GZScienceResources2014

ChemistryandReactions
Year9ExtensionScience
1
Reactantsjointogethertoformnewproductsduringchemical
reactions
Theatomspresentinthereactants rearrangethemselvesindifferent
combinationsandformnewbonds.Thenewcombinationsofatomsare
calledproductsandcaneitherbesingleatomsormolecules.
Reactants Products
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Recognisingchemicalandphysicalchange
Physicalchangesareconcerned
withenergyandstatesofmatter.A
physicalchangedoesnotproducea
newsubstance.Changesinstate
(melting,freezing,vaporization,
condensation,sublimation)are
physicalchanges.Examplesof
physicalchangesincludebendinga
pieceofwire,meltingicebergs,and
breakingabottle
Achemicalchangemakesa
substancethatwasn'ttherebefore.
Thestartingandendingmaterials
ofaphysicalchangearethesame,
eventhoughtheymaylook
different.
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GZScienceResources2014
Recognisingchemicalandphysicalchange
ExamplesofPhysicalChanges
crumplingasheetofpaper
meltinganicecube
castingsilverinamould
breakingabottle
ExamplesofChemicalChanges
burningwood
dissolvingsaltinwater
mixingacidandbase
digestingfood
1a
4
Chemicalreactions namingreactants&products andrecognising
chemicalchange
Achemicalreactionisaprocess
thatproducesachemicalchange
tooneormoresubstances.
Achemicalreactionwillproducea
newsubstance.Other
observationsmayincludea
temperaturechange,acolour
changeorproductionofgas.
Chemicalsthatareusedina
chemicalreactionareknownas
reactants.Thosethatareformed
areknownasproducts.
ReactantsProducts
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Compoundsandelementscanreacttogethertoformnewsubstancesina
chemicalreaction.Weuseachemicalequationtoshowthesubstanceswe
startwithcalledreactants,andthesubstancesthatareformedcalled
products.
Chemicalequations 1b
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MakingOxygengas
Whattodo
1. PutasmallamountofPotassiumPermanganate
(condys crystals)intoaboilingtube.
2. Putabungwithadeliverytubeovertheboiling
tubeandputthedeliverytubeintoanupside
downtesttubetocollectanygas.
3. HeatthetubegentlywithaBunsenburner.
4. Removedeliverytubeandplacethumbover
testtube.
5. Removethumbquicklyandplaceaglowing
splintintothett.
6. Ifthesplintreignitesthenitislikelythegas
producedwasoxygen.
7. Drawalabeleddiagramoftheequipmentset
up.
Oxygenintheaircombines
withirontoformrust.
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HydrogeninJupiters
Atmosphere
Whattodo
1. Putasmallpieceofzincintoaboilingtube
withasmallamountofdilutesulfuricacid.
2. Quicklyputabungwithadeliverytubeover
theboilingtube.
3. Collectthegasfromthedeliverytubeintoan
upsidedowntesttube.
4. Placethumbovertopofthetesttube
5. Holdalitmatchatthemouthofthetesttube
andremovethumbquickly
6. Ifthegasmakesaloudpopthenitislikely
thatthegasproducedishydrogen.
7. Drawalabeleddiagramoftheequipmentset
up.
Rocketfueledbyliquid
hydrogen
MakingHydrogengas
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MakingCarbonDioxidegas
Whattodo
1. PutasmallamountofSodiumBicarbonate
(bakingsoda)intoaboilingtube.
2. Putabungwithadeliverytubeovertheboiling
tube.
3. Placethedeliverytubeintoatesttubefilled
withclearlimewater
4. HeatthetubegentlywithaBunsenburner
5. Observethegasbubblingintothelimewater.
6. Ifthelimewaterturnscloudythenitislikelythat
thegasproducediscarbondioxide.
7. Drawalabeleddiagramoftheequipmentset
up.
Plantstomatawhichallows
CO2 gasintotheleaf
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Ionsareformedbygainorlossofelectrons.
Ionsareatomsorgroupsofatomswithelectricalcharge.
Elementsaremoststablewhentheoutershell(valenceshell)isfull.
Elementscanloseorgainelectronswhentheyreactwithotherchemicalsto
formions.
Cation Sodium(Na) AnionChlorine(Cl)
11+
17+
Sodiumnowbecomesthe
sodiumionNa
+
Chlorinenowbecomesthe
chlorineionCl

