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5.

1 test ms
1. (a) energy or heat (1)
to break a covalent bond (1)
averaged over several compounds (1)
(b) propane : C
3
H
8
(g) + SO
2
(g) 3CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(g)
propene : C
3
H
!
(g) +
2
"
O
2
(g) 3CO
2
(g) + 3H
2
O(g) (1)
#############################################
overall: C
3
H
8
(g) +
2
"
O
2
(g) C
3
H
!
(g) + H
2
O(g)
$Or balanced cycle (1)%
H & & '2"(2 + ")** (1)
& '"2+ k, mol
'"
(1)
(c) Bonds broken 2 - (C ' C) + 8 - (C ' H) +
2
"
(O & O)
or nett : " - (C ' C) + 2 - (C ' H) +
2
"
(O & O) (1)
Bonds formed " - (C ' C) + ! - (C ' H) + " - (C & C) + 2 - (O
' H)
or nett : " - (C&C) + 2 - (O ' H) (1)

Bond enthalpy of O=O H & .(bonds broken) ' .(bonds /ormed)
(1)
'"2+ & .(C ' C) + 2.(C ' H) +
2
"
.(O & O) ' .(C & C) ' 2.(O ' H)
.(O & O) & 2('"2+ '38 '2 - "3 + !"2 + 2
- !3
& +2 - 23) & *8 k, mol
'"
(1)
[10]
2. (a)
H
0 a ( g ) + . r ( g )
H
s u b
H
e a

' H
/

' H
1

0 a ( g ) + . r ( g ) + e
+
d 2 s s
3 H
v a p
3 H
3 . r ( l ) 0 a ( s )
+
0 a . r ( s )
* s t e p s
( s s ) c o r r e c t
3 . r ( g ) . r ( g )
H . r s h o 4 n
H 4 2 t h ' v e s 2 g n
e b a l a n c e d
( 1 )
( 1 )
( 1 )
( 1 )
( 1 )
( 1 )

'
v a p
1
2
2
2
!

(b) 'H
/
+ H
sub
+ H
2
+ 3H
vap
+ 3H
d2ss
+ H
ea
' H
1
&O (1)
H
vap
& 2(H
/
' H
sub
' H
2
' 3H
d2ss
' H
ea
+ H
1
) (1)
& 2 ('3!" ' "(* ' )8 ' )* + 32+ + *+3)
& +3( k, mol
'"
(1)
[9]
3. (2) enthalpy 5 energy change 5 energy re6u2red 5 energy evolved
4hen " mol o/ 2on2c sol2d 5 crystall2ne sol2d 5 crystals 5 compound
5 sol2d (not molecules) (2s /ormed /rom) (1)
2ts gaseous 2ons
(must be stated7 not trans/erred by 2n/erence /rom (22) (1)
(22) 0a
+
(g) + Cl
'
(g) 8 0aCl(s)
allo4 0aCl(s) 8 0a
+
(g) + Cl
'
(g) 2/ de/2n2t2on reversed (1)
(222) larger (cat2ons) not atoms7 127 0a (1)
same charge on the cat2on 5 rat2o o/ charge:s29e decreases 5
lo4er charge dens2ty not e//ect2ve nuclear charge (1)
there/ore 4eaker attract2ons bet4een cat2on and an2on (1)
(must clearly mean attract2on bet4een cat2on and an2on)
(2v) smaller (cat2ons) not atoms7 :g7 0a
allo4 th2s mark 2/ ;repeated error< /rom (222) (1)
greater charge on the =roup 2 cat2on 5 rat2o o/ charge:
s29e 2ncreases 5 h2gher charge dens2ty (1)
there/ore stronger attract2ons bet4een cat2on and an2on (1)
(must clearly mean attract2on bet4een cat2on and an2on)
[9]
4. (2) CaCl
2
(s) Ca
2
+ (a6) + 2Cl
>
(a6) (1)
Ca
2+
(g) + 2Cl
'
(g) CaCl
2
(s) (1)
Ca
2+
(g) Ca
2+
(a6) (1)
State symbols must be sho4n
(22) H 5k, mol
'"
CaCl
2
(s) Ca
2+
(a6) +2Cl
'
(a6) '"23
Ca
2+ (a6)
Ca
2+
(g) +"!+(
Ca
2+ (g) +
2Cl
' (g)
CaCl
2
(s) '22++
2Cl
' (g)
2Cl
' (a6)
'*28
H
hyd
(Cl'(g) &
2
*28 '
& '3! k, mol
'"
3 e6uat2ons (3) ans4er (1)
O? v2a cycle: 3 steps (3) ans4er (1)
[7]
5. (a) Steam condenses to 4ater 4hen = ( (1)
H & @S (1)
S & "8) ' *( & "") ,A
'"
mol
'"
(1)
H & 3*3 - "") & A, mol
'"
(1)
(b) spontaneous react2on 4hen = ( (1)
CH

(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g) (1)
S & ")8 + 3 - "3" ' "8) ' "8! & 2"! ,A
'"
mol
'"
(1)
the entropy change 2n '@S (1)
makes = >ve once @ 2s h2gh enough (1)
(c) d2amond graph2te S & +3 ,A
'"
mol
'"
(1)
s2nce H < (7 = 2s al4ays < ( (1)
k2net2cs: large B
a
makes react2on too slo4 (1)
(d) CaO(s) + CO
2
(g) CaCO
3
(s)
S & )( ' ( ' 2" & '"! ,A
'
mol
'"
(1)
= & (7 H & @S
@
s
&
"!
"((( "*8
& "(8+ A (1)
[15]

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