8/27/2014 Definitions - PIPING NOTES

https://sites.google.com/site/piping123notes/definitions 1/4
PIPING NOTES
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ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY: MEASURE OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE (POISE) P OR SLUGS PER FOOT/SEC
ADHESIVE JOINT: JOINT MADE IN PLASTIC (UPVC)
AIR HARDENED STEEL: STEEL THAT HARDENS DURING COOLING AIR
ALLOY STEEL: STEEL WITH DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES MINIMUM COMPONENT (SILICON 0.6, COPPER 0.6,
MANGANESE 1.65)
ANCHOR: A RIGID RESTRAINT PROVIDING SUBSTANTIALLY FULL FIXATION, IDEALLY NOT ALLOWING
TRANSLATIONAL OR ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE PIPE ALONG ANY OF THE THREE REFERENCE
AXES. IT IS EMPLOYED FOR PURPOSES OF RESTRAINT BUT USUALLY SERVES EQUALLY WELL AS A
RESTRAINT, SUPPORT, OR BRACE.
ANNEALING: USED TO MAKE STEEL SOFT & DUCTILE BY HEATING A METAL TO TEMPERATURE ABOVE
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR A PERIOD FOLLOWED BY COOLING @ SUITABLE RATE ACCORDING TO THE
PURPOSE
DUCTILITY: MEASURE OF HOW MUCH DEFORMATION BEFORE BREAK (TENSILE TEST)
TOUGHNESS: THE RESISTANCE TO FAILURE OR CRACK
ARC CUTTING: USE OF AN ELECTRIC ARC GENERATED AT THE TIP OF A WELDING ELECTRODE TO CUT
METAL.
BACKING RING: A RELATIVELY NARROW, CIRCULAR SECTION PLACED IN BACK OF A BUTTWELDED JOINT
PRIOR TO MAKING THE ROOT PASS OF THE WELD. THIS IS DONE TO ACHIEVE A FULL-PENETRATION WELD
WHEN THE BACK SIDE OF THE WELD JOINT CANNOT BE ACCESSED.
BOLT TENSIONER: A MECHANICAL DEVICE USED TO TIGHTEN BOLTS BY APPLYING A UNIFORM,
CALIBRATED LOAD. IT ATTACHES TO THE END OF THE BOLT, STRETCHES IT BY APPLYING A LOAD, AND
THEN PERMITS EASY TURNING DOWN OF THE NUT TO HOLD THE LOAD IN THE BOLT.
BRACE: A DEVICE PRIMARILY INTENDED TO RESIST PIPING DISPLACEMENT DUE TO THE ACTION OF ANY
FORCES OTHER THAN THOSE DUE TO THERMAL EXPANSION OR GRAVITY.
CLASS RATE: IS INDICATION FOR PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE RATE FOR THE MATERIAL
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8/27/2014 Definitions - PIPING NOTES
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COLD SPRING: THE INTENTIONAL STRESSING AND ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE PIPING SYSTEM DURING
THE ERECTION CYCLE TO PERMIT THE SYSTEM TO ATTAIN MORE FAVORABLE REACTIONS AND STRESSES
IN THE OPERATING CONDITION.
CONSTANT-EFFORT SUPPORT: A SUPPORT WHICH IS CAPABLE OF APPLYING A RELATIVELY CONSTANT
FORCE AT ANY DISPLACEMENT WITHIN ITS USEFUL OPERATING RANGE (I.E., A COUNTERWEIGHT OR
COMPENSATING SPRING DEVICE).
DAMPING DEVICE: A DASHPOT OR OTHER FRICTIONAL DEVICE WHICH INCREASES THE RESISTANCE OF A
SYSTEM TO VIBRATION. IT OFFERS HIGH RESISTANCE AGAINST RAPID DISPLACEMENTS CAUSED BY
DYNAMIC LOADS, WHILE PERMITTING ESSENTIALLY FREE MOVEMENT UNDER GRADUALLY APPLIED
DISPLACEMENT SUCH AS FROM THERMAL EXPANSION.
DUAL RATING: USED IF THE PIPE AFFECTED BY HIGH & LOW PRESSURE MAY BE INTERNAL & EXTERNAL
EXPANSION JOINT: A FLEXIBLE PRESSURE-CONTAINING COMPONENT OF A PIPING SYSTEM WHICH IS
DESIGNED TO ABSORB THERMAL MOVEMENT.
FIELD RUN: WELDING PIPE TO PIPE OF SAME SIZE WITHOUT FITTING
GUIDE: A DEVICE PREVENTING ROTATION ABOUT ONE OR MORE AXES DUE TO BENDING MOMENT OR
TORSION. IN COMMON USAGE, A GUIDE NORMALLY PERMITS TRANSLATION ALONG THE PIPE AXIS BUT
PREVENTS TRANSLATION PERPENDICULAR TO THE PIPE AXIS.
HANGER: A SUPPORT BY WHICH PIPING IS SUSPENDED FROM A STRUCTURE OR OTHER FIXED POINT
LOCATED ABOVE IT, AND WHICH FUNCTIONS BY CARRYING THE PIPING LOAD IN TENSION.
HARDENING: USED TO MAKE STEEL HARDER
HARDNESS: IS THE RESISTANCE TO SCRATCH OR PERMANENT DEFORMATION
LIMIT STOP: A DEVICE WHICH RESTRICTS TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT TO A LIMITED AMOUNT IN ONE
DIRECTION ALONG ANY SINGLE AXIS. PARALLELING THE VARIOUS STOPS, THERE MAY ALSO BE: DOUBLE-
ACTING LIMIT STOPS, TWO-AXIS LIMIT STOPS, ETC.