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Ionsareformedbygainorlossofelectrons.
Atoms that lose electrons form positively charged ions, or cations.
Atoms that gain electrons form negatively charged ions, or anions.
+
Cation (Cat) Anion (an Iron)
Metals lose electrons to form
Cations. They have 1-3
electrons in their outside shell
Non-Metals gain electrons to
form Anions. They have 7-8
electrons in their outside shell.
SJ
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IonChart Cations.
1+ 2+ 3+
sodiumNa
+
magnesiumMg
2+
aluminiumAl
3+
potassiumK
+
iron(II)Fe
2+
ferrous
iron(III)Fe
3+
ferric
silverAg
+
copper(II)Cu
2+
cupric
ChromiumCr
3+
ammoniumNH
4
+
zincZn
2+
HydrogenH
+
bariumBa
2+
Lithium Li
+
leadPb
2+
tinSn
2+
3b
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GZScienceResources2014
Ionchart anions
1 2
chlorideCl

carbonateCO
3
2
iodideI

oxideO
2
hydroxideOH

sulfideS
2
hydrogencarbonateHCO
3

sulfateSO
4
2
fluorideF

sulfiteSO
3
2
bromideBr

nitrateNO
3

3
phosphatePO
4
3
3b
13
Thereisarelationshipbetweenthegroupnumberandthenumberof
outerelectrons.
Theelementsinagroup
havethesamenumber
ofelectronsintheir
outershell.Every
elementinthefirst
column(groupone)has
oneelectroninitsouter
shell.Everyelementon
thesecondcolumn
(grouptwo)hastwo
electronsintheouter
shell.
Asyoukeepcountingthecolumns,you'llknow
howmanyelectronsareintheoutershell.
3c
extension GZScienceResources2014
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GZScienceResources2014
Elementsarepuresubstancesthatcombinetomakemixtures&
compounds
Aformulatellsyouthetypeofatomsthatareinacompoundandthenumber
ofeachatom.
Anumberinfrontofthecompoundtellsyouhowmanymolecules
thereare.Anumberafteranatomtellsyouhowmanyatomsofthat
typeareinthemolecule.Anumberafterbracketstellsyouhowmany
timestomultiplyeveryatominsidethebrackets.
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16
1. Writedowntheions(withcharges)thatreacttoformthecompound.
Cation comesbeforeAnion.
Al
3+
O
2
2.Crossanddropthechargenumbers.
3.Placebracketsaroundacompoundion.
Al
2
O
3
4.Ifthenumbersareboththesameremove.
5.Ifanyofthenumbersarea1theyareremoved
6.Removeanybracketsifnotfollowedbyanumber
H
+
SO
4
-2
H
2
(SO
4
)
1
H
2
SO
4
GZScienceResources2014
CrossandDropmethodforbalancingioniccompounds
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16
Acids theircharacteristics
Acidsareafamilyofsubstanceswhichallshow
acidiccharacteristicsorproperties.These
propertiesrelatetohowtheacidsreactwith
otherchemicals.
Theyhavea sourtasteandreactwithmetals.
Acidscanbefoundinnatureandcalledorganic
acidsormanufacturedinthelaboratoryandcalled
mineralacids.
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Bases theircharacteristics
18
BasesareafamilyofChemicalsthatcan
removeacidparticles(H
+
)fromasolution.
Theyhaveoppositepropertiesfromacids.
Baseshaveaslipperyfeelto
themandcommonhouse
holdbasesincludefloor
clearersandantacidtablesto
fixindigestion.Basesthat
dissolveintowaterarecalled
analkali.
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Acids theircharacteristics
AnAcid donatesitsHydrogenion(H+),whichisreallyjustaproton the
electronremainsbehind.
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Bases theircharacteristics
ABase acceptsaHydrogenionthathavebeendonatedfromanAcid.Some
substancessuchaswatercanactasbothanAcidorabasedependingon
whatothersubstancethewateriswith.
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TheBrnstedLowrytheory
Anacid isamoleculeorionthatisabletolose,or"donate,"ahydrogenion
(proton,H+),andabase isaspecieswiththeabilitytogain,or"accept,"a
hydrogenion(proton).
Cl
H
+
Cl
H
+
Cl
H
+
H
+
O
Acid
H
+
O
H
+
O
Base
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
_
_
_
Gaze SJ
.....donating..
accepting.
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Commonacids namesandformula
Name Chemicalformula
HydrochloricAcid HCl
SulfuricAcid H
2
SO
4
NitricAcid HNO
3
AceticAcid CH
3
COOH
Reactwithmostmetalstoformhydrogengas
Tastesour(likelemons)
Frequentlyfeel"sticky"
Usuallygasesorliquids
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Commonbases namesandformula
Name Chemicalformula
