INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE ELECTRICITY IT IS A FORM OF ENERGY GENERATED BY FRICTION, INDUCTION OR CHEMICAL AND RADIANT EFFECT. ELECTRONS IN MOTION. ONE OF THE MOST USEFUL DISCOVERY OF MAN. BASIC PARTICLES OF AN ATOM: ELECTRON, PROTON, NEUTRON. THEORY: ALL MATTERS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES. MOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF ATOMS. ATOM CONTAINS NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS, PROTONS.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY THE IDEA BEHIND THIS STORY OF ELECTRICITY IS TO MAP ITS DEVELOPMENT FROM THALES EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF STATIC, TO TODAY. THIS AMAZING STORY OF INGENUITY AND PROGRESS, FEATURING LEGENDS AND UNKNOWNS ALIKE, HAS PROFOUNDLY ALTERED THE PATH OF OUR DEVELOPMENT.
WHEN LOOKING AT THE HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY, IT IS CERTAINLY NOT LINEAR.
GREAT BREAKTHROUGHS NEVER HAPPENED IN ISOLATION.
AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE THE WORK THAT LED TO FAMOUS INVENTIONS WAS CARRIED OUT OFTEN IN PARALLEL WITH THE WORK OF OTHERS AND AS RESULT THERE IS A COLLISION OF DIFFERENT IDEAS AT CRITICAL TIMES. CONSIDERING THIS THE ONLY REALLY RELEVANT VISUAL FORMAT WITH WHICH TO SIMPLIFY THESE DEVELOPMENTS.
THE PIONEERS OF ELECTRICITY "GENIUS IS ONE PERCENT INSPIRATION, NINETY-NINE PERCENT PERSPIRATION." THOMAS ALVA EDISON
NIKOLA TESLA BEST KNOWN FOR HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DESIGN OF THE MODERN ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM.
AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE DEFINITION OF TERMS ION IS AN ATOM OR MOLECULE IN WHICH THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IS NOT EQUAL TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PROTONS, GIVING THE ATOM A NET POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE.
VOLT IS DEFINED AS THE DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL BETWEEN TWO POINTS OF A CONDUCTING WIRE WHEN AN ELECTRIC CURRENT OF ONE AMPERE DISSIPATES ONE WATT OF POWER BETWEEN THOSE POINTS.
THE AMPERE IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC CHARGE PASSING A POINT IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PER UNIT TIME, WITH 6.24110 18 ELECTRONS PER SECOND CONSTITUTING ONE AMPERE.
WATT-THE UNIT IS DEFINED AS JOULE PER SECOND AND CAN BE USED TO EXPRESS THE RATE OF ENERGY CONVERSION OR TRANSFER WITH RESPECT TO TIME.
CIRCUIT REFERS TO THE WIRE INSTALLATIONS THAT SUPPLY CURRENT TO LIGHT AND CONVENIENT OUTLETS.
RESISTANCE IS THE FRICTION OR OPPOSITION TO THE FLOW OF CURRENT BY THE WIRES AND TRANSFORMERS.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE COMPOSITION OF THE CONDUCTOR- REFERS TO A CONDUCTOR HAVING FREE ELECTRONS THAT HAS LOW RESISTANCE.
LENGTH OF WIRE
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
TEMPERATURE
AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE ELECTRIC CURRENT ELECTRIC CURRENT IS THE FLOW OR THE RATE OF FLOW OF ELECTRIC FORCE IN A CONDUCTOR
A CURRENT WILL FLOW IF A CIRCUIT HAS: SOURCE OF VOLTAGE, A CLOSED LOOPED OF WIRING, AN ELECTRIC LOAD, A MEANS OF OPENING OR CLOSING THE CIRCUIT.
CLASSIFICATION: DIRECT CURRENT. THE FLOW IS SAID TO BE FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE.