NORMALIZING: USED TO MAKE STEEL TOUGHER & STRONGER
PIPE: IS A TUBE WITH A ROUND CROSS SECTION CONFORMING TO THE DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE AS TABULATED IN ASME B36.10M, TABLE 1, AND ASME B36.19M, TABLE 1. FOR SPECIAL
PIPE HAVING A DIAMETER NOT LISTED IN THESE TABLES, AND ALSO FOR ROUND TUBE, THE NOMINAL
DIAMETER CORRESPONDS WITH THE OUTSIDE DIAMETER
PIPE JOINT: THIS WORD HAS TWO MEANINGS DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT.
(A) THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO COMPONENTS, SUCH AS AT A WELD,FLANGE, OR THREADS.
(B) IN PIPELINE APPLICATIONS, A SINGLE SECTION OF STRAIGHT PIPE BEFORE BEING WELDED INTO A
LONGER SECTION.
PRE-HEATING: USED TO CONTROL THE FORMATION OF H2 CRACKS
RADIOGRAPHY: THE USE OF RADIANT ENERGY IN THE FORM OF NEUTRONS, X-RAYS OR GAMMA RAYS FOR
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THE NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF OPAQUE OBJECTS. IT PRODUCES GRAPHICAL RECORDS ON
SENSITIZED FILMS WHICH INDICATE THE COMPARATIVE SOUNDNESS OF THE OBJECT BEING TESTED.
RESILIENT OR FLEXIBLE SUPPORT: A SUPPORT WHICH INCLUDES ONE OR MORE LARGELY ELASTIC
MEMBERS (I.E., A SPRING).
RESTING OR SLIDING SUPPORT: A DEVICE FOR PROVIDING SUPPORT FROM BENEATH THE PIPING, BUT
OFFERING NO RESISTANCE OTHER THAN FRICTIONAL TO HORIZONTAL MOTION.
RESTRAINT: ANY DEVICE WHICH PREVENTS, RESISTS, OR LIMITS THE FREE THERMAL MOVEMENT OF
PIPING.
RIGID (SOLID) SUPPORT: A SUPPORT PROVIDING STIFFNESS IN AT LEAST ONE DIRECTION THAT IS
COMPARABLE TO THAT OF THE PIPE.
ROOT PASS: THE FIRST WELD BEAD MADE.
SLAG: A NONMETALLIC BLANKET THAT FORMS ON THE TOP OF THE MOLTEN WELD METAL. IT HELPS TO
CONTROL THE TEMPERATURE, THE COOLING RATE, AND ASSISTS IN PREVENTING AND REMOVING
IMPURITIES FROM THE WELD METAL.
STOP: A DEVICE WHICH PERMITS ROTATION BUT PREVENTS TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT IN AT LEAST ONE
DIRECTION ALONG ANY DESIRED AXIS. IF TRANSLATION IS PREVENTED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS ALONG THE
SAME AXIS, THE TERM "DOUBLING-ACTING STOP" IS PREFERABLY APPLIED. IN COMMON USAGE, A STOP
NORMALLY ACTS ALONG THE DIRECTION OF THE PIPE AXIS.
SUPPORT: A DEVICE USED TO SUSTAIN A PORTION OF PIPING SYSTEM WEIGHT PLUS ANY SUPERIMPOSED
VERTICAL LOADINGS.
SOCKET-WELD: A PIPE ATTACHMENT DETAIL IN WHICH A PIPE IS INSERTED INTO A RECESSED AREA OF A
FITTING, AND THEN FILLET WELDED BETWEEN ITS OUTSIDE DIAMETER AND THE FITTING END.
SPIRAL-WOUND GASKET: A GASKET TYPE FORMED BY ALTERNATELY WINDING STRIPS OF METAL AND
SOFT FILLER MATERIAL AROUND A MANDREL
STEEL RELIEVING (PWHT): POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT USED TO RELIVE THE TRAPPED ELASTIC
STRESS
STRENGTH: MEASURE OF RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION, STRENGTH IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO
TOUGHNESS
TWO-AXIS STOP: A DEVICE WHICH PREVENTS TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT IN ONE DIRECTION ALONG
EACH OF TWO AXES. A "TWO-AXIS DOUBLE-ACTING STOP" PREVENTS TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE
PLANE OF THE AXES WHILE ALLOWING SUCH MOVEMENT NORMAL TO THE PLANE.
TEMPERING: USED TO REBALANCE THE PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY HARDENED STEEL
UNION: A PIPE CONNECTOR THAT IS MADE OF TWO MATING PIECES, ONE FOR EACH END OF THE TWO
PIPES BEING JOINED. THE TWO HALVES OF THE UNION ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A THREADED RING.
UNIQUE RATING: SPECIFIC RATE FOR FLANGES WHICH EXCEED CLASS 2500 ASME B16.5
WATER QUENCHING: RAPID REDUCTION OF METAL TEMPERATURE AFTER A HOT FORMING PROCESS BY
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USING WATER.
WELD: A LOCALIZED UNION OF METAL ACHIEVED IN PLASTIC AND MOLTEN STATES, WITH OR WITHOUT THE
ADDITION OF FILLER METAL OR APPLICATION OF PRESSURE.
WRINKLE: A DEVIATION OF THE PIPEWALL FROM THE IDEAL CONTOUR OF MORE THAN 15% OF THE
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS PERPENDICULAR TO THE SURFACE.
YIELD STRENGTH: MINIMUM STRESS WHICH PRODUCE PERMANENT PLASTIC DEFORMATION
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