SodiumHydroxide NaOH
CalciumHydroxide Ca(OH)
2
Ammonia NH
3
Potassiumhydroxide KOH
Gaze SJ
Feel"slippery".(becauseyourskindissolvesalittlewhenyoutouchthem.)
Tastebitter(likebakingsoda)
Reactwithoilsandgreases(usedascleaners)
Frequentlysolids
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Understandthedifferencebetweenstrongandweakacidsandbases
Youcandefineacids
andbasesasbeing
"strong"or"weak".
Strongacids are
compoundsthat
completelybreakup
inwater.AlloftheH+
ions(protons)break
awayfromtheoriginal
acidmoleculein
water.Aweakacid
onlylosessomeofits
H+ions(protons)in
water.
Forstrongbases,all
oftheOH ionsbreak
awayfromthe
moleculeinwater.
extension
5d
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Understandthedifferencebetweenstrongandweakacidsandbases
StrongAcids
Readilydonate
alltheirprotons
whendissolved
WeakAcids
donateonlya
small
proportionof
protons
Neutral
solution
WeakBases
Acceptonlya
small
proportionof
protons
StrongBases
Readilyaccept
protons
Increasingacidity Increasingalkalinity
Concentration
ofH+ionsis
greater than
thatofOH ions
Concentration
ofH+ionsisthe
same asthatof
OH ions
Concentration
ofH+ionsis
less thanthat
ofOH ions
extension
5d
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Understandthedifferencebetweenstrongandweakacidsandbases
Whenabaseacceptsaproton,
itbecomesanacidbecauseit
nowhasaprotonthatitcan
donate.Andwhenanacid
donatesaprotonitbecomesa
base,becauseitnowhasroom
toacceptaproton.
Thesearewhatwecall
conjugatepairsofacidsand
bases.
Whenanacidgivesupitsproton,whatremainsiscalledtheconjugatebaseofthat
acid.Whenabaseacceptsaproton,theresultingchemicaliscalledtheconjugate
acidofthatoriginalbase.
extension
5d
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Describesolutionsasacidic,alkalineorneutralintermsofthepHscale.
AcidshaveapHlessthan7
Neutralsubstanceshaveaph of7
AlkalishavepHvaluesgreaterthan7
ThepHscaleislogarithmicandasaresult,eachwholepHvaluebelow7is
tentimesmoreacidicthanthenexthighervalue.Forexample,pH4isten
timesmoreacidicthanpH5and100times moreacidicthanpH6.
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ThepHscalemeasureslevelofacidityandalkalinity
The pHscalemeasureshow
acidicoralkalineasubstance
is.SubstanceswithapHof7
areneutral,substanceswitha
pHgreaterthan7arealkaline
(or'basic')andsubstances
withapHlowerthan7are
acidic.Alkalisare'bases'that
aresolubleinwater.(All
alkalisarebasesbutnotall
basesarealkalis.)
ThepHofasubstanceis
determinedbythe
concentrationofhydrogen
ions.Thehigherthe
concentrationofhydrogen
ionsthelowerthepH.
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GZScienceResources2014 Year10Science2012 29
Describesolutionsasacidic,alkalineorneutralintermsofthepHscale.
Purewateris
neutral.Butwhen
chemicalsare
mixedwithwater,
themixturecan
becomeeither
acidicorbasic.
Examplesofacidic
substancesare
vinegarandlemon
juice.Lye,milkof
magnesia,and
ammoniaare
examplesofbasic
substances
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29
Indicatorsareusedtodeterminewhethersubstancesareacid,baseor
neutral.
Indicators canbeusedtodeterminethe
pHofasolutionbythecolourchange.
Anindicatorisalargeorganicmolecule
thatworkssomewhatlikea"color dye".
Theyrespondtoachangeinthehydrogen
ionconcentration.Mostoftheindicators
arethemselvesweakacids.
Themostcommonindicatorisfoundon
litmuspaper.ItisredbelowpH4.5and
blueabovepH8.2
UniversalIndicator,whichisasolutionof
amixtureofindicatorsisabletoprovidea
fullrangeofcoloursforthepHscale.
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Duringneutralisationreactionshydrogenionscombinewithhydroxide
ionstoformwatermolecules.
Neutralisationisa
reactionwhereanacid
reactswithanalkalito
formaneutralsolutionof
asaltandwater.
Acid+AlkaliSalt+
Water
SodiumHydroxidepH=13
HydrochloricAcidpH=1
Universal
indicatorpresent
inboththese
species
SodiumChloride
pH=7
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Duringneutralisationreactionshydrogenionscombinewithhydroxide
ionstoformwatermolecules.
Fromanacid
Fromabase
Neutralisation
Water
10 protons
10 electrons
= 0 charge
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Balancedequationsforsaltformation
Acid H
+
Base OH