ALTERNATING CURRENT. IT IS UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED BECAUSE OF ITS UNLIMITED APPLICATIONS. ALTERNATING CURRENT OR VOLTAGE IS ACURRENT OR VOLTAGE THAT CHANGES IN STREGHT ACCORDING TO A SINE CURVE. FREQUENCY OF AC IS HERTZ NAMED AFTER H.R. HERTZ. RESISTANCE A MEASURE OF THE DEGREE TO WHICH CONDUCTOR OPPOSES AN ELECTRIC CURRENT THROUGH IT. THE HIGHER THE VOLTAGE, THE LARGER THE CURRENT. THE HIGHER THE RESISTANCE THE LOWER THE CURRENT. COMPARISON OF AC AND DC ELECTRICITY PRINCIPLE OF DC ELECTRICITY: WATTS= VOLTS x AMPERES. PRINCIPLE OF AC ELECTRICITY: VOLT AMPERES= VOLTS x AMPERES. THE OHMS LAW IT IS NAMED AFTER GEORGE SIMON OHM. THE HIGHER THE VOLTAGE, THE LARGER THE CURRENT. THE HIGHER THE RESISTANCE THE LOWER THE CURRENT. AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE THREE EQUIVALENT EXPRESSIONS OF OHM'S LAW ARE USED INTERCHANGEABLY:
OHM'S LAW TRIANGLE
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS A SERIES CIRCUIT STARTS WITH THE HOT WIRE FROM A POWER SOURCE THAT FEEDS ONE SIDE OFA LIGHT BULB. THE BEST EXAMPLE IS A STRING OF CHRISTMAS LIGHTS.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT-IF TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL THEY HAVE THE SAME POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (VOLTAGE) ACROSS THEIR ENDS. A GREAT EXAMPLE IS A HALLWAY IN YOUR HOUSE WHERE TWO OR MORE LIGHTS COME ON WITH THE SAME SWITCH.
AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE
VOLT TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMER IS A SIMPLE STATIC DEVICE CONSISTING OF MAGNETIC CORE WHEREIN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS ARE MADE. THE VOLTAGE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE NUMBER OF WINDINGS OR TURNS.
POWER AND ENERGY POWER IS THE RATE AT WHICH ENERGY IS USED OR ALTERNATIVELY, THE RATE AT WHICH WORK IS DONE. ENERGY IS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF FOOTPOUND (JOULES) OR KILOWATT HOUR.
POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT EXAMPLE: A MERCURY LAMP HAVING A HOT RESISTANCE OF 50 OHMS, IS CONNECTED TO A SOCKET WITH 240 V. CURRENT SUPPLY. AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE a. HOW MUCH CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE LAMP ? b. CALCULATE THE POWER DRAWN. SOLUTION: I=V/R ; I=240/50 ; I= 4.8 AMPERES.
WHERE POWER FACTOR IN A PUERLY RESISTIVE CIRCUIT, SUCH AS THOSE WITH ONLY ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENTS, RESISTANCE POWER FACTOR IS EQUAL TO 1.0. THUS:
W=VI x PF W=240x4.8x1.0 W=1,152 WATTS
ENERGY CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE: DETERMINE THE MONTHLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE FOLLOWING APPLIANCES.
SOLUTION: ELECTRIC IRON 1200 W= 1.2kw x 2hrs =2.4kwh WATER HEATER 1000 W= 1.0kw x 3hrs =3.0kwh TOASTER 1300 W =1.3kw x 0.5hrs = .65kwh TOTAL : 6.05kwh
IF THE AVERAGE COST OF ENERGY IS 5 PESOS PER KWH, FOR 30 DAYS CONSUMPTION, MULTIPLYING. 30x6.05=181.50kwh per month x 5 Total=907.50 pesos
AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE VOLTAGE AND VOLTAGE DROP IN A SERIES CIRCUIT- CURRENT IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT BUT THE VOLTAGE DIFFERS. IN A SERIES CIRCUIT, THE VOLTAGE IS THE SAME, BUT THE CURRENT DIFFERS. THE SUM OF VOLTAGE DROP AROUND A CIRCUIT IS EQUAL TO THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE. ADVANTAGES OF THE 240 VOLTS OVER THE 120 VOLT CURRENT SUPPLY SMALLER WIRE IS REQUIRED WHICH MEANS, LOWER IN COST. LESS POWER LOSS. SMALLER PERCENTAGE OF VOLTAGE DROP. WIRE SIZE AND AMPERE CAPACITY WIRE SIZE NO. AWG AMPERES 14 15 12 20 10 30 8 40 6 55 4 70 2 95 0 125 00 145 000 165 LOAD LIMIT IN WATTS CIRCUIT CAPACITY IN AMPERES LOAD LIMITS IN WATTS 15 18000 20 2400 30 3600
AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE GLOSSARY
AC- IS THE FORM IN WHICH ELECTRIC POWER IS DELIVERED TO BUSINESSES AND RESIDENCES. THE USUAL WAVEFORM OF ANAC POWER CIRCUIT IS A SINE WAVE. AMPERE- OFTEN SHORTENED TO AMP, IS THE SI UNIT OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT AND IS ONE OF THE SEVEN SI BASE UNITS. ATOM IS A BASIC UNIT OF MATTER THAT CONSISTS OF A DENSE CENTRAL NUCLEUS SURROUNDED BY A CLOUD OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELACTRONS. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (ALSO KNOWN AS AN ELECTRICAL DIAGRAM, ELEMENTARY DIAGRAM, OR ELECTRONIC SCHEMATIC) IS A SIMPLIFIED CONVENTIONAL GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF AN ELECTIRCAL CIRCUIT. CONDUCTOR- IS AN OBJECT OR TYPE OF MATERIAL THAT PERMITS THE FLOW OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT IN ONE OR MORE DIRECTIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, A WIRE IS AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR THAT CAN CARRY ELECTRICITY ALONG ITS LENGTH. CURRENT- IS A FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE. IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THIS CHARGE IS OFTEN CARRIED BY MOVING ELECTRONS IN A WIRE. IT CAN ALSO BE CARRIED BY IONS IN AN ELECTROLYTE, OR BY BOTH IONS AND ELECTRONS SUCH AS IN PLASMA. DIRECT CURRENT (DC), THE FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE IS ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION. ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT- IS A NETWORK CONSISTING OF A CLOSED LOOP, GIVING A RETURN PATH FOR THE CURRENT. ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE- IS THE MEASURE OF THE OPPOSITION THAT A CIRCUIT PRESENTS TO A CURRENT WHEN A VOLTAGE IS APPLIED. ELECTRICITY- IT IS A FORM OF ENERGY GENERATED BY FRICTION, INDUCTION OR CHEMICAL AND RADIANT EFFECT. ELECTRON- IS A SUBATOMIC PARTICLE WITH A NEGATIVE ELEMENTARY ELECTRIC CHARGE. ELECTRONS BELONG TO THE FIRST GENERATION OF THE LEPTON AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE PARTICLE FAMILY AND ARE GENERALLY THOUGHT TO BE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO KNOWN COMPONENTS OR SUBSTRUCTURE. ENERGY IS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF FOOTPOUND (JOULES) OR KILOWATT HOUR. ENGLISH UNITS- ARE THE HISTORICAL UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS USED IN ENGLAND UP TO 1824, WHICH EVOLVED AS A COMBINATION OF THE ANGLO- SAXON AND ROMAN SYSTEMS OF UNITS. FRICTION- IS THE FORCE RESISTING THE RELATIVE MOTION OF SOLID SURFACES, FLUID LAYERS, AND MATERIAL ELEMENTS SLIDING AGAINST EACH OTHER. ION- IS AN ATOM OR MOLECULE IN WHICH THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IS NOT EQUAL TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PROTONS, GIVING THE ATOM A NET POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE. LOAD- MAY ALSO REFER TO THE POWER CONSUMED BY A CIRCUIT; THAT TOPIC IS NOT DISCUSSED HERE. METRIC SYSTEM- IS AN INTERNATIONALLY AGREED DECIMALSYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS THAT WAS ORIGINALLY BASED ON THE METRE DES ARCHIVES AND THE KILOGRAMME DES ARCHIVES INTRODUCED BY FRANCE IN 1799. MOLECULE- IS AN ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL GROUP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY CHEMICAL BONDS. MOLECULES ARE DISTINGUISHED FROM IONS BY THEIR LACK OF ELECTRICAL CHARGE. NEUTRON- IS A SUBATOMICHADRON PARTICLE THAT HAS THE SYMBOL N OR N0. NEUTRONS HAVE NO NET ELECTRIC CHARGE AND A MASS LIGHTLY LARGER THAN THAT OF A PROTON. NIKOLA TESLA (10 JULY 1856 7 JANUARY 1943) WAS A SEBERIAN AMERICAN
