-
B
B
= ...54
B
7
= ...81
B
D
= ...8B
B
18
= ...5D
(he "orre"t answer is G.
4.
(he question does not need re#hrasin%, althou%h we should note that x is a #ositi!e
inte%er.
&tatement 1- &/FF.0.1*(. We should work from the inside out b$ first listin% the first
se!eral !alues of xH +the fa"torial of x, defined as the #rodu"t of all the #ositi!e inte%ers
u# to and in"ludin% x,.
1H = 1
2H = 2
4H = 6
5H = 25
3H = 128
6H = B28
BH = 3,858
*ow we "onsider de"imal eF#ansions whose first nonIero di%it is in the hundredths
#la"e. &u"h de"imals must be smaller than 8.1 +1J18, but at least as lar%e as 8.81
+1J188,. (herefore, for 1JxH to lie in this ran%e,xH must be lar%er than 18 but no lar%er
than 188. (he onl$ fa"torial that falls between 18 and 188 is 5H = 25, so x = 5.
+*ote that fa"torials are akin to eF#onents in the order of o#erations, so 1JxH indi"ates K1
di!ided b$ the fa"torial of x,K not Kthe fa"torial of 1Jx,K whi"h would onl$ ha!e meanin% if
1Jx were a #ositi!e inte%er.,
&tatement 2- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We "onsider de"imal eF#ansions whose first nonIero di%it
is in the thousandths #la"e. &u"h de"imals must be smaller than 8.81 +1J188, but at
least as lar%e as 8.881 +1J1,888,. (herefore, for 1J+x+1,H to lie in this ran%e, +x+1,H must
be lar%er than 188 but no lar%er than 1,888.
(here are two fa"torials that fall between 188 and 1,888, namel$ 3H = 128 and 6H = B28.
(hus, x+1 "ould be either 3 or 6, and x "ould be either 5 or 3.
(he "orre"t answer is )- &tatement 1 alone is suffi"ient to answer the question.
5.
First, we fi%ure out the area of the smallest "ir"le. A
1
= r
2
= 1
2
= .
*ow, we find the area of the se"ond smallest "ir"le +n = 2,. A
2
= A
1
+ +2+2, 2 1, = +
4 = 5 . (his means that the radius of the se"ond smallest "ir"le is 2 +sin"e the area
is r
2
,.
(he third smallest "ir"le has area A
4
= A
2
+ +2+4, 2 1, = 5 + 3 = D . (his means
that the radius of this "ir"le is 4.
Finall$, the fourth smallest "ir"le +that is, the lar%est "ir"le, has area A
5
= A
4
+ +2+5, 2 1,
= D + B = 16 . (his means that the radius of this "ir"le is 5.
(he sum of all the areas is + 5 + D + 16 = 48 .
(he sum of all the "ir"umferen"es is 2 times the sum of all the radii. (he sum of all
the radii is 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 = 18, so the "ir"umferen"es sum u# to 28 .
(hus, the sum of all the areas, di!ided b$ the sum of all the "ir"umferen"es, is 48 J+28
, = 1L.
3.
&in"e the a!era%e of x, y, and z is the sum of the three !ariables, di!ided b$ 4, we "an
re#hrase the question as >what is the !alue of x + y + z@? We also note the restri"tions
on the #ossible !alues of x, y, andz 2 the !ariables must be inte%ers in as"endin% order
from x to z +not ne"essaril$ "onse"uti!e,. oreo!er, the$ must be different inte%ers,
sin"e the inequalit$ x < y < z indi"ates no equalit$ amon% an$ of the !ariables. We note
these "onditions, but at this sta%e there is no sim#le wa$ to a##l$ them in a further
re#hrasin% of the question.
&tatement +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We start with statement +2,, whi"h is the easier
statement +it onl$ "ontains 2 of the 4 !ariables,. We "an qui"kl$ "ome u# with sets of
!alues that satisf$ this statement and the %i!en "onditions but that ha!e different sums
+or a!era%es,. For instan"e, the set x = 8, y = 1, and z = 2 meets all "onditions +x + z =
2 < 4, all !ariables are inte%ers and in as"endin% order,, with x + y + z = 4. )nother set
+x= A1, y = 8, and z = 1, also meets all "onditions but sums to 8. (hus, there is no sin%le
!alue determined b$ this statement.
&tatement +1,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. (he equation states that x + y +whi"h must be an
inte%er, multi#lied b$ z+another inte%er, equals 3. &in"e 3 is a #rime number, there are
onl$ 2 #airs of inte%ers that multi#l$ to%ether to 3- 1 and 3, and A1 and A3. +GonMt for%et
about the ne%ati!e #ossibilities, Nee#in% the "onditions that x < y < z, we "an "onstru"t
the onl$ sets that work-
x + y = 1 and z = 3 +(hereMs no wa$ to assi%n I = 1 and F + $ = 3 while #reser!in% F < $
< I.,
x = 8, y = 1, z = 3 sum = 6
x = A1, y = 2, z = 3 sum = 6
x = A2, y = 4, z = 3 sum = 6
x = A4, y = 5, z = 3 sum = 6
x + y = A3 and z = A1
x = A4, y = A2, z = A1 sum = A6
&in"e there are 2 #ossible sums, this statement is insuffi"ient.
&tatements +1, and +2, to%ether- .*&/FF.0.1*(. /sin% the sets determined with
&tatement +1,, we "he"k the !alue of F + I for ea"h "ase, kee#in% onl$ the "ases in
whi"h x + z is less than 4. (wo "ases remain.
0ase 1- x = A4, y = 5, z = 3 x + z = 2 < 4 x + y + z = 6
0ase 2- x = A4, y = A2, z = A1 x + z = A5 < 4 x + y + z = A6
&in"e the two "ases $ield different sums, we "annot determine a sin%le !alue for that
sum.
(he "orre"t answer is 1- (he two statements to%ether are insuffi"ient.
6.
(his #roblem requires the use of a s#e"ial %i!en equation, 3v
2
+ P = c. We are told that
the !elo"it$ de"reases from 18 meters #er se"ond to 3 meters #er se"ond. (he ke$ to
this #roblem is to re"o%niIe that we ha!e a >before? situation and an >after? situation. .n
the >before? situation, we ha!e a "ertain !elo"it$ and #ressureC in the >after? situation,
we ha!e a different !elo"it$ and #ressure. What remains "onstant between the two
situations is the "onstant c. (hus, we should set u# the %i!en equation for both
situations.
(o distin%uish the situations, letMs use subs"ri#ts on the !ariables. P
1
and v
1
will indi"ate
>before,? while P
2
and v
2
will indi"ate >after.?
:efore- 3v
1
2
+ P
1
= c
3+18,
2
+ P
1
= c
388 + P
1
= c
)fter- 3v
2
2
+ P
2
= c
3+3,
2
+ P
2
= c
123 + P
2
= c
*ow, we "annot sol!e for c, but we "an set the left sides of these two equations equal to
ea"h other, be"ause the$ are both equal to c.
388 + P
1
= 123 + P
2

)%ain, we "annot sol!e for either #ressure, but we do not need to. What we need to find
is the in"rease in #ressure 2 in other words, how mu"h the #ressure rises b$. )s an
eF#ression, the in"rease in #ressure is sim#l$ P
2
2 P
1
. (hus, we rearran%e the equation
to sol!e for this differen"e.
388 2 123 = P
2
2 P
1

4B3 = P
2
2 P
1

(he "orre"t answer is +0,.
B.
For ab to be #ositi!e, a and b must ha!e the same si%n. 0oordinates ha!e the same
si%n in the first and third quadrants +u##er ri%ht and lower left, followin% the standard
numberin% of quadrants,. (hus, the question "an be re#hrased as KGo the lines
interse"t in either the first or third quadrant@K
We also know that the xAinter"e#t of k and the yAinter"e#t of m are both #ositi!e. (his
"ondition restri"ts the lines in the followin% wa$- k interse"ts the xAaFis to the ri%ht of +8,
8,, and m interse"ts the yAaFis abo!e +8, 8,.
;owe!er, at this #oint, sin"e the lines "ould slo#e in an$ dire"tion, the interse"tion #oint
"ould fall an$where in the "oordinate #lane.
&tatement +1,- &/FF.0.1*(. ) line with both a #ositi!e xAinter"e#t and a ne%ati!e yA
inter"e#t "an onl$ #ass throu%h the first, third, and fourth quadrants. )n$ line with a
#ositi!e xAinter"e#t must #ass throu%h the first and fourth quadrants +the quadrants on
either side of the #ositi!e half of the xAaFis,. Oikewise, an$ line with a ne%ati!e yA
inter"e#t must #ast throu%h the third and fourth quadrants +the quadrants on either side
of the ne%ati!e half of the yAaFis,. Finall$, it is im#ossible for an$ line to #ass throu%h all
four quadrants 2 to do so, the line would ha!e to "han%e slo#e. (hus, line k #asses
throu%h quadrants ., ..., and .P. Graw a "oordinate #lane and se!eral !ersions of line kC
this result will be"ome a##arent.
&imilarl$, we "an see that line m, whi"h has both a ne%ati!e xAinter"e#t and a #ositi!e yA
inter"e#t, must #ass throu%h the first, se"ond, and third quadrants. ;a!in% a ne%ati!e xA
inter"e#t means that the line #asses throu%h quadrants .. and ... +on either side of the
ne%ati!e half of the xAaFis,. Oikewise, ha!in% a #ositi!e yAinter"e#t means that the line
#asses throu%h quadrants . and .. +on either side of the #ositi!e half of the yAaFis,.
Finall$, sin"e the lines interse"t, the$ must do so in a quadrant the$ both rea"h 2 that is,
onl$ quadrant . or quadrant .... (hus, we "an answer >Yes? to our re#hrased question.
&tatement +2,- &/FF.0.1*(. (his "ondition, eF#li"itl$ statin% that both lines ha!e
#ositi!e slo#es, turns out to lead to the first "ondition when we also "onsider the
information %i!en to us in the question stem. 0onsider line k alone. We know that its xA
inter"e#t is #ositi!e, meanin% that the line %oes throu%h +x, 8,, where x is #ositi!e. &in"e
the slo#e of the line is #ositi!e, we "an "on"lude that the yAinter"e#t is ne%ati!e. (he
reason is this- if the "oordinates of the yAinter"e#t are +8, y,, then we "an write the slo#e
of the line as +x 2 8,J+8 2 y,. We need this fra"tion to be #ositi!e, and the to# is definitel$
#ositi!eC thus, the bottom must be #ositi!e as well, for"in% y to be ne%ati!e.
:$ a similar ar%ument, if we know that line m has a #ositi!e yAinter"e#t and a #ositi!e
slo#e, then we "an "on"lude that the line has a ne%ati!e xAinter"e#t.
(hus, the result is the same as for the first statement.
(he "orre"t answer is G- ea"h statement alone is suffi"ient.
7.
.n #roblems in!ol!in% >de"imal fun"tions,? whi"h in!ol!e roundin% de"imals u# or down
to a nearb$ inte%er, we must be !er$ "areful to follow dire"tions #re"isel$. ;ere, we
ha!e two fun"tions that ha!e similar but distin"t definitions.
(o a!oid "onfusion between the two fun"tions, e!aluate 'ust one fun"tionMs results first.
(he fun"tion g+x, is defined as the %reatest inte%er less than or equal to x. &o g+1.B, =
1, while g+21.B, = 22. *oti"e how this fun"tion o#erates on ne%ati!e numbers. (he
results are not s$mmetri"al- g+21.B, does not equal the ne%ati!e of g+1.B,.
Oikewise, we ha!e the fun"tion h+x, defined as the least inte%er %reater than or equal
to x. &o h+2.4, = 4, while h+22.4, = 22. )%ain, the results are not s$mmetri"al- h+22.4,
does not equal the ne%ati!e of h+2.4,.
*ow we multi#l$ the results to%ether.
g+1.B, E h+2.4, E g+21.B, E h+22.4, = 1 E 4 E +22, E +22, = 12.
(he "orre"t answer is +0,.
D.
For the sum of x and y to be e!en, the two !ariables must both be e!en or both be odd.
&tatement +1,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We know that at least one of the !ariables is e!en, but
we do not know whether the$ are both e!en.
&tatement +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We know that x = yQ+some e!en inte%er,. &in"e an e!en
inte%er multi#lied b$ an$ other inte%er is also e!en, we know that x is e!en. ;owe!er,
we do not know whether y is e!en.
&tatements +1, R +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. /sin% both statements, we onl$ know that x is
e!en. eanwhile, y"ould be e!en, but it does not ha!e to be. )s a result, we "annot
determine whether the sum of x and y is e!en or odd. )ll of these results "an be
"onfirmed b$ #i"kin% numbers.
(he "orre"t answer is 1- 1!en taken to%ether, the statements are not suffi"ient to
answer the question.
18.
(he fastest wa$ to sol!e this #roblem is to #i"k smart numbers for the two distan"es, so
that $ouSll %et inte%er numbers of %allons. (he distan"e from ) to : should be a multi#le
of 12, and the distan"e from : to 0 should be a multi#le of 17. With a little trial and
error, we "an find suitable numbers.
)A:- B2 miles AA the "ar burns 6 %allons.
:A0- 46 miles AA the "ar burns 2 %allons.
.n total, the "ar %oes 187 miles on 7 %allons, so the a!era%e fuel effi"ien"$ is 187J7
=14.3 miles #er %allon.
You "an "he"k a different set of numbers-
)A:- 46 miles AA the "ar burns 4 %allons.
:A0- 17 miles AA the "ar burns 1 %allon.
.n total, the "ar %oes 35 miles on 5 %allons, so a%ain, the a!era%e is 14.3 miles #er
%allon.
(his !alue ma$ not be what $ou eF#e"ted- ma$be $ou thou%h that the answer would be
15, whi"h is a wei%hted a!era%e of 12 and 17, wei%hted 2-1 toward the 12. ;owe!er,
that wei%htin% is fault$. .f $ou want to wei%ht two ratios or rates +su"h as miles T1=
%allons,, then $ou must wei%ht b$ the denominator +%allons,, *9( b$ the numerator
+miles,. )s we saw b$ #i"kin% numbers, the %allons used on ea"h sta%e of the tri# wind
u# in a 4-1 ratio, and the wei%hted a!era%e of 12 and 17 +wei%hted 4-1, is 14.3.
(he "orre"t answer is +:,.
11.
(o answer the question, we need to know the three dimensions of the boF +althou%h we
donSt need to know whi"h dimension is the len%th or width or hei%ht,.
&tatement +1,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. &in"e the dimensions of the boF are inte%ers, the
#ossible dimensions of 2 of the sides are either +1, D, or +4, 4,. .n the first "ase, the third
dimension of the boF must be either 1 or D +to make two of the dimensions the same,. .n
the se"ond "ase, the third dimension must be an$ #ositi!e inte%er other than 4 +to
#re!ent all three dimensions from bein% equal,. We do not know enou%h to %et the third
dimension, howe!er.
&tatement +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. &in"e the dimensions of the boF are inte%ers, the
dimensions of 2 of the sides "ould be +1, 71,, +4, 2B,, or +D, D,. .n the first "ase, the third
dimension of the boF must be either 1 or 71C in the se"ond "ase, the third dimension
must be 4 or 2B. .n the third "ase, the third dimension must be an$ #ositi!e inte%er other
than D. )%ain, we do not know enou%h to %et the third dimension.
&tatements +1, R +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. /sin% the fore%oin%, we "an "onstru"t two "ases
that satisf$ all the "riteria- +1, D, D, and +4, 4, 2B,. (hese two "ases lead to different
surfa"e areas +D+D+D+D+71+71=1D7 sq. in"hes and 71+71+71+71+D+D=452 sq.
in"hes,.
(he "orre"t answer is 1- e!en to%ether, the statements are insuffi"ient.
12.
(his 0ombinatori"s #roblem asks $ou to "om#ute the number of #ossible nouns in
&im#lasti" , %i!en the tem#late 0P0P0.
We ha!e a series of su""essi!e "hoi"es-
A Ti"k the first "onsonant
A Ti"k the first !owel
A Ti"k the se"ond "onsonant
A Ti"k the se"ond !owel
A Ti"k the third "onsonant
&o we need to "ount the "hoi"es we ha!e at ea"h sta%e, and then multi#l$ these
"hoi"es to%ether. We ha!e 4 "hoi"es for ea"h "onsonant and 2 "hoi"es for ea"h !owel.
*ote that we "an reuse "onsonants and !owels. For instan"e, ima%ine that the
"onsonants are U%, l, tV and the !owels are Ua, uV. ;ere are some !alid nouns in
&im#lasti"-
%a%a%
%ulat
lu%ul
(hus, we write 4E2E4E2E4 = 187.
(he "orre"t answer is +1,.
14.
We should first "ombine the eF#ressions for m, n, and p to %et the followin%-
# = 2mJn = 2+2
a
4
b
, J 2
c
= 2
a + 1 2 c
4
b

