Cm bin nhit l thit b c dng o nhit ca i tng.

Cc cm bin ny cm nhn s thay i nhit v cho tn hiu ng ra mt trong hai dng: thay
i in p hoc thay i in tr.
la chn cm bin cho mt ng dng c th th cn xem xt: chnh xc, khong o, thi
gian p ng v mi trng lm vic.
Cm bin nhit c phn thnh 2 loi:
Cm bin loi tip xc
Cm bin loi khng tip xc (o bc x nhit)
Cm bin loi tip xc:
Cp nhit in (Thermocouple)
Nhit in tr
RTD
Thermistor
IC o nhit
Cm bin loi khng tip xc
Nhit k hng ngoi
o nhit bng cch nhn nng lng hng ngoi c pht ra t vt liu
1. CP NHIT IN ( Thermocouples )
Cu to:
c lm bng 2 vt liu dn in khc nhau (thng l hp kim) c hn dnh 1 u,
u cn li c a n thit b o. Thermocouple c 2 mi ni: lnh v nng

Nguyn l: Nhit thay i cho ra sc in ng thay i ( mV).
u im: Bn, o nhit cao.
Khuyt im: Nhiu yu t nh hng lm sai s. nhy khng cao.
Thng dng: L nhit, mi trng kht nghit, o nhit nht my nn,
Tm o: -100 D.C <1400 D.C

Gm 2 dy kim loi khc nhau c hn dnh 1 u gi l u nng ( hay u o), hai u cn li gi l
u lnh ( hay l u chun ). Khi c s chnh lch nhit gia u nng v u lnh th s pht sinh 1
sc in ng V ti u lnh. Mt vn t ra l phi n nh v o c nhit u lnh, iu ny
ty thuc rt ln vo cht liu. Do vy mi cho ra cc chng loi cp nhit , mi loi cho ra 1 sc in
ng khc nhau: E, J, K, R, S, T. Cc bn lu iu ny chn u d v b iu khin cho thch hp.
Dy ca cp nhit in th khng di ni n b iu khin, yu t dn n khng chnh xc l ch
ny, gii quyt iu ny chng ta phi b tr cho n ( offset trn b iu khin ).
Lu khi s dng:
T nhng yu t trn khi s dng loi cm bin ny chng ta lu l khng nn ni thm dy ( v tn
hiu cho ra l mV ni s suy hao rt nhiu ). Cng dy ca cm bin nn thng thong ( ng cho cng
dy ny dnh vo mi trng o ). Cui cng l nn kim tra cn thn vic Offset thit b.
Lu : V tn hiu cho ra l in p ( c cc m v dng ) do vy cn ch k hiu lp t vo b
khuch i cho ng


2. Nhit in tr RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors)

- Cu to:
Dy kim loi lm t ng, Nikel, Platinum,c qun ty theo hnh dng ca u o.
C 2 loi c bn: loi dy qun v loi mn mng
Nguyn l: Nhit thay i cho ra sc in ng thay i ( mV).
th quan h gia in tr v nhit

u im: Bn, o nhit cao.
Khuyt im: Nhiu yu t nh hng lm sai s. nhy khng cao.
Thng dng: L nhit, mi trng kht nghit, o nhit nht my nn,
Tm o: -100 D.C

Cu to ca nhit in tr RTD
- Cu to ca RTD gm c dy kim loi lm t: ng, Nikel, Platinum,c qun ty theo hnh dng
ca u o. Khi nhit thay i in tr gia hai u dy kim loi ny s thay i, v ty cht liu kim
loi s c tuyn tnh trong mt khong nhit nht nh.Ph bin nht ca RTD l loi cm bin Pt,
c lm t Platinum. Platinum c in tr sut cao, chng oxy ha, nhy cao, di nhit o c di.
Thng c cc loi: 100, 200, 500, 1000 ohm ti 0 D.C. in tr cng cao th nhy nhit cng cao.
RTD thng c loi 2 dy, 3 dy v 4 dy.
Lu khi s dng:
Loi RTD 4 dy gim in tr dy dn i 1/2, gip hn ch sai s.
Cch s dng ca RTD kh d chu hn so vi Thermocouple. Chng ta c th ni thm dy cho loi
cm bin ny ( hn k, cht lng dy tt, c chng nhiu ) v c th o test bng VOM c.
V l bin thin in tr nn khng quan tm n chiu u dy.