Salt
H
2
o
+ +

HCl NaOH NaCl

H
2
o
+
+
Example
Hydrochloric
Acid
Sodium
Hydroxide
Sodium
Chloride
Water
+
+

Basesneutraliseacidsandasaltandwaterareformed
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Metalscanbedistinguishedfromnonmetalsbytheirphysicalproperties;
theyarestrong,dense,shinysolidsthatcanbeworkedintodifferent
shapes.Theyaregoodconductorsofheatandelectricity.
Metals
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Thereisalinkbetweenthephysicalpropertiesofsubstancesandtheir
uses
Physical
properties
ofmatter
Electrical
conductivity
allowelectricity
topassthrough
State
solid
liquidor
gas
Colourof
the
substance
Lustre
shininess
ofan
object
Ductility
drawn
intoawire
Density
massofa
standard
volume
Melting
pointtemp
solidturns
toliquid
Malleability
beatenflat
without
breaking
Thermal
conductivity
allowingheat
topass
through
Mass
amountof
matterin
anobject
(kg)
Substancescan
bedistinguished
bytheir
different
physical
properties.
Somegroupsof
substances,such
asmetals,can
showsimilar
physical
properties.
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GZScienceResources2014
Group Physicalproperties Chemicalproperties
Metals >Lustre
>goodconductor
>Highdensity
>Highmeltingpoint
>MalleableandDuctile
>Easilyloseelectrons
>Corrodeeasily
SemiMetals >Solids
>Canbeshinyordull
>Ductileandmalleable
>ConductheatandenergybetterthanNonMetals
butnotasgoodasmetals
NonMetals >Nolustre
>Poorconductor
>Brittle>Notductile
>Lowdensity>Lowmeltingpoint
>Tendtogain
electrons
Metalsandnonmetals
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Somemetalsaremoresuitableforcertainusesthanothersbecauseof
theirphysicalproperties
Weselectappropriatemetalswhicharethemostusefulforthetaskortechnology
theyassistwithbecauseoftheirparticularcharacteristics.
Metal Uses Propertyinvolved
copper Pipes.
Wires.
cookingpots
Unreactivewithairandwater
Excellentelectricalconductor
goodthermalconductor
aluminium Aircraftframes
wires
Stronglightandunreactive
Goodconductorandductile
mercury thermometers Expandsregularlywithheat
lead Roofflashing Verymalleable
zinc galvanising Formsaprotectivecoat
tin Tincoating Unreactivewithairandwater
silver jewellery Malleable,ductile,unreactive
iron Carbodies
Structuralsteel
Formsstrongalloys,malleable
Formsstrongalloys,flexible
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Metalswillreactfasteriftheyaremorereactive morereactivemetalsgive
uptheirelectronsmorereadilytoreactwithotherchemicals
Reactivity series
Unreactive very reactive
Metalsreactwithotherchemicalswithvaryingspeedornotatall.Differences
inreactivityareshowninthereactivityseriesofmetals.
Pt >Au>Ag>Cu>Pb>Sn>Fe>Zn>Al>Mg>Ca>Li>Na>K>Rb>Cs
Metalreactivity
7d
extension
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Metalsreactwithoxygenintheairtoproducemetaloxides,likemagnesium
oxide.
Electronsarelostfromthemetaltoformacation (positiveion)andgainedby
theoxygentoformananion oxide(negativeion).Thecation andanionthen
jointogethertoformaneutral metaloxide.
extension GZScienceResources2014
Metalsformoxidesbyreactionwithoxygen
8a
39
Metalsformoxidesbyreactionwithoxygen
2Mg + O
2
2MgO
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide
12p
12p
+ve ve
Gaze SJ
extension
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Acidsreactwithmetalstogiveasaltandhydrogen.Mostmetalswillreact
withacid especiallyiftheacidisheatedandconcentrated
Mg
O
H
S
O
H
O
O
extension
GZScienceResources2014
Metalsformsaltsandhydrogengaswhenreactingwithacid
8b
41
Mg+H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+H
2
Magnesium+ SulfuricMagnesium+hydrogen
Acidsulfategas
Mg
O
+ve
ve
S
O
O
O
H
H
Gaze SJ
extension
GZScienceResources2014
Metalsformsaltsandhydrogengaswhenreactingwithacid
8b
42
43
AcidsreactwithCarbonatestogiveasaltandwaterandcarbon
dioxide.
H2SO4+ CaCO
3
CaSO
4
+H
2
O+CO
2
sulfuriccalciumcalcium watercarbon
Acid carbonatesulfatedioxide
Wecantesttoseeifcarbondioxidehasformedbybubblingthegasinto
anothertesttubefilledwithlimewater.Thelimewaterwillturncloudyifthe
gasiscarbondioxide.
Gaze SJ
extension
GZScienceResources2014
Metalcarbonatesformsalts,waterandcarbondioxidegaswhen
reactingwithacid
8c
43
44
Balancedequationsmusthavethesamenumberofatomsoneachsideofthe
equationi.e.reactantsandproducts.
2Na + 2H
2
O = 2NaOH + H
2
Na Na Na Na
O O
O O
H H H H
H H
H H
BalancingChemicalequations
extension
8d
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