(he question "an be re#hrased as KGoes p ha!e no 2Ss in its #rime fa"toriIation@K
&in"e p is an inte%er, we know that the #ower of 2 in the eF#ression for p abo!e "annot
be less than Iero +otherwise, p would be a fra"tion,. &o we "an fo"us on the eF#onent
of 2 in the eF#ression for p- K.s a + 1 2 c = 8@K .n other words, K.sa + 1 = c@K
&tatement +1,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. (he %i!en inequalit$ does not "ontain an$ information
about c.
&tatement +2,- &/FF.0.1*(. We are told that a is less than c. We also know
that a and c are both inte%ers +%i!en, and that a + 1 2 c "annot be less than Iero.
.n other words, a + 1 "annot be less than c, so a + 1 is %reater than or equal to c. (he
onl$ wa$ for a to be less than c )*G for a + 1 to be %reater than or equal to c, %i!en that
both !ariables are inte%ers, is for a + 1 to equal c. *o other #ossibilit$ works. (herefore,
we ha!e answered our re#hrased question KYes.K
(he "orre"t answer is :- &tatement +2, is suffi"ient, but &tatement +1, is not.
15.
Oet t stand for the desired time, so that the drain "an em#t$ the tub in t minutes and
fau"et W "an fill the tub in +t 2 5, minutes. )lso, the drain does ne%ati!e work as it
em#ties the tub. (he rates for the #i#es and the drain are thus
T- 1 tub in 18 min = 1J18 tub #er min
W- 1 tub in +t 2 5, min = 1J+t 2 5, tub #er min
Grain- 21 tub in t min = 21Jt tub #er min
/sin% the fa"t that all three fiFtures to%ether take 6 minutes to fill 1 tub, set u# an =(W
"hart, and use the "hart to "al"ulate the total work quantities in the last "olumn.

Rate
(tub/min)

Time
(min)

Tota! "or#
(tub$)
P 1/1% 6 3/5
Q 1/(t & 4) 6 6/(t & 4)
'rain &1/t 6 &6/t
Tota! n/a n/a 1
&et u# an equation summin% u# the work-
4J3 + 6J+t 2 5, 2 6Jt = 1
ulti#l$ b$ the "ommon denominator, 3t+t 2 5,-
4t+t 2 5, + 6+3t, 2 6+3,+t 2 5, = 3t+t 2 5,
4t
2
2 12t + 48t 2 48t + 128 = 3t
2
2 28t
8 = 2t
2
2 7t 2 128
8 = t
2
2 5t 2 68
8 = +t 2 18,+t + 6,
t = 18 or t = 26
(he ne%ati!e !alue is absurd, so t = 18C the drain "an em#t$ the tub in 18 minutes.
(he "orre"t answer is 0.
13.
We "an sol!e this #roblem either b$ al%ebra or b$ numberA#lu%%in%. OetSs use al%ebra.
)ll four !ariables "an be eF#ressed in terms of 'ust one !ariable, sin"e the$ are
"onse"uti!e inte%ers and we know their order. .f we kee# p as the basi" !ariable,
then q = p + 1, r = p + 2, and s = p + 4.
*ow we "an re#hrase the question-
.s pr < qs@
.s p+p + 2, < +p + 1,+p + 4,@
.s p
2
+ 2p < p
2
+ 5p + 4@
.s 2p < 5p + 4@
.s 8 < 2p + 4@
.s A4 < 2p@
.s A4J2 < p@
&in"e p is an inte%er, the question is answered K$esK if p = A1 or %reater, and KnoK if p =
A2 or less.
&tatement +1,- &/FF.0.1*(.
We re#hrase the statement similarl$.
pq < rs
p+p + 1, < +p + 2,+p + 4,
p
2
+ p < p
2
+ 3p + 6
8 < 5p + 6
8 < 2p + 4
A4J2 < p
(his is #re"isel$ the same "ondition as asked in the question. (hus, we "an answer the
question definiti!el$.
&tatement +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(.
)%ain, we re#hrase the statement similarl$.
ps < qr
p+p + 4, < +p + 1,+p + 2,
p
2
+ 4p < p
2
+ 4p + 2
8 < 2
&in"e 8 is alwa$s less than 2, no matter the !alue of p, the statement is alwa$s true.
(hus, we do not %ain an$ information that would hel# us answer the question.
(he "orre"t answer is )- &tatement +1, is suffi"ient, but statement +2, is not.
16.
We start with the #rime fa"toriIation of h, whi"h is 2
2
4
2
. .n other words, h is the #rodu"t
of two 2Ss and two 4Ss. )ll the fa"tors of 46, eF"e#t for 1, "an be "onstru"ted as #rodu"ts
of some or all of these 2Ss and 4Ss- 2, 4, 5, 6, D, 12, 17, and 46.
)t this sta%e, we "an see that the #ossible !alues of an$ di%it of h onl$ in"lude 1, 2, 4, 5,
6, and D. )n$ other di%it would "ontain the wron% #rimes +3, B, or too man$ 2Ss +7,, or it
would turn the #rodu"t to Iero +8,.
We now test sub%rou#s of four di%its, im#osin% the "onditions that the #rodu"t of all four
di%its is 46 and that no two di%its are the same. &tart with one di%it at a timeC do not
worr$ about the order of the di%its $et.
D- .f one of the di%its is D, then the #rodu"t of the other three di%its must be 5. (he onl$
#ossible sets of #ositi!e di%its that ha!e 4 members and multi#l$ to%ether to 5 are U2, 2,
1V and U5, 1, 1V, but these sets fail the "ondition that no two di%its "an be identi"al. (hus,
D "annot be one of the di%its of h.
6- .f one of the di%its is 6, then the #rodu"t of the other three di%its must be 6. (he onl$
#ossible set of #ositi!e di%its that ha!e 4 nonAidenti"al members and multi#l$ to%ether to
6 is U4, 2, 1V, a%ain i%norin% order. (hus, one #ossible set of the di%its of h is U6, 4, 2, 1V.
5- .f one of the di%its is 5, then the #rodu"t of the other three di%its must be D. (he onl$
#ossible sets of #ositi!e di%its that ha!e 4 members and multi#l$ to%ether to D are U4, 4,
1V and UD, 1, 1V, but these sets fail the "ondition that no two di%its "an be identi"al. (hus,
5 "annot be one of the di%its of h.
.f we eFamine the remainin% di%its 4, 2, and 1, we see that the$ "an onl$ be #art of the
unordered set U6, 4, 2, 1V, if we are to satisf$ all the %i!en "onditions.
(hus, the #ossible !alues of h result from the rearran%ement of these four di%its. &in"e
all the di%its are distin"t, the number of different rearran%ements is sim#l$ 5H, or +5,+4,+2,
+1,, whi"h equals 25.
(he "orre"t answer is 0.
1B.
.n this o!erla##in% sets #roblem, there are two kinds of sandwi"hes +tuna melts and
!e%%ie melts, abbre!iated ( and P,. (here are also two kinds of "ustomers- male and
female. &in"e ea"h "ustomer bu$s eFa"tl$ one sandwi"h, "ustomers and sandwi"hes
are inter"han%eable. (hus, we "an set u# one table to kee# tra"k of both t$#e of
sandwi"h and t$#e of "ustomer, as follows-
F (otal
(
P
(otal 488
We are lookin% for the ratio of two numbers on this "hart- !e%%ie melts bou%ht b$
females and the total number of !e%%ie melts.
&tatement +1,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We "an fill in the "hartSs total row and total "olumns, but
the four "ells in the u##er left remain unknown.
F (otal
( 138 +1J2 of 488,
P 138
(otal 188 288 488
+1J4 of 488,
(hus, we "annot fi%ure out the needed ratio.
&tatement +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We "an use the relationshi# between Kfemale tuna
meltsK and Kmale !e%%ie melts,K introdu"in% a !ariable as follows-
F (otal
( 2x
P x
(otal 488
;owe!er, without more information, we "annot find the needed ratio.
&tatements +1, and +2, to%ether- &/FF.0.1*(. 0ombinin% the tables abo!e, we %et the
followin%-
F (otal
( 2x 138
P x 138
(otal 188 288 488
We "an fill in the remainin% "ells with eF#ressions AA for instan"e, Kfemale !e%%ie meltsK
"an be written as 138 A x, sin"e the !e%%ie row must sum to 138. *ow we "an add u#
the female "olumn and sol!e for x-
2x + +138 A x, = 288
F + 138 = 288
x = 38
(hus, the "om#leted "hart looks like this-
F (otal
( 38 188 138
P 38 188 138
(otal 188 288 488
We see that 188J138, or 2J4, of the !e%%ie melts sold $esterda$ were bou%ht b$ female
"ustomers.
*ote that we "ould ha!e addressed this #roblem without knowin% the total number of
"ustomers +488,. We are onl$ lookin% for a ratio between two numbers on the "hart.
(he "orre"t answer is +0,- :oth statements to%ether are suffi"ient, but neither statement
alone is suffi"ient.
17.
Oabel the ke$s ), :, 0, and G, su"h that ke$ ) fits the first lo"k, ke$ : fits the se"ond
lo"k, and so on. 1a"h #ossible reassi%nment of the ke$s "an then be seen as a
rearran%ement of the four letters. For instan"e, the >word? :0)G would "orres#ond to
the reassi%nin% ke$ : to the first lo"k, ke$ 0 to the se"ond lo"k, ke$ ) to the third lo"k,
and ke$ G to the fourth lo"k. .n this #arti"ular "ase, onl$ ke$ G would fit its lo"k.
(hus, we should "om#ute the number of ana%rams of ):0G in whi"h eFa"tl$ two of the
letters are in their ori%inal al#habeti" #ositions.
(here are at least two wa$s to "om#ute this number-
1, &im#l$ tr$ listin% the #ossibilities. First #la"e two letters in "orre"t #ositions, then fill in
the others. (he letters in their "orre"t #ositions will be written in u##er"aseC letters out of
#osition will be written in lower"ase.
0orre"t letters )na%ram
) and : ):d"
) and 0 )d0b
) and G )"bG
: and 0 d:0a
: and G ":aG
0 and G ba0G
*oti"e that on"e $ou ha!e "hosen the two "orre"t letters, the #ositions of the other two
letters are fiFed. (hus, there are 6 #ossible rearran%ements of the letters with eFa"tl$
two in "orre"t #ositions.
2, )##l$ "ombinatori"s #rin"i#les. You need to "hoose the two "orre"t letters out of four
#ossible letters. (his means that the number of "hoi"es is the number of %rou#s of 2
$ou "an "hoose out of 5. .t doesnMt matter in what order $ou #i"k those two "orre"t
letters. *oti"e that in the table abo!e, we wrote >) and :? as one #ossibilit$Xthere are
not (W9 #ossibilities, >) and :? and >: and ).? (hus, we ha!e a situation in whi"h order
does not matter as we #i"k the two "orre"t letters, so we write an ana%ram %rid-
):0G
YY**
)lternati!el$, we "an re"o%niIe this "om#utation as >5 "hoose 2,? a "ombination.
=e%ardless, we write +5H,J+2HF2H, = 6 #ossibilities.
Whi"he!er wa$ we "al"ulate the 6 #ossibilities, we "an finish the #roblem in a
strai%htforward manner at this #oint. &in"e there are 5H = 25 total #ossible
rearran%ements of the 5 letters, the #robabilit$ that eFa"tl$ two ke$s fit their lo"ks is
6J25 = 1J5.
(he "orre"t answer is 0.
1D.
(he amount of interest, in dollars, that &amantha will re"ei!e in one $ear is equal to the
interest rate multi#lied b$ the #rin"i#al. For bond X, this #rodu"t is equal to +r
1
J188, E i
1
.
Oikewise, for bond Y, this #rodu"t is equal to +r
2
J188, E i
2
.
(he question "an be re#hrased thus- >.s +r
1
J188, E i
1
Y +r
2
J188, E i
2
@? or, after multi#l$in%
throu%h b$ 188, >.s r
1
i
1
Y r
2
i
2
@?
&tatement 1- .*&/FF.0.1*(. (here is no information about i
1
or i
2
.
&tatement 2- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We "an translate this statement to an inequalit$-
i
1
J i
2
Y r
1
J r
2