Cm bin dng NTD
3. THERMISTOR
- Cu to:
c lm bng cc xt kim loi: Niken, Mangan, cban, c ph bi nha hoc thy tinh
Thermistor c cu to t hn hp cc bt ocid. Cc bt ny c ha trn theo t l v khi lng nht
nh sau c nn cht v nung nhit cao. V mc dn in ca hn hp ny s thay i khi
nhit thay i.
-Phn loi:
C hai loi thermistor: H s nhit dng PTC- in tr tng theo nhit ; H s nhit m NTC in
tr gim theo nhit . Thng dng nht l loi NTC.
Thermistor ch tuyn tnh trong khong nhit nht nh 50-150D.C do vy ngi ta t dng dng
lm cm bin o nhit. Ch s dng trong cc mc ch bo v, ngt nhit, cc bc nh ta thng gi l
Tt-mt. Ci Block lnh no cng c mt vi b gn cht vo cun dy ng c.




Nguyn l: Thay i in tr khi nhit thay i.
u im: Bn, r tin, d ch to.
Khuyt im: Dy tuyn tnh hp.
Thng dng: Lm cc chc nng bo v, p vo cun dy ng c, mch in t.
Tm o: 50
Cu to Thermistor.
-
Lu khi s dng:
Ty vo nhit mi trng no m chn Thermistor cho thch hp, lu hai loi PTC v NTC (gi
nm na l thng ng/ thng h ) C th test d dng vi ng h VOM.
Nn p cht vo b mt cn o.
Trnh lm hng v bo v.
V bin thin in tr nn khng quan tm chiu u dy.
Hnh Thermistor
A.4. BN DN

- Cu to: Lm t cc loi cht bn dn.
Nguyn l: S phn cc ca cc cht bn dn b nh hng bi nhit .
u im: R tin, d ch to, nhy cao, chng nhiu tt, mch x l n gin.
Khuyt im: Khng chu nhit cao, km bn.
Thng dng: o nhit khng kh, dng trong cc thit b o, bo v cc mch in t.
Tm o: -50 <150 D.C.

Cm bin nhit Bn Dn l nhng loi cm bin c ch to t nhng cht bn dn. C cc loi nh
Diode, Transistor, IC. Nguyn l ca chng l da trn mc phn cc ca cc lp P-N tuyn tnh vi
nhit mi trng. Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh bn dn cho ra i rt nhiu loi
cm bin nhit vi s tch hp ca nhiu u im: chnh xc cao, chng nhiu tt, hot ng n nh,
mch in x l n gin, r tin,.
-

Ta d dng bt gp cc cm bin loi ny di dng diode ( hnh dng tng t Pt100), cc loi IC nh:
LM35, LM335, LM45. Nguyn l ca chng l nhit thay i s cho ra in p thay i. in p ny
c phn p t mt in p chun c trong mch.
IC Cm bin nhit LM35 v
cm bin nhit dng Diode
Gn y c cho ra i IC cm bin nhit cao cp, chng h tr lun c chun truyn thng I2C (
DS18B20 ) m ra mt xu hng mi trong th gii cm bin.

IC Cm bin nhit DS18B20
Lu khi s dng:
V c ch to t cc thnh phn bn dn nn cm bin nhit Bn Dn km bn, khng chu
nhit cao. Nu vt ngng bo v c th lm hng cm bin.
Cm bin bn dn mi loi ch tuyn tnh trong mt gii hn no , ngoi di ny cm bin s
mt tc dng. Ht sc quan tm n tm o ca loi cm bin ny t c s chnh xc.
Loi cm bin ny km chu ng trong mi trng khc nghit: m cao, ha cht c tnh n mn,
rung sc va chm mnh.

A.5. NHIT K BC X ( cn gi l ha k- pyrometer ).

- Cu to: Lm t mch in t, quang hc.
Nguyn l: o tnh cht bc x nng lng ca mi trng mang nhit.
u im: Dng trong mi trng khc nghit, khng cn tip xc vi mi trng o.
Khuyt im: chnh xc khng cao, t tin.
Thng dng: Lm cc thit b o cho l nung.
Tm o: -54 <1000 D.F.

Cu to ha k
Cu to ha k

- Nhit k bc x (ha k ) l loi thit b chuyn dng dng o nhit ca nhng mi trng
m cc cm bin thng thng khng th tip xc c ( l nung thp, ha cht n mn mnh, kh t
cm bin).
Gm c cc loi: Ha k bc x, ha k cng sng, ha k mu sc. Chng hot ng da trn
nguyn tc cc vt mang nhit s c hin tng bc x nng lng. V nng lng bc x s c mt bc
sng nht nh. Ha k s thu nhn bc sng ny v phn tch cho ra nhit ca vt cn o.

Lu khi s dng:
Ty theo thng s ca nh sn xut m ha k c cc tm o khc nhau, tuy nhin a s ha k o
khong nhit cao. V v c im khng tip xc trc tip vi vt cn o nn mc chnh xc ca
ha k khng cao, chu nhiu nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh (gc o, rung tay, nh sng mi
trng ).

Hnh ha k