INVENTOR, ELCTRICAL ENGINEER, MECHANICAL ENGINEER, AND FUTURIST BEST KNOWN FOR HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DESIGN OF THE MODERN ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM. OHMS LAW- THE VOLTAGE ACROSS A RESISTOR IS EQUAL TO THE PRODUCT OF THE RESISTANCE AND THE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH IT. PARALLEL CIRCUIT- IF TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL THEY HAVE THE SAME POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (VOLTAGE) ACROSS THEIR ENDS. THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE COMPONENTS ARE THE SAME IN MAGNITUDE, AND THEY ALSO HAVE IDENTICAL POLARITIES. AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE POWER- IS THE RATE AT WHICH ENERGY IS USED OR ALTERNATIVELY, THE RATE AT WHICH WORK IS DONE. PROTON- IS A SUBATOMIC PARTICLE WITH THE SYMBOL P OR P+ AND A POSITIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE OF 1 ELEMENTARY CHARGE. ONE OR MORE PROTONS ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS OF EACH ATOM. RESISTANCE- A MEASURE OF THE DEGREE TO WHICH CONDUCTOR OPPOSES AN ELECTRIC CURRENT THROUGH IT. RESISTIVE CIRCUIT- IS A CIRCUIT CONTAINING ONLY RESISTORS AND IDEAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE SOURCES. SERIES CIRCUITS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED CURRENT-COUPLED OR DAISY CHAIN- COUPLED. THE CURRENT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT GOES THROUGH EVERY COMPONENT IN THE CIRCUIT. THEREFORE, ALL OF THE COMPONENTS IN A SERIES CONNECTION CARRY THE SAME CURRENT. THERE IS ONLY ONE PATH IN A SERIES CIRCUIT IN WHICH THE CURRENT CAN FLOW. SHORT CIRCUIT- (SOMETIMES ABBREVIATED TO SHORT OR S/C) IS AN ELECTIRCAL CIRCUIT THAT ALLOWS A CURRENT TO TRAVEL ALONG AN UNINTENDED PATH, OFTEN WHERE ESSENTIALLY NO (OR A VERY LOW) ELECTRICAL IMPENDANCE IS ENCOUNTERED. THOMAS ALVA EDISON (FEBRUARY 11, 1847 OCTOBER 18, 1931) WAS AN AMERICAN INVENTOR AND BUSINESSMAN. HE DEVELOPED MANY DEVICES THAT GREATLY INFLUENCED LIFE AROUND THE WORLD, INCLUDING THE PHONOGRAPH, THE MOTION PICTURE CAMERA, AND A LONG-LASTING, PRACTICAL ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB. TRANSFORMER- IS A SIMPLE STATIC DEVICE CONSISTING OF MAGNETIC CORE WHEREIN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS ARE MADE. VOLTAGE DROP DESCRIBES HOW THE SUPPLIED ENERGY OF A VOLTAGE SOURCE IS REDUCED AS ELECTRIC CIRCUIT MOVES THROUGH THE PASSIVE ELEMENTS (ELEMENTS THAT DO NOT SUPPLY VOLTAGE) OF AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. VOLTAGE- ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, ELECTRIC TENSION OR ELECTRIC PRESSURE IS THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS, OR THE DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A UNIT CHAGE TRANSPORTED BETWEEN TWO POINTS. AR. 318B BUILDING UTILIES 2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY JCTE WATTS- THE UNIT IS DEFINED AS JOULE PER SECOND AND CAN BE USED TO EXPRESS THE RATE OF ENERGY CONVERSION OR TRANSFER WITH RESPECT TO TIME.
BILIOGRAPHY ELECTRICAL LAYOUT AND ESTIMATE BY MAX B. FAJARDO AND LEO R. FAJARDO COLLEGE PHYSICS BY FREDERICK J. BUECHE PH. D. GOOGLE IMAGES.COM WIKIPEDIA. COM
Briggs, P. (1999) - Community Development With Indigenous Communities: Facilitating The Creation of Appropriate Environments (Doctoral Dissertation) - Retrieved On December 1, 2016 From