&in"e all of the quantities are #ositi!e, we "an multi#l$ throu%h without worr$in% about
fli##in% the inequalit$ s$mbol, and we %et the followin%-
i
1
r
2
Y i
2
r
1

;owe!er, we "annot "on"lude that r
1
i
1
is alwa$s lar%er +or alwa$s smaller, than r
2
i
2
. You
"an "hoose numbers to see wh$ this is so.
&tatements 1 R 2 to%ether- &/FF.0.1*(. We want to "ombine the inequalities in su"h a
wa$ as to %et r
1
i
1
on one side of the inequalit$ s$mbol and r
2
i
2
on the other side 2 if
#ossible. .n fa"t, this "ombination is #ossible, and the ri%ht wa$ to eFe"ute it is first to
rearran%e the se"ond statement in order to #ut all the same subs"ri#ts on one side. We
"an start from the #rodu"t we obtained b$ "rossAmulti#l$in%-
i
1
r
2
Y i
2
r
1

*ow di!ide ea"h side b$ both rMs. )%ain, sin"e the interest rates are ne"essaril$ #ositi!e
in this s"enario +$ou "annot be #aid >ne%ati!e interest?,, we do not ha!e to worr$ about
fli##in% the si%n. We %et the followin% inequalit$-
i
1
J r
1
Y i
2
J r
2

Finall$, we multi#l$ this inequalit$ b$ the inequalit$ from statement 1. +*ormall$, this is a
dan%erous mo!e, but on"e a%ain, sin"e all the quantities are #ositi!e, we are allowed to
multi#l$., Zust make sure that the inequalit$ s$mbols are in the same dire"tion.
i
1
J r
1
Y i
2
J r
2

r
1
2
Y r
2
2

We wind u# with the inequalit$ weMre lookin% for-
i
1
r
1
Y i
2
r
2

(he "orre"t answer is 0.
28.
(he ke$ to this #roblem is to realiIe that $ou "an "olla#se "ertain "ate%ories to%ether.
(he distin"tion between low and medium readin%s does not matter, be"ause we are
ne!er %i!en data about 'ust low or 'ust medium readin%s. Oikewise, mornin% and
afternoon tests "an be "ombined, be"ause the %i!en information ne!er distin%uishes
those times of da$. (hus, we onl$ ha!e two "ate%ories for ea"h dimension- time of da$
is either >mornin%+afternoon? or e!enin%, and result is either >low+medium? or hi%h.
We "an now set u# a 2F2 table, #lus a total row and "olumn +and labels,-
(o)*+,g -ig. Tota!
/orning
*+fternoon

0,ening
Tota!
We "hoose 188 for the total of all tests, sin"e we are onl$ dealin% with #er"ents. Fillin%
in the table with the %i!en information and "om#letin% the total row and "olumn, we %et
the followin%-
(o)*+,g -ig. Tota!
/orning
*+fternoon
+t !ea$t 3/4
of 8% 6%
6%
0,ening 4%
Tota! 8% 2% 1%%
&in"e the number of hi%h mornin%+afternoon eFams "annot be less than Iero, it must
a"tuall$ be Iero. (his means that the table fills in this wa$-
(o)*+,g -ig. Tota!
/orning
*+fternoon
6% % 6%
0,ening 2% 2% 4%
Tota! 8% 2% 1%%
(hus, the #er"enta%e of e!enin% eFams that do *9( result in a hi%h readin% is 28J58 F
188[, or 38[.
(he "orre"t answer is +G,.
21.
(his #roblem has to do with wei%hted a!era%es. (o find the "ost #er %allon of the fuel
miFture "urrentl$ in the !ehi"leMs tank, we need to know the ratio +b$ %allons, of Fuel X
to Fuel Y in that miFture.
&tatement 1- &/FF.0.1*(. (he statement tells us that the !ehi"le "o!ered 288 miles on
7 %allons of the fuel miFtureC that is, the fuel miFture deli!ers 23 miles #er %allon. )s a
result, we "an find the ratio of Fuel X +28 m#%, to Fuel Y +58 m#%, in the miFture +this
ratio turns out to be 4-1, but we do not need to find the eFa"t ratioC we sim#l$ need to
know that there will be one unique ratio,. Finall$, we "an use this ratio to find the
wei%hted a!era%e "ost #er %allon of the fuel miFture +this wei%hted a!era%e turns out to
be \4.38 #er %allon, but a%ain, we do not need the eFa"t number,.
&tatement 2- &/FF.0.1*(. (he statement tells us that \1 of fuel >bu$s? B and 1JB miles.
ulti#l$in% throu%h b$ B, we "an re#hrase the ratio as \B for e!er$ 38 miles. OetMs now
eF#ress the wei%hted a!era%e "ost #er %allon as \4w + \3+1Aw, = 3 2 2w,
where w re#resents the #er"ent of Fuel X in the miFture +and 1Awre#resents the #er"ent
of Fuel Y in the miFture,. (he number of %allons bou%ht b$ the \B is then \B di!ided b$
the a!era%e "ost #er %allon, or BJ+3 2 2w,. Oikewise, we "an eF#ress the wei%hted
a!era%e fuel effi"ien"$ +miles #er %allon, as 28w + 58+1Aw, = 58 2 28w. (he number of
%allons burned to "o!er 38 miles is then 38 di!ided b$ the a!era%e miles #er %allon, or
38J+58 2 28w,. We "an now set these numbers of %allons equal to ea"h other-
BJ+3 2 2w, = 38J+58 2 28w,
278 2 158w = 238 2 188w
48 = 58w
4J5 = w
Nnowin% that the miFture is B3[ Fuel X and 23[ Fuel Y, we "an now in theor$ "al"ulate
the a!era%e "ost #er %allon of the miFture. +.n fa"t, we should ha!e sto##ed before
"al"ulatin% w 2 sim#l$ knowin% that we "ould "al"ulate that #er"enta%e is suffi"ient.,
(he answer is G- 1)0; statement is suffi"ient to answer the question.
22.
.n this #roblem, we should noti"e that the >len%th? of an inte%er is defined in some wa$
in!ol!in% #rime fa"tors. (herefore, e!en if we are not 188[ sure what >len%th? means,
we should fa"tor 3,D38 down to its #rime fa"tors and eFamine what we %et.
First, itMs eas$ to take out a fa"tor of 18- 3,D38 = 18 E 3D3.
18 is !er$ sim#le to fa"tor- 18 = 2 E 3.
&in"e 3D3 ends in 3, we know that 3D3 is di!isible b$ 3. )"tuall$ #erformin% this di!ision,
we wind u# with 3D3 = 3 E 11D.
&o 3,D38 = 2 E 3 E 3 E 11D.
*ow, 11D >looks? #rime, but $ou must test it with #rimes u# to the square root of 11D,
whi"h is a##roFimatel$ 11. +.f 11D is not #rime, then at least one of its #rime fa"tors must
be smaller than the square root of 11D.,
.t turns out that 11D is di!isible b$ B. 11D = B E 1B.
(hus, we now ha!e the full #rime fa"toriIation of 3,D38- 3,D38 = 2 E 3 E 3 E B E 1B.
Finall$, we return to the definition of >len%th.? We are %i!en the eFam#le that the len%th
of 28 is 4, sin"e 2 E 2 E 3 = 28. &o we "an see that >len%th? is 'ust the number of #rime
numbers in the #rime fa"toriIation, "ountin% re#eats +su"h as 2 in the eFam#le of 28,.
(hus, the len%th of 3,D38 is 3.
(he "orre"t answer is +1,.
24.
.f we want to distribute x bis"uits amon% y #atrons equall$ and with no s#lit or leftAo!er
bis"uits , then xmust be di!isible b$ y. *ote that sin"e both x and y "ount #h$si"al
ob'e"ts, both !ariables must be #ositi!e inte%ers. (he !alue of x is also "onstrained to
be at least 2.
&in"e x must be di!isible b$ y, we "an also sa$ that y must be a fa"tor of x. )skin% how
man$ !alues of ysatisf$ the "onditions is equi!alent to askin% how man$ fa"tors x has.
+1, &/FF.0.1*(. .f we "an write the #rime fa"toriIation of x as a
2
b
4
, where a and b are
different #rime numbers, then we "an in fa"t "ount the fa"tors of x 2 e!en thou%h we do
not know the !alues of x, a, or b. (he reason is that we "an "onstru"t e!er$ fa"tor
of x uniquel$ out of #owers of a and #owers of b. *o fa"tor of x "an "ontain an$ #rimes
other than a and b. oreo!er, in an$ fa"tor of x, the #ower of a "annot be lar%er than 2
+sin"e x = a
2
b
4
, and if the fa"tor had a hi%her #ower of a, then when we di!ide x b$ the
fa"tor, we would be left with un"an"eled as in the denominator,. :$ the same
reasonin%, the #ower of b in the fa"tor "annot be lar%er than 4. Finall$, both #owers
must be nonAne%ati!e inte%ers +8 or #ositi!e inte%ers. (hus, we "an "onstru"t a table to
see all the #ossibilities. &im#l$ multi#l$ to%ether the row and "olumn labels to %et ea"h
entr$-
a
%
1 a
1
a a
2
b
%
1 1 a a
2
b
1
b b ab a
2
b
b
2
b
2
ab
2
a
2
b
2
b
3
b
3
ab
3
a
2
b
3
(hus, there are 12 unique fa"tors of x. .n fa"t, we do not ha!e to enumerate the fa"tors.
) short"ut is to add 1 to ea"h #rimeMs #ower in the fa"toriIation +to a""ount for the
#ossibilit$ of a
8
or b
8
, and then multi#l$ the results to%ether. .n this "ase, sin"e x = a
2
b
4
,
we write +2 + 1,+4 + 1, = +4,+5, = 12.
+2, .*&/FF.0.1*(. :$ itself, the statement does not refer to x or y, so it "annot be
suffi"ient to answer the %i!en question.
.n"identall$, one tra# in this #roblem is that if $ou #ut the statements to%ether, $ou "an
a"tuall$ fi%ure out the !alues of a and b, and therefore the !alue of x. &in"e b = a + 1,
we "an "on"lude that a = 2 and b = 4. (he onl$ #rimes that differ b$ eFa"tl$ 1 are 2 and
4. &in"e all #rimes %reater than 2 are odd, the minimum differen"e between all other
#airs of #rimes is 2.
(he "orre"t answer is +),.
25.
&in"e ea"h "u"umber is DD[ water b$ wei%ht, ea"h one is also 1[ somethin% else
+sa$, >mush.?, &o ea"h "u"umber is DD[ water and 1[ mush. (hat means that all the
"u"umbers to%ether are DD[ water and 1[ mush. &in"e the total wei%ht is 188 #ounds,
the wei%ht of the mush is equal to 8.81+188, = 1 #ound, and the wei%ht of the water is
DD #ounds.
)fter the water e!a#orates, ea"h "u"umber is D7[ water. (herefore, we know that all
the "u"umbers to%ether are 2[ mush and D7[ water. (he ke$ #oint is that the amount
of water "han%ed, but the amount of mush has not. (hus, we should equate the amount
of mush :1F9=1 with the amount of mush )F(1=.
.f we "all the new, unknown wei%ht of the "u"umbers x, then the wei%ht of the mush
after e!a#oration is 2[ of x, or 8.82x.
*ow, we "an equate the wei%ht of the mush before and after-
1 #ound = 8.82x
1J8.82 = x
38 = x
(he new wei%ht of the ba% is 38 #ounds.
(he "orre"t answer is :.
23.
=e#hrase the question b$ eF#andin% the left side of the inequalit$-
.s x
2
2 5x + 5 Y x
2
@
.s A5x + 5 Y 8@
.s 5 Y 5x@
.s 1 Y x@
&tatement 1- .*&/FF.0.1*(. (he !alues of x for whi"h x
2
Y x are either ne%ati!e or
%reater than 1. +(est numbers to #ro!e this., ;owe!er, we do not know whether x is less
than or %reater than 1.
&tatement 2- .*&/FF.0.1*(. (he eF#ression 1Jx is #ositi!e when F itself is #ositi!e.
;owe!er, a%ain we do not know whether x is less than or %reater than 1.
&tatements 1 R 2 to%ether- &/FF.0.1*(. 0ombinin% the two "onditions, we see
that x must be %reater than 1. (his #ro!ides a definiti!e >*o? answer to the %i!en
question, and thus we ha!e suffi"ien"$.
(he "orre"t answer is 0.
26.
(he bruteAfor"e a##roa"h would be to s$stemati"all$ list multi#les of 538 from 538 on
u#, test ea"h one to see whether it is a #erfe"t "ube +the "ube of a #ositi!e inte%er,, and
"hoose the first multi#le that meets the "riterion. ;owe!er, this a##roa"h is !er$
"umbersome. 1!en 'ust tr$in% the answer "hoi"es would take a lon% time. .n fa"t,
without insi%ht into the nature of "ubes, it is diffi"ult to see how we "an easil$ test
whether a number is a "ube, eF"e#t b$ "ubin% !arious inte%ers and "om#arin% the
results to the number in question.
) more effi"ient a##roa"h takes ad!anta%e of a ke$ #ro#ert$ of #erfe"t "ubes- its #rime
fa"tors "ome in tri#lets. .n other words, ea"h of its #rime fa"tors o""urs 4 times +or 6
times, D times, et"., in the "ubeSs #rime fa"toriIation. (o see wh$, tr$ "ubin% 6 = +2Q4,-
6Q6Q6 = +2Q4,+2Q4,+2Q4, = +2Q2Q2,+4Q4Q4,.
)s $ou "an see, the 2Ss and 4Ss o""ur in tri#lets. &o our %oal is to make the #rime
fa"tors of 538F o""ur in tri#lets as well.
(he first ste# is to break u# 538 into its #rime fa"tors-
538 = +53,+18, = +4Q4Q3,+2Q3, = 2Q4Q4Q3Q3.
;ow man$ of ea"h #rime fa"tor do we need to "om#lete all the tri#lets@ We are
e!identl$ missin% two 2Ss, one 4, and one 3. ulti#l$in% these missin% fa"tors to%ether,
we %et
2Q2Q4Q3 = 68.
(he "orre"t answer is G.
2B.
(he answer to the question de#ends on the !alues of both x and n. &#e"ifi"all$, we "are
about the !alue ofx^n, sin"e this will determine how we "an re#hrase the question.
.f n is e!en, then x^n Y 8, no matter what the !alue of x is +remember that x is nonIero,.
Oikewise, if x Y 8, then x^n Y 8, no matter what the !alue of n is.
(he reason that we "are about the !alue of x^n is that we "an sim#lif$ the question b$
di!idin% b$ x^n-
)fter we di!ide both sides of the inequalit$ b$ x^n, the question >.s x^n Y x]+n+1,@?
be"omes >.s 1 Y x@? 9*OY .F x^n Y 8, whi"h is true if x Y 8 9= if n is e!en. +=e"all
that x is nonIeroC thus, we are allowed to di!ide b$ x^n., 9n the other hand, if x^n < 8,
then the question re#hrases to >.s 1 < x@?
&tatement 1- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We know that x < 1, but F "ould be #ositi!e or ne%ati!e.
oreo!er, we do not know whether n is e!en or odd. )s a result, we do not know the
si%n of x^n, and thus we do not know the answer to either the re#hrased question or to
the ori%inal question.
)lternati!el$, $ou "an "hoose #ositi!e and ne%ati!e !alues of x and an odd n, in order to
test the question. .fn = 1 and x is #ositi!e +but less than 1,, then x^n Y x]+n+1,. :ut if n =
1 and x is ne%ati!e, then x^n Y x]+n+1,.
&tatement 2- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We know that n is e!en, so we know that x^n Y 8, and
therefore we "an re#hrase the question as >.s 1 Y x@? ;owe!er, we do not know the
answer to that question.
&tatements 1 R 2 (9<1(;1=- &/FF.0.1*(. /sin% &tatement +2,, we "an re#hrase the
question as >.s 1 Yx@?, to whi"h &tatement +1, %i!es us a definiti!e answer.
(he answer is 0- :9(; statements (9<1(;1= are suffi"ient to answer the question,
but neither statement alone is suffi"ient.
27.
(he ke$ to this #roblem is to make the "ommon term in both ratios equal. We should set
u# a table to dis#la$ both ratios-
1at 1an 2a3
4 7
5 9
*ow, we "an double an$ of the ratios. .n fa"t, we "an multi#l$ an$ row b$ an$ #ositi!eA
inte%er fa"tor +F2, F4, F18, et".,. We are "onstrained to #ositi!eAinte%er fa"tors, thou%h,
be"ause the a"tual number of an$ boat must be a #ositi!e inte%er.
(he number of "anoes in ea"h row should be the same, so that we "an mer%e the
ratios. (he least "ommon multi#le of B and 3 is 43, so we multi#l$ the to# row b$ 3 and
the bottom row b$ B-
1at 1an 2a3
2% 35
35 63
(his means that the K4Awa$K ratio of "atamarans, "anoes, and ka$aks is 28-43-64. (hat
is, for e!er$ 28 "atamarans on the lake, there are 43 "anoes and 64 ka$aks. (his ratio
is alread$ redu"ed to lowest inte%ers, be"ause there are no #rime fa"tors in "ommon
amon% all 4 inte%ers.
(he smallest number of boats that "an be on the lake is 28 + 43 + 64 = 117. &in"e the
total number of boats must be an inte%er, an$ #ossible number of boats must be a
multi#le of 117. (o "he"k whi"h number is a multi#le of 117, we fa"tor 117 into its
#rimes- 2 and 3D. (his allows us to s#ot 3D8, whi"h is 3D F 18 and therefore 117 F 3.
(he answer is G.
2D.
(he #roblem asks a >Yes or *o? question about n- is it equal to 1@ *ote that we do not
need to know the !alue of n in order to answer this question definiti!el$. For instan"e,
knowin% that n is e!en would be suffi"ient to answer the question >*o? +whi"h would be
a suffi"ient answer,.
&tatement +1, asserts that the sum of n "onse"uti!e inte%ers, startin% at x, is di!isible
b$ xn. First, we "an "onne"t this with other fa"ts about "onse"uti!e inte%ers. .t turns out
that the sum of n "onse"uti!e inte%ers is di!isible b$ n if and onl$ if n is odd. +(he
reason is that the a!era%e number in a set of "onse"uti!e inte%ers is a"tuall$ the middle
inte%er if $ou ha!e 4, 3, or some other odd number of inte%ers. :ut if $ou ha!e an e!en
number of inte%ers, there is no middle inte%er, and the a!era%e number is not an
inte%er. (his matters be"ause the sum of n "onse"uti!e inte%ers di!ided b$ n .& the
a!era%e number in a set of "onse"uti!e inte%ers., &o we rule out e!en !alues of n.
;owe!er, if we sim#l$ let x be 1, then the "ondition is satisfied b$ n = 1, 4, 3, or an$
other #ositi!e odd inte%er. We do not know whether n is equal to 1. .*&/FF.0.1*(.
&tatement +2, seems e!en more "om#li"ated, but it "an be defeated a%ain b$ a
'udi"ious "hoi"e of x as 1. .f x = 1, then x]n = 1, no matter what n is. &in"e all #ositi!e
inte%ers are di!isible b$ 1, then there is no restri"tion on the !alue of n, whi"h "ould be
equal to 1 9= to an$ other #ositi!e inte%er. .*&/FF.0.1*(.
&tatements +1, and +2, to%ether- Tuttin% what we ha!e learned to%ether, we know that if
we let x = 1, then nmi%ht equal 1, but it "ould also equal an$ other #ositi!e odd number.
We "annot answer the question definiti!el$. .*&/FF.0.1*(. (he "orre"t answer is +1,-
(he statements (9<1(;1= are *9( &/FF.0.1*( to answer the question.
48.
(he definition of the sequen"e means that $ou a##l$ the fun"tion f to )+1, to %et )+2,C
then $ou a##l$ the fun"tion a%ain to )+2, to %et )+4,, and so on.
*ow, $ou "ould tr$ !arious !alues of )+1, and see whether $ou %et the same !alue for
)+4,. ) more %eneral a##roa"h is to re#hrase the question- $ou are lookin% for !alues of
F su"h that f+f+F,, = F. +.n other words, when $ou a##l$ the fun"tion to the !alue twi"e,
$ou %et the same !alue ba"k.,
.f f+F, = 1 2 1J+1AF,, then f+f+F,, = 1 2 1J+1A^1 2 1J+1AF,_, where bra"kets ^_ indi"ate the
insertion of f+F, in #la"e of F. (his eF#ression looks u%l$, but letMs tr$ to sim#lif$ it.
.n %eneral, 1 2 ^1 2 Z_ = Z. &o 1 2 1J+1A^1 2 1J+1AF,_ = 1 2 1J+1J+1AF,,.
*eFt, 1J+1JZ, = Z. &o 1 2 1J+1J+1AF,, = 1 2 +1AF, = F.
)maIin%l$, that u%l$ eF#ression 1 2 1J+1A^1 2 1J+1AF,_ = F, for all le%al !alues of F.
(hus, for an$ !alue of F besides 1, if $ou a##l$ the fun"tion to it twi"e, $ou %et the
ori%inal !alue ba"k. (r$ itH
(he answer is 1- ., .., ..., and .P.
41.
(he %i!en information sim#l$ %uarantees that at least one of the inte%ers a, b, or c is
e!en.
&tatement +1, indi"ates that ab = +c,+some e!en inte%er,. (his means that the left side of
the equation must be e!en. ;owe!er, we "ould ha!e this result either with an e!en b or
with an odd b +if a is e!en,. .*&/FF.0.1*(.
&tatement +2, indi"ates that ac = +b,+some odd inte%er,. .f b is e!en, then we also know
that a or c +or both, is e!enC this s"enario fits the "onstraint that at least one of the
!ariables is e!en. ;owe!er, if b is odd, then the ri%ht side of the equation is odd.
(herefore, :9(; a and c are odd, sin"e ac is odd. (his s"enario "ontradi"ts the
"onstraint that at least one of the !ariables is e!en. (hus, we know that b must be e!en.
&/FF.0.1*(.
(he "orre"t answer is :- &tatement +2, )O9*1 is suffi"ient, but statement +1, alone is
insuffi"ient.
42.
)n$ fa"tor of a non#rime inte%er is the #rodu"t of #rime fa"tors of that inte%er. For
eFam#le, D8 has the #rime fa"tors 2, 4, 4, and 3, and all other fa"tors of D8 are the
#rodu"ts of some "ombination of these fa"tors +e.%., 6 = +2,+4,C D = +4,+4,C 18 = +2,+3,C
13 = +4,+3,C 17 = +2,+4,+4,C 48 = +2,+4,+3,C 53 = +4,+4,+3,C D8 = +2,+4,+4,+3,,.
&o to determine the number of fa"tors that a non#rime inte%er has, we need to
determine how man$ different "ombinations of fa"tors that inte%erSs #rime fa"toriIation
will allow. OetSs look at D8 a%ain. .ts #rime fa"toriIation is . (his means that
we ha!e one 2, two 4Ss, and one 3. .f we had one hat, two shirts, and one #air of #ants
to "ombine to make outfits, we "ould make outfits. :$ analo%$, D8 should
ha!e fa"tors. :ut D8 has 12 fa"tors +in"ludin% 1 and D8,, so where do the
other 18 fa"tors "ome from@
(hink of ea"h #rime fa"tor as a "ate%or$- 2, 4, and 3. .n the 2 "ate%or$, we ha!e two
o#tions- and . .n the 4 "ate%or$, we ha!e 4 o#tions- , , and . .n the 3
"ate%or$, we ha!e 2 o#tions- and . *ote that a nonIero number raised to the Iero
#ower alwa$s equals 1, so when we "hoose a #rime fa"tor raised to the Iero #ower, we
are sim#l$ introdu"in% a 1 into our multi#li"ation. For eFam#le,
. When we "hoose the Iero #ower from ea"h "ate%or$ of #rime fa"tor, we %et 1 as the
#rodu"t, $ieldin% 1 as a fa"tor. For eFam#le, .
&o instead of , whi"h lea!es out the Iero #ower in ea"h "ate%or$, we need to
add 1 to the eF#onent of ea"h #rime fa"tor in the #rime fa"toriIation to a""ount for the
Iero #ower. For eFam#le, the #rime fa"toriIation of D8 is , but sin"e there are
reall$ two #owers in the 2 "ate%or$, three #owers in the 4 "ate%or$, and two #owers in
the 3 "ate%or$ +to a""ount for the Iero #owers,, the number of #ossible "ombinations of
#rime fa"tors is a"tuall$ . ) "hart ma$ make this "lear-
1ombination of 4rime 5actor$ 5actor 6ie!ded
1
2
3
5
6
9
1%
15
18
3%
45
9%
(he question asks whi"h "hoi"e "ould be the number of fa"tors of the inte%er q if the
#rime fa"toriIation ofq "an be eF#ressed as . (he number of fa"tors will
not be equal to but rather to , to take into a""ount
the Iero #ower in ea"h "ate%or$ of #rime fa"tor +i.e., , , and ,. (he #rodu"t of
these terms will be the number of fa"tors of q-
*ote that all three terms are multi#les of 4 and "an be fa"tored- . &o the
number of fa"tors of q must be a multi#le of 4. Whi"h "hoi"e "ould #otentiall$ be a
multi#le of 4@
4j + 5 "annot be a multi#le of 4 be"ause 4j is a multi#le of 4 and addin% 5 to it will
b$#ass the neFt multi#le of 4. 1liminate ).
3k + 3 "ould be a multi#le of 4 if k = 1B- 3+1B, + 3 = D8. Nee# :.
6l + 2 "annot be a multi#le of 4 be"ause 6l is a multi#le of 4 and addin% 2 to it will fall 1
short of the neFt multi#le of 4. 1liminate 0.
Dm + B "annot be a multi#le of 4 be"ause Dm is a multi#le of 4 and addin% B to it will
b$#ass the neFt two multi#les of 4. 1liminate G.
18n + 1 "an be a multi#le of 4 if n = 7- 18+7, + 1 = 71. Nee# 1.
Whi"h is the "orre"t answer, : or 1@
OetSs re"onsider the eF#ression . .f x is e!en, the eF#ression will be
e!en +the sum of three e!ens is e!en and the #rodu"t of e!en and odd is e!en,. .f x is
odd, the eF#ression will be e!en +the sum of two odds and an e!en is e!en and the
#rodu"t of an e!en and odd is e!en,. &o re%ardless of the !alue of x, the number of
fa"tors of q must be e!en.
18n + 1 "an ne!er be e!en be"ause 18n is e!en and addin% 1 to it will result in an odd
number. 1liminate 1.
(herefore, the "orre"t answer is :.
44.
.n order to answer this question, we need to know the formula for "om#ound interest-
FV is the future !alue.
P is the #resent !alue +or the #rin"i#le,.
r is the rate of interest.
n is the number of "om#oundin% #eriods #er $ear.
t is the number of $ears.
&in"e <ra"e de#osited x dollars at a rate of z #er"ent, "om#ounded annuall$-
)nd sin"e <eor%ia de#osited y dollars at a rate of z #er"ent, "om#ounded quarterl$
+four times #er $ear,-
&o the question be"omes-
.s @
&tatement 1 tells us that z = 5. (his tells us nothin% about x or y. .nsuffi"ient.
&tatement 2 tells us that 188y = zx. (herefore, it must be true that y = zxJ188. We "an
use this information to sim#lif$ the question-
(he question is now-
.s @
We know from the question stem that z has a maFimum !alue of 38. .f we substitute that
maFimum !alue for z, we %et-
&o the question is now-
.s @
/sin% estimation, we "an see that this inequalit$ is true. &in"e the maFimum !alue
of z makes this inequalit$ true, all smaller !alues of z will do so as well. (herefore, we
"an answer K$esK to the re#hrased question. &uffi"ient.
(he "orre"t answer is :- &tatement 2 alone is suffi"ient, but statement 1 alone is not.
45.
(o "al"ulate the #er"ent in"rease of an$ !alue, we use this formula- +*ew 2 9ld,J9ld. .n
other words, we subtra"t the ori%inal !alue +9ld, from the in"reased !alue +*ew,, then
di!ide the result b$ the ori%inal !alue +9ld,. 1!en thou%h the !alues themsel!es ma$ be
written usin% #er"ents, we must be sure to di!ide b$ the ori%inal !alue.
.n this #roblem, the ori%inal res#onse rate is BJ78. (he new res#onse rate is DJ64, or
1JB. (he differen"e is 1JB 2 BJ78. We "on!ert to "ommon denominators- 78J368 2 5DJ368
= 41J368. *ow, we di!ide b$ the ori%inal !alue, BJ78. Goin% so is the same as
multi#l$in% b$ 78JB. (his %i!es us +41J368,+78JB, = 41J5D. 1stimatin%, we "an see that
this fra"tion is sli%htl$ more than 48J38, whi"h is 68J188 or 68[. (hus, the "orre"t
answer must be +1,- 64[.
*ote that the res#onse rates ma$ be written as #er"ents. For instan"e, the ori%inal
res#onse rate = BJ78 = 8.87B3 = 7.B3[. Oikewise, the new res#onse rate = DJ64 = 1JB =
`15.4[. ;owe!er, if $ou write these rates this wa$, do not sim#l$ take the differen"eH
(hat differen"e, a##roFimatel$ 3 or 6[, does *9( re#resent the #er"ent in"rease in the
res#onse rate. You must di!ide b$ the ori%inal res#onse rate.
)%ain, the "orre"t answer is +1,.
43.
&tatement +1,- &/FF.0.1*(. We know that p is odd. We know from the #roblem stem
that y is odd, whi"h means that y
2
is odd. (herefore, x
2
must be e!en +be"ause 9 = 1 +
9,, so x must be e!en.
;owe!er from all of this, we "an infer somethin% elseXs#e"ifi"all$, that x is *9( a
multi#le of 5. ;ereMs wh$-
y
2
= +y
2
X 1, + 1, whi"h usin% the quadrati" #ro#ert$, $ields- y = +y+1,+yX1, +1.
:e"ause y is odd, then +y+1,+yX1, is e!en times e!en, whi"h is a multi#le of 5.
;owe!er we )O&9 know that either y+1 or yX1 is a multi#le of 5, be"ause the$ are
"onse"uti!e multi#les of 2. (herefore, y
2
is 1 %reater than a multi#le of 7. +You "an
"onfirm this b$ thinkin% about all squared odd numbers- 1
2
= 1, 4
2
= D, 3
2
= 23, B
2
= 5D,
et".,
&in"e y
2
di!ided b$ 7 $ields a remainder of 1, from statement +1, we need x
2
di!ided b$
7 to $ield a remainder of 5. (his means that x must be e!en, but *9( be a multi#le of 5,
be"ause if it were a multi#le of 5, then x
2
would be a multi#le of 16, and therefore a
multi#le of 7.
&tatement +2,- .*&/FF.0.1*(. We know that F is e!en. ;owe!er, we "an "ome u# with
two different eFam#les whi"h lead to different answers. For eFam#le, if x = 7 and y = 3,
then x is a multi#le of 5, but if x = 6 and y = 4, then x is not a multi#le of 5.
(he answer is )- &tatement +1, is suffi"ient to answer the question, but statement +2, is
insuffi"ient.
46.
(he question asks us to find the amount of liters of oil, n, that must be added to x liters
solution whi"h is y#er"ent oil +solution 1,, to a"hie!e a solution whi"h is z #er"ent oil
+solution 2,. OetMs re#resent the information from the question in a table to kee# tra"k of
the amount of oil.

So!ution 4ercent 7i! Tota! 8o!ume +mount 7i!
So!ution 1 y x (y/1%%)x
4ure 7i! 1%% n n
So!ution 2 z x * n (z/1%%)(x * n)

&in"e the amount of oil in solution 2 must equal the amount of oil in solution 1 #lus n,
we "an set u# an equation-

+yJ188,x + n = +zJ188,+x + n, multi#l$ both sides b$ 188 and sim#lif$
xy + 188n = xz + zn isolate n
xy A xz = nz A 188n
xy A xz = n+z A 188,




(his question "ould also be sol!ed as a P.0 +Pariable .n the answer
0hoi"es,. OetMs "hoose !alues for the !ariables x, y and z. .t would make
sense to "hoose an eas$ number like 188 for x, the total !olume of solution 1. Oookin%
at the answer "hoi"es, howe!er, the number 188 a##ears a "ou#le of times. (his "ould
"reate #otential redundan"ies when we #lu% our !alues into ea"h answer "hoi"es.

OetMs "hoose x = 18, y = 28, z = 68, !alues whi"h are also eas$ to "al"ulate.

We "an set u# the same table as abo!e, onl$ this time we will use our sele"ted !alues.

So!ution 4ercent 7i! Tota! 8o!ume +mount 7i!
So!ution 1 2% 1% 2
4ure 7i! 1%% n n
So!ution 2 6% 1% * n 6 * 96n

*ow we "an set u# the sim#le equation-

2 + n = 6 + .6n
.5n = 5
n = 18

*ow we must #lu% the !alues x = 18, y = 28, z = 68 into ea"h answer "hoi"e to see
whi"h one+s, $ield+s, a !alue of 18.


n
xy : xz
z :
1%%
(+)
xz : xy
1%%

4%%
1%%

4















*oti"e that the #lu%%in% method "an be somewhat time
"onsumin%. Furthermore, if we would ha!e used 188 as the FA
!alue, we would ha!e had to "hoose another set of !alues to determine whether the
answer was 0 or G. (here is an ad!anta%e to bein% able to ta"kle the #roblem
al%ebrai"all$.

(he "orre"t answer is 0.
4B.
(he %i!en information sim#l$ %uarantees that n is a #ositi!e inte%er.
&tatement +1, indi"ates that 4]n 2 1 has three #rime fa"tors, not ne"essaril$ distin"t.
(here is no wa$ to intuit or deri!e a %eneral solution for nC we must sim#l$ test !alues
of n and see how man$ #rime fa"tors the eF#ression has.
.f n = 1, then 4]n 2 1 = 2, whi"h has 'ust one #rime fa"tor. N "annot be 1.
.f n = 2, then 4]n 2 1 = 7, whi"h has three nonAdistin"t #rime fa"tors +7 = 2]4,. N "ould
be 2. ;owe!er, we should not sto# here. We need to see whether other !alues
of n %enerate eF#ressions that ha!e three #rime fa"tors.
.f n = 4, then 4]n 2 1 = 26, whi"h has two #rime fa"tors- 2 and 14. N "annot be 4.
.f n = 5, then 4]n 2 1 = 78, whi"h has siF #rime fa"tors- 2 +"ounted fi!e times, and 3,
sin"e 78 = +3,+2]3,. N"annot be 5. (here does not seem to be a sim#le #attern in the
number of #rime fa"tors, so we should sus#e"t that for some other !alue of n, the
eF#ression has three #rime fa"tors, but we need to #ro!e it. OetMs tr$ one more.
.f n = 3, then 4]n 2 1 = 252. 252 = +2,+121, = +2,+11]2,. 252 has three #rime fa"tors, 2
and 11 +"ounted twi"e,. N "ould be indeed be 3. &in"e n "ould be 2 or 3 +at least,, we
do not know what n is. .*&/FF.0.1*(.
&tatement +2, indi"ates that n]2 = 2]n. :$ testin% small numbers, we see that n "ould
(;)
xz : xy
z :
1%%

4%%
:4%

:1
%
(1)
xy : xz
z :
1%%

:4%%
:4%
1%
(')
1%%y :
xz
z :
1%%

14%%
:4%

:3
5
(0)
xz :
1%%y
z :
1%%

:14%%
:4%

35
onl$ be 2 or 5. For !alues of n abo!e 5, the ri%ht side of the equation %rows faster than
the left sideC for instan"e, if n = 3, thenn]2 = 23, but 2]n = 42. (he #owers of 2 %row
faster than the squares. &o n "annot be an$ lar%er !alue. ;owe!er, we do not know
whether n is 2 or 5. .*&/FF.0.1*(.
&tatements +1, and +2, to%ether- n "an onl$ be 2. &/FF.0.1*(.
(he "orre"t answer is 0- &tatements +1, and +2, (9<1(;1= are suffi"ient, but neither
statement )O9*1 is suffi"ient.
Solutions
1.
The original sentence incorrectly uses the word when to introduce a clause that does not describe
a time period. The word when should only be used to describe time, and salary increases have
nothing to do with time. There is also a modification error present, because the adverb
correspondingly appears to modify the adjective unaccompanied. However, it does not make
sense for unaccompanied to correspond to anything.
Choice fi!es both errors" when is changed to if, indicating a condition and the adjective
corresponding modifies the noun, rise. The rise#in productivity$ must correspond with the salary
increases.
Choice C retains the incorrect when.
Choice % retains the incorrect adverb.
Choice & fi!es both errors but introduces a subject'verb agreement error" salary increases... leads
is a plural subject with a singular verb, and is incorrect.
The correct choice is .
(.
&!planation
The passage describes a plan to save cucumber crops that are being killed by a disease. The
disease is caused by &ncarsia formosa#the bad parasite$ which is spread by greenhouse
whiteflies. The plan calls for Trialeurodes vaporariorum#the good parasite$ to be used to kill the
larvae of greenhouse whiteflies. )e are asked to weaken the argument in favor of this plan. The
argument assumes that the good parasite will succeed in killing greenhouse whiteflies, and that
killing these bugs will lessen the effects of the bad parasite. The answer should give us a reason
to believe that at least part of this chain of events will not take place.
Choice * states that, during the last year, the population of greenhouse whiteflies has declined
because of unusually wet conditions in the northeastern +.S. ut this population decline has not
prevented greenhouse whiteflies from spreading the bad parasite and thus the fatal disease to ,-
percent of the cucumber crops in the northeastern +.S., so choice * does not offer a reason why
the plan would not succeed.
Choice is incorrect because man'made anti'parasite treatments are not relevant to the
argument" plant biologists are planning to use Trialeurodes vaporariorum to control the disease
affecting cucumber crops.
*nswer C strengthens the argument, saying that the good parasite has saved cucumber crops in
the southwestern +nited States.
*ccording to choice %, for the good parasite to successfully control the greenhouse whiteflies, it
must be introduced into a given area prior to whitefly infestation. Since the bad parasite, which is
spread by greenhouse whiteflies, has already killed ,- percent of the cucumber crops in the
northeastern +.S., we can infer that the northeastern +.S. is already infested with these flies.
Thus, the good parasite will not be able to successfully control the flies, which will continue to
spread the bad parasite and the disease. So, the plan is likely to fail and choice % is correct.
*s for choice &, the fact that the northeastern +.S. has lost many s.uash plants because of
diseases has nothing to do with the passage or the .uestion.
Choice % is correct.
/.
&!planation
The subject of the original sentence is the decline in variable'rate mortgages, a singular noun, so
any verbs that refer to that subject must match the singular case. *ccording to this rule, the
misuse of the plural verb form have stands out as a sentence error and must be corrected.
0n choice , the use of the past tense had does correct the subject'verb agreement, but the
formation had forced potential homeowners to looking is grammatically incorrect because it does
not employ the infinitive form of the second verb#it should read forced potential homeowners to
look elsewhere$.
Choice C does not correct the subject'verb agreement error and can be eliminated.
Choice % is awkwardly worded, which is especially noticeable in the awkward term other
options financially, and ends with an improperly used idiomatic e!pression#sending many in the
waiting arms should be 1sending many into the waiting arms...1$. )e can eliminate this choice.
Choice &, which corrects the subject'verb disagreement and avoids making any new errors, is the
correct answer.
2.
&!planation
3ne of the best ways to publici4e a traveling circus show that will soon be performed in a given
location is to air a single act from the show on a popular television station in that location shortly
before the show is actually performed there. *s a result, ticket sales for the show will increase
and the traveling circus will be paid by the television station that aired the single act from the
show.
Choice * states that fewer people are satisfied by just seeing a single act from a show on
television on than will want to see the entire show performed live after seeing a single act from
the show on television. The passage says that having a single act from its show air on a local
television station before the show is actually performed live in the location served by the
television station is good publicity for the traveling circus show. ased on the fact that ticket
sales for the show are said to increase, we can infer that the most people will want to see the
entire show performed live after seeing a single act from the show aired on television. Choice *
is correct.
*ccording to choice , since the traveling circus profits the most from having a single act from
its show aired on a local T5 station, local station e!ecutives refuse to air single acts from
traveling circus shows. This makes no sense. 0f T5 stations are airing single acts of shows for
traveling circuses, it is safe to assume that the stations are somehow benefiting from
broadcasting the single acts.
Choice C states that traveling circuses count T5 station profits when determining how many
tickets a show has sold. The passage says nothing about how the total number of tickets sold is
calculated.
*ccording to choice %, the more viewers that are watching T5 when a single act from a show
airs, the more tickets the featured showed is likely to sell. The passage only talks about T5
stations with large audiences to begin with, so this statement is unwarranted.
Choice & states that traveling circus shows with single acts appropriate for popular T5 stations
sell more tickets than those with single acts inappropriate for these stations. Similar to choice %,
the passage is only concerned with traveling circus shows that have single acts suitable for
broadcast on high viewership T5 stations, so there is no basis for this statement.
Choice * is correct.
,.
&!planation
The reason for the ban is the aggressive actions of some dogs of a certain si4e and weight. The
ban makes a blanket assumption that all dogs over that si4e and weight are dangerous. To avoid
being overly restrictive, the ordinance should make e!ceptions for dogs that do not have a
problem with aggression, as verified by service training or obedience courses. This is the
suggestion of choice , the correct answer.
Choice * is incorrect because publici4ing the ordinance will not make it less restrictive. Choice
C is incorrect because helping people comply with the ordinance does not make it less restrictive.
Choice % is irrelevant because the ordinance is aimed at people with pets, not stray dogs. 0n
addition, the passage does not even suggest that stray dogs are the problem. Choice &,
identifying the locations of the aggressive behaviors does nothing to make the ordinance any less
restrictive.
The correct answer is .
6.
&!planation
&vidence suggests that a tornado destroyed *mbrose. &ngineers believe that the 1786 tornado
that struck 9ansas caused the damage. This .uestion asks for something that strengthens the
engineers: hypothesis that the destruction in *mbrose was caused by a tornado that struck 9ansas
in 1786.
0f this hypothesis is correct, there should be evidence of people living in *mbrose before 1786
but not after, suggesting that the 1786 tornado caused the town:s destruction and abondonment.
Thus, the correct answer should describe this evidence.
Choice * says that cars dating from before and after 1786 were found in *mbrose. The presence
of cars from both before and after 1786, however, suggests that *mbrose was not destroyed by
the 1786 tornado but by something that occurred at a later date, weakening the engineers:
hypothesis.
*ccording to choice , only cars made before 1786 were found in *mbrose. This would provide
evidence of people living in *mbrose before 1786 but not after, suggesting that the 1786 tornado
caused the town:s destruction. Choice is correct.
Choice C says that most historical te!tbooks focusing on 9ansas say that a tornado hit there in
1786. Since the passage says that a tornado probably occurred in *mbrose at some point, this
answer simply restates what is already stated in the passage.
*ccording to choice %, several bicycles probably made between 1786 and 17;6 were found in
*mbrose. 0f bicycles made from 1786 to 17;6 were found in *mbrose, this would suggest that
something after 1786 caused the destruction, thereby weakening the engineers: hypothesis.
Choice & says that an ad that appeared in 9ansas in 1788 was found in *mbrose. 0f an
advertisement that definitely appeared after 1786 was found in *mbrose, this would suggest that
an event after 1786 caused the town:s destruction, weakening the engineers: hypothesis.
Choice is correct.
<assage Summary
This passage discusses the unusual characteristics of the legume family. )e:re wold in the first
paragraph thatlegumes are unusual because instead of drawing nutrients from the soil, they
actually take the vital nutrient, nitrogen from the atmosphere and deposit it into the soil.
The second paragraph tells us that in spite of this, there is pressure to use fewer legumes and rely
more on fertili4ers instead of legumes in agriculture. This causes many problems with the soil.
The passage concludes that these problems show how beneficial legumes are to agriculture.
8.
&!planation
This .uestion addresses a detail within the passage= )hat does the passage state that plants need
in order to grow> This information is provided in the last sentence of the first paragraph, which
states that ?hi4obia provide the soil with nitrogen necessary for all plant growth.
Choice % states that the presence of nitrogen in the soil is necessary. Choice % is therefore
correct.
Choice * is incorrect because fertili4ers and herbicides are alternatives to legume cultivation and
not necessities.
Choice mentions nitrogen in the air, whereas the passage states that nitrogen is accessible to
plants when it is in the soil.
?hi4obia bacteria are present in the root nodules of legumes, but the passage implies that the
presence of ?hi4obia is a feature uni.ue to legumes. Since the .uestion addresses plants in
general, choice C is incorrect.
Choice & is incorrect because sugars produced by legumes provide energy for ?hi4obia bacteria,
not for other plants.
;.
&!planation
This .uestion asks us to identify a statement that corresponds to the author:s beliefs about
commercial agriculture.
This is addressed in the second paragraph, which tells us that farmers have more incentives to
buy nitrogen'rich fertili4er and plant non'legume crops. However, we:re also told that greater
undesirable fluctuations in the chemical makeup of agricultural soil have coincided with
decreased reliance on the replenishment of nutrients by legumes, illustrating the important
though increasingly disregarded benefits of legume cultivation. 0n other words, commercial
agriculture has made the soil worse. This can be found in choice , which states that the .uality
of commercial soil is worse when nitrogen'rich fertili4ers are used.
Choice * is incorrect because it focuses on profitability. ?eferences to @government subsidies for
non'legume cropsA and the reluctance of farmers to dedicate @precious acresA to legumes suggest
that profitability is ma!imi4ed by the cultivation of non'legume crops using fertili4er, despite the
drawbacks of this type of agriculture in other areas of concern.
Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that the @undesirableA changes in soil
.uality render it useless either for agriculture or any other purposes. Choice % is incorrect
because the passage mentions only government subsidies for non'legume crops, not subsidies for
fertili4ers. Choice & states that ?hi4obia have no place in commercial agriculture. This
contradicts the passageBs last sentence, which states that the benefits of legume cultivation should
be used more often in agriculture.
*gain, answer choice is correct.
7.
&!planation
This .uestion asks us to identify a connection between nitrogen and agriculture.
)e:re told in the first paragraph that legumes are useful because they derive energy from sugars
produced by the plant while capturing nitrogen from the atmosphere and redepositing it in the
soil as ammonia, a converted form of nitrogen useful to plants.
Choice C states that nitrogen in the atmosphere is not useful to plants. Since nitrogen is useful
after it is redeposited in the soil and not in the atmosphere. Choice C is therefore correct.
The purpose of the herbicides mentioned in choice * is @weed'fighting"A although their use plays
a role in @undesirable fluctuations in the chemical makeup of agricultural soil,A the passage does
not give any further information regarding herbicidesB contribution to these fluctuations.
Choice is incorrect because while the second paragraph states that the government offers
subsidies for non'legume crops, the passage does not indicate that fertili4ers are less e!pensive
than legumes.
Choice % is incorrect because the passage states that nitrogen is a by'product and not a necessity
of ?hi4obia bacteria.
Choice & is incorrect because the passage does not differentiate between the relative
contributions of nutrients to the soil by different types of legume. Curthermore, ammonia is
actually produced by ?hi4obia bacteria, not by legumes.
1-.
&!planation
The verb in this sentence amounts is wrong for two reasons" it is singular, but the subject costs is
plural. *dditionally, the sentence describes an action that occurred in the past#last year$, but
amounts is in the present tense.
*dditionally, amounts to a sum is a redundant e!pression.
Choices C, %, and & change amounts to amounted, which eliminates the tenseDagreement error.
Choice & retains the redundant amounts to a sum.
)e are left with amounted to greater#C$ and amounted to higher#%$. )ithout the word sum, we
are looking for a word that acts as a noun, the object of the preposition to. Higher is an adjective
whereas greater can act as a noun.
The correct answer is C.
11.
&!planation
oth underlined words in the original sentence are incorrect.
The word which must be used to introduce a clause that is nonessential, or that is not necessary
in understanding the meaning of a sentence. 0n this sentence, the divers can survive due to the
abilities of one specific type of suit, but which introduces information that describes the suit and
does not indicate that the clause introduced is a necessary or definitional .uality.
The diving suit is important because it keeps the pressure inside at a safe level" this clause
defines the suit and is an essential part of the sentence. )hich should be changed to that,
indicating that this clause is essential and definitional.
Secondly, the use of the past tense verb kept doesn:t match the present tense used in the rest of
the sentence.
Choice replaces which with that, but uses the present progressive tense" we need the simple
present tense to maintain consistency.
Choice C fi!es both errors" which is changed to that, and the past kept is replaced by the present
keeps.
Choice % retains the nonrestrictive which and introduces the inconsistent present progressive.
Choice & introduces the incorrect and inconsistent having kept. Having is a participial phrase and
does not introduce a clause about the suit. 9ept is in the past tense.
Choice C is the correct answer.
1(.
&!planation
This sentence displays two subject'verb agreement errors. %ue to the inverted sentence structure,
it is difficult to see that the subject of the first verb is the singular Heart of the City. The verb
have emerged does not agree with this subject. The sentence should read= Heart of the City, a
series centered on... has emerged from Eark Tatulli:s observation. Have must be changed to the
singular has to match the singular a series#Heart of the City$.
*lso, the subject of the second verb, are#inspiring$ is the singular a series#referring to Heart of
the City$. The plural verb are#inspiring$ must be changed to the singular is#inspiring$.
Choices and C change have to has, while choices % and & retain the original error and can be
eliminated.
Choice changes have to has and changes are to is without introducing additional errors. Choice
is therefore correct.
Choice C changes have to has but changes are inspiring to inspire" the singular subject series
does not agree with the plural verb inspire.
Choice is the best answer.
1/.
&!planation
There are no apparent errors in the original sentence#choice *$. The sentence properly uses a
semicolon to join two independent clauses.
Choice attempts to use a comma and as an instance to join the two clauses. This construction is
both idiomatically incorrect#for instance is the correct idiom$ and a comma splice#a run'on
sentence connecting two independent clauses with a comma$.
Choice C is a similarly wordy and indirect construction that transforms the simple, active one
species of frog... breaks to the unclear 1in one species of frog, to break.1 0n choice %, such as to
be is awkward and is not idiomatically correct. Choice & is e!cessively wordy. 0n addition,
beginning the second clause with which makes it a relative clause, which is a type of dependent
clause. *n independent clause should never be connected to a relative clause clause with a
semicolon" this makes the second part of the sentence a fragment.
The correct answer is *.
<assage Summary
The first paragraph gives several reasons why companies often face high transportation costs.
The second paragraph offers a solution to this problem but also e!plains why this solution can
create new problems. The third paragraph actually contains the main point= there are alternatives
to the problematic solution described in the second paragraph and company e!ecutives have
financial incentives to pursue these alternate solutions.
12.
&!planation
This is an &FC&<T .uestion, so the correct answer will be something that the author does G3T
cite as a reason for high transportation costs.
Choice * names the demands by transportation employees. The first paragraph tells us that
transportation workers sometimes demand higher wages.
Choice says the author cites vehicle maintenance. The first paragraph tells us that vehicles
often have to be repaired or replaced.
Choice C says that the author cites transportation employees: lack of training, which is not
mentioned anywhere in the passage. Choice C is correct.
Choice % says the author cites worsening traffic conditions. The first paragraph tells us that
when roadways are heavily congested, delivery vehicles stall and thus drive up e!penditures on
fuel.
Choice & says the author cites the need to make aesthetic improvements. The first paragraph tells
us that competitors will sometimes make their vehicles more aesthetically pleasing to stay
competitive.
Choice C is correct.
1,.
&!planation
This .uestion asks for the author:s purpose in citing the e!ample of trucks spewing black smoke
into the air. The author says that a drawback to reducing transportation costs by replacing newer
vehicles with older models that do not re.uire as much insurance is that older vehicles often do
not meet current emissions standards. This, in turn, can lead to scrutiny by local media. Cor
e!ample, if, in an effort to cut costs, a company switches to older trucks that spew black smoke
into the air, local media that report a link between atmospheric pollution and rising asthma rates
may become critical of this company. So, the author uses the black smoke e!ample to illustrate
the potential for a company to receive bad publicity as a result of switching to older, less
environmentally sound vehicles.
Choice * states that the e!ample illustrates the environmental irresponsibility of replacing newer
vehicles with older models that do not meet the same emissions standards. The e!ample is used
to illustrate the potential for bad publicity for companies that choose to replace newer vehicles
with older models" it is not used to critici4e the companies that make this decision.
*ccording to choice , the e!ample illustrates the environmental problems created when
companies elect to use vehicles that do not meet current emissions standards. The second
paragraph is talking about the public relations problems associated with replacing newer vehicles
with older, environmentally less friendly models" it is not concerned with the actual
environmental impact of this action.
Choice C states that the e!ample is used to illustrate the advantages companies gain by replacing
newer vehicles with older models that re.uire less costly insurance. The opposite is true. The
e!ample of trucks spewing black smoke is used to illustrate a problem companies can encounter
when they replace newer vehicles with older ones.
*ccording to choice %, the e!ample is used to illustrate alternatives to replacing newer vehicles
with older models. *gain, the e!ample is used to illustrate a problem associated with the practice
of replacing newer vehicles with older ones" an alternative to this approach is not presented until
the ne!t paragraph.
Choice & states that the e!ample is used to illustrate how the media can portray certain
companies as posing an environmental threat to local residents.The sentence following the
highlighted passage claims that Since media outlets publici4e reports that link rising asthma rates
to atmospheric pollution, companies using these older trucks may bear the brunt of media
scrutiny. Crom this, it can be inferred that media coverage of trucks pumping out black smoke
would be seen as an environmental threat.
Choice & is correct.
16.
&!planation
This .uestion asks for something the passage supports. Thus, our answer will be a statement that,
based on the information in the te!t, the author of the passage would agree with.
Choice * claims that the passage supports the statement that transportation costs force many
companies out of business. The first paragraph claims that high transportation costs are an
obstacle for many companies, however nowhere does the passage say anything about these costs
forcing companies out of business.
Choice claims that the passage supports the statement that company e!ecutives are responsible
for environmental pollution. )hile the passage does say that company e!ecutives are responsible
for the environmental pollution produced by their respective businesses, it does not say that they
are responsible for environmental pollution in general, as choice implies.
Choice C claims the passage supports the statement that there is a publicity'friendly means of
reducing transportation costs. The third paragraph talks about electrically'powered or hybrid
vehicles as a means of reducing transportation costs without incurring negative publicity. Thus,
choice C is correct.
Choice % claims the passage supports the statement that insurance companies are not profit'
motivated. Hust because insurance providers offer reduced rates to companies that use electric
and hybrid vehicles, however, does not mean that they are not profit'driven. *lthough these
reduced rates encourage businesses to use environmentally sustainable vehicles, they also
encourage businesses to buy insurance from specific providers.
Choice & claims that the passage supports the statement that environmentally unfriendly vehicles
are the leading cause of bad publicity for most companies. )hile the passage does say that older
vehicles, which do not meet current emissions standards, can lead to public relations problems
for a company, it does not say anything about these vehicles being the leading cause of negative
publicity.
18.
&!planation
)e are given a principle about the relationship between the performance and the si4e of laptop
computers and asked to apply it to an analogous situation. )e are told the more powerful the
laptop, the bulkier it tends to be. )e need to identify an answer choice that follows this logic.
Choice correctly presents a scenario where features come at the cost of si4e and weight.
Choice * states that smaller phones have more advanced features, which contradicts our model.
Choice C states that smaller electronics are in aesthetically pleasing packages, which is not
indicated in the stimulus.
Choices % states that when demand is high, manufacturers disregard consumer preference, which
is outside the scope of the passage. Similarly, choice &, which states that the the market is largest
for products that are as small and light as possible, is also outside of the scope of the argument.
Choice is correct.

1;.
&!planation
This sentence does not display parallel structure" to lead to... and causes both describe what
happens due to the employment of the Task Corce but these actions are not parallel. Curthermore,
the infinitive to lead does not fit appropriately into the structure of this sentence either as a
modifier or as a noun.
Choices C#to lead to... causes$ and %#to lead to... caused$ retain the parallelism error.
Choices and % correct the error in parallelism. However, choice contains the awkward and
unclear to percent more security e!penditure. Eore than what> Choice & is preferable" a (-
percent increase in security e!penditures is a clear and grammatical e!pression.
The correct answer is &.
17.
&!planation
California legislators want to ban sport utility vehicles because S.+.5.s re.uire more fuel and
produce more pollutants than do other cars.
)e:re asked to identify a reason why the ban would not achieve California:s environmental goals.
Since fuel use and pollution are cited as the reasons that legislators want to ban these vehicles,
these goals must be related to these factors. The answer should give us cause to believe that the
ban won:t decrease fuel consumption or pollution.
Choice * provides additional support for the positive impact of the ban. Choice states that car
manufacturers are moving away from producing sport utility vehicles, which is irrelevant to the
argument that ban will not work.
Choice C is too narrow in scope" it cannot be inferred that a statewide ban would be ineffective
based only on the fact that some small towns saw no environmental benefits from such a ban.
Choice % presents a logical reason why the ban might failIpeople prefer sport utility vehicles
and can still buy sport utility vehicles elsewhere. Therefore, the ban will not prevent people from
buying and driving sport utility vehicles. Choice % is correct.
Choice & is incorrect because the use of sport utility vehicles for environmentally friendly tasks
does not imply that the vehicles themselves are good for the environment.
(-.
&!planation
This sentence displays an error in parallelism because the comparative construction just as F, so
J re.uires that F and J be parallel. However, this sentence compares just as analy4ing#a gerund$
to so... Charles 1uddy1 olden:s novel ja44 compositions#a noun$ a gerund#analy4ing$ cannot
be compared to a noun. The phrase following so must also be in gerund form.
Choices and % use the gerund listening. However, choice % omits so, which is necessary to
complete the comparison.
Therefore the correct answer is " just as analy4ing... so listening is a parallel comparison.
(1.
&!planation
The original sentence contains a pronoun error" the singular subject of the sentence, the steel
company, is referred to as they in the underlined portion.
Choice retains the original error and should be eliminated.
Choices C, %, and & correctly replace they with it, but options C and & use both in the past and
previously. This creates redundancy, and these options can be eliminated.
Choice % fi!es the original error by replacing the they with it and does not introduce additional
errors. The correct answer is %.
((.
This sentence clearly uses parallel structure to state that Hohn C. 9ennedy was one of the first
policymakers to consider... and to present them" repeating the to reinforces that there are two
things that 9ennedy did. The pronoun them is the direct object of present and clearly refers to the
mentally ill. Choice * is correct.
Choices and & change them to these" these cannot function as a direct object. These options
omit the subse.uent to and it becomes less clear that there are two things that 9ennedy did. 0n
choice , to consider... should be is not a grammatical construction.
Choice C uses the ungrammatical consider... as being and does not display parallel structure#to
consider... and affording is not parallel$.
Choice % uses the ungrammatical consider... as if they were and omits the subse.uent to, which
reinforces the parallel structure.
The correct answer is *.
(/.
&!planation
)e:re asked what is true about C<Ks, based on the passage.
The passage states that C<Ks encode proteins that scientists believe to be responsible for
structural change, a significant percentage remain :turned on: past the early childhood
development stage. 0n other words, the C<K encoding stays active in some proteins after
childhood, so some proteins still allow for change.
ased on this information, what must be true>
Choice * states that young children have a larger number of active proteins than adults do. Since
only some of the proteins remain active after entering into adulthood, it stands to reason that
children, who are still developing and growing, have more active or 1turned on1 proteins. Choice
* is correct.
Choice states that C<Ks can:t be reactivated once shut off. The passage does not provide
information about what happens to proteins once they are turned off.
Choice C states that C<Ks are promising therapeutic targets for treating spinal cord injuries,
which is not stated in this section of the passage. Spinal cord injuries are mentioned in the second
paragraph, and therefore not relevant to C<Ks.
Choice % discusses three'dimensional, time'lapse imaging, which is mentioned in the third
paragraph, but not in relation to C<Ks. They are used to track the growth of interneurons, and not
C<Ks.
Cinally choice & states that they are turned on in only fourteen percent of interneurons. The
passage tells us that fourteen percent of these interneurons displayed growth in their dendrites"
no connection is drawn between these neurons and C<Ks.
*gain, answer choice * is correct.
(2.
&!planation
)hat do a!ons and dendrites have in common>
*!ons, weBre told, are parts of neurons that transmit signals away from the cell body, and
dendrites are parts of neurons that receive signals and transmit them toward the cell body.
They both transmit signals, so 0 is true. Therefore, choices and C are incorrectLbecause they do
not include statement 0.
*!ons, we are told, do not have plasticity in adulthood. Therefore 00 is not true. Choice % is
incorrect.
Since a!ons transfer signals to the cell and dendrites transfer signals away from the cell, neither
of them are part of the cell body. Therefore, statement 000 is true.
The correct answer choice is &.
(,.
&!planation
The author opens the passage by stating that the findings of a new study have overturned what
was previously thought about neuronsB capacity for growth. Thus, the author sets us up to learn
about what the new findings suggest. *nswer choice restates this idea.
*s for answer choice *, the passage states a conventional belief that neurons are not able to grow
past a certain developmental stage, but the authorBs findings challengeIrather than supportI
this conventional view.
The two'photon imaging and three'dimensional time'lapse images mentioned in the third
paragraph are e!amples of the @sophisticated technologyA mentioned in answer choice C.
However, the use of this technology is simply a detail, not the main focus of the passage.
The passage does not discuss ine!plicable phenomena, so answer choice % is wrong.
Cinally, answer choice & is incorrect because, while the author does talk about how this study:s
methodology differed from that of previous studies#they looked at a!ons of e!citatory neurons"
this study looked at dendrites of interneurons$, the author does not describe the development of
either methodology.
The correct answer choice is .
(6.
&!planation
)e:re asked about what the passage tells us about dendrites.
The second half of the last paragraph discusses dendrites of interneurons= we found that fourteen
percent of the dendritesM of these interneurons grew, some demonstrating impressive growth
spurts of 7- microns that doubled their si4e. &arlier in the paragraph the author mentions that the
progress of these interneurons was tracked over the course of several weeks. Thus, dendrites
have the capacity to double their si4e over the course of several weeks, as stated in correct
answer choice .
*nswer choice * is incorrect because the passage does not specify whether interneurons can be
seen with a microscope.
*s for C, the passage states that scientists observed neural growthM not as impressive as that of
early childhood, so C is incorrect.
*nswer choice % is incorrect because dendrites are parts of the neuron that propagate signals
toward the cell body of the neuron, not to other neurons.
Cinally, choice & is wrong because the @turning offA of genes is not discussed in the passage.
*gain, answer choice is correct.
(8.
&!planation
Some researchers look at modern native *ma4onian tribes to learn about their ancient
counterparts. The problem is that all known *ma4onian tribes have had interaction with modern,
non'native groups#implying that they might have been 1corrupted1 by interaction with these
groups$.
The .uestion asks for something that would weaken the claim that the researchers: strategy is
flawed. The criticism states that because native *ma4onian tribes vary widely and all of the
tribes have contacted other groups, any conclusions drawn about ancient native *ma4onian tribes
on the basis of this research strategy would be .uestionable.
)e look for a choice that weakens this criticism by strengthening the original theory of the
researchers" that modern *ma4onian tribes are a good way to study ancient *ma4onian tribes.
Choice * claims that the criticism would be weakened if it were true that, throughout history, all
native *ma4onian tribes have had many important characteristics in common that are e!clusive
to these tribes. * comparison between ancient and modern tribes could allow researchers to gain
valuable insights if all native *ma4onian tribes in fact have common features not found in tribes
from other regions. Thus, this would weaken the criticism, making choice * correct.
*ccording to choice , the criticism would be weakened if it were true that most ancient native
*ma4onian tribes either vanished or adopted another way of life. The disappearance of ancient
native *ma4onian tribes is unimportant, because the researchers intend to study modern tribes in
order to learn about the ancient tribes.
Choice C claims that the criticism would be weakened if it were true that all researchers look at
some type of modern group or tribe. *gain, this does not address the comparison between
modern and ancient native *ma4onian tribes.
*ccording to choice %, the criticism would be weakened if it were true that many researchers
who look at some type of modern native *ma4onian tribe do not make inferences about ancient
tribes on the basis of their observations. That some researchers do not compare ancient and
modern native *ma4onian tribes does not weaken the claim that such comparisons are inherently
flawed and should not be made.
Choice & claims that the criticism would be weakened if it were true that even modern native
*ma4onian tribes that have not had significant contact with modern groups differ in important
ways from their ancient ancestors. This strengthens the criticism because, if modern native
*ma4onian tribes differ significantly from their ancient ancestors, the two cannot be properly
compared.
Choice * is correct.
(;.
&!planation
0n this sentence, the phrase unlike other mammals that carry their offspring to term and bear live
young seems to modify eggs, but the real comparison is between other mammals and platypuses.
* correct version of the sentence will place platypuses immediately after this modifying phrase.
3nly choice correctly places platypuses after this modifier. Choice C appears to do so, but in
C, platypuses: is a possessive" we need the noun form platypuses for the modifier to be function
properly. The platypuses: method does not reproduce.
Choices % and & do not correctly place platypuses after the introductory modifying phrase.
The correct answer is .
(7.
&!planation
* theater owner considers a (- percent increase in the price of tickets" this increase is thought to
guarantee at least a (- percent increase in the revenue generated by the tickets.
<rices are charged on a per'ticket basis. * (- percent increase in the price of tickets will bring a
(- percent increase in revenue only if the total number of tickets sold per year does not decrease.
Choice * states that the amount of money re.uired for yearly theater maintenance will not
increase from its current level. Theater maintenance is not included in the argument about the
increase in the yearly revenue, so this assumption is not made.
Choice states that the total number of customers per year will not decrease. The tickets
generate revenue based on the number of tickets sold, not the number of customers, so this
assumption is not part of the argument. * smaller number of customers could buy more tickets
apiece.
Choice C states that the number of shows playing will not decrease. The number of shows
playing does not determine the yearly revenue that the ticket sales bring in" since prices are
charged per ticket, it is the total number of tickets sold per year that determines annual revenue.
Choice % states that the total number of customers who purchase tickets from scalpers will not
increase. The revenue is determined by the number of tickets sold, not the number of patrons
who buy tickets from scalpers.
Choice & states that the total number of tickets sold each year will not decrease. This statement
properly recogni4es the assumption underlying the theater owner:s claim= )ith the revenue
generated on a per'ticket basis, a (- percent increase in ticket prices will result in a (- percent
increase in the revenue as long as the total number of tickets sold remains the same. Choice & is
correct.
/-.
&!planation
* recent survey found that one out of every five employees at a large financial services company
lied on their e!pense reports. ut the author concludes that the survey might have
underestimated the number of employees who lied on e!pense reports. )hat might cause the
survey to undercount> This study relied on self'reporting by employees. 0f some employees who
lied on e!pense reports also lied on the survey, then the survey would indeed undercount. There
is no way to verify that employees are responding truthfully on the survey.
Choice * states that some employees lied on e!pense reports but said in the survey that they
didn:t. This would mean that the survey underestimates the number of people who lied on the
report, so the correct answer is *.
Choice is incorrect because it would lead someone to overestimate rather than an
underestimate the number of people who lie on e!pense reports. Choice C is incorrect because
the number of e!pense reports that employees undermine is irrelevantIthe survey only asks if
they have done so at all. Choice % is incorrect because truthful responses would lead to accurate
results, not an underestimate. Choice & is incorrect because the actions of employees at other
companies are outside the scope of the survey.
<assage Summary
This passage e!plains the central thesis of Hane Hacobs: %eath and Nife of Kreat *merican Cities.
The first paragraph gives the conte!t in which Hacobs wrote her book and relates the major tenets
of Hacobs: work= her iconoclastic core belief and her major recommendations. The second
paragraph introduces Hacobs: observation'based method, and presents her contention about
neighborhoods. Hacobs believes that neighborhoods are the unit of which cities are built, and that
busy streets determine whether neighborhoods are vital. The final paragraph contrasts Hacobs:
work to some of her contemporaries. )hile they aimed to promote open, empty spaces, Hacobs
thought crowds and density provided vitality, and more importantly, safety.
/1.
&!planation
)e need to identify an urban planning solution that city planners other than Hane Hacobs would
prefer. The correct answer must be strongly supported by the passage, even if not directly stated.
Cirst, we need to find the places in the passage where other city planners were mentioned and
read enough to give us conte!t. )e find what weBre looking for in the first and last paragraphs.
The first paragraph gives us two important pieces of information" that Hane HacobsB solutions are
a radical departure from those of her contemporaries, and that she advocates smaller blocks,
areas, and buildings 4oned for mi!ed'use, busy streets, and a dense population. HacobsB
contemporaries probably hold opposing viewpoints.
The last paragraph further supports this by discussing the views of city planner Keddes and
architects Eumford and Ne Corbusier, all of whom prefer more austere city design, low traffic,
and wide open spaces. Therefore, the city planners in .uestion must not like small blocks, mi!ed'
use buildings, and lots of street traffic, and instead prefer solutions like those championed by
Keddes, Eumford, and Ne Corbusier.
Choice * matches our prediction of what the city planners would want. 0t both opposes Hane
HacobsB solutions and corresponds to those of Eumford, Keddes, and Ne Corbusier. Choice * is
correct.
Choice is the opposite of what we want" it actually lists some of HacobsB preferred solutions.
Choice C, includes mi!ed'use buildings. Hacobs likes mi!ed'use buildings, so other city planners
most likely do not. 0f an answer choice is partially wrong, itBs all wrong, so eliminate choice C.
Choice % also includes mi!ed'use neighborhoods, and is incorrect#it also references information
that the passage doesnBt address$. Choice & is another partial answer. The city planners would
approve of single'use 4oning and possibly interior lawns, but they would not prefer densely
populated streets.
/(.
&!planation
)e need to infer a possible criticism a supporter of Hacobs would make of beliefs held by Ne
Corbusier and Eumford. These men are mentioned in the last paragraph. The passage tells us
that Eumford and Ne Corbusier tried to get rid of traffic and street congestion and that Hacobs
critici4ed their ideals. *ccording to Hacobs, Eumford and Ne CorbusierBs open spaces,
skyscrapers, and city blocks made the streets more dangerous. She suggests that city streets need
to be bustling with activity, and her supporters would likely say the same thing.
Choice C matches our prediction e!actly. 0t states that Ne Corbusier and EumfordBs designs
make the streets more dangerous, which is one of HacobsB criticisms of their approach to design.
Choice C is correct.
Choices * and & introduce ideas not supported by the passage. Hacobs doesn:t say anything about
the difficulty of building skyscrapers#choice *$, nor does she discuss the preferences of city
residents#choice &$. These choices are both incorrect. Choice , .uotes the phrase metaphysical
fantasies again, but then introduces an unsupported point about Eumford and Ne CorbusierBs
e!perience building neighborhoods, so we eliminate it. Choice % misses the point of Hacobs:
criticisms. Hacobs thinks that the goal of removing traffic itself is misguided, and pursuing this
goal is bad for cities, regardless of whether the measures work.
//.
&!planation
)e need to draw a conclusion about the 1intricate sidewalk ballet1 supported by the passage.
This ballet is mentioned near the bottom of the second paragraph= She uses the sidewalk in front
of her house in Gew JorkBs Kreenwich 5illage as the prime e!ample of how neighborhood
streets work. She depicts the neighborhood activity she witnesses as Oan intricate sidewalk
ballet,B where the interplay of residents, playing children, and shopkeepers are the key elements
to the viability of her neighborhood. The so'called ballet is the people on the street interacting.
Choice matches this analysis almost perfectly" it says the ballet is an e!ample of how street life
can invigorate, or enliven, neighborhoods. Thus, choice is correct.
Choice * presents us with information that is not in the passage. )e know that Hacobs is critical
of Ne Corbusier and Keddes, but we know nothing about how the people on HacobsB street feel
about them. Choice C contradicts the information in the passage. HacobsB argument is that the
constant traffic makes cities safer, not more dangerous. Choice %, like choice *, presents
information that is not in the passage. The passage does not tell us how HacobsB contemporaries
understood the @ballet.A Choice & is wrong because while HacobsB advocates smaller city blocks,
she does not say that small city blocks are the only condition under which the @balletA can take
place.
/2.
&!planation
)e are looking for an idea that Hacobs does not consider important in her theory of planning and
revitali4ation.
*nswer choice * is mentioned" city blocks should be cut short, so we eliminate it.
)e can find choice in the passage= a street should be 4oned to have a mi! of businesses and
residences, so we eliminate .
The passage also mentions choice C= there should be buildings of different ages, conditions, and
uses, so we eliminate that answer choice.
Choice % may be a tempting answer choice, since the words parks and interior lawns do appear
in the last paragraph. However, they refer to Ne Corbusier and EumfordBs aesthetic, not HacobsB"
therefore % is the correct answer.
Cinally, choice & is also mentioned= a dense population is necessary.
/,.
&!planation
* car manufacturer argues against a law that would re.uire airbags to be installed in all new cars.
ased on the premise that seat belts alone are enough to prevent most car accident fatalities, the
manufacturer concludes that mandating air bags would bring about only a minor reduction in
these fatalities.
)e are asked to weaken this argument. The answer should provide a reason why air bags do
prevent a significant number of fatalities that seat belts on their own would not prevent.
Choice * does not weaken the manufacturer:s argument because more advanced technology is
not necessarily more effective than less advanced technology.
Choice states that most cars sold in this country are not new and thus would not be affected by
the new law. This would strengthen the manufacturer:s conclusion by providing another reason
that the law would have a limited impact. Choice C discusses paramedics and hospitals, which
are out of the scope of the passage:s discussion, and does not address the role played by airbags
in car accident injuries and fatalities.
Choice % is incorrect because the relative cost of seat belt and airbag installation is irrelevant to
the argument.
Choice & states that airbags are most effective in preventing precisely the fatalities that seat belts
are least effective in preventing. This suggests that airbags will bring about a significant decrease
in the fatalities that occur despite the use of seat belts. This weakens the manufacturer:s
argument. Choice & is correct.
/6.
&!planation
The claim is that all low'income students would get more money for college" the money would
be in the form of government funds e.uivalent to half the value of their weekly salaries from on'
campus jobs. The program thus assumes that issuing funds through on'campus salaries is an
effective mechanism for providing funding to all these students.
0f anything interferes with any students: ability to receive e!tra money by receiving money based
on on'campus job wages, the program would be called into .uestion.
Choice * states that the average low'income student spends more than half of his or her weekly
salary on yearly college e!penses. The amount of the wages spent on school e!penses does not
affect the argument, because it does not address the e!tra money that the government is adding to
the students: budgets.
*ccording to choice , some low'income students may not want to spend the e!tra money on
college costs. However, it is the availability of additional money that is the point of the claim" the
students would still 1receive more money for college,1 as the .uestion demands.
Choice C states that the reduction in government money resulting from giving students half the
value of their weekly salaries would necessitate cuts to other government programs. The effect of
the salary program on other programs is irrelevant to the claim.
*ccording to choice %, many low'income students are unable to get on'campus jobs. This
statement properly identifies a situation that undermines the program:s claim. Choice % is
correct.
Choice & states that salaries for on'campus jobs have fallen significantly over the past ten years,
thus reducing the amount of money low'income students have to spend on school e!penses. 0f
decreased salaries have left students with less money for school, the need for the program is
great" this does not undermine the claim.
Choice % is correct.
/8.
&!planation
The observers in this passage want to conclude whether a company:s current profitability is
relatively strong or weak. 0n addition to evidence collected from comparisons of past and current
profits, we are offered another piece of evidence that might contribute to this conclusion=
changes in the overall performance of the economy.
)e are asked to find a statement that does G3T justify#but instead weakens or is irrelevant to$
the connection between the evidence of economic fluctuations and the conclusion regarding the
company:s profitability.
Choice * states that the company:s primary customers do not change their spending in reaction to
economic events" thus, such events have a relatively small effect on the company:s profits.
Choice * is correct.
Choices and % both state that the information gained from comparing profits is most useful
when economic trends are taken into account, so these choices justify considering these trends.
Choice C suggests that economic conditions have an unusually strong effect on the company:s
profitability. 0n this situation, considering these conditions would be especially important. Choice
& notes that information regarding economic trends can:t be discerned from the company:s own
records. Thus, observers must incorporate this data using the suggested evidence.
/;.
&!planation
0n the conte!t of this sentence, there is no logical antecedent for the underlined pronoun they"
there are no singular verbs in the sentence.
3ptions and & are illogical" the antecedent of it in it is a country could either be the phrase or
the Spanish empire. Geither the phrase nor the Spanish &mpire provides a valid subject for the
modifier is a country.
Choices C and % logically use the pronoun it to refer to the subject the phrase" the phrase is in
reference#C$ and the phrase refers to a country#%$ are logical statements.
Choice C contains the awkward prepositional phrase is in reference. Curthermore, there is no
clear verb= the phrase... is in reference to countries is not as clear as the phrase is used in
reference to countries.
Choice % is less wordy, and makes no other mistakes" it is the correct answer.
/7.
&!planation
)e:re told that large commercial aircraft sometimes encounter e!treme weather events, such as
hurricanes. These hurricanes feature very high wind speeds. )e:re also told that comple!, highly
automated systems can react unpredictably to une!pected events.
The .uestion asks us what must be true about autopilot systems in large commercial aircraft,
based on the information in the passage. The autopilot system is a highly automated system, so
what is true for highly automated systems must also be true for the autopilot system.
Choice * tells us that the system may cause planes to crash. However, nothing in the passage
indicates that a system will react this way. )e don:t know how the system is going to react, so
choice * is incorrect. *s for choice , we don:t know if the system is able to distinguish types of
weather events, so it is not correct.
Choice C tells us the autopilot system:s response is contingent on its programming. 0f a hurricane
is an une!pected event for the autopilot system, then its response will be unpredictable, just as
the passage tells us would be the case for any comple!, highly automated system. Thus, choice C
is correct.
Choice % tells us that the system:s response depends on wind speed, but the passage never
mentions which criteria a highly automated system uses to determine its response, so we can:t
say if choice % is true. Thus, % is incorrect. Choice & predicts how the system will react to a
hurricane. )e can only predict the system:s actions if we know that hurricanes are an e!pected
event. )e don:t, so choice &:s prediction is baseless.
2-.
&!planation
This sentence does not correctly use the idiom the same to F as to J. The same to someone
standing#F$... as a person#J$ lacks the word to, necessary for parallelism, before a person.
Choice corrects this error concisely by inserting to before a person.
Choices C, %, and & are unnecessarily wordy. Choices C and & use a semicolon, but the second
clauses in these sentences are not independent. Choice % incorrectly uses the idiom by inserting
as it would.
The correct answer is .
21.
&!planation
The author of this passage argues against a proposal to add five firefighters to the staff of the
%anbury volunteer fire department. The author admits that the city wouldn:t need to pay these
volunteers, but claims that the cost of outfitting the fire hall with the e.uipment to accommodate
additional firefighters would be prohibitively e!pensive.
)e are asked to weaken the author:s argument. The author assumes that %anbury would be
forced to buy e!pensive e.uipment for these new firefighters, and concludes that the the town
cannot afford this. The answer will attack this assumption.
Choice * strengthens the argument by stating that firefighters are more effective when they have
up'to'date e.uipment. This suggests that the new firefighters will be most useful to %anbury if
the town obtains new e.uipment for them.
Choice tells us that this e.uipment is becoming less e!pensive. This does not, however, imply
that the e.uipment is ine!pensive, which does not weaken the author:s argument.
Choice C mentions that additional firefighters will be working at times when the %anbury fire
hall is currently understaffed. This means that the fire hall will not need to be outfitted with
additional e.uipment, because the new firefighters will only work when the fire hall is currently
understaffed and the current e.uipment is not in use. This weakens the author:s argument" thus,
choice C is correct.
Choice % states that it would cost less to purchase e.uipment for the fire hall than it does to fund
%anbury:s school lunch program. However, this could still constitute too much strain.
Choice & states that in other towns: cases, hiring new firefighters has not decreased the value of
property destroyed by fire. This strengthens the author:s conclusion that hiring new firefighters is
a bad idea.